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GEM: A New International Macroeconomic Model


IMF Economic Modeling Bibliography

This index lists articles that either explain Multimod, apply it, or are part of its technical implementation.

 Index by First Letter in the first Author's Name

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T V W Y Z

A   Top of page

Aaron, Henry J. and Barry P. Bosworth, 1996, "Preparing for the Baby Boomers' Retirement," in Setting National Priorities: Budget Choices for the Next Century, ed. by Robert D. Reischauer, (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution).

Aaron, Henry J., Barry P. Bosworth, and Gary Burtless, 1989, Can America Afford to Grow Old? Paying for Social Security (Washington: The Brookings Institution).

Abel, Andrew B., 1990, "Consumption and Investment," in Handbook of Monetary Economics, ed. by B. Friedman and F. Hahn, (Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science).

Abel, Andrew B., 1985, "Precautionary Saving and Accidental Bequests." American Economic Review, Vol. 75, pp. 777-91.

Abraham, Katharine G. and John C. Haltiwanger, 1995, "Real Wages and the Business Cycle," Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 33, pp. 1215-64.

Abramovitz, Moses, 1956, “Resource and Output Trends in the United States Since 1870,” American Economic Review, Vol. 46.2 (May), pp. 5-23.

Adams, Charles and David T. Coe, 1990, "A Systems Approach to Estimating the Natural Rate of Unemployment and Potential Output for the United States." IMF Staff Papers Vol. 37 (June) pp. 232-93.

Agenor, Pierre-Richard and Alexander Hoffmaister, 1997, "Money, Wages, and Inflation in Middle-Income Developing Countries," IMF Working Paper No. 97/174 (December).

Agenor, Pierre-Richard and Peter J. Montiel, 1996, Development Macroeconomics, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).

Agenor, Pierre-Richard, C. John McDermott, and Eswar S. Prasad, 1998, "Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Developing Countries: Some Stylized Facts," unpublished, Economic Development Institute, The World Bank (February).

Agenor, Pierre-Richard, C. John McDermott and Eswar S. Prasad, 1999, "Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Developing Countries: Some Stylized Facts," IMF Working Paper No. 99/35 (March). Published in World Bank Economic Review, 2000, Vol. 14, pp. 251-85.

Aghion, P., P. Bolton, C. Harris, and B. Jullien, 1991, “Optimal Learning by Experimentation,” Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 58, pp. 621-54.

Ahmed, Shaghil and Kae H. Park, 1994, "Source of Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Small Open Economies," Journal of Macroeconomics, Vol. 16 (Spring), pp. 1-36.

Akerlof, George A., William T. Dickens, George L. Perry, 1996, "The Macroeconomics of Low Inflation," Brookings Paper on Economic Activity, Vol. 1, pp. 1-76.

Alesina, Alberto and Lawrence H. Summers, 1993, "The Central Bank Independence and Macroeconomic Performance: Some Comparative Evidence," Harvard Institute of Economic Research, Discussion Paper Series No. 1496 (July).

Allen, Donald S. and Meenakshi Pasupathy, 1997, "A State Space Forecasting Model with Fiscal and Monetary Control," Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis, Research Division Working Paper No. 97-017A.

Allen, William A., 2000, "Inflation Targeting in the United Kingdom (1992-2000)," Inflation Targeting Experiences: England, Finland, Poland, Mexico, Brazil, Chile (Ankara: The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey), pp. 64-74.

Altonji, Joseph, Fumio Hayashi and Laurence Kotlikoff, 1992, "Is the Extended Family Altruistically Linked? Direct Tests Using Micro Data." American Economic Review, Vol. 82 (December), pp. 1177-98.

Amano, Robert, Don Coletti, and Tiff Macklem, 1999, "Monetary Rules When Economic Behaviour Changes," Bank of Canada Working Paper No. 99-8.

Amano, Robert, Don Coletti, and Tiff Macklem, 1999, "Monetary Rules When Economic Behavior Changes," in Monetary Policy Under Uncertainty, Reserve Bank of New Zealand Conference Volume, ed. by Benjamin Hunt and Adrian Orr, pp. 157-200 (Wellington: Reserve Bank of New Zealand).

Amato, Jeffrey A., 1995, "Joint Estimation of Expected Inflation, the Natural Rate of Unemployment, and Potential Output," manuscript, Harvard University.

