## BPM7 Chapter 11. Services Account: Annotated Outline

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---

### I. Introduction — scope, definitions, and structure
- BPM7 Chapter 11 is a new chapter split from existing Chapter 10: Goods and Services Account.
- Expands definitions of services to incorporate elements from the 2008 SNA paragraphs 6.16–6.22 (and its update) and Box 1.1, MSITS 2010.
- Introduces definition of fee-based digital intermediation platform (DIP) services (recommended in the Handbook on Measuring Digital Trade) as:
  - "online fee-based intermediation services enabling transactions between multiple buyers and multiple sellers, without the intermediation platform taking economic ownership of the goods or rendering-services that are being sold (intermediated)."
- Clarifies that intermediation services (including digital intermediation) are not separately identified in the balance of payments services classification; supplementary items could be introduced in MSITS 2010 and the new EBOPS revision to identify intermediation services.
- Notes digital supply and use tables (following GN DZ.5) will provide useful insights on DIPs, identified as one of the "digital" industries under that framework.
- Mentions measurement of cloud computing in the balance of payments (following GN DZ.8); further detail to be provided when the GN is finalized. Chapter 16 (Digitalization) covers digitalization in more detail.
- Digital trade is briefly discussed here and further detailed in Annex 5 (Selected Issues on Trade).
- Language will be consistent with other macroeconomic statistics manuals (e.g., 2025 SNA, MSITS 2010, IRTS 2008).
- BPM6 Table 10.1 will be modified to present an overview of the services account only—goods will be presented separately in Chapter 10—covering 17 main standard service categories.
- Additional breakdowns/supplemental presentations (for example, trade in services by currency) are noted; exports/imports of services by characteristics of the trading enterprise are presented in Chapter 15 (Globalization).
- Chapter structure: Introduction (Section I) and Classification of Services (Section II), plus schematic overview and boxes.

### Overview — Table 11.1 (17 main standard service categories)
- Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others
- Maintenance and repair services n.i.e.
- Transport
- Travel
- Construction
- Insurance and Pension services
- Financial services
- Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.
- Telecommunication services
- Computer and information services
- Research and development services
- Professional and management consulting services
- Trade-related services
- Operating leasing services
- Technical and other business services
- Personal, cultural and recreational services
- Government goods and services n.i.e.

### II. Classification of Services — updates, alignment, and process
- Classification updated with additional first-level standard service categories to improve correspondence with the Central Product Classification (CPC).
- Classification remains mainly product-based, except for travel, construction, and government goods and services n.i.e., which are transactor-based.
- If new services are identified during the ongoing CPC revision, the balance of payments classification will reflect them where relevant.
- The revised draft CPC will be circulated to expert groups (including BOPCOM) later this year and the final CPC is expected to be adopted by the UNSC in March 2023.

### Subsection updates and key conceptual clarifications (by service category)
- A. Manufacturing Services on Physical Inputs Owned by Others
  - Numerical examples from BPM6 Box 10.1 will move to new Box 11.1.
  - Box 11.1 will include a numerical example based on GN C.4 to explain differences between (1) processing-type arrangements (manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others) and (2) factoryless goods producer (FGP)-type arrangements.
  - Box 11.2 will be expanded to explain FGPs and include the decision tree from GN C.4, Annex II, with links to Section II of the Globalization chapter.

- B. Maintenance and Repair Services
  - Maintained as in BPM6 with no changes.

- C. Transport
  - Maintained mostly as in BPM6 with a minor update: a reference to the package tours box included in travel subsection (paragraph 10.77).
  - Ongoing discussion with SNA editors regarding inconsistency between BPM6 and 2008 SNA on recording freight services provided by a carrier resident in the importing economy.

- D. Travel
  - Scope and measurement as in BPM6 with important updates.
  - Paragraph 10.86 will be updated: goods and services provided free to nonresidents by government and NPISH known as social transfers in kind (e.g., free health services to a foreign tourist, free education to a foreign student) are included under travel; social transfers in kind will be explained in updated chapter on Secondary Income Account consistent with SNA.
  - Package tours: conceptual guidance clarifies package tours are not a new product but a basket of at least three major services following TSA:
    - (i) the services themselves (e.g., transport, accommodation);
    - (ii) services provided by the tour operator; and
    - (iii) the margin of the travel agency selling the tour (GN C.7).
    - Package tour definition follows IRTS 2008.
  - Health-Related Travel: scope of "medical reasons" follows IRTS 2008 paragraph 3.17 definition of "health and medical care":
    - Quoted definition: "Health and medical care covers services received from hospitals, clinics, convalescent homes, health and social institutions, thalassotherapy, health and spa resorts, other specialized places to receive medical treatments based on medical advice, as well as cosmetic surgeries using medical facilities and services".
    - Travel expenses of patients' companions are included under "other personal travel" treating them as "normal travelers".
  - Education-Related Travel: clarification on treatment of companions will be provided (based on a separate clarification note to be prepared by BEA).
  - Other travel-related issues: Following GN C.1, a supplementary breakdown of travel to include personal, cultural and recreation services (acquired by travelers) as a distinct item under other services (in addition to Health and Educational services).

