## 1somea2022004 — 1. Summary of Somalia National Climate Change Policy

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### Introduction and macroeconomic relevance
- Food insecurity reduces human capital accumulation and economic growth potential by limiting physical and cognitive development, educational attainment, and lifelong earning potential.
- Food insecurity and inequality can contribute to social unrest that can undermine political stability and the economy.

### Food insecurity landscape (as of September 12, 2022)
- "close to 30 percent of Somalia’s population (4.3 million people) is facing critical food insecurity"
- "around 121,000 people facing starvation" (IPC)
- Child malnutrition: "54.5 percent (1.8 million) of all children under the age of five facing acute malnutrition between August 2022 and July 2023" (UNICEF)
- Displacement: "roughly 1.1 million people" displaced between January 2021 and August 2022.
- Drought and water scarcity:
  - Fourth consecutive failed rainy season, a climatic event not seen in at least 40 years.
  - "80 percent of the water sources are drying."
  - Shabelle and Juba rivers water levels "30 percent below their average."
  - "As of end June 2022, an estimated 4.5 million people are facing acute decline in water quality and quantity."
- Agricultural impact:
  - Cumulative livestock deaths in worst affected areas expected to reach "as high as 20- 30 percent" (IPC May-Sept 2022).
  - Widespread crop failure "more than 40- 60 percent of long-term average" for both irrigated and rainfed crops.
  - FAO: "roughly a million tons of cereal imports would be needed to meet the shortfall in cereal production," which is "15 percent above the average for the previous 5 years."
- Global shock impact:
  - In 2021, Somalia imported "80 percent of non-milled wheat directly from Ukraine."
  - "53 percent of the food assistance (primarily wheat) provided through the World Food Program (WFP) is sourced from Ukraine."
  - Domestic cereal price inflation: "70 percent" in June 2022 from "2 percent" a year earlier.
  - Cereals account for "almost two-thirds of overall weekly household consumption food expenditure."

### Structural drivers of food insecurity
- Chronic production deficit:
  - Domestic production satisfies "22 percent of per capita cereal needs on average"; remainder covered by imports and food aid.
  - For the last 5 years, annual cereal production averaged "only approximately 200 000 tons" relative to production of "650 000 tons in 1988" (FAO).
  - Yields: "1 to 1.50 tons/ha for maize and 0.3 to 0.6 tons/ha for sorghum"; potential yields "10 to 15 MT for maize and 5 to 10 MT/ha for sorghum" (Gavin et al. 2018).
  - In 2018, Somalia’s cereal yield is "around one-fifth of the median yield in lower-middle income countries" and "just over half the median yield across fragile and conflict-affected states."
- Consumption patterns and vulnerability:
  - Close to "three-quarters of overall consumption expenditure is on food."
  - Cereal consumption expenditure accounts for "close to a quarter of overall food expenditure."
  - Food to total per capita consumption expenditure (World Bank-Somalia High Frequency Household Survey, 2017/18):
    - National: "73.3"
    - Urban: "69.4"
    - Rural: "78.2"
    - IDPs: "72.4"
    - Nomads: "75.6"
    - By income quintile: Poorest/First "79.5", Second "75.4", Third "73.0", Fourth "69.5", Fifth "69.3"
  - Cereal to food per capita consumption expenditure (percent) by group:
    - National "20.9", Urban "16.1", Rural "24.7", IDPs "23.7", Nomads "22.9"; by quintile: Poorest/First "26.6", Second "21.3", Third "19.6", Fourth "18.1", Fifth "19.1".
- Five drivers (adapted from HLPE framework):
  - Biophysical and environmental hazards:
    - Somalia has "1.8 percent arable land."
    - Rising intensity and frequency of erratic rainfalls and severe droughts; 2020 desert locust crisis caused significant crop damage.
  - Political:
    - Protracted domestic conflict; decline in crop production 1990–2012.
    - Since 2006, Al-Shabaab control over South West and Hirshabelle regions, where bulk of cereal production occurs, with reported demands from aid agencies for access.
    - Climate change–fueled competition for pasture land and increased private enclosures leading to overgrazing and social conflict.
  - Innovation, inputs and infrastructure deficit:
    - Rural Access Index: "31.2 out of 100" in 2016.
    - In 2020, "43 percent of the population have access to electricity" (lower than fragile states average of "60 percent").
    - Reliance on diesel generators for irrigation; high cost and lack of agriculture extension, veterinary services, improved seed varieties, research programs, and skilled labor.
  - Socioeconomic and cultural:
    - High poverty rate "70 percent of the population" (USD 1.90 per person per day).
    - Additional "10 percent of the population living within 20 percent of the poverty line."
    - Gini index: national "37"; rural "41 percent", other urban "34 percent", Mogadishu "26 percent".
    - Women's financial access in 2011: "0.8 percent of women" received loans from formal financial institutions versus "2.3 percent of men."
    - Deforestation: annual loss in forest cover ranged between "144 sq. km in 2004 and 1,164 sq. km in 2016."
  - Demographic:
    - Continuous migration from rural to urban areas over the last half century; decline in rural population share reduces agricultural labor and productivity.