Andersen, Palle S. and William L. Wascher, 1999, "Sacrifice Ratios and the Conduct of Monetary Policy in Conditions of Low Inflation," Bank for International Settlements Working Paper (International) No. 82 (November), pp. 1-47.

Andersen, Torben M., 1998, "Persistence in Sticky Price Models," European Economic Review, 42, pp. 593-603.

Andersen, Torben M. and Niels C. Beier, 1999, "Propagation of Nominal Shocks in Open Economies," University of Aarhus, Working Paper 1999-10.

Andersen, Torben M., and Niels C. Beier, 2000, "Noisy Financial Signals and Persistent Effects of Nominal Shocks in Open Economies," CEPR 2360, January.

Ansley, C. and R. Kohn, 1986, "Prediction Mean Square Error for State Space Models with Estimated Parameters," Biometrika, Vol. 73, pp. 467-74.

Apel, M., and P. Jansson, 1999a, "System Estimates of Potential Output and the NAIRU", Empirical Economics, Vol. 24, pp. 373-88.

Apel, Mickael and Per Janson, 1999, "A Parametric Approach for Estimating Core Inflation and Interpreting the Inflation Process," Sveriges Riksbank Working Paper Series 80 (April), pp. 1-32.

Apel, Mikael and Per Jansson, 1997, "System Estimates of Potential Output and the NAIRU," Sveriges Riksbank Economic Department Working Paper Series No. 41 (September), pp. 1-38.

Apel, Mikael and Per Jansson, 1999, "System Estimates of Potential Output and the NAIRU," Empirical Economics (Austria), Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 373-88.

Apel, Mikael and Per Jansson, 1999, "A Thoery-Consistent System Approach for Estimating Potential Output and the NAIRU," Economics Letters, Vol. 64, pp. 271-75.

Apel, Mikael, Jan Hanssen, and Hans Lindberg, 1996, "Potential Output and Output Gap," Quarterly Review, Sveriges Riksbank, Vol. 3, pp. 24-35.

Armstrong, J., D. Black, D. Laxton, and D. Rose, 1998, "A Robust Method for Simulating Forward-Looking Models," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Vol. 22, pp. 489-501.

Armstrong, J., R. Black, D. Laxton, and D. Rose, 1995, "QPM-Part II: A Robust Method for Simulating Forward-looking Models", Technical report No 73, Ottawa: Bank of Canada.

Artis, M,. and Kontolemis, Z., and D. Osborn, 1997, "Business Cycles for G7 and European Economies," Journal of Business, Vol. 70, pp. 249-79.

Artis, M., and Krolzig, H., and J. Toro, 1999, "The European Business Cycles," European University Institute, ECO Working Paper, No. 99/24.

Artus, Jacques R., 1977, "Measures of Potential Output in Manufacturing for Eight Industrial Countries, 1955-78," IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 24, pp. 1-35.

Artus, Jacques R., 1979, "Potential and Actual Output in Industrial Countries," Finance & Development, Vol. 16 (June) pp. 25-28.

Atkeson, A., and L. Ohanian, 2001, "Are Philips Curves Useful for Forecasting Inflation?," Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review, No. 1, Vol. 25, pp. 2-11.

Attanasio, Orazio P. and Weber Guglielmo, 1993, "Consumption Growth, the Interest Rate and Aggregation," Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 60, pp. 631-49.

Auerbach, Alan J., Laurence J. Kotlikoff, Robert P. Hagemann and Guiseppe Nicoletti, 1989, "The Economic Dynamics of an Aging Population: The Case of Four OECD Countries," OECD Economic Studies, No. 12 (Spring), pp. 97-130.

B   Top of page

Bacchetta, Philippe and Eric van Wincoop, 1998, "Does Exchange Rate Stability Increase Trade and Capital Flows?", mimeo (also NBER Working Paper No. 6704). Forthcoming in the American Economic Review.

Bacchetta, Philippe and Eric van Wincoop, 2001, "A Theory of the Currency Denomination of International Trade," mimeo, University of Virginia. (Also NBER Working Paper No. 9039.)

Backus, David and John Driffill, 1985, "Inflation and Reputation," American Economic Review, No. 75, Vol. 3, pp. 530-38.

Backus, David and John Driffill, 1986, "The Consistency of Optimal Policy in Stochastic Rational Expectations Models," CEPR Discussion Paper No. 124.

Backus, David and Patrick J. Kehoe, 1992, "International Evidence on the Historical Properties of Business Cycles," American Economic Review, Vol. 82 (September), pp. 864-88.

