Aaron, Henry J. and Barry P. Bosworth, 1996, "Preparing for the Baby Boomers' Retirement," in Setting National Priorities: Budget Choices for the Next Century, ed. by Robert D. Reischauer, (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution).

Aaron, Henry J., Barry P. Bosworth, and Gary Burtless, 1989, Can America Afford to Grow Old? Paying for Social Security (Washington: The Brookings Institution).

Abel, Andrew B., 1990, "Consumption and Investment," in Handbook of Monetary Economics, ed. by B. Friedman and F. Hahn, (Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science).

Abel, Andrew B., 1985, "Precautionary Saving and Accidental Bequests." American Economic Review, Vol. 75, pp. 777-91.

Abraham, Katharine G. and John C. Haltiwanger, 1995, "Real Wages and the Business Cycle," Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 33, pp. 1215-64.

Abramovitz, Moses, 1956, “Resource and Output Trends in the United States Since 1870,” American Economic Review, Vol. 46.2 (May), pp. 5-23.

Adams, Charles and David T. Coe, 1990, "A Systems Approach to Estimating the Natural Rate of Unemployment and Potential Output for the United States." IMF Staff Papers Vol. 37 (June) pp. 232-93.

Agenor, Pierre-Richard and Alexander Hoffmaister, 1997, "Money, Wages, and Inflation in Middle-Income Developing Countries," IMF Working Paper No. 97/174 (December).

Agenor, Pierre-Richard and Peter J. Montiel, 1996, Development Macroeconomics, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).

Agenor, Pierre-Richard, C. John McDermott, and Eswar S. Prasad, 1998, "Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Developing Countries: Some Stylized Facts," unpublished, Economic Development Institute, The World Bank (February).

Agenor, Pierre-Richard, C. John McDermott and Eswar S. Prasad, 1999, "Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Developing Countries: Some Stylized Facts," IMF Working Paper No. 99/35 (March). Published in World Bank Economic Review, 2000, Vol. 14, pp. 251-85.

Aghion, P., P. Bolton, C. Harris, and B. Jullien, 1991, “Optimal Learning by Experimentation,” Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 58, pp. 621-54.

Ahmed, Shaghil and Kae H. Park, 1994, "Source of Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Small Open Economies," Journal of Macroeconomics, Vol. 16 (Spring), pp. 1-36.

Akerlof, George A., William T. Dickens, George L. Perry, 1996, "The Macroeconomics of Low Inflation," Brookings Paper on Economic Activity, Vol. 1, pp. 1-76.

Alesina, Alberto and Lawrence H. Summers, 1993, "The Central Bank Independence and Macroeconomic Performance: Some Comparative Evidence," Harvard Institute of Economic Research, Discussion Paper Series No. 1496 (July).

Allen, Donald S. and Meenakshi Pasupathy, 1997, "A State Space Forecasting Model with Fiscal and Monetary Control," Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis, Research Division Working Paper No. 97-017A.

Allen, William A., 2000, "Inflation Targeting in the United Kingdom (1992-2000)," Inflation Targeting Experiences: England, Finland, Poland, Mexico, Brazil, Chile (Ankara: The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey), pp. 64-74.

Altonji, Joseph, Fumio Hayashi and Laurence Kotlikoff, 1992, "Is the Extended Family Altruistically Linked? Direct Tests Using Micro Data." American Economic Review, Vol. 82 (December), pp. 1177-98.

Amano, Robert, Don Coletti, and Tiff Macklem, 1999, "Monetary Rules When Economic Behaviour Changes," Bank of Canada Working Paper No. 99-8.

Amano, Robert, Don Coletti, and Tiff Macklem, 1999, "Monetary Rules When Economic Behavior Changes," in Monetary Policy Under Uncertainty, Reserve Bank of New Zealand Conference Volume, ed. by Benjamin Hunt and Adrian Orr, pp. 157-200 (Wellington: Reserve Bank of New Zealand).

Amato, Jeffrey A., 1995, "Joint Estimation of Expected Inflation, the Natural Rate of Unemployment, and Potential Output," manuscript, Harvard University.

Andersen, Palle S. and William L. Wascher, 1999, "Sacrifice Ratios and the Conduct of Monetary Policy in Conditions of Low Inflation," Bank for International Settlements Working Paper (International) No. 82 (November), pp. 1-47.

Andersen, Torben M., 1998, "Persistence in Sticky Price Models," European Economic Review, 42, pp. 593-603.

Andersen, Torben M. and Niels C. Beier, 1999, "Propagation of Nominal Shocks in Open Economies," University of Aarhus, Working Paper 1999-10.

Andersen, Torben M., and Niels C. Beier, 2000, "Noisy Financial Signals and Persistent Effects of Nominal Shocks in Open Economies," CEPR 2360, January.

Ansley, C. and R. Kohn, 1986, "Prediction Mean Square Error for State Space Models with Estimated Parameters," Biometrika, Vol. 73, pp. 467-74.

Apel, M., and P. Jansson, 1999a, "System Estimates of Potential Output and the NAIRU", Empirical Economics, Vol. 24, pp. 373-88.

Apel, Mickael and Per Janson, 1999, "A Parametric Approach for Estimating Core Inflation and Interpreting the Inflation Process," Sveriges Riksbank Working Paper Series 80 (April), pp. 1-32.

Apel, Mikael and Per Jansson, 1997, "System Estimates of Potential Output and the NAIRU," Sveriges Riksbank Economic Department Working Paper Series No. 41 (September), pp. 1-38.

Apel, Mikael and Per Jansson, 1999, "System Estimates of Potential Output and the NAIRU," Empirical Economics (Austria), Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 373-88.

Apel, Mikael and Per Jansson, 1999, "A Thoery-Consistent System Approach for Estimating Potential Output and the NAIRU," Economics Letters, Vol. 64, pp. 271-75.

Apel, Mikael, Jan Hanssen, and Hans Lindberg, 1996, "Potential Output and Output Gap," Quarterly Review, Sveriges Riksbank, Vol. 3, pp. 24-35.

Armstrong, J., D. Black, D. Laxton, and D. Rose, 1998, "A Robust Method for Simulating Forward-Looking Models," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Vol. 22, pp. 489-501.

Armstrong, J., R. Black, D. Laxton, and D. Rose, 1995, "QPM-Part II: A Robust Method for Simulating Forward-looking Models", Technical report No 73, Ottawa: Bank of Canada.

Artis, M,. and Kontolemis, Z., and D. Osborn, 1997, "Business Cycles for G7 and European Economies," Journal of Business, Vol. 70, pp. 249-79.

Artis, M., and Krolzig, H., and J. Toro, 1999, "The European Business Cycles," European University Institute, ECO Working Paper, No. 99/24.

Artus, Jacques R., 1977, "Measures of Potential Output in Manufacturing for Eight Industrial Countries, 1955-78," IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 24, pp. 1-35.

Artus, Jacques R., 1979, "Potential and Actual Output in Industrial Countries," Finance & Development, Vol. 16 (June) pp. 25-28.

Atkeson, A., and L. Ohanian, 2001, "Are Philips Curves Useful for Forecasting Inflation?," Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review, No. 1, Vol. 25, pp. 2-11.

Attanasio, Orazio P. and Weber Guglielmo, 1993, "Consumption Growth, the Interest Rate and Aggregation," Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 60, pp. 631-49.

Auerbach, Alan J., Laurence J. Kotlikoff, Robert P. Hagemann and Guiseppe Nicoletti, 1989, "The Economic Dynamics of an Aging Population: The Case of Four OECD Countries," OECD Economic Studies, No. 12 (Spring), pp. 97-130.

Bacchetta, Philippe and Eric van Wincoop, 1998, "Does Exchange Rate Stability Increase Trade and Capital Flows?", mimeo (also NBER Working Paper No. 6704). Forthcoming in the American Economic Review.

Bacchetta, Philippe and Eric van Wincoop, 2001, "A Theory of the Currency Denomination of International Trade," mimeo, University of Virginia. (Also NBER Working Paper No. 9039.)

Backus, David and John Driffill, 1985, "Inflation and Reputation," American Economic Review, No. 75, Vol. 3, pp. 530-38.

Backus, David and John Driffill, 1986, "The Consistency of Optimal Policy in Stochastic Rational Expectations Models," CEPR Discussion Paper No. 124.

Backus, David and Patrick J. Kehoe, 1992, "International Evidence on the Historical Properties of Business Cycles," American Economic Review, Vol. 82 (September), pp. 864-88.

Ball, L. and G. Mankiw, 1994, "Asymmetric Price Adjustment and Economic Fluctuations," The Economic Journal, Vol. 104, pp. 247-61.

Ball, Laurence, 1996, "Disinflation and the NAIRU," NBER Working Paper No. 5520.

Ball, Laurence, 1997, "Efficient Rules for Monetary Policy," NBER Working Paper No. 5952.

Ball, Laurence, 1999, "Policy Rules for Open Economies," in Monetary Policy Rules, ed. by J. B. Taylor (Chicago: Chicago University Press).

Banco de Espana, 1995a, "Monetary Policy Objectives in 1995: Address by the Governor of the Banco de Espana to the Spanish Parliamentary Committee on Economic Affairs in November 1994," Economic Bulletin (January).

Banco de Espana, 1995b, "Monetary Policy Objectives and Implementation in 1995", Economic Bulletin, (January).

Banco de Espana, 1995c, Inflation Report, (March).

Bank of England, 1999, Economic Models at the Bank of England (London: Bank of England).

Bank of Italy, 1999, "Indicators of Structural Budget Balances," papers on proceeding of the Research Department Public Finance Workshop, Perugia, pp. 26-28 (November).

Barro, Robert J., 1974, "Are Government Bonds Net Wealth?" Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 82, pp. 1095-117.

Barro, Robert J. and David B. Gordon, 1983, "Positive Theory of Monetary Policy in a Natural Rate Model." Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 91 (August), pp. 589-610.

Barro, Robert J. and David B. Gordon, 1983b, "Rules, Discretion, and Reputation in a Model of Monetary Policy," Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 12, pp. 101-121.

Batini, N. and D. Laxton, 2006, “Under what conditions can Inflation Targeting be adopted? The Experience of Emerging Markets” forthcoming in a conference volume by the central bank of Chile.

Batini, N., K. Kuttner and D. Laxton, 2005, “Does Inflation Targeting Work in Emerging Markets?” Chapter 4 of the September 2005 World Economic Outlook, International Monetary Fund, available at www.imf.org.

Batini, Nicoletta and Andrew G. Haldane, 1999, "Forward-Looking Rules for Monetary Policy," in Monetary Policy Rules, ed. by John B. Taylor (Chicago: Chicago University Press).