- E. Construction
  - Concepts and coverage largely unchanged from BPM6.
  - Following GN C.1, a separate supplementary breakdown of construction for both construction abroad (1.A.b.5.1) and construction in the compiling economy (1.A.b.5.2) may be provided for (a) constructions and (b) construction services, aligned with CPC divisions 53 and 54.

- F. Insurance and Pension Services
  - Coverage and measurement as in BPM6 with updates.
  - Following GN F.12, treatment of hybrid insurance products is explained: hybrids mix life insurance (saving component) and nonlife insurance (claims only if event occurs); classification depends on which feature is predominant.
  - Term life insurance will continue to be included in nonlife insurance (as in BPM6).
  - Further details in Annex 8 Insurance and Pensions; Takaful and Re-takaful in Chapter 17 Islamic Finance and Insurance.
  - Insurance services through fintech (InsurTech) are covered under insurance and pension services (GN F.7); further digitalization aspects in Chapter 16.

- G. Financial Services
  - Coverage and measurement as in BPM6 with updates.
  - Explicit charges: additional information/links on service charges on purchases of IMF resources and commitment fees associated with undrawn balances under stand-by or extended arrangements with the IMF; further details in Annex 9 Positions and Transactions with IMF.
  - Fintech: financial services provided by fintech (e.g., payment services/peer-to-peer lending services/other financial services such as capital raising/investment management enabled by Fintech) are classified in financial services without creating new service categories. Insurance via Fintech is covered under insurance and pension services.
  - Sectorization of fintech companies is discussed in Chapter 4 and classification of financial instruments provided by Fintech in Chapter 5; fintech and digitalization are covered in Chapter 16.
  - Margins on buying and selling transactions: no change to BPM6 concept of margins; further elaboration and practical compilation challenges will be provided. Compilers should assess materiality when deciding to compile this item (based on GN F.13 guidance).
  - Factoring: guidance on income received by the factor (as fee) will be provided with cross-references to other BPM7 chapters (based on GN F.14).
  - FISIM and negative interest rates: paragraphs 10.134 and 10.135 to be updated. While FISIM should be positive irrespective of positive or negative interest rates, negative interest rates complicate choice of reference rates and raise the risk of negative FISIM; compilers should carefully review reference rates to avoid negative FISIM. The updated SNA will include guidance on negative interest rates and possible impact on FISIM.

- H. Charges for the Use of Intellectual Property n.i.e.
  - Maintained as in BPM6 with important updates.
  - Includes definition of IPP based on GN DZ.7 (update of 2008 SNA paragraph 10.98):
    - "Intellectual property products are the result of research, development, investigation, or innovation leading to knowledge or the creation of artificial intelligence systems that the developers can market or use to their own benefit in production because use of the knowledge or system is restricted by means of legal or other protection."
  - Clarification on IPP sale/purchase transactions will be provided.
  - Referral to Chapter 15 (Globalization) on determining economic ownership of IPPs among units of an MNE and recording related transactions.

- I. Telecommunication Services and J. Computer and Information Services
  - Following GN C.6, the BPM6 category "telecommunication, computer, and information services" is split into two first-level categories:
    - 1.A.b.9 Telecommunications services
    - 1.A.b.10 Computer, and information services
      - 1.A.b.10.1 Computer services* (supplementary item)
      - 1.A.b.10.2 Information services* (supplementary item)
  - Computer and information services will include cloud computing services (delivery of computing power, database storage, and other IT resources). Definition of cloud computing (based on GN DZ.8) and measurement challenges will be added with links to Chapter 16.

- K. Research and Development Services
  - Maintained as a standard category (1.A.b.11 in restructured taxonomy).

- L. Professional and Management Consulting Services
  - Maintained as a standard category (1.A.b.12 in restructured taxonomy).