Ball, L. and G. Mankiw, 1994, "Asymmetric Price Adjustment and Economic Fluctuations," The Economic Journal, Vol. 104, pp. 247-61.

Ball, Laurence, 1996, "Disinflation and the NAIRU," NBER Working Paper No. 5520.

Ball, Laurence, 1997, "Efficient Rules for Monetary Policy," NBER Working Paper No. 5952.

Ball, Laurence, 1999, "Policy Rules for Open Economies," in Monetary Policy Rules, ed. by J. B. Taylor (Chicago: Chicago University Press).

Banco de Espana, 1995a, "Monetary Policy Objectives in 1995: Address by the Governor of the Banco de Espana to the Spanish Parliamentary Committee on Economic Affairs in November 1994," Economic Bulletin (January).

Banco de Espana, 1995b, "Monetary Policy Objectives and Implementation in 1995", Economic Bulletin, (January).

Banco de Espana, 1995c, Inflation Report, (March).

Bank of England, 1999, Economic Models at the Bank of England (London: Bank of England).

Bank of Italy, 1999, "Indicators of Structural Budget Balances," papers on proceeding of the Research Department Public Finance Workshop, Perugia, pp. 26-28 (November).

Barro, Robert J., 1974, "Are Government Bonds Net Wealth?" Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 82, pp. 1095-117.

Barro, Robert J. and David B. Gordon, 1983, "Positive Theory of Monetary Policy in a Natural Rate Model." Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 91 (August), pp. 589-610.

Barro, Robert J. and David B. Gordon, 1983b, "Rules, Discretion, and Reputation in a Model of Monetary Policy," Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 12, pp. 101-121.

Batini, N. and D. Laxton, 2006, “Under what conditions can Inflation Targeting be adopted? The Experience of Emerging Markets” forthcoming in a conference volume by the central bank of Chile.

Batini, N., K. Kuttner and D. Laxton, 2005, “Does Inflation Targeting Work in Emerging Markets?” Chapter 4 of the September 2005 World Economic Outlook, International Monetary Fund, available at www.imf.org.

Batini, Nicoletta and Andrew G. Haldane, 1999, "Forward-Looking Rules for Monetary Policy," in Monetary Policy Rules, ed. by John B. Taylor (Chicago: Chicago University Press).

Baude, J. and G. Cette, 1997, "An Empirical Assessment of the Link Between the Output Gap and Inflation in the French Economy," BIS Conference Papers, Vol. 4, pp. 43-65.

Baxter, M. and R. King, 1994, "Measuring Business Cycles: Approximate Band Pass Filters for Economic Time Series," University of Virginia, manuscript.

Baxter, Marianne and Robert G. King, 1995, "Approximate Band-Pass Filters for Economic Time Series," NBER Working Paper No. 5022 (February).

Baxter, Marianne and Robert G. King, 1995, "Measuring Business Cycles: Approximate Band-Pass Filters for Economic Time Series," NBER Working Paper No. 5022 (Feb), pp. 1-52.

Bayoumi, T., D. Laxton and P. Pesenti, 2004, "Benefits and Spillovers of Greater Competition in Europe: A Macroeconomic Assessment," ECB Working Paper No. 341 and NBER Working Paper No. 10416.

Bayoumi, T., M. Kumhof, D. Laxton and K. Naknoi, 2004, "Exchange Rate Regimes, International Linkages and the Macroeconomic Performance of the New Member States," policy version prepared for a high level conference at the ECB in October and an extended more analytical version was prepared for the IMF Annual Research Conference, November 2004.

Bayoumi, Tamim and Barry Eichengreen, 1992, "Is There a Conflict Between EC Enlargement and European Monetary Unification?," NBER Working Paper No. 3950.

Bayoumi, Tamim and Douglas Laxton, 1994, "Government Deficits, Debt, and the Business Cycle," in Deficit Reduction - What Pain, What Gain? eds. by William B.P. Robson and William M. Scarth.

Bayoumi, Tamim, Daniel Hewitt and Jerald Schiff, 1993, "Economic Consequences of Lower Military Spending: Some Simulation Results," IMF Working Paper No. 93/17.

Bayoumi, Tamim, Daniel Hewitt and Steven Symansky, 1995, "Multimod Simulations of the Effects on Developing Countries of Decreasing Military Spending," in North-South Linkages and International Macroeconomic Policy, ed. by David Vines and David Currie (Centre for Economic Research).