Baude, J. and G. Cette, 1997, "An Empirical Assessment of the Link Between the Output Gap and Inflation in the French Economy," BIS Conference Papers, Vol. 4, pp. 43-65.

Baxter, M. and R. King, 1994, "Measuring Business Cycles: Approximate Band Pass Filters for Economic Time Series," University of Virginia, manuscript.

Baxter, Marianne and Robert G. King, 1995, "Approximate Band-Pass Filters for Economic Time Series," NBER Working Paper No. 5022 (February).

Baxter, Marianne and Robert G. King, 1995, "Measuring Business Cycles: Approximate Band-Pass Filters for Economic Time Series," NBER Working Paper No. 5022 (Feb), pp. 1-52.

Bayoumi, T., D. Laxton and P. Pesenti, 2004, "Benefits and Spillovers of Greater Competition in Europe: A Macroeconomic Assessment," ECB Working Paper No. 341 and NBER Working Paper No. 10416.

Bayoumi, T., M. Kumhof, D. Laxton and K. Naknoi, 2004, "Exchange Rate Regimes, International Linkages and the Macroeconomic Performance of the New Member States," policy version prepared for a high level conference at the ECB in October and an extended more analytical version was prepared for the IMF Annual Research Conference, November 2004.

Bayoumi, Tamim and Barry Eichengreen, 1992, "Is There a Conflict Between EC Enlargement and European Monetary Unification?," NBER Working Paper No. 3950.

Bayoumi, Tamim and Douglas Laxton, 1994, "Government Deficits, Debt, and the Business Cycle," in Deficit Reduction - What Pain, What Gain? eds. by William B.P. Robson and William M. Scarth.

Bayoumi, Tamim, Daniel Hewitt and Jerald Schiff, 1993, "Economic Consequences of Lower Military Spending: Some Simulation Results," IMF Working Paper No. 93/17.

Bayoumi, Tamim, Daniel Hewitt and Steven Symansky, 1995, "Multimod Simulations of the Effects on Developing Countries of Decreasing Military Spending," in North-South Linkages and International Macroeconomic Policy, ed. by David Vines and David Currie (Centre for Economic Research).

Bayoumi, Tamim, David Coe, and Douglas Laxton, 1998, "Liberating Supply: Technological Innovation in a Multicountry Econometric Model," IMF Working Paper 98/95.

Bean, Charles, 1994, "European Unemployment: A Survey," Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXXII, pp. 573-619.

Bean, Charles, 1999, "The Convex Phillips Curve and Macroeconomic Policymaking Under Uncertainty," London School of Economics, Centre for Economic Policy Research and HM Treasury.

Beaudry, Paul and Gary Koop, 1993, "Do Recessions Permanently Change Output?," Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 31, pp. 149-63.

Beaudry, Paul and Michael Devereux, 1995, "Money and the Real Exchange Rate with Sticky Prices and Increasing Returns," Carnegie-Rochester Series on Public Policy, 43, pp. 55-101.

Beechey, Meredith, Nargis Bharucha, Adam Cagliarini, David Gruen, 2000, “A Small Model of the Australian Macroeconomy,” Reserve Bank of Australia Research Discussion Paper 2000-05 (June).

Beetsma, Roel M.W.J. and Henrik Jensen, 1998, "Inflation Targets and Contracts with Uncertain Central Bankers Preferences," Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, Vol. 30, 3(August), pp. 384-403.

Bell, William P., 1984, "Signal Extraction for Nonstationary Time Series." Annals of Statistics Vol. 12 (June), pp.646-64.

Ben-Bassat, Avraham, 1995, "The Inflation Target in Israel: Policy and Development," in Targeting Inflation, a conference of central banks on the use of inflation targets organized by the Bank of England, ed. by Andrew G. Haldane, Session 1 (March), pp. 15-48.

Benigno, Gianluca, 1999, "Real Exchange Rate Persistence in Endogenous Monetary Policy," University of California at Berkeley, mimeo. (link currently not working).

Benigno, Gianluca, 2001, "Real Exchange Rate Persistence and Monetary Policy Rules," mimeo.

Benigno, Gianluca and Pierpaolo Benigno, 2000, "Price Stability as a Nash Equilibrium in Open Economy," CEPR Discussion Paper No. 2757.

Benigno, Gianluca, 1999, "Real Exchange Rate Persistence with Endogenous Monetary Policy," photocopy, London School of Economics.

Benigno, Gianluca and Pierpaolo Benigno, 2001, "Monetary Policy Rules and the Exchange Rate," CEPR Discussion Paper No. 2807.

Benigno, Gianluca, and Christoph Thoenissen (2002), "Equilibrium Exchange Rates and Supply-side Performance," Bank of England Working Paper No. 156.

Benigno, Gianluca and Christoph Thoenissen, 2002, "Equilibrium Exchange Rates and Supply-side Performance," Bank of England, Working Paper No. 156.

Benigno, Pierpaolo, 1998, "A Simple Approach to International Monetary Policy Coordination," mimeo, Princeton University.

Benigno, Pierpaolo, 1999, "Optimal Monetary Policy in a Currency Area," CEPR Discussion Paper No. 2755, Princeton University.

Benigno, Pierpaolo, 2001, "Price Stability with Imperfect Financial Integration," CEPR Discussion Paper No. 2854.

Benigno, Pierpaolo, 2002, "A Simple Approach to International Monetary Policy Coordination," Journal of International Economics, 57, 1 (June), pp. 177-196.

Berg, A., P. Karam and D. Laxton, 2006, “Monetary Policy Analysis at the IMF: A Practical Guide,” forthcoming IMF Working Paper. Berg, A., P. Karam, and D. Laxton, 2006, “A Practical Model-Based Approach to Monetary Policy Analysis—Overview,” IMF Working Paper 06/080 (April 2006), available at www.imf.org.

Berg, A., P. Karam, and D. Laxton, 2006, “Practical Model-Based Monetary Policy Analysis—A How-to Guide,” IMF Working Paper 06/080 (April 2006), available at www.imf.org.

Bergin, Paul, 1998, "Mundell-Fleming Revisited: Monetary and Fiscal Policies in a Two-Country Dynamic Equilibrium Model with wage contracts," mimeo, University of California at Davis.

Bergin, Paul, 1998, "Devaluations, Consumption Smoothing and the Current Account," mimeo, University of California at Davis.

Bergin, Paul, 2001, "Putting the 'New Open Economy Macroeconomics' to a Test," UC Davis, mimeo, (January).

Bergin, Paul, 2001, "Devaluations, Consumption Smoothing and the Current Account," Review of International Economics, forthcoming.

Bergin, Paul, 2002, "Putting the 'New Economy Macroeconomics' to a Test," Journal of International Economics, forthcoming.

Bergin, Paul and Robert Feenstra, 1998, "Staggered Pricing and Endogenous Persistence," NBER Working Paper No. 6492.

Bergin, Paul and Robert Feenstra, 1999, "Pricing to Market, Staggered Contracts and Real Exchange Rate Persistence," NBER Working Paper No. 7026.

Bergin, Paul and Robert Feenstra, 2000, "Staggered Pricing, Translog Preferences and Endogenous Persistence," Journal of Monetary Economics, 45, 3 (June), pp. 657-80. (Also NBER Working Paper No. 6492).

Bergin, Paul and Robert Feenstra, 2001, "Pricing to Market, Staggered Contracts and Real Exchange Rate Persistence," Journal of Internatioanl Economics, 54(2), August, pp. 333-359. (Also NBER Working Paper No. 7026).

Bernanke, Ben S., 1999, "Comment on Delong," Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Symposium, Jackson Hole, Wyoming (August).

Bernanke, Ben S. and Michael Woodford, 1997, "Inflation Forecasts and Monetary Policy," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking Vol. 29, pp. 653-84.

Bernanke, Ben S., and Frederic S. Mishkin, 1997, “Inflation Targeting: A New Framework for Monetary Policy?” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Spring), pp. 97-116.

Bernanke, Ben S., and Ilian Mihov, 1997b, "What Does the Bundesbank Target?" European Economic Review Vol. 41, pp. 1025-54.

Bernanke, Ben S., Thomas Laubach, Frederic S. Mishkin, Adam S. Posen, 1999, Inflation Targeting: Lessons from the International Experience, (New Jersey: Princeton University Press).

Bernheim, B. Douglas, 1991, "How Strong Are Bequests Motives? Evidence Based on Estimates of the Demand for Life Insurance and Annuities," Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 99 (October), pp. 899-927.

Bernheim, B.Douglas and Kyle Bagwell, 1988, "Is Everything Neutral?" Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 96, pp. 308-38.

Betts, Caroline and Michael Devereux, 1996, "The Exchange Rate in a Model of Pricing to Market," European Economic Review, 40, pp. 1007-1021.

Betts, Caroline and Michael Devereux, 1998a, "Exchange Rate Dynamics in a Model of Pricing to Market," Journal of International Economics, 47, pp. 569-598.

Betts, Caroline and Michael Devereux, 1998b, "The International Monetary Transmission Mechanism: A Model of Real Exchange Rate Adjustment under Pricing-toMarket," mimeo, University of British Columbia/Hong Kong University of Science and University of Southern California.

Betts, Caroline and Michael Devereux, 1998b, The International Effects of Monetary and Fiscal Policy in a Two-Country Model," mimeo, University of Southern California and University of British Columbia/Chinese University of Hong Kong.

Betts, Caroline and Michael Devereux, 1999, "International Monetary Policy Coordination and Competitive Depreciation: A Re-Evaluation," (Forthcoming Journal of Money, Credit and Banking).

Betts, Caroline and Michael Devereux, 1997, "The International Monetary Transmission Mechanism: A Model of Real Exchange Rate Adjustment Under Pricing-to-Market," Journal of International Economics, forthcoming.

Beveridge, Stephen and Charles R. Nelson, 1981, "A New Approach to Decomposition of Economic Time Series into Permanent and Transitory Components with Particular Attention to Measurement of the 'Business Cycle.'" Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 7 (March), No. 2, pp.151-74.

Bhattacharya, Uptal and Paul Weller, 1997, "The Advantage to Hiding One's Hand: Speculation and Central Bank Intervention in the Foreign Exchange Market," Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 39, 3 (July), pp. 251-277.

Black, R., V. Cassino, A. Drew, E. Hansen, B. Hunt, D. Rose, and A. Scott, 1997a, "The Forecasting and Policy System: The Core Model," Reserve Bank of New Zealand Research Paper No. 43.