- M. Trade-Related Services
  - Will be a distinct first-level category (1.A.b.13) after splitting other business services.

- N. Operating Leasing Services
  - Will be a distinct first-level category (1.A.b.14) after splitting other business services.
  - Reference to IFRS 16 will be made (preferably in a footnote) highlighting non-alignment with BPM/SNA standards on economic ownership (based on GN C.5).
  - Concepts of dry and wet leasing of aircrafts and their treatment will be explained (paragraph 10.156 updates).

- O. Technical and Other Business Services
  - Other business services category in BPM6 will be split into five first-level categories overall; 1.A.b.15 will cover Technical and other business services corresponding to BPM6 items:
    - (i) Architectural, engineering, and other technical services (10.151(a));
    - (ii) Waste treatment and de-pollution, agricultural, and mining services (10.151(b));
    - (iii) Other business services (10.151(e)).
  - "Merchanting of services" reference in paragraph 10.160 will be removed: conceptually merchanting of services is treated as impossible because services cannot establish ownership rights in the same way as goods; services are generally produced and consumed simultaneously.
  - Intermediated services (fees to third parties arranging transactions) should be recorded under trade-related services (1.A.b.13) as a supplementary "of which" item in partner-country international accounts when explicit or implicit intermediation fees exist. Suggested treatment assimilates these to BPM6 paragraph 3.10 definition of an agent arranging a transaction for a fee (based on GN C.4).
  - Payments from producers to DIPs following the "net approach" (GN DZ.9) are recorded under trade-related services, provided they are cross-border transactions. Chapter 16 covers "net approach" and other DIPs aspects.

- P. Personal, Cultural, and Recreational Services
  - Coverage as in BPM6 with minor updates.
  - Tele-health and tele-education are included under Other personal, cultural, and recreational services (10.168/10.169 provide guidance on remote health services and educational services through internet).

- Q. Government Goods and Services n.i.e.
  - Scope remains unchanged from BPM6.

### Government goods and services n.i.e.: methodological guidance (Section 2)
- Additional methodological and compilation guidance proposed on compilation of government goods and services n.i.e. for specific products to be included (under Other services supplied by and to governments).
- Guidance aligned with CPC divisions:
  - CPC division 91 (public administration and other services provided to the community as a whole; compulsory social security services)
  - CPC division 99 (Services provided by extraterritorial organizations and bodies)
- Objective: enhance consistency between cross border transactions and the SNA.

### Schematic overview and chapter structure (Section 2)
- Section provides a schematic overview and introduction covering:
  - I Introduction
  - Definition of Services
  - Time of Recording and Valuation
  - Table 11.1 Overview of Services Account
- Classification of services (II) is organized into subsections A–Q (see list under "Subsection updates and key conceptual clarifications").

### References and cross-chapter links
- Guidance notes and clarifications cited include GNs C.1, C.3, C.4, C.5, C.6, C.7, DZ.5, DZ.7, DZ.8, DZ.9, F.7, F.12, F.13, F.14, G.5, G.8, G.9, Clarification Note CN.3, CN.10.
- Cross-references to BPM7 Chapters 10, 15, 16, Annex 5 and to external manuals: System of National Accounts 2008; Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services 2010 (MSITS 2010); Handbook on Measuring Digital Trade; International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008; UN Handbook on Financial Production, Flows and Stocks in the System of National Accounts; UNECE Guide to Measuring Global Production; Central Product Classification Ver 2.1 (and its update).

### Key stakeholders consulted
- System of National Account and Balance of Payments Manual editors
- OECD

*Prepared by Venkat Josyula (BPM editor, IMF) and Peter van de Ven (SNA lead); cleared by BPM Project Manager. Source: Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual, 7th edition (BPM7), Chapter 11.*