Bayoumi, Tamim, David Coe, and Douglas Laxton, 1998, "Liberating Supply: Technological Innovation in a Multicountry Econometric Model," IMF Working Paper 98/95.

Bean, Charles, 1994, "European Unemployment: A Survey," Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXXII, pp. 573-619.

Bean, Charles, 1999, "The Convex Phillips Curve and Macroeconomic Policymaking Under Uncertainty," London School of Economics, Centre for Economic Policy Research and HM Treasury.

Beaudry, Paul and Gary Koop, 1993, "Do Recessions Permanently Change Output?," Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 31, pp. 149-63.

Beaudry, Paul and Michael Devereux, 1995, "Money and the Real Exchange Rate with Sticky Prices and Increasing Returns," Carnegie-Rochester Series on Public Policy, 43, pp. 55-101.

Beechey, Meredith, Nargis Bharucha, Adam Cagliarini, David Gruen, 2000, “A Small Model of the Australian Macroeconomy,” Reserve Bank of Australia Research Discussion Paper 2000-05 (June).

Beetsma, Roel M.W.J. and Henrik Jensen, 1998, "Inflation Targets and Contracts with Uncertain Central Bankers Preferences," Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, Vol. 30, 3(August), pp. 384-403.

Bell, William P., 1984, "Signal Extraction for Nonstationary Time Series." Annals of Statistics Vol. 12 (June), pp.646-64.

Ben-Bassat, Avraham, 1995, "The Inflation Target in Israel: Policy and Development," in Targeting Inflation, a conference of central banks on the use of inflation targets organized by the Bank of England, ed. by Andrew G. Haldane, Session 1 (March), pp. 15-48.

Benigno, Gianluca, 1999, "Real Exchange Rate Persistence in Endogenous Monetary Policy," University of California at Berkeley, mimeo. (link currently not working).

Benigno, Gianluca, 2001, "Real Exchange Rate Persistence and Monetary Policy Rules," mimeo.

Benigno, Gianluca and Pierpaolo Benigno, 2000, "Price Stability as a Nash Equilibrium in Open Economy," CEPR Discussion Paper No. 2757.

Benigno, Gianluca, 1999, "Real Exchange Rate Persistence with Endogenous Monetary Policy," photocopy, London School of Economics.

Benigno, Gianluca and Pierpaolo Benigno, 2001, "Monetary Policy Rules and the Exchange Rate," CEPR Discussion Paper No. 2807.

Benigno, Gianluca, and Christoph Thoenissen (2002), "Equilibrium Exchange Rates and Supply-side Performance," Bank of England Working Paper No. 156.

Benigno, Gianluca and Christoph Thoenissen, 2002, "Equilibrium Exchange Rates and Supply-side Performance," Bank of England, Working Paper No. 156.

Benigno, Pierpaolo, 1998, "A Simple Approach to International Monetary Policy Coordination," mimeo, Princeton University.

Benigno, Pierpaolo, 1999, "Optimal Monetary Policy in a Currency Area," CEPR Discussion Paper No. 2755, Princeton University.

Benigno, Pierpaolo, 2001, "Price Stability with Imperfect Financial Integration," CEPR Discussion Paper No. 2854.

Benigno, Pierpaolo, 2002, "A Simple Approach to International Monetary Policy Coordination," Journal of International Economics, 57, 1 (June), pp. 177-196.

Berg, A., P. Karam and D. Laxton, 2006, “Monetary Policy Analysis at the IMF: A Practical Guide,” forthcoming IMF Working Paper. Berg, A., P. Karam, and D. Laxton, 2006, “A Practical Model-Based Approach to Monetary Policy Analysis—Overview,” IMF Working Paper 06/080 (April 2006), available at www.imf.org.

Berg, A., P. Karam, and D. Laxton, 2006, “Practical Model-Based Monetary Policy Analysis—A How-to Guide,” IMF Working Paper 06/080 (April 2006), available at www.imf.org.

Bergin, Paul, 1998, "Mundell-Fleming Revisited: Monetary and Fiscal Policies in a Two-Country Dynamic Equilibrium Model with wage contracts," mimeo, University of California at Davis.

Bergin, Paul, 1998, "Devaluations, Consumption Smoothing and the Current Account," mimeo, University of California at Davis.

Bergin, Paul, 2001, "Putting the 'New Open Economy Macroeconomics' to a Test," UC Davis, mimeo, (January).