Black, R., V. Cassino, A. Drew, E. Hansen, B. Hunt, D. Rose, and A. Scott, 1997, "The Forecasting and Policy System: the Core Model," Reserve Bank of New Zealand Research Paper No. 43.

Black, Richard, Douglas Laxton, David Rose and Robert Tetlow, 1994, "The Steady-State Model: SSQPM - The Bank of Canada's New Quarterly Projection Model, Part 1," Bank of Canada Technical Report No. 72.

Black, Richard, Tiff Macklem, and David Rose, 1997b, "On Policy Rules for Price Stability," in Price Stability, Inflation Targets, and Monetary Policy, ed. by Tiff Macklem, (Bank of Canada) pp. 411-61.

Blackburn, Keith and Morten O. Ravn, 1991, "Univariate Detrending of Macroeconomic Time Series," Working Paper No. 22 (March), Aarhus University.

Blackburn, Keith and Morten O. Ravn, 1992, "Business Cycles in the United Kingdom: Facts and Fictions'" Economica, Vol. 59, No. 236 (November).

Blake, Andrew P. and Peter F. Wesaway, 1996, "Credibility and the Effectiveness of Inflation Targeting Regimes," Manchester School Supplement, pp. 20-50.

Blanchard, Olivier J. and Stanley Fischer, 1989, Lectures on Macroeconomics (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).

Blanchard, Olivier and Danny Quah, 1989, "The Dynamic Effects of Aggregate Supply and Demand Disturbances," American Economic Review, Vol. 79, pp. 655-73.

Blanchard, Olivier and Justin Wolfers, 1999, "The Role of Shocks and Institutions in the Rise of European Unemployment: The Aggregate Evidence," NBER Working Paper No. 7282.

Blanchard, Olivier J., 1985, "Debt, Deficits and Finite Horizons," Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 93, pp. 223-47.

Blanchard, Olivier J., 1998, "Thinking About Unemployment," Paolo Baffi Lecture on Money and Finance.

Blanchard, Olivier J. and Charles M. Kahn, 1980, "The Solution of Linear Difference Models Under Rational Expectations," Econometrica, Vol. 48, pp. 1305-11.

Blanchard, Olivier J. and Danny Quah, 1989, "The Dynamic Effects of Aggregate Demand and Supply Disturbances" American Economic Review Vol. 79 (September), pp.655-73.

Blanchard, Olivier J. and Lawrence F. Katz, 1997, "What We Know and Do Not Know About the Natural Rate of Unemployment," NBER Working Paper, No. 5822.

Blanchard, Olivier J. and Lawrence H. Summers, 1987, "Fiscal Increasing Returns, Hysteresis, Real Wages, and Unemployment," European Economic Review, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 543-560.

Blanchard, Olivier J., and Lawrence H. Summers, 1986, "Hysteresis and the European Unemployment Problem," NBER Macroeconomics Annual, pp. 15-77.

Blanchard, Olivier J. and Lawrence F. Katz, 1997, "What We Know and Do Not Know About the Natural Rate of Unemployment," Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 11, pp. 51-72.

Bleaney Michael and Douglas Laxton, 2002, “Real Interest Rates and Real Exchange Rates: Evidence from Indexed Bonds,” Manchester School (U.K.); 71, No. 1:65-77, January.

Blejer, Mario I., and Adrienne Cheasty, eds., 1993, “Measuring the Fiscal Deficit: Overview of the Issues,” in How to Measure the Fiscal Deficit: Analytical and Methodological Issues, (Washington: International Monetary Fund).

Blinder, A., C. Goodhart, P. Hilderbrand, D. Lipton, and C. Wyplosz, May 2001, "How Do Central Banks Talk?", Geneva Report on the World Economy 3, ICMB.

Blinder, Alan S., 1997, "What Central Bankers Could Learn from Academics and Vice Versa," Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 3-19.

Boone, L. and D. Turner, 1999, "Measuring Structural Unemployment in OECD Countries with an Unobserved Component Model," paper prepared for the Warwick ESRC Seminar (June).

Boone, Laurence, 2000, "Specifying the Hodrick-Prescott Multivariate Filter as an Unobserved Component Model," OECD Working Paper (forthcoming).

Boone, Laurence, 2000, "Comparing Semi-Structural Methods to Estimate Unobserved Variables: The HPMV and Kalman Filters Approaches," OECD Working Paper No. 240.

Boone, Laurence and Benoit Mojon, 1997, "Relation Entre Inflation et Chomage Dans les Grand Pays Europeen et Unicite du Chomage d'Equilibre," Chomage d'Equilibre Session of the XLV Annual Congress of L'Association Francaise de Science Economique.

Boone, Laurence and Benoit Mojon, 1998, "Sacrifice Ratios in Europe: A Comparison," CEPII Working Paper, No. 1998-07.

Boone, Laurence, Michel Juillard, Doug Laxton, and Papa N'Diaye, 2002, "How Well Do Alternative Time-Varying Parameter Models of the NAIRU Help Policymakers Forecast Unemployment and Inflation in the OECD Countries?" forthcoming IMF Working Paper.

Boone, Laurence, Michel Juillard, Douglas Laxton, and Papa N'Diaye, 2001 "How Well Do Alternative Time-Varying Parameter Models of the NAIRU Help Policymakers Forecast Unemployment and Inflation in the OECD Countries?," forthcoming IMF Working Paper.

Borondo, Carlos, 2000, "International Transmission of Monetary Shocks with Interest Rates Rules," mimeo, Universidad de Valladolid (July).

Borsch-Supan, Axel, 1996, "The Impact of Population Ageing on Savings, Investment, and Growth in the OECD Area," in OECD, Future Global Capital Shortages: Real Threat or Pure Fiction, (Paris: OECD).

Borsch-Supan, Axel, and Konrad Stahl, 1991, "Life-Cycle Savings and Consumption Constraints," Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 4, pp. 233-55.

Bos, Dieter, and Robert Weizsacker, 1989, "Economic Consequences of an Aging Population," European Economic Review, Vol. 33, (March), pp. 345-54.

Boschen, John and Leonard Mills, 1990, "Monetary Policy with a New View of Potential GNP." Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Business Review (July-August), pp. 3-10.

Bosworth, Barry P., 1996, "Possible Effects of Aging on the Equilibrium of Public Finances in the United States of America," in Aging and Pension Expenditure Prospects in the Western World, European Commission, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs,European Economy No. 3.

Bosworth, Barry P., and Gary Burtless, eds., 1998, Aging Societies: The Global Dimension. (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution).

Bosworth, Barry P., Gary Burtless, and John Sabelhaus,1991, "The Decline in Saving: Some Microeconomic Evidence," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 1, pp. 183-256.

Botman, D., D. Muir, D. Laxton and A. Romanov, 2006, “A New-Open-Economy-Macro Model for Fiscal Policy Evaluation,” IMF Working Paper 06/045 (February 2006), available at www.imf.org.

Bouakez, Hafedh, 2002, "Nominal Rigidity, Desired Markup Variations, and Real Exchange Rate Persistence," Bank of Canada, Working Paper 2002-26.

Boucekkine, Raouf, 1995, "An Alternative Methodology for Solving Nonlinear Forward-Looking Models," in Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 711-34.

Bowen, Alex, 1995, "Inflation Targetry in the United Kingdom," in Inflation Targeting, a conference of central banks on the use of inflation targets, organised by the Bank of England, Session 1 (March), pp. 59-74.

Bowman, David and Brian Doyle, 2003, "New Keynesian, Open-Economy Models and their Implications for Monetary Policy," in Price Adjustment and Monetary Policy, proceedings of a conference held by the Bank of Canada, November, 2002. Ottawa: Bank of Canada.

Brain, C. W. and S. S. Shapiro, 1983, "A Regression Test for Exponentiality: Censored and Incomplete Samples," Technometrics Vol. 25, pp. 69-76.

Brainard William, 1967, "Uncertainty and the Effectiveness of Policy," American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, Vol. 57, pp. 411-45.

Braun, Phillip A. and Stefan Mittnik, 1993, "Misspecifications in Vector Autoregressions and their Effects on Impulse Responses and Variance Deompositions," Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 59, pp. 319-41.

Brayton, F. and P. Tinsley, 1996, "Guide to FRB/US: A Macroeconometric Model fo the United States," Federal Reserve Board, FEDS Working Paper 1996-42.

Brayton, F., J. M. Roberts and J. C. Williams, 1999, "What's Happened to the Phillips Curve?," Federal Reserve Board Working Paper, No. 1999-49 (September).

Breusch, T. S. and A. R. Pagan, 1979, "A Simple Test for Heteroscedasticity and Rando Coefficients Variation," Econometrica, Vol. 47, pp. 1287-94.

Broer, P., N. Draper and F. Huizinga, 1998, "The Equilibrium Rate of Unemployment, An Econometric Analysis," Centraal Planbureau, Interne Notitie.

Brooks, Robin Jermyn, 1998, Asset Market and Savings Effects of Demographic Transitions, Yale University Ph.D. dissertation, (September).

Browning, Martin, and Annamaria Lusardi, 1996, "Household Saving: Micro Theories and Micro Facts," Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXXIV, No. 4, (December), pp. 1797-1855.

Brunnermeier, Markus and Clemens Grafe, 1999, "Contrasting Different Forms of Price Stickiness: An Analysis of Exchange Rate Overshooting and the Beggar Thy Neighbour Policy," FMG Discussion Paper 329, London School of Economics.

Bry, G., and C. Boschan, 1971, "Cyclical Analysis of Time Series: Selected Procedures and Computer Programs," NBER Technical Working Paper 20.

Bryant, Ralph C., 1999, Comments On: "Efficient Simple Policy Rules and the Implications of Uncertainty About Potential Output," in Monetary Policy Under Uncertainty, Reserve Bank of New Zealand Conference Volume, ed. by Benjamin Hunt and Adrian Orr, pp. 103-112 (Wellington: Reserve Bank of New Zealand).

Bryant, Ralph C., Peter Hooper, and Catherine L. Mann, 1993, "Evaluating Policy Regimes and Analytical Models: Background and Project Summary," in Evaluating Policy Regimes: New Research in Empirical Macroeconomics ed. by R. C. Bryant, P. Hooper, and C. L. Mann (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution) pp. 3-41.

Bryant, Ralph C., Peter Hooper and Catherine L. Mann, 1993, Evaluating Policy Regimes: New Research in Empirical Macroeconomics (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution).

Buiter, Willem H., 1988, "Death, Birth, Productivity Growth and Debt Neutrality," The Economic Journal, Vol. 98, pp. 279-93.