### Household coping strategies and social assistance
- Common coping mechanisms:
  - Distress sale of assets or consuming productive assets (such as livestock).
  - Incurring high-cost borrowing.
  - Taking children out of school into work.
  - Foregoing medical care.
  - Reducing meals.
  - Moving to IDP settlements/relatives living in urban areas.
- Inventory of coping strategies (Maxwell et al., 2016) — selected entries:
  - Diversification: diversify livelihoods and assets; diversify against drought risk; long-term, risk reduction.
  - Flexibility: physical mobility with livestock; labor mobility; exploit humanitarian aid; outmigration as last resort.
  - Social “correctedness”: remittances and diaspora/urban contacts; mutual support.
  - Political power: access to/control over aid.
  - Crisis asset protection: sharing food/assets with livestock; buying water for livestock; moving livestock in search of grazing and water.
  - Asset sales/depletion: sale of livestock; sale of other productive assets; land pledging or mortgaging.
  - Rapid livelihood adaptation: renting farmland; natural resource extraction: firewood, charcoal, thatch grass.
  - Credit: use of savings/borrowing/debt; borrowing/purchase on credit.
  - Consumption strategies: changing diets; borrowing food or money; rationing strategies; going hungry.
  - Demographic strategies: family splitting; opportunistic access to aid through household splitting; labor-sharing.
- Role of remittances:
  - Remittance inflows are "close to 30 percent of GDP" and help households cope, though they may not reach the most vulnerable.
  - Diaspora tend to be from middle to upper income households; remittances therefore tend to flow back to higher income households.
  - Indications of a moderation in remittance inflows in 2022 due to remittance fatigue from COVID-19 support and a slowdown in the global economy.
- Social protection and humanitarian response:
  - WFP activities:
    - providing curative and preventive nutrition to children under age 5 and pregnant and nursing mothers;
    - cash-based assistance in the form of food vouchers or e-cards to drought-affected areas;
    - strengthening climate-smart food systems and supporting the government in implementing safety nets and other social protection programs.
  - In May 2022, the WFP reached 2.3 million people with relief assistance and is working to scale up lifesaving food and nutrition support to reach 4.1 million people through June 2022—contingent on availability of resources.
  - Baxnaano social safety net program (World Bank financed, implemented by WFP):
    - provides unconditional cash transfers to 200,000 poor and vulnerable households with children, reaching about 1.2 million people.
    - coverage being temporarily expanded to another 155,000 households for 6 months.
  - The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is also providing emergency response.

### Funding needs and near-term projections
- Over the next six months, it would be necessary to expand life-saving support to 4.1 million people to avert a nation-wide famine.
- As of end-August 2022, 67 percent of the required US$1.5 billion needed (according to the UN Humanitarian Response Plan) to respond to the food insecurity crisis has been received.
- The prospects for a failed rainy season (October-December) are predicted to be more likely; without additional support the impact on food insecurity would be catastrophic, particularly since this would be the fifth consecutive failed rainy season and this season typically contributes 70 percent of the total annual rainfall.