Bergin, Paul, 2001, "Devaluations, Consumption Smoothing and the Current Account," Review of International Economics, forthcoming.

Bergin, Paul, 2002, "Putting the 'New Economy Macroeconomics' to a Test," Journal of International Economics, forthcoming.

Bergin, Paul and Robert Feenstra, 1998, "Staggered Pricing and Endogenous Persistence," NBER Working Paper No. 6492.

Bergin, Paul and Robert Feenstra, 1999, "Pricing to Market, Staggered Contracts and Real Exchange Rate Persistence," NBER Working Paper No. 7026.

Bergin, Paul and Robert Feenstra, 2000, "Staggered Pricing, Translog Preferences and Endogenous Persistence," Journal of Monetary Economics, 45, 3 (June), pp. 657-80. (Also NBER Working Paper No. 6492).

Bergin, Paul and Robert Feenstra, 2001, "Pricing to Market, Staggered Contracts and Real Exchange Rate Persistence," Journal of Internatioanl Economics, 54(2), August, pp. 333-359. (Also NBER Working Paper No. 7026).

Bernanke, Ben S., 1999, "Comment on Delong," Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Symposium, Jackson Hole, Wyoming (August).

Bernanke, Ben S. and Michael Woodford, 1997, "Inflation Forecasts and Monetary Policy," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking Vol. 29, pp. 653-84.

Bernanke, Ben S., and Frederic S. Mishkin, 1997, “Inflation Targeting: A New Framework for Monetary Policy?” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Spring), pp. 97-116.

Bernanke, Ben S., and Ilian Mihov, 1997b, "What Does the Bundesbank Target?" European Economic Review Vol. 41, pp. 1025-54.

Bernanke, Ben S., Thomas Laubach, Frederic S. Mishkin, Adam S. Posen, 1999, Inflation Targeting: Lessons from the International Experience, (New Jersey: Princeton University Press).

Bernheim, B. Douglas, 1991, "How Strong Are Bequests Motives? Evidence Based on Estimates of the Demand for Life Insurance and Annuities," Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 99 (October), pp. 899-927.

Bernheim, B.Douglas and Kyle Bagwell, 1988, "Is Everything Neutral?" Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 96, pp. 308-38.

Betts, Caroline and Michael Devereux, 1996, "The Exchange Rate in a Model of Pricing to Market," European Economic Review, 40, pp. 1007-1021.

Betts, Caroline and Michael Devereux, 1998a, "Exchange Rate Dynamics in a Model of Pricing to Market," Journal of International Economics, 47, pp. 569-598.

Betts, Caroline and Michael Devereux, 1998b, "The International Monetary Transmission Mechanism: A Model of Real Exchange Rate Adjustment under Pricing-toMarket," mimeo, University of British Columbia/Hong Kong University of Science and University of Southern California.

Betts, Caroline and Michael Devereux, 1998b, The International Effects of Monetary and Fiscal Policy in a Two-Country Model," mimeo, University of Southern California and University of British Columbia/Chinese University of Hong Kong.

Betts, Caroline and Michael Devereux, 1999, "International Monetary Policy Coordination and Competitive Depreciation: A Re-Evaluation," (Forthcoming Journal of Money, Credit and Banking).

Betts, Caroline and Michael Devereux, 1997, "The International Monetary Transmission Mechanism: A Model of Real Exchange Rate Adjustment Under Pricing-to-Market," Journal of International Economics, forthcoming.

Beveridge, Stephen and Charles R. Nelson, 1981, "A New Approach to Decomposition of Economic Time Series into Permanent and Transitory Components with Particular Attention to Measurement of the 'Business Cycle.'" Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 7 (March), No. 2, pp.151-74.

Bhattacharya, Uptal and Paul Weller, 1997, "The Advantage to Hiding One's Hand: Speculation and Central Bank Intervention in the Foreign Exchange Market," Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 39, 3 (July), pp. 251-277.

Black, R., V. Cassino, A. Drew, E. Hansen, B. Hunt, D. Rose, and A. Scott, 1997a, "The Forecasting and Policy System: The Core Model," Reserve Bank of New Zealand Research Paper No. 43.

Black, R., V. Cassino, A. Drew, E. Hansen, B. Hunt, D. Rose, and A. Scott, 1997, "The Forecasting and Policy System: the Core Model," Reserve Bank of New Zealand Research Paper No. 43.