Buiter, Willem H., 1994, "Generational Accounts, Aggregate Saving and Intergenerational Distribution," NBER Working Paper No. 5087.

Buiter, Willem H., 1999, "Alice in Euroland," Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 37, 2 (June) pp. 181-209.

Buiter, Willem H. , 1999, "Alice in Euroland," Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 37, 2 (June), pp. 181-209.

Buiter, Willem H. and Kenneth M. Kletzer, 1992, “Who’s Afraid of the Public Debt?” American Economic Review , Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 113–25.

Burmeister, Edwin and Kent D. Wall, 1982, "Kalman Filtering Etimation of Unobserved Rational Expectations With an Application to the German Hyperinflation," Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 20, pp. 255-84.

Burmeister, Edwin, Kent D. Wall and James D. Hamilton, 1986, "Estimation of Unobserved Expected Monthly Inflation Using Kalman Filtering," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Vol. 4, No. 2 (April).

Burns, Arthur M. and Wesley C. Mitchell, 1946, Measuring Business Cycles (New York: NBER).

Butler, L., 1996, "A Semi-Structural Method to Estimate Potential Output: Combining Economic Theory with a Time-Series Filter," Bank of Canada Quarterly Projection Model.

Butler, L., 1996, "A Semi-Structural Method to Estimate Potential Output: Combining Economic Theory with a Time-Series Filter," Bank of Canada Technical Report No. 76.

Callen, Timothy, and Douglas Laxton, 1998, "A Small Macro Model of the Australian Inflation Process with Endogenous Policy Credibility" (unpublished; Washington: International Monetary Fund).

Calvo, Guillermo, 1978, "On the Time Consistency of Optimal Policy in a Monetary Economy," Econometrica, Vol. 46, pp. 1411-28.

Calvo, Guillermo, 1983, "Staggered Prices in a Utility Maximizing Framework," J. Monet Econ., Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 383-98.

Camba-Mendez, and G. Rodriguez-Palenzuela, 2001, "Assessment of Criteria for Output Gap Estimates", Working Paper No. 54, European Central Bank.

Campbell, John Y. and Angus S. Deaton, 1989, "Why is Consumption So Smooth?" Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 56, pp. 357-74.

Campbell, John Y. and N. Gregory Mankiw, 1987, "Are Output Fluctuations Transitory?" Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 102 (November), pp. 857-80.

Campbell, John Y., Angus S Deaton and N. Gregory Mankiw, 1989, "Consumption, Income, and Interest Rates: Reinterpreting the Time Series Evidence," in NBER Macroeconomics Annual, ed. by Olivier Blanchard and Stanley Fischer, (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).

Canova, Fabio, 1998, "Detrending and Business Cycle Facts," Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 41 (June), pp. 475-512.

Canzeroni, M., R. Cumby, and B. Diba, 2001, "Notes on Models with Monopolistic Competition and Sticky Prices (and/or Wages), A Student Primer," mimeo, Georgetown University.

Canzoneri, M., R. Cumby, and B. Diba, 2001, "The Need for International Policy Coordination: What's Old, What's New, What's Yet to Come?," mimeo, Georgetown University (November). (Also NBER Working Paper No. 8765.)

Canzoneri, Matthew, 1985, "Monetary Policy Games and the Role of Private Information," American Economic Review, Vol. 75, pp. 1056-1428.

Canzoneri, Matthew, Robert Crumby, and B. Diba, 2001, "Notes on Models with Monopolistic Competition and Sticky Prices (and/or Wages), a student primer," mimeo, Georgetown University, (August), [Appendices to Notes.]

Carroll, Christopher D., 1992, "The Buffer Stock Theory of Saving: Some Macroeconomic Evidence," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, No. 1992:2, pp. 61-135.

Carroll, Christopher D., 1997, "Buffer Stock Saving and the Life Cycle/Permanent Income Hypothesis," Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 112, pp. 1-57.

Carroll, Christopher D. and Andrew A. Samwick, 1997, "The Nature of Precautionary Wealth," Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 40, pp. 41-71.

Caselli, Paola, 1998, "Fiscal Considerations under Fixed Exchange Rates," Temi di discussione del Servisio Studi No. 336, Banca d'Italia. Forthcoming in the European Economic Review.

Cavallari, Lilia, 1999, "Inflation and Openness with Non-Atomistic Wage Setters," forthcoming Scottish Journal of Political Economy.

Cavallari, Lilia, 1999, "Current Account and Exchange Rate Dynamics," mimeo, University of Rome, La Sapienza, July.

Cavallari, Lilia, 2001, "Inflationary performance in a monetary union with unionised labour markets," mimeo.

Cavallari, Lilia, 2001, "Current Account and Exchange Rate Dynamics," Economic Notes, Vol. 30, No. 1, (February), pp. 27-51.

"Net Foreign Assets and the Exchange Rate: Redux Revised," Boston Colleg Working Paper No. 505.

Cavallo, Michele and Fabio Ghironi, 2001, "Net Foreign Assets and the Exchange Rate: Redux Revived," Boston College Working Paper No. 505.

Cavallo, Michele and Fabio Ghironi, 2001, "Net Foreign Assets and the Exchange Rate: Redux Revived," Journal of Monetary Economics, 49 (July), pp. 1057-1097.

"Net Foreign Assets and the Exchange Rate: Redux Revised," Boston College Working Paper No. 505.

Cecchetti, S., R. Chu, and C. Steindel, 2000, "The Unreliability of Inflation Indicators," Current Issues in Economic and Finance, Vol. 6,pp. 1-6, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

Cecchetti, Stephen G., 1995, "Inflation Indicators and Inflation Policy," NBER Macroeconomics Annual, pp. 189-219.

Cecchetti, Stephen G., 1997, "Central Bank Policy Rules: Conceptual Issues and Practical Consideratiions," Federal Reserve Bank of New York Working Paper No. 6306.

Cerra, Valerie and Sweta Chaman Saxena, 2000, "Alternative Methods of Estimating Potential Output and the Output Gap: An Application to Sweden," IMF Working Paper, No. 00/59 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).

Cespedes, Luis Felipe, Roberto Chang, Andres Velasco, 2000, "Balance Sheets and Exchange Rate Policy," NBER Working Paper 7840, (August).

Chadha, Bankim and Eswar Prasad, 1993, "Interpreting the Cyclical Behavior of Prices," IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 40, (June), pp. 266-98.

Chadha, Bankim and Eswar Prasad, 1994, "Are Prices Countercyclical? Evidence from the G7," Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 34 (October), pp. 239-57.

Chadha, Bankim and Eswar Prasad, 1997, "Real Exchange Rate Fluctuations and the Business Cycle: Evidence from Japan," IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 328-55.

Chadha, Bankim, Paul Masson and Guy Meredith, 1992, "Models of Inflation and the Costs of Disinflation," IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 39, pp. 395-431.

Chand, Sheetal K. and Albert Jaeger, 1996 "Aging Populations and Public Pension Schemes," IMF Occasional Paper No. 147 (December).

Chang, Roberto and Michael Devereux, 1998, "Dynamic Collusion and the Real Exchange Rate," work in progress, University of British Columbia/Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.

Chari, V.V., Pat Kehoe and Ellen McGrattan, 1998a, "Monetary Shocks and Real Exchange Rates in Sticky Price Models of International Business Cycles," Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Research Department, Staff Report No. 223.

Chari, V.V., Pat Kehoe and Ellen McGrattan, 1998b, "Sticky Price Models of the Business Cycle: Can the Contract Multiplier Solve the Persistence Problem?" Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Research Department, Staff Report No. 217.

Chari, V.V., Patrick J. Kehoe, and Ellen R. McGrattan, 2000, "Can Sticky Price Models Generate Volatile and Persistent Real Exchange Rates?" NBER Working Paper 7869, September.

Cheung, Yin-Wong, Menzie Chinn, and Eiji Fujii, 1999, "Market Structure and the persistence of sectoral deviations from purchasing power parity," paper presented in the AEA panel on PPP, New York City, January.

Chiarini, B. and P. Piselli, 1997, "Wage Setting, Wage Curve and the Phillips Curve: The Italian Evidence," EUI, RSC, No. 97/45.

Chinn, Menzie and Eswar Prasad, 2000, "Medium-Term Determinants of Current Accounts in Industrial and Developing Countries: An Empirical Exploration," mimeo, February.

Chow, Gregory C., 1975, Analysis and Control of Dynamic Economic Systems, (New York: Wiley).

Christiano, Lawrence and Terry Fitzgerald, 1999, "The Band Pass Filter," NBER Working Paper, No. 7257.

Christiano, Lawrence J. and Martin Eichenbaum, 1990, "Unit Roots in Real GNP: Do We Know, and Do We Care?" In Unit Roots, Investment Measures and Other Essays, ed. by A. Meltzer, Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Vol. 32, pp. 7-61. (Amsterdam: North Holland).

Christiano, Lawrence J. and Christopher J. Gust., 1999, "Taylor Rules in a Simple Limited Participation Model," NBER Working Paper No. 7017:1 (March).

Clarida, R,. M. Gertler, and J. Gali, 2000, "Monetary Policy Rules and Macroeconomic Stability: Evidence and Some Theory," Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 115, pp. 147-80.

Clarida, Richard, 2001, "The Empirics of Monetary Policy Rules in Open Economies," International Journal of Finance and Economics, 6(4), October, pp. 315-323. (Also NBER Working Paper No. 8603).

Clarida, Richard and Jordi Gali, 1994, "Sources of Real Exchange Rate Fluctuations: How Important Are Nominal Shocks?," Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Vol. 41, pp. 1-56.

Clarida, Richard and Mark Gertler, 1997, "How the Bundesbank Conducts Moentary Policy," in Reducing Inflation: Motivation and Strategy ed. by C. Romer and D. Romer, pp. 363-406 (Chicago: Chicago University Press).

Clarida, Richard, Jordi Gali and Mark Gertler, 1997, "Monetary Policy rules in Practice: Some International Evidence," New York University, C. V. Star Center for Applied Economics, Economic Research Report No. 97-32.

Clarida, Richard, Jordi Gali and Mark Gertler, 1997a, "Monetary Policy and Macroeconomic Stability: Evidence and Some Theory," Working Paper (May).

Clarida, Richard, Jordi Gali and Mark Gertler, 1997b, "Monetary Policy Rules in Practice: Some International Evidence," Working Paper (June).

Clarida, Richard, Jordi Gali and Mark Gertler, 1997c, "The Science of Monetary Policy," Working Paper, forthcoming in Journal of Economic Literature.