### Policy implications and macro-critical priorities
- Areas to improve agricultural productivity and productive capacity:
  - building quality transportation networks, logistical services, cold storage facilities, irrigation facilities and other ancillary infrastructure to mitigate climate shocks;
  - strengthening land management including the land tenure system;
  - more inclusive access to credit;
  - extending agriculture extension services in innovative and cost-effective ways to increase knowledge of agronomy and animal husbandry;
  - introducing modern inputs, including improved fertilizers;
  - improvements in the sector’s institutional support structures.
- Macroeconomic policies where the Fund can help build resilience:
  - Strengthening domestic revenue mobilization to finance productivity-enhancing infrastructure and agriculture extension services and create fiscal space to mitigate shocks on food security.
  - Improving the efficiency of public expenditure: quality public investment to support private sector development of robust food supply chains; enhancing public investment management; strengthening public financial management to improve budget credibility and execution; establishing a national unified social registry to support registration and potential eligibility for social programs as per the HIPC Completion Point Trigger.
  - Enhancing financial inclusion to encourage private domestic and foreign investment in agriculture and enable households to cushion shocks. Specific points:
    - Credit availability is limited for small commercial activities, particularly informal and rural actors.
    - Households face challenges accessing financing, limiting long-term investments in subsistence activities.
    - Access to mobile money has helped expand credit access.
    - Improved financial literacy will support greater inclusion, particularly for women.
    - Banks should be encouraged to extend services to the unbanked and informal sector participants.

### Exposure to climate shocks, vulnerability, and national climate policy
- Climate vulnerability and impacts:
  - An estimated 9 percent of the population is affected by climate shocks every year, compared to less than 3 percent in other regions.
  - Somalia is the second most vulnerable country in the world to climate change, among 182 countries, according to the University of Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index (ND-GAIN).
  - Somalia is the second most vulnerable country in Africa and among fragile and conflict-affected states.
  - Livestock is the largest export: 80 percent of total exports of goods.
  - The World Bank estimated that only 31 percent of the rural population have access to an all-season road within 2 km to where they live.
  - Climate shocks have been associated with a significant increase in the internally displaced population (IDP); internal displacement due to disasters increased during 2017-21, driven by drought and other events.
  - Simulations by UNDP Human Climate Horizons suggest Somalia will be highly affected by rising temperatures leading to a high number of days above 35 degrees Celsius.
- Structural interaction with shocks:
  - Heavy reliance on rain-fed pastoral agriculture makes livelihoods sensitive to precipitation.
  - Severe security risks and presence of Al-Shabaab exacerbate impacts and reduce incentives for agricultural investment.
  - Severe infrastructure deficits: lower access to basic drinking water and electricity than low-income country averages; poor irrigation and water management systems.
- Somalia National Climate Change Policy (2020) priorities:
  - Adaptation: focus on agriculture, livestock, water, marine resources, forestry and biodiversity, infrastructure and urbanization; capacity building; promotion of technologies; investment in climate-resilient infrastructure; establishing early warning systems; encouraging small-scale and community-level infrastructure investment.
  - Mitigation: promote renewable energies and energy-efficient technologies; improve water, waste and sewage management.
  - Social aspects: strengthen monitoring of climate change impacts on human health, employment, and gender equality.
  - Governance: Directorate of Environment and Climate Change as national authority; National Climate Change Committee established with Prime Minister and line ministries.
  - Financing: require domestic and international financial support, including bilateral, multilateral sources and international climate funds; explore funding sources and ensure effective use; public-private partnerships as a platform for resource mobilization.

*Source: 1somea2022004 - 1. Summary of Somalia National Climate Change Policy*

### 1. Summary of Somalia National Climate Change Policy _______________________________ 18

### 1. Summary of Somalia National Climate Change Policy

### Introduction
- Food insecurity has significant repercussions on macroeconomic development: undernourishment limits physical and cognitive development, educational attainment, and lifelong earning potential, reducing human capital accumulation and economic growth potential.
- Food insecurity and inequality can contribute to social unrest that can undermine political stability and the economy.