Black, Richard, Douglas Laxton, David Rose and Robert Tetlow, 1994, "The Steady-State Model: SSQPM - The Bank of Canada's New Quarterly Projection Model, Part 1," Bank of Canada Technical Report No. 72.

Black, Richard, Tiff Macklem, and David Rose, 1997b, "On Policy Rules for Price Stability," in Price Stability, Inflation Targets, and Monetary Policy, ed. by Tiff Macklem, (Bank of Canada) pp. 411-61.

Blackburn, Keith and Morten O. Ravn, 1991, "Univariate Detrending of Macroeconomic Time Series," Working Paper No. 22 (March), Aarhus University.

Blackburn, Keith and Morten O. Ravn, 1992, "Business Cycles in the United Kingdom: Facts and Fictions'" Economica, Vol. 59, No. 236 (November).

Blake, Andrew P. and Peter F. Wesaway, 1996, "Credibility and the Effectiveness of Inflation Targeting Regimes," Manchester School Supplement, pp. 20-50.

Blanchard, Olivier J. and Stanley Fischer, 1989, Lectures on Macroeconomics (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).

Blanchard, Olivier and Danny Quah, 1989, "The Dynamic Effects of Aggregate Supply and Demand Disturbances," American Economic Review, Vol. 79, pp. 655-73.

Blanchard, Olivier and Justin Wolfers, 1999, "The Role of Shocks and Institutions in the Rise of European Unemployment: The Aggregate Evidence," NBER Working Paper No. 7282.

Blanchard, Olivier J., 1985, "Debt, Deficits and Finite Horizons," Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 93, pp. 223-47.

Blanchard, Olivier J., 1998, "Thinking About Unemployment," Paolo Baffi Lecture on Money and Finance.

Blanchard, Olivier J. and Charles M. Kahn, 1980, "The Solution of Linear Difference Models Under Rational Expectations," Econometrica, Vol. 48, pp. 1305-11.

Blanchard, Olivier J. and Danny Quah, 1989, "The Dynamic Effects of Aggregate Demand and Supply Disturbances" American Economic Review Vol. 79 (September), pp.655-73.

Blanchard, Olivier J. and Lawrence F. Katz, 1997, "What We Know and Do Not Know About the Natural Rate of Unemployment," NBER Working Paper, No. 5822.

Blanchard, Olivier J. and Lawrence H. Summers, 1987, "Fiscal Increasing Returns, Hysteresis, Real Wages, and Unemployment," European Economic Review, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 543-560.

Blanchard, Olivier J., and Lawrence H. Summers, 1986, "Hysteresis and the European Unemployment Problem," NBER Macroeconomics Annual, pp. 15-77.

Blanchard, Olivier J. and Lawrence F. Katz, 1997, "What We Know and Do Not Know About the Natural Rate of Unemployment," Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 11, pp. 51-72.

Bleaney Michael and Douglas Laxton, 2002, “Real Interest Rates and Real Exchange Rates: Evidence from Indexed Bonds,” Manchester School (U.K.); 71, No. 1:65-77, January.

Blejer, Mario I., and Adrienne Cheasty, eds., 1993, “Measuring the Fiscal Deficit: Overview of the Issues,” in How to Measure the Fiscal Deficit: Analytical and Methodological Issues, (Washington: International Monetary Fund).

Blinder, A., C. Goodhart, P. Hilderbrand, D. Lipton, and C. Wyplosz, May 2001, "How Do Central Banks Talk?", Geneva Report on the World Economy 3, ICMB.

Blinder, Alan S., 1997, "What Central Bankers Could Learn from Academics and Vice Versa," Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 3-19.

Boone, L. and D. Turner, 1999, "Measuring Structural Unemployment in OECD Countries with an Unobserved Component Model," paper prepared for the Warwick ESRC Seminar (June).

Boone, Laurence, 2000, "Specifying the Hodrick-Prescott Multivariate Filter as an Unobserved Component Model," OECD Working Paper (forthcoming).

Boone, Laurence, 2000, "Comparing Semi-Structural Methods to Estimate Unobserved Variables: The HPMV and Kalman Filters Approaches," OECD Working Paper No. 240.

Boone, Laurence and Benoit Mojon, 1997, "Relation Entre Inflation et Chomage Dans les Grand Pays Europeen et Unicite du Chomage d'Equilibre," Chomage d'Equilibre Session of the XLV Annual Congress of L'Association Francaise de Science Economique.