Clarida, Richard, Jordi Gali and Mark Gertler, 1997, "Monetary Policy Rules in Practice: Some International Evidence," NBER Working Paper No. W6254 (November).

Clarida, Richard, Jordi Gali and Mark Gertler, 1998, "Monetary Policy Rules and Macroeconomic Stability: Evidence and Some Theory," NBER, Working Paper No. 6442 (March).

Clarida, Richard, Jordi Gali and Mark Gertler, 2001 "Optimal Monetary Policy in Closed versus Open Economies: An Integrated Approach," NBER Working Paper No. 8604.

Clarida, Richard, Jordi Gali and Mark Gertler, 2001, "Optimal Monetary Policy in Open versus Closed Economies: An Integrated Approach," forthcoming in the American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings.

Clarida, Richard, Jordi Gali, and Mark Gertler, 1998, "Monetary Policy Rules in Practice: Some International Evidence," European Economic Review, Vol. 42, pp. 1033-67.

Clarida, Richard, Jordi Gali, and Mark Gertler, 1999, "The Science of Monetary Policy: A New Keynesian Perspective," NBER Working Paper 7147 (Cambridge, MA: NBER).

Clarida, Richard, Jordi Gali, and Mark Getler, 1999, "The Science of Monetary Policy: A New Keynesian Perspective," Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 37, No. 4 (December), pp. 1161-707.

Clark, P., D. Laxton and D. Rose, 1995, "Asymmetry in the U.S. Output-Inflation Nexus: Issues and Evidence," IMF Working Paper No. 95/76.

Clark, Peter B. and Douglas M. Laxton, 1997, "Phillips Curves, Phillips Lines and the Unemployment costs of Overheating," IMF Working Paper No. 97/17.

Clark, Peter B., Douglas M. Laxton and David Rose, 1996, "Asymmetry in the U.S. Output-Inflation Nexus: Issues and Evidence," IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 43 (March), pp. 216-50.

Clark, Peter B., Douglas M. Laxton and David Rose, 1997, "Capacity Constraints, Inflation, and the Transmission Mechanism: Forward-Looking Versus Myopic Policy Rules," IMF Working Paper 97/75, revised 1997, (Washington: International Monetary Fund).

Clark, Peter K., 1977, "Potential GNP in the United States: 1948-1980," in U.S. Productive Capacity: Estimating the Utilization Gap, pp. 21-66 (St Louis: Center for the Study of American Business, Washington Univesity).

Clark, Peter K., 1983, "Okun's Law and Potential GNP." Unpublished mimeograph, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (June).

Clark, Peter K., 1987, "The Cyclical Component of U.S. Economic Activity," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, (November).

Clark, Peter K., 1989, "Trend Reversion in Real Output and Unemployment," Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 40, pp. 15-32.

Clark, Peter, Douglas Laxton and David Rose, 1995, "Asymmetry in the U.S. Output-Inflation Nexus: Issues and Evidence," IMF Working Paper No. 95/76.

Clark, Peter, Douglas Laxton, and David Rose, 2000, "An Evaluation of Alternative Monetary Policy Rules in a Model with Capacity Constraints," forthcoming in the Journal of Monetary Credit and Banking.

Clark, Peter, Douglas Laxton, and David Rose, 2001, "An Evaluation of Alternative Monetary Policy Rules in a Model with Capacity Constraints," Journal of Money Credit and Banking, Vol. 33, No. 1 (February), pp. 42-64.

Claus, I., 2000a, "Estimating Potential Output: A Structural VAR Approach," Reserve Bank of New Zealand Discussion Paper No. DP2000/03.

Claus, I., 2000b, "Is the Output Gap a Useful Indicator of Inflation," Reserve Bank of New Zealand Discussion Paper No. DP2000/05.

Claus, I., P. Conway, and A. Scott, 2000c, "The Output Gap: Measurement, Comparisons and Assessment," Reserve Bank of New Zealand Research Paper No. 44.

Coats, W., D. Laxton and D. Rose, 2003, The Czech National Bank’s Forecasting and Policy Analysis System, (Prague, Czech Republic: Czech National Bank).

Cochrane, John H., 1994, "Permanent and Transitory Components of GNP and Stock Prices," Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 61, pp. 241-65.

Coe, David T., 1990, "Structural Determinants of the Natural Rate of Unemployment in Canda." IMF Staff Papers, Vol 37 (March), pp. 94-115.

Coe, David T. and C. John McDermott, 1997, "Does the Gap Model Work in Asia?," IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 59-80.

Coe, David T. and Thomas Krueger, 1993, “Capital and Trade as Engines of Growth in France,” IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 40 (September), pp. 542-66.

Coe, David T. and Thomas Krueger, 1990, “Wage Determination, the Natural Rate of Unemployment, and Potential Output,” in German Unification: Economic Issues, eds. by Leslie Lipschitz and Donogh McDonald, IMF Occasional Paper 75

Cogley, Timothy, 1990, "International Evidence on the Size of the Random Walk in Output." Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 98 (June), pp. 501-18.

Cogley, Timothy, 1995, "Evaluation Non-Structural Measures if the Business Cycle," Draft Paper (San Francisco: Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco).

Cogley, Timothy and James Nason, 1995, "Effects of the Hodrick-Prescott Filter on Trend and Difference Stationary Time Series: Implications for Business Cycle Research," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, January/February, Vol. 19, pp. 253-78.

Coletti, D., B. Hunt, D. Rose and R. Tetlow, 1996, "Bank of Canada's New Quarterly Projection Model. Part 3, The Dynamic Model: QPM," bank of Canada Technical Report No. 75 (Ottawa: Bank of Canada).

Congressional Budget Office, "Reestimating the NAIRU," in The Economic and Budget Outlook, pp. 59-63 (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office).

Congressional Budget Office, 1999, The Budget and Economic Outlook-Fiscal Years 2001-2010, The Congress of the United States.

Contribution from the French, U.S. and U.K. Delegation, from the European Commission for the Meeting of Working Party No. 1 of the Economic Policy Committee, 1996.

Contribution from the United States Delegation, "The NAIRU," for the meeting of Working Party No. 1 of the Economic Policy Committee, 10-11 October 1996.

Conway, P., and D. Frame, 2000, "A Spectral Analysis of New Zealand Output Gaps Using Fourier and Wavelet Techniques," Reserve Bank of New Zealand Discussion Paper No. DP2000/06.

Conway, Paul and Benjamin Hunt, 1997, "Estimating Potential Output: A Semi-Structural Approach," Reserve Bank of New Zealand Discussion Paper No. G97/9 (December).

Cooley, Thomas F. and Lee. E. Ohanian, 1991, "The Cyclical Behavior of Prices," Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 28 (August), pp. 25-60.

Cooley, Thomas F., Barr Rosenberg and Kent D. Wall, 1977, "A Note on Optimal Smoothing for Time Varying Coefficient Problems," Annuals of Economic Social Measures, Vol. 6, pp. 453-56.

Cordoba, Juan Pablo, 1996, The Impact of Demographic Development and Household Structure on Personal Savings, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania.

Corsetti, Giancarlo and Luca Dedola, 2002, "The Macroeconomics of Price Discrimination,? mimeo, Yale University.

Corsetti, Giancarlo and Paolo Pesenti, 1999, "Could the Ins Hurt the Outs? A Welfare Analysis of International Fiscal Links," forthcoming in Andrew Hughes Hallet, Michael M. Hutchinson, and Svend E. Hogaard Jensen (eds.), Fiscal aspects of European Monetary Integration, Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

Corsetti, Giancarlo and Paolo Pesenti, 1999, "Welfare and Macroeconomic Interdependence," Quarterly Journal of Economics, (May) (previously NBER Working Paper No. 6307).

Corsetti, Giancarlo and Paolo Pesenti, 2002, "Self-validating optimal currency areas," mimeo, FRB New York and Yale University.

Corsetti, Giancarlo, Paolo Pesenti, Nouriel Roubini and Cedric Tille, 2000, "Competitive Devaluations: Toward A Welfare-Based Approach," Journal of International Economics, 51, 1 (June), pp. 217-241. (previously NBER Working Paper No. 6889, with Technical Appendix).

Corsetti, Giancarlo Corsetti and Paolo Pesenti, 2001, "International dimensions of optimal monetary policy," mimeo (and NBER Working Paper 8230), Yale and NBER and FRB of New York and NBER, (April).

Corsetti, Giancarlo, Luca Dedola and Sylvain Leduc, 2003, "International Risk Sharing and the Transmission of Productivity Shocks," photocopy, Yale University.

Cosimano, Thomas F. and John B. Van Huyck, 1993, "Central Bank Secrecy, Interest Rates, and Monetary Control," Economic Inquiry, Vol. 31, 3, pp. 370-382.

Cote, Denise and Doug Hostland, 1994, "Measuring Potential Output and the NAIRU as Unobserved Variables in a Systems Framework," Economic Behaviour and Policy Choice Under Price Stability, ed. by Bank of Canada, pp. 357-411.

Cotis, J. P., R. Meary and N. Sobczak, 1996, "Le chomage d'equilibre en France: une evaluation," Contribution francaise a la session du WP1 de l'OCDE. Also published as Direction de la Prevision, Working Paper, No. 96-14.

Countinho, Leonor, 2000, "International Monetary Transmission After EMU," mimeo, European University Institute, (April).

Coutinho, Leonor, 2000, "International Monetary Transmission After EMU," mimeo, European University Institute, (April).

Cozier, Barry and Gordon Wilkinson, 1990, "How Large are the Costs of Disinflation in Canada?," Bank of Canada Working Paper No. 90-6.

Cromb, Roy, "A Survey of Recent Econometric Work on the NAIRU," Journal of Economic Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1/2, pp. 27-51.

Cromb, Roy, 1993, "A Survey Of Recent Econometric Work on the NAIRU," Journal of Economic Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1/2, pp. 27-51.

Crozier, Barry and Gordon Wilkinson, 1990, "How Large are the Costs of Disinflation in Canada?," Bank of Canada Working Paper No. 90-6.

Cukierman, Alex, 1999, "Accountability Credibility, Transparency and Stabilization Policy in the Eurosystem," mimeo, Tel-Aviv University.

Cukierman, Alex, 2001, "Are Contemporary Central Banks Transparent About Economic Models and Objectives and What Difference Does It Make?," (January) Bundesbank Discussion Paper No. 05/01.

Cukierman, Alex and Allan H. Metlzer, 1986, "A Theory of Ambiguity, Credibility, and Inflation Under Discretion and Asymmetric Information," Econometrica Vol. 54, (September), pp. 1099-1128.