### Section 1

### BPM7 Chapter 11. Services Account: Annotated Outline

### I. Introduction — scope, definitions, and structure
- BPM7 Chapter 11 is a new chapter split from existing Chapter 10: Goods and Services Account.
- The chapter expands definitions of services to incorporate elements from the 2008 SNA paragraphs 6.16–6.22 (and its update) and Box 1.1, MSITS 2010.
- Introduces the definition of fee-based digital intermediation platform (DIP) services (recommended in the Handbook on Measuring Digital Trade) as "online fee-based intermediation services enabling transactions between multiple buyers and multiple sellers, without the intermediation platform taking economic ownership of the goods or rendering-services that are being sold (intermediated)."
- Clarifies that intermediation services (including digital intermediation) are not separately identified in the balance of payments services classification; supplementary items could be introduced in MSITS 2010 and the new EBOPS revision to identify intermediation services.
- Notes that digital supply and use tables (following GN DZ.5) will provide useful insights on DIPs, which are identified as one of the "digital" industries under that framework.
- Mentions measurement of cloud computing in the balance of payments (following GN DZ.8); further detail will be provided when the GN is finalized. Chapter 16 (Digitalization) covers digitalization in more detail.
- Indicates that digital trade is briefly discussed here and further detailed in Annex 5 (Selected Issues on Trade).
- Promises consistency of language with other macroeconomic statistics manuals (e.g., 2025 SNA, MSITS 2010, IRTS 2008).
- BPM6 Table 10.1 will be modified to present an overview of the services account only—goods will be presented separately in Chapter 10—covering 17 main standard service categories.
- Additional breakdowns/supplemental presentations (for example, trade in services by currency) are noted; exports/imports of services by characteristics of the trading enterprise are presented in Chapter 15 (Globalization).
- The chapter will consist of Introduction (Section I) and Classification of Services (Section II), plus schematic overview and boxes referenced below.

### Overview — Table 11.1 (17 main standard service categories)
- Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others
- Maintenance and repair services n.i.e.
- Transport
- Travel
- Construction
- Insurance and Pension services
- Financial services
- Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.
- Telecommunication services
- Computer and information services
- Research and development services
- Professional and management consulting services
- Trade-related services
- Operating leasing services
- Technical and other business services
- Personal, cultural and recreational services
- Government goods and services n.i.e.

### II. Classification of Services — updates, alignment, and process
- The classification will be updated with additional first-level standard service categories to improve correspondence with the Central Product Classification (CPC).
- Classification remains mainly product-based, except for travel, construction, and government goods and services n.i.e., which are transactor-based.
- If new services are identified during the ongoing CPC revision, the balance of payments classification will reflect them where relevant.
- The revised draft CPC will be circulated to expert groups (including BOPCOM) later this year and the final CPC is expected to be adopted by the UNSC in March 2023.

### Subsection updates and key conceptual clarifications (by service category)
- A. Manufacturing Services on Physical Inputs Owned by Others
  - Numerical examples from BPM6 Box 10.1 will move to new Box 11.1.
  - Box 11.1 will include a numerical example based on GN C.4 to explain differences between (1) processing-type arrangements (manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others) and (2) factoryless goods producer (FGP)-type arrangements.
  - Box 11.2 will be expanded to explain FGPs and include the decision tree from GN C.4, Annex II, with links to Section II of the Globalization chapter.

- B. Maintenance and Repair Services
  - Maintained as in BPM6 with no changes.

- C. Transport
  - Maintained mostly as in BPM6 with a minor update: a reference to the package tours box included in travel subsection (paragraph 10.77).
  - Notes ongoing discussion with SNA editors regarding inconsistency between BPM6 and 2008 SNA on recording freight services provided by a carrier resident in the importing economy.

- D. Travel
  - Scope and measurement as in BPM6 with important updates.
  - Paragraph 10.86 will be updated to clarify that goods and services provided free to nonresidents by government and NPISH known as social transfers in kind (e.g., free health services to a foreign tourist, free education to a foreign student) are included under travel; social transfers in kind will be explained in updated chapter on Secondary Income Account consistent with SNA.
  - Package tours: conceptual guidance clarifies package tours are not a new product but a basket of at least three major services following TSA: (i) the services themselves (e.g., transport, accommodation); (ii) services provided by the tour operator; and (iii) the margin of the travel agency selling the tour (GN C.7). Package tour definition follows IRTS 2008.
  - Health-Related Travel: scope of "medical reasons" follows IRTS 2008 paragraph 3.17 definition of "health and medical care."
    - Quoted definition: "Health and medical care covers services received from hospitals, clinics, convalescent homes, health and social institutions, thalassotherapy, health and spa resorts, other specialized places to receive medical treatments based on medical advice, as well as cosmetic surgeries using medical facilities and services".
    - Travel expenses of patients' companions are included under "other personal travel" treating them as "normal travelers".
  - Education-Related Travel: clarification on treatment of companions will be provided (based on a separate clarification note to be prepared by BEA).
  - Other issues related to travel: Following GN C.1, a supplementary breakdown of travel to include personal, cultural and recreation services (acquired by travelers) as a distinct item under other services (in addition to Health and Educational services).