Boone, Laurence and Benoit Mojon, 1998, "Sacrifice Ratios in Europe: A Comparison," CEPII Working Paper, No. 1998-07.

Boone, Laurence, Michel Juillard, Doug Laxton, and Papa N'Diaye, 2002, "How Well Do Alternative Time-Varying Parameter Models of the NAIRU Help Policymakers Forecast Unemployment and Inflation in the OECD Countries?" forthcoming IMF Working Paper.

Boone, Laurence, Michel Juillard, Douglas Laxton, and Papa N'Diaye, 2001 "How Well Do Alternative Time-Varying Parameter Models of the NAIRU Help Policymakers Forecast Unemployment and Inflation in the OECD Countries?," forthcoming IMF Working Paper.

Borondo, Carlos, 2000, "International Transmission of Monetary Shocks with Interest Rates Rules," mimeo, Universidad de Valladolid (July).

Borsch-Supan, Axel, 1996, "The Impact of Population Ageing on Savings, Investment, and Growth in the OECD Area," in OECD, Future Global Capital Shortages: Real Threat or Pure Fiction, (Paris: OECD).

Borsch-Supan, Axel, and Konrad Stahl, 1991, "Life-Cycle Savings and Consumption Constraints," Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 4, pp. 233-55.

Bos, Dieter, and Robert Weizsacker, 1989, "Economic Consequences of an Aging Population," European Economic Review, Vol. 33, (March), pp. 345-54.

Boschen, John and Leonard Mills, 1990, "Monetary Policy with a New View of Potential GNP." Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Business Review (July-August), pp. 3-10.

Bosworth, Barry P., 1996, "Possible Effects of Aging on the Equilibrium of Public Finances in the United States of America," in Aging and Pension Expenditure Prospects in the Western World, European Commission, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs,European Economy No. 3.

Bosworth, Barry P., and Gary Burtless, eds., 1998, Aging Societies: The Global Dimension. (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution).

Bosworth, Barry P., Gary Burtless, and John Sabelhaus,1991, "The Decline in Saving: Some Microeconomic Evidence," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 1, pp. 183-256.

Botman, D., D. Muir, D. Laxton and A. Romanov, 2006, “A New-Open-Economy-Macro Model for Fiscal Policy Evaluation,” IMF Working Paper 06/045 (February 2006), available at www.imf.org.

Bouakez, Hafedh, 2002, "Nominal Rigidity, Desired Markup Variations, and Real Exchange Rate Persistence," Bank of Canada, Working Paper 2002-26.

Boucekkine, Raouf, 1995, "An Alternative Methodology for Solving Nonlinear Forward-Looking Models," in Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 711-34.

Bowen, Alex, 1995, "Inflation Targetry in the United Kingdom," in Inflation Targeting, a conference of central banks on the use of inflation targets, organised by the Bank of England, Session 1 (March), pp. 59-74.

Bowman, David and Brian Doyle, 2003, "New Keynesian, Open-Economy Models and their Implications for Monetary Policy," in Price Adjustment and Monetary Policy, proceedings of a conference held by the Bank of Canada, November, 2002. Ottawa: Bank of Canada.

Brain, C. W. and S. S. Shapiro, 1983, "A Regression Test for Exponentiality: Censored and Incomplete Samples," Technometrics Vol. 25, pp. 69-76.

Brainard William, 1967, "Uncertainty and the Effectiveness of Policy," American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, Vol. 57, pp. 411-45.

Braun, Phillip A. and Stefan Mittnik, 1993, "Misspecifications in Vector Autoregressions and their Effects on Impulse Responses and Variance Deompositions," Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 59, pp. 319-41.

Brayton, F. and P. Tinsley, 1996, "Guide to FRB/US: A Macroeconometric Model fo the United States," Federal Reserve Board, FEDS Working Paper 1996-42.

Brayton, F., J. M. Roberts and J. C. Williams, 1999, "What's Happened to the Phillips Curve?," Federal Reserve Board Working Paper, No. 1999-49 (September).

Breusch, T. S. and A. R. Pagan, 1979, "A Simple Test for Heteroscedasticity and Rando Coefficients Variation," Econometrica, Vol. 47, pp. 1287-94.

Broer, P., N. Draper and F. Huizinga, 1998, "The Equilibrium Rate of Unemployment, An Econometric Analysis," Centraal Planbureau, Interne Notitie.

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