### Food insecurity landscape
- As of September 12, 2022:
  - "close to 30 percent of Somalia’s population (4.3 million people) is facing critical food insecurity"
  - "around 121,000 people facing starvation" (IPC)
- Child malnutrition:
  - "54.5 percent (1.8 million) of all children under the age of five facing acute malnutrition between August 2022 and July 2023" (UNICEF)
- Displacement:
  - "roughly 1.1 million people" displaced between January 2021 and August 2022.
- Drought and water scarcity:
  - Fourth consecutive failed rainy season, a climatic event not seen in at least 40 years.
  - "80 percent of the water sources are drying."
  - Shabelle and Juba rivers water levels "30 percent below their average."
  - "As of end June 2022, an estimated 4.5 million people are facing acute decline in water quality and quantity."
- Agricultural impact:
  - Cumulative livestock deaths in worst affected areas expected to reach "as high as 20- 30 percent" (IPC May-Sept 2022).
  - Widespread crop failure "more than 40- 60 percent of long-term average" for both irrigated and rainfed crops.
  - FAO data indicate "roughly a million tons of cereal imports would be needed to meet the shortfall in cereal production," which is "15 percent above the average for the previous 5 years."
- Global shock impact:
  - In 2021, Somalia imported "80 percent of non-milled wheat directly from Ukraine."
  - "53 percent of the food assistance (primarily wheat) provided through the World Food Program (WFP) is sourced from Ukraine."
  - Global food inflation has accentuated domestic cereal price inflation to "70 percent" in June 2022 from "2 percent" a year earlier.
  - Cereals account for "almost two-thirds of overall weekly household consumption food expenditure."

### Structural drivers of food insecurity
- Chronic production deficit:
  - Domestic production satisfies "22 percent of per capita cereal needs on average"; remainder covered by imports and food aid.
  - For the last 5 years, annual cereal production averaged "only approximately 200 000 tons" relative to production of "650 000 tons in 1988" (FAO).
  - Yields: "1 to 1.50 tons/ha for maize and 0.3 to 0.6 tons/ha for sorghum"; potential yields "10 to 15 MT for maize and 5 to 10 MT/ha for sorghum" (Gavin et al. 2018).
  - In 2018, Somalia’s cereal yield is "around one-fifth of the median yield in lower-middle income countries" and "just over half the median yield across fragile and conflict-affected states."
- Consumption patterns and vulnerability:
  - Close to "three-quarters of overall consumption expenditure is on food."
  - Cereal consumption expenditure accounts for "close to a quarter of overall food expenditure."
  - Food to total per capita consumption expenditure figures by group (World Bank-Somalia High Frequency Household Survey, 2017/18):
    - National: "73.3"
    - Urban: "69.4"
    - Rural: "78.2"
    - IDPs: "72.4"
    - Nomads: "75.6"
    - By income quintile: Poorest/First "79.5", Second "75.4", Third "73.0", Fourth "69.5", Fifth "69.3"
  - Cereal to food per capita consumption expenditure (percent) by group:
    - National "20.9", Urban "16.1", Rural "24.7", IDPs "23.7", Nomads "22.9"; by quintile: Poorest/First "26.6", Second "21.3", Third "19.6", Fourth "18.1", Fifth "19.1".
- Five drivers (adapted from HLPE framework):
  - Biophysical and environmental hazards:
    - Somalia has "1.8 percent arable land."
    - Rising intensity and frequency of erratic rainfalls and severe droughts; 2020 desert locust crisis caused significant crop damage.
  - Political:
    - Protracted domestic conflict; decline in crop production 1990–2012.
    - Since 2006, Al-Shabaab control over South West and Hirshabelle regions, where bulk of cereal production occurs, with reported demands from aid agencies for access.
    - Climate change–fueled competition for pasture land and increased private enclosures leading to overgrazing and social conflict.
  - Innovation, inputs and infrastructure deficit:
    - Rural Access Index: "31.2 out of 100" in 2016.
    - In 2020, "43 percent of the population have access to electricity" (lower than fragile states average of "60 percent").
    - Reliance on diesel generators for irrigation; high cost and lack of agriculture extension, veterinary services, improved seed varieties, research programs, and skilled labor.
  - Socioeconomic and cultural:
    - High poverty rate "70 percent of the population" (USD 1.90 per person per day).
    - Additional "10 percent of the population living within 20 percent of the poverty line."
    - Gini index of "37" nationally; rural Gini "41 percent", other urban "34 percent", Mogadishu "26 percent".
    - Women's financial access: in 2011 only "0.8 percent of women" received loans from formal financial institutions versus "2.3 percent of men."
    - Deforestation: annual loss in forest cover ranged between "144 sq. km in 2004 and 1,164 sq. km in 2016."
  - Demographic:
    - Continuous migration from rural to urban areas over the last half century; decline in rural population share reduces agricultural labor and productivity.

### Coping strategies and social assistance (introductory notes)
- Households have adopted coping mechanisms; development partners are supporting government efforts to mitigate impact on the most vulnerable.
- Authorities could implement several macro-critical policies to address structural drivers of food insecurity.
- Additional resources from the international community could avert a humanitarian disaster in Somalia.