- E. Construction
  - Concepts and coverage largely unchanged from BPM6.
  - Following GN C.1, a separate supplementary breakdown of construction for both construction abroad (1.A.b.5.1) and construction in the compiling economy (1.A.b.5.2) may be provided for (a) constructions and (b) construction services, aligned with CPC divisions 53 and 54.

- F. Insurance and Pension Services
  - Coverage and measurement as in BPM6 with updates.
  - Following GN F.12, treatment of hybrid insurance products is explained: hybrids mix life insurance (saving component) and nonlife insurance (claims only if event occurs); classification depends on which feature is predominant. Term life insurance will continue to be included in nonlife insurance (as in BPM6).
  - Further details in Annex 8 Insurance and Pensions; Takaful and Re-takaful in Chapter 17 Islamic Finance and Insurance.
  - Insurance services through fintech (InsurTech) are covered under insurance and pension services (GN F.7); further digitalization aspects in Chapter 16.

- G. Financial Services
  - Coverage and measurement as in BPM6 with updates.
  - Explicit charges: additional information/links on service charges on purchases of IMF resources and commitment fees associated with undrawn balances under stand-by or extended arrangements with the IMF; further details in Annex 9 Positions and Transactions with IMF.
  - Fintech: financial services provided by fintech (e.g., payment services/peer-to-peer lending services/other financial services such as capital raising/investment management enabled by Fintech) are classified in financial services without creating new service categories. Insurance via Fintech is covered under insurance and pension services. Sectorization of fintech companies is discussed in Chapter 4 and classification of financial instruments provided by Fintech in Chapter 5; fintech and digitalization are covered in Chapter 16.
  - Margins on buying and selling transactions: no change to BPM6 concept of margins; further elaboration and practical compilation challenges will be provided. Compilers should assess materiality when deciding to compile this item (based on GN F.13 guidance).
  - Factoring: guidance on income received by the factor (as fee) will be provided with cross-references to other BPM7 chapters (based on GN F.14).
  - FISIM and negative interest rates: paragraphs 10.134 and 10.135 to be updated. While FISIM should be positive irrespective of positive or negative interest rates, negative interest rates complicate choice of reference rates and raise the risk of negative FISIM; compilers should carefully review reference rates to avoid negative FISIM. The updated SNA will include guidance on negative interest rates and possible impact on FISIM.

- H. Charges for the Use of Intellectual Property n.i.e.
  - Maintained as in BPM6 with important updates.
  - Includes definition of IPP based on GN DZ.7 (update of 2008 SNA paragraph 10.98): "Intellectual property products are the result of research, development, investigation, or innovation leading to knowledge or the creation of artificial intelligence systems that the developers can market or use to their own benefit in production because use of the knowledge or system is restricted by means of legal or other protection."
  - Clarification on IPP sale/purchase transactions will be provided.
  - Referral to Chapter 15 (Globalization) on determining economic ownership of IPPs among units of an MNE and recording related transactions.

- I. Telecommunication Services and J. Computer and Information Services
  - Following GN C.6, the BPM6 category "telecommunication, computer, and information services" is split into two first-level categories:
    - 1.A.b.9 Telecommunications services
    - 1.A.b.10 Computer, and information services
      - 1.A.b.10.1 Computer services* (supplementary item)
      - 1.A.b.10.2 Information services* (supplementary item)
  - Computer and information services will include cloud computing services (delivery of computing power, database storage, and other IT resources). Definition of cloud computing (based on GN DZ.8) and measurement challenges will be added with links to Chapter 16.

- K. Research and Development Services
  - Maintained as a standard category (1.A.b.11 in restructured taxonomy).

- L. Professional and Management Consulting Services
  - Maintained as a standard category (1.A.b.12 in restructured taxonomy).

- M. Trade-Related Services
  - Will be a distinct first-level category (1.A.b.13) after splitting other business services.

- N. Operating Leasing Services
  - Will be a distinct first-level category (1.A.b.14) after splitting other business services.
  - Reference to IFRS 16 will be made (preferably in a footnote) highlighting non-alignment with BPM/SNA standards on economic ownership (based on GN C.5).
  - Concepts of dry and wet leasing of aircrafts and their treatment will be explained (paragraph 10.156 updates).