Currie, David and Paul Levine, 1993, "Rules Reputation and Macroeconomic Policy Coordination," (Cambridge: Cambridge University).

Cuthberson, Keith, Stephen G. Hall and Mark P. Taylor, 1992, Applied Econometric Techniques, (United Kingdom: Harvester Wheatsheaf).

Cutler, David M., James M. Poterba, Louise M. Sheiner, and Lawrence H. Summers, 1990, "An Aging Society: Opportunity or Challenge?" Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, pp. 1-73.

Exchange Affairs Department of the International Monetary Fund, 2000, Inflation Targeting in Transition Economies: The Case of the Czech Republic, ed. by Warren Coats (March).

Daveri, Francesco and Guido Tabellini, 1997, "Unemployment, Growth and Taxation in Industrial Countries," Innocenzo Gasparini Institute for Economic Research Working Paper, No. 122.

Davidson, R. and J. G. MacKinnon, 1993, Estimation and Inference in Econometrics (Oxford University Press).

Davies, James, 1981, "Uncertain Lifetimes, Consumption and Dissaving in Retirement," Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 89, pp. 561-78.

de Brouwer, G, 1998, "Estimating Output Gaps," Reserve Bank of Australia Research Discussion Paper No. 9809.

de Haan, Fabian Amtenbrink, and Sylvester C.W. Eijffinger, 1999, "Accountability of Central Banks: Aspects and Quantification," Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Quarterly Review, Vol. 209 (June), pp. 169-193.

de Haan, Jakob, and Sylvester C.W.Eijffinger, 2000, "The Democratic Accountability of European Central Bank: A Comment on Two Fairy-Tales," Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 38, 3,(September) pp. 393-407.

de Leon, Alejandro Diaz, 2000, "Challenges Related with the Adoption of Inflation Targets in Mexico," Inflation Targeting Experiences: England, Finland, Poland, Mexico, Brazil, Chile (Ankara: The Central Bank of The Republic of Turkey), pp. 118-131.

De Long, J. Bradford, 1997, America's Peacetime Inflation: The 1970s, Reducing Inflation: Motivation and Strategy, (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press).

De Long, J. Bradford and Lawrence H. Summers, 1988, "How Does Macroeconomic Policy Affect Output?," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 2, pp. 433-80.

De Masi, Paula R., 1997, "IMF Estimates of Potential Output: Theory and Practice," IMF Working Paper No. 97/177.

Dea, Christian and Serena Ng, 1990, Sources of Business Cycles in Canada, Bank of Canada Working Paper No. 90-4.

Deaton, Angus S., 1992, "Saving and Liquidity Constraints," Econometrica, Vol. 59, pp. 1121-42.

Deaton, Angus S., 1992, Understanding Consumption (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

Debelle, G. and S. Fischer, 1994, "How Independent Should a Central Bank Be?," Center for Economic Policy Research, Standford University Discussion Paper, No. 392.

Debelle, Guy, 1997, "Inflation Targeting in Practice," IMF Working Paper 97/35.

Debelle, Guy, 2000, "The Viability of Inflation Targeting for Emerging Market Economies," paper prepared for a conference on Financial Markets and Policies in East Asia, held at the Asia Pacific School of Economics and Management, Australian National University.

Debelle, Guy and Douglas Laxton, 1997, "Is the Phillips Curve Really a Curve? Some Evidence for Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States," IMF Working Paper no. 96/111 and IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).

Debelle, Guy and Jenny Wilkinson, 2002, "Inflation Targeting and the Inflation Process: Some Lessons from and Open Economy," Reserve Bank of Australia, Research Discussion Paper 2002-01.

Debelle, Guy, and James Vickery, 1997, "Is the Phillips Curve Really a Curve? Some Evidence and Implications from Australia," Economic Research Department, Reserve Bank of Australia (unpublished paper).

Denison, Edward F., 1985, Trends in American Economic Growth, (Washington: The Brooking Institution).

Dennis, Richard, 1998, "Instability Under Nominal GDP Targeting: The Role of Expectations," Working Paper, Australia National University.

DeSerres, Alain and Alain Guay, 1995, "The Selection of the Truncation Lag in Structural VARs (or VECMs) with Long-Run Restrictions," Working Paper No. 95-9 (Ottawa: Bank of Canada).

DeSerres, Alain, Alain Guay and Pierre St-Amant, 1995, "Estimating and Projecting Potential Output Using Structural Var Methodology: The Case of the Mexican Economy." Bank of Canada Working Paper No. 95-2.

Devereux, Michael, 1998, "Do Fixed Exchange Rates Inhibit Macroeconomic Adjustment?," mimeo, University of British Columbia/Chinese University of Hong Kong.

Devereux, Michael, 1999, "A Simple Dynamic General Equilibrium Model of the Trade-off between Fixed and Floating Exchange Rates," University of British Columbia, mimeo.

Devereux, Michael, 2001, "Monerary Policy, Exchange Rate Flexibility, and Exchange Rate Pass-through," in Revisiting the Case for Flexible Exchange Rates, Bank of Canada, (January).

Devereux, Michael and Charles Engel, 1998a, "Fixed versus Floating Exchange Rates: How Price Setting Affects the Optimal Choice of Exchange-Rate Regime," mimeo, University of British Columbia/Chinese University of Hong Kong and the University of Washington. Also NBER Working Paper No. 6867.

Devereux, Michael and Charles Engel, 1998b, "The Choice of Exchange-Rate Regime: Price Setting Rules and Internationalized Production," mimeo, University of British Columbia/Chinese University of Hong Kong and the University of Washington. (also NBER Working Paper No. 6992).

Devereux, Michael and Charles Engel, 2000, "Monetary Policy in the Open Economy Revisited: Price Setting and Exchange Rate Flexibility," NBER Working Paper 7665.

Devereux, Michael and Charles Engel, 2002, "Exchange Rate Pass-Through, Exchange Rate Volatility, and Exchange Rate Disconnect," forthcoming, Journal of Monetary Economics.

Devereux, Michael, Charles Engel and Cedric Tille, 2003, "Exchange Rate Pass-Through and the Welfare Effects of the Euro," International Economic Review, 44,1(February), pp. 223-42. (Also NBER Working Paper No. 7382).

Devereux, Michael B. and Charles Engel, 2001, "Endogenous Currency of Price Setting in a Dynamic Open Economy Model," NBER Working Paper No. 8559.

Devereux, Michael, Charles Engel, and Peter Storgaard, 2002, "Endogenous Exchange Rate Pass-Through," mimeo, University of Wisconsin.

Di Tella, Rafael and Robert MacCulloch, 1998, "The Consequences of Labour Market Flexibility: Panel Evidence Based in Survey Data," Harvard Business School, mimeo.

Diamond, Peter A., 1965, "National Debt in a Neoclassical Growth Model," American Economic Review, Vol. 55, pp. 1126-50.

Dib, Ali, 2001, "An Estimated Canadian DSGE Model with Nominal and Real Rigidities," Bank of Canada. Working Paper 2001-26.

Dib, Ali, 2003, "Monetary Policy in an Estimated Canadian Small-Open Economy Model," photocopy, Bank of Canada.

Dillen, Hans, 1999, Comments On: "Should Uncertain Monetary Policymakers Do Less?" in Monetary Policy Under Uncertainty, Reserve Bank of New Zealand Conference Volume, ed. by Benjamin Hunt and Adrian Orr, pp. 257-258 (Wellington: Reserve Bank of New Zealand).

Dillen, Hans and Johnny Nilsson, 1999, "Transparency, Uncertainty and Monetary Policy," in Monetary Policy Under Uncertainty, Reserve Bank of New Zealand Conference Volume, ed. by Benjamin Hunt and Adrian Orr, pp. 204-222 (Wellington: Reserve Bank of New Zealand).

Disney, Richard, 1996, Can We Afford to Grow Older? A Perspective on the Economics of Aging, (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).

Dixon, Huw, 1994, "Imperfect Competition and Open Economy Macroeconomics," in Frederick van der Ploeg (ed.), The Handbook of International Macroeconomics, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, UK.

Dornbusch, Rudiger, 1998, "Notes on Intertemporal Trade in Goods and Monetary," MIT, mimeo, November.

Dotsey, Michael, 1987, "Monetary Policy, Secrecy, and Federal Funds Rate Behavior," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol. 20, 3 (December), pp. 463-474.

Doyle, Brian M., 1998, "Reputation and Currency Crises ("Countries of a Feather Devalue Together")," mimeo, Princeton University.

Drew, A. and A. Orr, 1999, "The Reserve Bank's Role in the Recent Business Cycle: Actions and Evolution," Reserve Bank of New Zealand Bulletin, Vol. 62, pp. 5-35.

Drew, Aaron and Benjamin Hunt, 2000, "Inflation Targeting Under Potential Output Uncertainty," Reserve Bank of New Zealand Discussion Paper No. DP2000/08.

Drew, Aaron, and Benjamin Hunt, 1998, "The Forecasting and Policy System: Stochastic Simulations of the Core Model," Reserve Bank of New Zealand Discussion Paper No. G98/6.

Drew, Aaron and Benjamin Hunt, 1999, "The Effects of Potential Output Uncertainty on the Performance of Simple Policy Rules," in Monetary Policy Under Uncertainty, Reserve Bank of New Zealand Conference Volume, ed. by Benjamin Hunt and Adrian Orr, pp. 73-102 (Wellington: Reserve Bank of New Zealand).

Drew, Aaron, and Benjamin Hunt, 2000, "Efficient Policy Rules and the Implications of Potential Output Uncertainty," Journal of Economics and Business, Vol. 52, pp. 143-160.

Dungan, D. Peter and Thomas A. Wilson, 1982, Potential GNP: Performance and Prospects, Report No. 10 (Toronto: Insitute for Policy Analysis).

Dupasquier, Chantal and Nicholas Ricketts, 1998, "Non-Linearities in the Output-Inflation Relationship: Some Empirical Results from Canada," Bank of Canada Working Paper, No. 98-14.

Dupasquier, Chantal, Alain Guay and Pierre St-Amant, 1997, "A Comparison of Alternative Methodologies for Estimating Potential Output and the Output Gap," Bank of Canada Working Paper No. 97-5 (February).

Dupasquier, Chantal, Alain Guay and Pierre St-Amant, 1999, "A Survey of Alternative Methodologies for Estimating Potential Output and the Output Gap," Journal of Macroeconomics, Vol. 21, pp. 577-95.

Economic Policy Committee, 2001, Report on Potential Output and the Output Gap.