*Source: 1somea2022004 - 1. Summary of Somalia National Climate Change Policy*

### 7.      Households employ several coping strategies in the face of rising food insecurity. With

### 7.      Households employ several coping strategies in the face of rising food insecurity. With

### Coping strategies used by households
- Common coping mechanisms: distress sale of assets or consuming productive assets (such as livestock); incurring high-cost borrowing; taking children out of school into work; foregoing medical care; reducing meals; moving to IDP settlements/relatives living in urban areas.
- These mechanisms can perpetuate poverty and weaken long-term livelihoods.
- The four consecutive failed rainy seasons place significant pressure on households’ ability to continue employing these coping mechanisms.

### Inventory of coping strategies (from Maxwell et al., 2016)
- Diversification: diversify livelihoods and assets; diversify against drought risk (riverine farming and/or camels); have a foot in the urban economy. Level: Individual/household. Application: Mostly long term, risk reduction rather than short-term shock coping.
- Flexibility: physical mobility with livestock; labor mobility; exploit humanitarian aid; outmigration as last resort. Level: Household/community. Application: Limited ability to move for some small-scale livestock holders; others suffered large losses far from home.
- Social “correctedness”: remittances and diaspora/urban contacts; mutual support. Level: “Second circle” community/clan; partly business level. Application: Diaspora remittances stepped up in famine (food, water trucking).
- Political power: access to/control over aid. Level: Household/Community. Application: Gatekeepers from powerful clans in IDP settings.
- Crisis asset protection: sharing food/assets with livestock; buying water for livestock; moving livestock in search of grazing and water; leaving someone to protect land if migrating. Level: Household/Community. Application: Feeding cattle thatch from roofs during drought; timing of livestock sales; out-migration as last resort.
- Asset sales/depletion: sale of livestock; sale of other productive assets; land pledging or mortgaging. Level: Household/community.
- Rapid livelihood adaptation: renting farmland (esp. riverine) to protect animals; sharing lactating animals; natural resource extraction: firewood, charcoal, thatch grass; search for casual wage employment. Level: Household or inter-household.
- Credit: use of savings/borrowing/debt; borrowing/purchase on credit. Level: Household/Business. Application: Social networks can lead to long-term indebtedness.
- Consumption strategies: changing diets; borrowing food or money; rationing strategies; going hungry. Level: Household and interhousehold.
- Demographic strategies: family splitting to minimize consumption or maximize resource access; opportunistic access to aid through household splitting; labor-sharing. Level: Household/Inter-household/Community.

### Role of remittances
- Remittance inflows are "close to 30 percent of GDP" and help households cope with food insecurity, although they may not reach the most vulnerable.
- Diaspora tend to be from middle to upper income households because of high emigration costs; remittances therefore tend to flow back to higher income households.
- Remittance inflows to a community depend on: links to the business community within Somalia and diaspora; financial position of diaspora in the host country; and sometimes working with Al-Shabaab to facilitate transfers.
- Indications of a moderation in remittance inflows in 2022 due to remittance fatigue from COVID-19 support and a slowdown in the global economy.

### Social protection and humanitarian response
- WFP activities:
  - providing curative and preventive nutrition to children under age 5 and pregnant and nursing mothers;
  - cash-based assistance in the form of food vouchers or e-cards to drought-affected areas;
  - strengthening climate-smart food systems and supporting the government in implementing safety nets and other social protection programs.
- In May 2022, the WFP reached 2.3 million people with relief assistance and is working to scale up lifesaving food and nutrition support to reach 4.1 million people through June 2022—contingent on availability of resources.
- Baxnaano social safety net program (government program financed by the World Bank and implemented by WFP):
  - provides unconditional cash transfers to 200,000 poor and vulnerable households with children, reaching about 1.2 million people.
  - coverage being temporarily expanded to another 155,000 households for 6 months.
- The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is also providing emergency response.

### Funding needs and near-term projections
- Over the next six months, it would be necessary to expand life-saving support to 4.1 million people to avert a nation-wide famine.
- As of end-August 2022, 67 percent of the required US$1.5 billion needed (according to the UN Humanitarian Response Plan) to respond to the food insecurity crisis has been received.
- The prospects for a failed rainy season (October-December) are predicted to be more likely; without additional support the impact on food insecurity would be catastrophic, particularly since this would be the fifth consecutive failed rainy season and this season typically contributes 70 percent of the total annual rainfall.