- O. Technical and Other Business Services
  - Other business services category in BPM6 will be split into five first-level categories overall; 1.A.b.15 will cover Technical and other business services corresponding to BPM6 items:
    - (i) Architectural, engineering, and other technical services (10.151(a));
    - (ii) Waste treatment and de-pollution, agricultural, and mining services (10.151(b));
    - (iii) Other business services (10.151(e)).
  - "Merchanting of services" reference in paragraph 10.160 will be removed: conceptually merchanting of services is treated as impossible because services cannot establish ownership rights in the same way as goods; services are generally produced and consumed simultaneously.
  - Intermediated services (fees to third parties arranging transactions) should be recorded under trade-related services (1.A.b.13) as a supplementary "of which" item in partner-country international accounts when explicit or implicit intermediation fees exist. Suggested treatment assimilates these to BPM6 paragraph 3.10 definition of an agent arranging a transaction for a fee (based on GN C.4). Payments from producers to DIPs following the "net approach" (GN DZ.9) are recorded under trade-related services, provided they are cross-border transactions. Chapter 16 covers "net approach" and other DIPs aspects.

- P. Personal, Cultural, and Recreational Services
  - Coverage as in BPM6 with minor updates.
  - Tele-health and tele-education are included under Other personal, cultural, and recreational services (10.168/10.169 provide guidance on remote health services and educational services through internet).

- Q. Government Goods and Services n.i.e.
  - Scope remains unchanged from BPM6.

*Prepared by Venkat Josyula (BPM editor, IMF) and Peter van de Ven (SNA lead); cleared by BPM Project Manager. Source: BPM7 Chapter 11. Services Account: Annotated Outline, IMF Committee on Balance of Payments Statistics / Inter-secretariat Working Group on National Accounts.*

### Section 2

### ao-bpm-ch-11 - Section 2

### Government goods and services n.i.e.: methodological guidance
- Additional methodological and compilation guidance is proposed on the compilation of government goods and services n.i.e. in respect of the specific products to be included (under Other services supplied by and to governments).
- The guidance is to be aligned along the lines of the Central Product Classification (CPC) divisions:
  - CPC division 91 (public administration and other services provided to the community as a whole; compulsory social security services)
  - CPC division 99 (Services provided by extraterritorial organizations and bodies)
- The objective of the additional guidance is to enhance the consistency between cross border transactions and the SNA.

### Schematic overview and chapter structure
- The section provides a schematic overview and an introduction covering:
  - I Introduction
  - Definition of Services
  - Time of Recording and Valuation
  - Table 11.1 Overview of Services Account
- The classification of services (II) is organized into the following subsections (A–Q):
  - A. Manufacturing Services on Physical Inputs Owned by Others
    - (Box 11.1 Numerical example to explain the recording of manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others, FGPs, and difference with merchanting and re-exports in Box 10.1)
    - (Box 10.2 Recording of Global Manufacturing Arrangements-updated as Box 11.2)
  - B. Maintenance and Repair Services n.i.e.
  - C. Transport
  - D. Travel
  - E. Construction
  - F. Insurance and Pension Services
  - G. Financial services
  - H. Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.
  - I. Telecommunication Services
  - J. Computer and Information Services
  - K. Research and Development Services
  - L. Professional and Management Consulting Services
  - M. Trade-related Services
  - N. Operating Leasing Services
  - O. Technical and Other Business Services
  - P. Personal, Cultural and Recreational Services
  - Q. Government Goods and Services n.i.e.

### References cited in the section
- GNs C.1, C.3, C.4, C.5, C.6, C.7, DZ.5, DZ.7, DZ.8, DZ.9, F.7, F.12, F.13, F.14, G.5, G.8, G.9, etc. These guidance notes are posted at Update of the sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6) (imf.org).
- Clarification Note on The Statistical Treatment of Negative Interest Rates (CN.3)
- Clarification Note on The Treatment of Freight and Insurance Associated to Merchanting and the Geographical Allocation of Net Merchanting (CN.10)
- BPM7 Chapters 10,15,16, and Annex 5
- System of National Accounts 2008
- Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services 2010 (MSITS 2010)
- Handbook on Measuring Digital Trade
- International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008
- UN Handbook on Financial Production, Flows and Stocks in the System of National Accounts
- UNECE Guide to Measuring Global Production
- Central Product Classification Ver 2.1 (and its update)

### Key stakeholders consulted
- System of National Account and Balance of Payments Manual editors
- OECD

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_Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/data/statistics/bmp7/chapters/ao-bpm-ch-11.pdf_