Eichenbaum, Martin, 1990, "Real Business Cycle Theory: Wisdom or Whimsy?," NBER Working Paper No. 3432.

Eijffinger, Sylvester and Eric Schaling, 1993, "Central Bank Independence: Theory and Evidence," mimeo, Tilburg University (February).

Eijffinger, Sylvester C.W., Marco Hoeberichts, and Eric Schaling, 2000, "Why Money Talks and Wealth Whispers: Monetary Uncertainty and Mystique," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol. 21, 2, (May), pp. 218-235.

Eisner, Robert, 1996, "A New View of the NAIRU," manuscript, Northwestern University, June 1996; in Davidson P., and J. Kregel, eds., Improving the Global Economy: Keynesianism and the Growth in Output and Employment. (Cheltinham, U.K., and Brookfield: Edward Algar) for forthcoming, October 1997, Cahiers de l'Espace Europe, forthcoming, March 1997.

Eisner, Robert, 1997, "A New View of the NAIRU," in Improving the Global Economy: Keynesianism and the Growth in Output and Employment, ed. by P. Davidson and J. Kregel (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, United Kingdom and Brookfield) original manuscript, Northwestern University, 1995, forthcoming.

Elekdag, S., R. Lalonde, D. Laxton, D. Muir, and P. Pesenti, “Oil Price Movements and the Global Economy: A Model-Based Assessment,” Paper prepared for a Workshop at the Bank of Canada and available from authors.

Ellis, Luci, 1998, Comments On: "Output Gap Uncertainty: Does it Matter for the Taylor Rule?", in Monetary Policy Under Uncertainty eds. by Benjamin Hunt and Adrian Orr, Reserve Bank of New Zealand Conference Volume, pp. 30-32 (Reserve Bank of New Zealand, Wellington New Zealand).

Elmeskov, Jorgen, 1993, "High and Persistent Unemployment: Assessment of the Problem and its Causes," OECD Economics Department Working Paper, No. 132.

Elmeskov, Jorgen, John P. Martin and Stefano Scarpetta, 1998, "Key Lessons for Labour Market Reforms: Evidence from OECD Countries' Experiences," Swedish Economic Policy Review, Vol. 5, pp. 205-52.

Enders, Walter, 1995, Applied Econometric Time Series (New York: John Wiley).

Engel Charles, 1998, "Accounting for Real Exchange Rate Changes," Journal of Political Economy, 107 (June), pp. 507-538.

Engel, Charles, 1999, "On the Foreign Exchange Risk Premium in Sticky-Price General Equilibrium Models," International Tax and Public Finance, 6,4(November), pp. 491-505. (Also NBER Working Paper No. 7067).

Engel, Charles, 2000a, "Comments on Obstfeld and Rogoffs 'The Six Major Puzzles in International Macroeconomics: Is There a Common Cause?'" NBER Working Paper No. 7818, (July).

Engel Charles, 2000b, "Optimal Exchange Rate Policy: The Influence of Price Setting and Asset Markets," NBER Working Paper 7889, September.

Engel, Charles, (2001), "Optimal Exchange Rate Policy: The Influence of Price Setting and Asset Markets," Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 33,2 (May), pp. 518-541.

Engel, Charles, 2002, "The Responsiveness of Consumer Prices to Exchange Rates: A Synthesis of Some New Open-Economy Macro Models," forthcoming, The Manchester School.

Engel, Charles, 2002, "Expenditure Switching and Exchange Rate Policy," NBER Macroeconomics Annual, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Englander, A. Steven and Cornelis A. Los, 1983, "Recovery Without Accelerating Inflation," Federal Reserve Bank Quarterly Review, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 19-28.

Engle, Robert F., 1978, "Estimating Structural Models of Seasonality," in Seasonal Analysis of Economic Time Series, ed. by A. Zeller (Washington, D.C.: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census).

Engle, Robert F. and Clive W. J. Granger, 1985, "Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing," Econometrica, Vol 55 (March), PP. 251-76.

Epstein, N., D. Laxton. P. Karam and D. Rose, 2006, "A Simple Forecasting and Policy Analysis System for Israel: Structure amd Applications" in Israel: Selected Issues, IMF Country Report No. 06/121 (March 2006), available at www.imf.org.

Ericsson, Neil R. and John S. Irons, 1994, "The Lucas Critique in Practice: Theory Without Empirical Basis," Macroeconometrics: Development, Tensions, and Prospects, ed. by Kevin D. Hoover (Washington: Kluwer Academic Publishers).

Espinosa-Vega, Marco A. and Steven Russell, 1997, "History and Theory of the NAIRU: A Critical Review," Economic Review, pp. 4-25 (Atlanta: Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta).

Estrella, Arturo, 1997, "Aggregate Supply and Demand Shocks: A Natural Rate Approach," Federal Reserve Bank of New York Research Paper No. 9737.

Estrella, Arturo and Frederic S. Mishkin, 1998, "Rethinking the Role of NAIRU in Monetary Policy: Implications of Model Formulation and Uncertainty," NBER Working Paper No. 6518 (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research).

European Commission, 1999, "Comparison of Trend Estimation Methods--Issues Paper for the EPC Working Group on Output Gaps," (Brussels, Belgium).

European Economic Commission, 1995, "The Compostition of Unemployment from an Economic Perspective," Annual Economic Report for 1995, pp. 127-44.

Evans, George and Lucrezia Reichlin, 1994, "Information, Forecasts, and Measurement of the Business Cycle," Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 33, pp. 233-54.

Evans, Paul, 1985, "Do Large Deficits Produce High Interest Rates?," American Economic Review, Vol. 75, pp. 63-87.

Evans, Paul, 1991, "Is Ricardian Equivalence a Good Approximation?" Economic Inquiry, pp. 626-44.

Fabiani, Silvia and Ricardo Mestre, 2000, "Alternative measures of the NAIRU in the Euro Area: Estimates and Assessment," ECB Working Paper No. 17.

Fabiani, Silvia, Alberto L. Locarno, Giampaolo P. Oneto and Paolo Sestito, 1999, "The Sources of Unemployment Fluctuations: An Empirical Application to the Italian Case," European Central Bank, Bank of Italy, ISAE and European Commission.

Fabiani, Silvia, Alberto Locarno, Giampaolo P. Oneto and Paolo Sestito, 1997, "NAIRU: Incomes Policy and Inflation," OECD Working Paper No. 187.

Fagan, G., J. Henry, and R. Mestre, 2001, "An Area-Wide Model (AWM) for the Euro Area," European Central Bank, Working Paper No. 42.

Faia, Ester, 2001b, "Monetary Policy in a World with Different Financial Systems," mimeo, New York University.

Faia, Ester, 2001a, "Stabilization policy in a two country model and the role of financial frictions," ECB Working Paper No. 56, (April).

Faini, Riccardo, Anna Falzoni, Marzio Galeotti, Rodolfo Helg and Alessandro Turrini, 1998, "Importing Jobs or Exporting Firms? A Close Look at the Labor Market Implications of Italy's Trade and Foreign Direct Investment Flows," University of Brescia.

Fair, Ray C. , 1999, Does the NAIRU Have the Right Dynamics?, Cowles Foundation, Yale University.

Faruqee, H., D. Laxton, D. Muir and P. Pesenti, 2005, “Smooth Landing or Crash? Model-Based Scenarios of global current account rebalancing,” NBER Working Paper No. 11583.

Faruqee, H., D. Laxton, D. Muir and P. Pesenti, 2006, “Would protectionism defuse global imbalances and spur economic activity? A scenario analysis,” NBER Working Paper No. 12704 and forthcoming in the Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control.

Faruqee, Hamid and Aasim Husain, 1998, "Saving Trends in Southeast Asia: A Cross-Country Analysis," Asian Economic Journal Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 195-217.

Faruqee, Hamid and Douglas Laxton, 2000, "Life-Cycles, Dynasties, Saving: Implications for Closed and Small Open Economies," IMF Working Paper 00/126 (August).

Faruqee, Hamid, Douglas Laxton and Steve Symansky, 1996, "Government Debt, Life-Cycle Income and Liquidity Constraints: Beyond Approximate Ricardian Equivalence," IMF Working Paper 96/140 and IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 44 (September, 1997), pp. 374-82 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).

Faruqee, Hamid, Douglas Laxton, and David Rose, 1997, "Inflation and Unemployment in Europe and North America: Asymmetry Versus Hysteresis," unpublished paper (Washington: International Monetary Fund).

Faruqee, Hamid, Douglas Laxton, and Steven Symansky, 1997, "Government Debt, Life-Cycle Income and Liquidity Constraints: Beyond Approximate Ricardian Equivalence," IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 44 (September), pp. 374-82.

Faust, Jon and Eric M. Leeper, 1997, "When do Long-Run Identifying Restrictions Give Reliable Results?" Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, Vol. 15, pp. 345-53.

Faust, Jon and Lars E.O. Svensson, 2000, "The Equilibrium Degree of Transparency and Control in Monetary Policy," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, (forthcoming).

Faust, Jon and Lars E.O. Svensson, "Transparency and Credibility: Monetary Policy with Unobservable Goals," International Economic Review, Vo. 42, 2, (May), pp. 369-397.

Faust, Jon W., 1996, "Whom Can We Trust to Run the Fed? Theoretical Support for the Founders' Views," Journal of Monetary Economics Vol. 37, pp. 267-83.

Faust, Jon W. and Lars E. O. Svensson, 1999, "Transparency and Credibility: Monetary Policy with Unobservable Goals," revised draft of NBER Working Paper 6452 (April).

Faust, Jon W., and Lars E. O. Svensson, 1998, "Credibility and Transparency: Monetary Policy with Unobservable Goals," NBER Working Paper No. 6452.

Fayolle, Jacky and Alexandre Mathis, 1993, "Tendances Et Cycles Stylises Dans Le Pays Du G7: Une Approche Stochastique," Revue de l'OFCE, No. 47 (October).

Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 1996, Achieving Price Stability: A Symposium, Vol. 36, pp. 612-32.

Federici, D., and Sadun R., 2001, "Fiscal Shocks and the Current Account," CIDEI Working Paper No. 63, April.

Feldstein, Martin S., 1980, "International Differences in Social Security and Saving," Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 14 (October), pp. 225-44.

Fender, John and Chong K Yip, 1999, "Tariffs and Exchange Rate Dynamics Redux," University of Birmingham, Journal of International Money and Finance, 19,5(October), pp. 633-655.

Filardo, Al, 1998, "New Evidence on the Output Cost of Fighting Inflation," Economic Review (Third Quarter), Federal Bank of Kansas City.