### Policy implications and macro-critical priorities
- Areas to improve agricultural productivity and productive capacity:
  - building quality transportation networks, logistical services, cold storage facilities, irrigation facilities and other ancillary infrastructure to mitigate climate shocks;
  - strengthening land management including the land tenure system;
  - more inclusive access to credit;
  - extending agriculture extension services in innovative and cost-effective ways to increase knowledge of agronomy and animal husbandry;
  - introducing modern inputs, including improved fertilizers;
  - improvements in the sector’s institutional support structures.
- Macroeconomic policies where the Fund can help build resilience:
  - Strengthening domestic revenue mobilization to finance productivity-enhancing infrastructure and agriculture extension services and create fiscal space to mitigate shocks on food security.
  - Improving the efficiency of public expenditure: quality public investment to support private sector development of robust food supply chains; enhancing public investment management; strengthening public financial management to improve budget credibility and execution; establishing a national unified social registry to support registration and potential eligibility for social programs as per the HIPC Completion Point Trigger.
  - Enhancing financial inclusion to encourage private domestic and foreign investment in agriculture and enable households to cushion shocks. Specific points:
    - Credit availability is limited for small commercial activities, particularly informal and rural actors.
    - Households face challenges accessing financing, limiting long-term investments in subsistence activities.
    - Access to mobile money has helped expand credit access.
    - Improved financial literacy will support greater inclusion, particularly for women.
    - Banks should be encouraged to extend services to the unbanked and informal sector participants.

### Exposure to climate shocks and vulnerability
- Somalia is highly vulnerable to climate-related shocks and climate change; the humanitarian impact of shocks is more severe than in other regions.
- An estimated 9 percent of the population is affected by climate shocks every year, compared to less than 3 percent in other regions.
- Somalia is the second most vulnerable country in the world to climate change, among 182 countries, according to the University of Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index (ND-GAIN).
- Somalia is the second most vulnerable country in Africa and among fragile and conflict-affected states.
- Vulnerability drivers include high dependency on imported food and energy; low access to fertilizer and pesticide; weak health services; and inadequate infrastructure for irrigation, reliable drinking water, roads, and electricity.
- Simulations by UNDP Human Climate Horizons suggest Somalia will be highly affected by rising temperatures leading to a high number of days above 35 degrees Celsius.
- Key statistics and facts:
  - Livestock is the largest export: 80 percent of total exports of goods.
  - The World Bank estimated that only 31 percent of the rural population have access to an all-season road within 2 km to where they live.
  - Climate shocks have been associated with a significant increase in the internally displaced population (IDP); internal displacement due to disasters increased during 2017-21, driven by drought and other events.
- Structural interaction with shocks:
  - Heavy reliance on rain-fed pastoral agriculture makes livelihoods sensitive to precipitation.
  - Severe security risks and presence of Al-Shabaab exacerbate impacts and reduce incentives for agricultural investment (example: Beledweyne region shows agricultural production falling during intensive fighting and improving with stability, though also influenced by precipitation).
  - Severe infrastructure deficits: lower access to basic drinking water and electricity than low-income country averages; poor irrigation and water management systems.

### National climate policy and adaptation needs
- The Somalia National Climate Change Policy (2020) aims to attain a prosperous and climate resilient economy through adaptation and mitigation measures.
- Policy priorities summarized:
  - Adaptation: focus on agriculture, livestock, water, marine resources, forestry and biodiversity, infrastructure and urbanization; capacity building; promotion of technologies; investment in climate-resilient infrastructure; establishing early warning systems; encouraging small-scale and community-level infrastructure investment.
  - Mitigation: promote renewable energies and energy-efficient technologies; improve water, waste and sewage management.
  - Social aspects: strengthen monitoring of climate change impacts on human health, employment, and gender equality.
  - Governance: Directorate of Environment and Climate Change as national authority; National Climate Change Committee established with Prime Minister and line ministries.
  - Financing: require domestic and international financial support, including bilateral, multilateral sources and international climate funds; explore funding sources and ensure effective use; public-private partnerships as a platform for resource mobilization.

*Source: IMF staff summary of chapter "Somalia: Coping Strategies During a Famine" and accompanying sections on climate exposure and policy implications.*

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_Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2022/english/1somea2022004.pdf_