Fiorito, Riccardo and Tryphon Kollintzas, 1994, "Stylized Facts of Business Cycles in the G7 from a Real Business Cycles Perspective," European Economic Review, Vol. 38 (February), pp. 235-69.

Fischer, Andreas, 1999, Comments On: "Transparency, Uncertainty and Monetary Policy," in Monetary Policy Under Uncertainty, Reserve Bank of New Zealand Conference Volume, ed. by Benjamin Hunt and Adrian Orr, pp. 223-225 (Wellington: Reserve Bank of New Zealand).

Fisher, S., 1994, "Modern Central Banking", paper presentes to Bank of England Tercentenary Central Banking Symposium, (May).

Fischer, Stanley, 1995, "Central-Bank Independence Revisited," AEA Papers and Proceedings (May).

Fischer, Stanley, 1996, "Why are Central Banks Pursuing Long-run Price Stability?" In: Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Achieving Price Stability (Kansas City: Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City).

Fischer, Stanley, Ratna Sahay, and Carlos Végh, 1998, "From Transition to Market: Evidence and Growth Prospects," IMF Working Paper No. 98/52.

Fisher, I., 1933, "The Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions," Econometrica Vol. 1, pp. 337-57.

Flavin, Marjorie A., 1981, "Excess Sensitivity of Consumption to Changing Expectations of Future Income," Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 89, pp. 974-1009.

Flavin, Marjorie A., 1985, "Excess Sensitivity of Consumption to Current Income: Liquidity Constraints or Myopia?" Canadian Journal of Economics, Vol. 18, pp.117-36.

Flavin, Marjorie A., 1993, "Excess Smoothness of Consumption: Identification and Interpretation," Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 60, pp. 651-66.

Flint, B., J. Roberts and J. C. Williams, 1999, "What's Happened to the Phillips Curve?," Federal Reserve Board.

Flood, Robert and Mark Taylor, 1996, "Exchange Rate Economics: What's Wrong with the Conventional Macroeconomic Approach?," The Microstructure of Foreign Exchange Markets, ed. by Jeffrey Frankel, Giampaolo Galli, and Alberto Giovanni (NBER).

Flood, Robert and Peter Garber, 1983, "A Model of Stochastic Policy Switching," Econometrica, Vol. 5, pp. 537-52.

Flood, Robert and Peter Isard, 1989, "Monetary Policy Strategies," IMF Staff Papers, No. 36, pp. 612-32.

Flood, Robert and Peter Isard, 1990, "Monetary Policy Strategies--A Correction," IMF Staff Papers No. 37, pp. 446-48.

Ford, Robert and David Rose, 1989, "Estimates of the NAIRU Using an Extended Okun's Law," Bank of Canada Working Paper No. 89-3.

Ford, Robert and Douglas Laxton, 1999, "World Public Debt and Real Interest Rates," Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Summer), pp. 77-94.

Ford, Robert, and Douglas Laxton, 1999, "World Public Debt and Real Interest Rates," Oxford Review of Economic Policy Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 77-94.

Fortin, Pierre, 1989, "How Natural is Canada's High Unemployment Rate?," European Economic Review, Vol. 58, pp. 1-17.

Freedman, Charles, 1989, "Monetary Policy in the 1990s: Lessons and Challenges," in Monetary Policy Issues in the 1990s, Symposium of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, pp.1-45 (Kansas City: Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City).

Freedman, Charles, 1996, "What Operating Procedures Should be Adopted to Maintain Price Stability?," in Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Achieving Price Stability, (Kansas City: Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.

Friberg, Richard, 1997, "Should the core fear the outs? Price settings practices and international monetary transmission," Working paper series in Economics and Finance 203, Stockholm School of Economics, October.

Friberg, Richard, 1998, "In Which Currency Should Exporters Set Their Prices?" Journal of International Economics, 45, pp. 59-75.

Friedman, Benjamin M., 1975, "Targets, Instruments, and Indicators of Monetary Policy," Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 1, pp. 443-73.

Friedman, Milton, 1964, "Monetary Studies of the National Bureau," in The National Bureau Enters its 45th Year, 44th Annual Report, pp. 7-25: Reprinted in Milton Friedman, 1969, The Optimum Quantity of Money and Other Essays, Chapter 12, pp. 261-84 (Chicago, IL: Aldine).

Friedman, Milton, 1968, "The Role of Monetary Policy," American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 1-17.

Friedman, Milton, 1993, "The 'Plucking Model' of Business Fluctuations Revisited," Economic Inquiry, Vol. 31, pp. 171-77.

Fritzer, F. and H. Gluck, 1997, "A System Approach to the Determination of the NAIRU, Inflation and Potential Output in Austria," in Monetary Policy and the Inflation Process, BIS-Conference Papers, Vol. 4.

Fry, Maxwell, DeAnne Julius, Lavan Mahadeva, Sandra Roger and Gabriel Sterne, 2000, "Key Issues in the Choice of Monetary Policy Framework," in Lavan Mahadeva and Gabriel Sterne, eds., Monetary Policy Frameworks in a Global Context, London: Routledge, pp. 1-216.

Fuhrer, Jeffrey C., 1996, "The Phillips Curve is Alive and Well," New England Economic Review, The Federal Reserve of Boston, Vol. 41 (March/April), pp. 41-56.

Fuhrer, Jeffrey C., 1997, "The (Un) Importance of Forward-Looking Behavior in Price Specifications," The Journal of Money Credit and Banking, Vol. 29, pp. 338-50.

Fuhrer, Jeffrey C. and George R. Moore, 1995, "Infaltion Persistence," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 109, pp. 127-59.

Fuhrer, Jeffrey C. and George R. Moore, 1995, "Monetary Policy Trade-offs and the Correlation Between Nominal Interest Rates and Real Output," American Economic Review, Vol. 85, pp. 219-39.

Fukao, Mitsuhiro, 1985, "Aging Society and Economic Vitality," Chapter III of Economic Survey of Japan 1984-85 (Tokyo: Economic Planning Agency, Japanese Government).

Funke, Michael, 1997, "Supply Potential and Output Gaps in Western German Manufacturing," International Journal of Forecasting, Vol. 13, pp. 211-22.

Funke, Michael, 1998, "Measuring the German Output Gap Using Unobserved Component Model," Discussion Paper No. 02-98 (Hamburg/London, January).

Gable, Jeffery and Eswar Prasad, 1998, "International Evidence on the Determinants of Trade Dynamics," IMF Staff Papers, Vol 45, 3(September).

Gagnon, Joseph, 1996, "Net Foreign Assets and Equilibrium Exchange Rates: Panel Evidence," mimeo, International Finance Discussion Paper No. 574, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

Gaiduch, Victor and Benjamin Hunt, 2000, "Inflation Targeting Under Potential Output Uncertainty," Reserve Bank of New Zealand Discussion Paper DP 2000/08.

Galbraith, James K., 1997, "Time to Ditch the NAIRU," The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 93-108.

Gali, Jordi and Tommaso Monacelli, 1999, "Optimal Monetary Policy and Exchange Rate Volatility in a Small Open Economy," Boston College Working Paper 438.

Ganelli, Giovanni, 2000, "Useful Government Spending, Direct Crowding-Out and Fiscal Policy Interdependence," University of Warwick, mimeo.

Ganelli, Giovanni, 2002, "The New Open Economy Macroeconomics of Government Debt," mimeo,Trinity College Dublin.

Ganelli, Giovanni, 2002, "Useful Government Spending, Direct Crowding-Out and Fiscal Policy Interdependence," forthcoming Journal of International Money and Finance.

Garcia S., Pablo, 2000, "The Chilean Experience with Inflation Targeting," Inflation Targeting Experiences: England, Finland, Poland, Mexico, Brazil, Chile (Ankara: The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey), pp. 145-168.

Garcia, Pablo, Luis Óscar Herrera, and Rodrigo Valdés, 2001, "New Frontiers for Monetary Policy in Chile," in Series on Central Banking, Analysis, and Economic Policies: Inflation Targeting: Design, Performance, Challenges, ed. by Norman Loayza and Raimundo Soto, Vol 5.

Gavin, William T. and Finn E. Kydland, 1995, "Endogenous Money Supply and the Business Cycle," Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Discussion Paper No. 95-010A (July).

Gavrilenkov, Evgeny and Vincent Koen, 1995, “How Large Was the Output Collapse in Russia? Alternative Estimates and Welfare Implications,” Staff Studies for the World Economic Outlook, World Economic and Financial Surveys, (Washington: International Monetary Fund)

Geraats, Petra M., 2000, "Why Adopt Transparency? The Publication of Central Bank Forecasts," CEPR Discussion Paper 2582, October.

Geraats, Petra M., 2001, "Central Bank Transparency," mimeo, University of Cambridge, October.

Geraats, Petra M., 2001, "Transparency of Monetary Policy: Does the Institutional Framework Matter?," mimeo, University of Cambridge, (April).

Gerlach, Stefan and Frank Smets, 1997, "Output Gaps and Inflation. Unobservable-Components Estimates for the G7 Countries," mimeo, Bank of International Settlements, Basle.

Gerlach, Stefan and Frank Smets, 1999, "Output Gaps and Monetary Policy in the EMU Area," European Economic Review, Vol. 43, pp. 801-12.

Gersbach, Hans, 1998, "On the Negative Social Value of Central Banks' Transparency," mimeo, University of Heidelberg, November.

Gersbach, Hans and Volker Hahn, 2001, "Should Individual Voting Records of Central Bankers Be Published?," Bundesbank Discussion Paper 02/01 January.

Gersbach, Hans and Volker Hahn, "Voting Transparency and Conflicting Interests in Central Bank Councils," Bundesbank Discussion Paper 03/01 January.

Ghironi, Fabio, 1999a, "U.S.-Europe Economic Interdependence and Policy Transmission", mimeo, Boston College.

Ghironi, Fabio, 1999b, "Towards New Open Economy Macroeconometrics," mimeo, Boston College.

Ghironi, Fabio, 1999c, "Alternative Monetary Rules for a Small Open Economy: The Case of Canada," mimeo, Boston College.

Ghironi, Fabio, 2002, "Endogenously Persistent Output Dynamics: A Puzzle for the Sticky-Price Model"? Boston College, Econ. Dept. Working Paper No. 527, March.

Ghironi, Fabio and Alessandro Rebucci, 2000, "Monetary Rules for Emerging Markets Economics," mimeo, Boston College.

Ghironi, Fabio and Alessandro Rebucci, 2002, "Monetary Rules for Emerging Market Economies," IMF Working Paper No. 02/34.

Ghironi, Fabio,