## Section I–II: Summary of Mission Outcomes, Priority Recommendations, and Detailed Technical Assessment

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---

### Mission overview and objectives
- Diagnostic mission conducted during June 26–30, 2023 to develop a roadmap to guide the compilation of climate statistics for Ghana to address policy needs.
- Mission funded under the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) Environment and Climate Change Statistics Capacity Development Program (two-year project).
- Objectives aligned with: Data Gaps Initiative 3 for the G20 and its extension, implementation of the System of Environmental Economic Accounting, Sustainable Development Goals on climate and energy, and measuring Beyond GDP.

### Stakeholder engagement and capacity building
- Plenary and bilateral sessions undertaken to:
  - Take stock of existing environment and climate change statistics work in Ghana.
  - Review capacity development initiatives, policy needs, data gaps, and data sources.
  - Provide introductory training on environmental accounting and climate change indicators.
- Participating agencies: Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology, and Innovation (MESTI), Environment Protection Agency (EPA), Energy Commission, National Development Planning Commission (NDPC), Bank of Ghana, Ministry of Energy, Forestry Commission, and Ministry of Agriculture.

### Agreed priorities and rationale
- Priority deliverables:
  - Air Emissions Accounts (to be aligned with the System of Environmental Economic Accounting Central Framework).
  - Physical and forward-looking Transition Risk Indicators (experimental; could be implemented via data stewardship using international databases).
- Emission inventories available for 1990 to 2019 and require conversion into air emissions accounts.
- Secondary priorities (to follow Air Emissions Accounts): mineral and energy resource statistics, carbon footprints, and other indicators.
- Rationale highlights:
  - Carbon footprints capture consumption impacts via international trade in global supply chains.
  - Ghana’s deposits of oil, lithium and other minerals pose economic and environmental challenges/opportunities requiring systematic measurement.

### Role of SUTs and IOTs
- National Supply and Use Tables (SUTs) and Input-Output Tables (IOTs) underpin compilation of several climate change indicators (e.g., carbon footprints, emission intensities).
- Latest referenced extended tables: “The 2013 Environmental Extended Physical Supply and Use Tables for Energy Accounts in Ghana” (reference year 2013).
- Important enabling step: build capacity for regular intermediate updating of SUTs and compile intermediate IOTs to bridge gaps between national accounts updates and facilitate regular climate indicator compilation.
- Recommended action: GSS should update the SUT and IOT on an intermediate basis to 2019 during 2023.

### Coordination and governance
- GSS to coordinate collaboration between participating agencies in close consultation with the EPA.
- A technical coordinating group, chaired by GSS and EPA, to include key stakeholders; meetings held as needed.
- Good cooperation and data sharing among stakeholders was noted.

### Priority recommendations and timing (Action Plan highlights)
- December 2023: Finalize 2019 SUTs and IOTs. — Responsible: GSS
- June 2024: Take stock of progress and decide on next priorities. — Target Completion Date: June 2024
- December 2024: Compile 2019 Air Emissions Accounts for publication. — Responsible: GSS, EPA
- December 2024: Publish three experimental Forward-looking Physical and Transition Risk Indicators. — Responsible: GSS, EPA, NDPC
- Development work should be initiated as soon as possible to meet recommended timeframes; further milestones are in the Action Plan under Detailed Technical Assessment and Recommendations.

### Key existing data items and availability (as presented)
- Physical flow accounts: For agriculture only, compiled with FAO support. To be released by the end of 2023
- Land Accounts: By the end of 2023
- National Inventories (UNFCCC): 2019
- National Carbon Footprints: Limited availability for a few reporting units
- Energy Accounts: 2013
- Energy Statistics including Energy Balance: Up to 2022
- Environmental Activity Accounts/ Environmental Expenditures: Underway
- Mineral and Energy Asset Accounts: 2013

### Policy context and needs
- National Medium-Term Development Policy Framework 2022–2025 emphasizes economic growth, digitization, science, technology, innovation, urbanization, infrastructure deficits, youth unemployment, public health, emergency preparedness, and climate change.
- Framework notes ongoing disasters and coastal erosion: “the ocean claims between 1.5 to 4 meters of 560 kilometers of coastline annually.”
- Government measures include developing a GHG emission accounting system, a Nationally Determined Contribution implementation plan, and integrating climate change into environmental impact assessment processes and reporting.
- NDPC emphasized that environmental data gaps hinder development of a multi-module national development model with macroeconomic forecasting and sectoral planning capability.

### Environmental statistics currently produced (select past publications)
- Asset Accounts for Mineral Resources in Ghana for 2006–2014, released in 2017
- 2020 Environment Statistics Compendium—an update is ongoing
- 2013 Environmental Extended Physical Supply and Use Tables for Energy Accounts in Ghana, released in 2019
- Ghana developed a National Capital Accounting (NCA) Framework; preliminary land accounts, ecosystem extent accounts, and ecosystem services accounts were presented June 15, 2023; final reports for these accounts expected by end of 2023.

### Air Emissions Accounts — purpose, policy use, and recommended action
- Purpose: Present gaseous and particulate substances released to the atmosphere by resident establishments and households due to economic processes (production, consumption, accumulation).
- Structure: By industry (various levels of detail) and by household, consistent with national accounts estimates of value added and output.
- Key policy use: Monitoring effectiveness of climate mitigation policies by deriving GHG emission intensities by industry via integration with annual Output or Gross Value Added at constant prices—supports assessment of decoupling between greenhouse gas emissions and output.
- Recommended Action: GSS and EPA to develop Air Emissions Accounts for publication as a priority before December 2024.

### Carbon footprints — definition, inputs, and policy uses
- Definition: Broad measure of emissions including direct and indirect emissions by resident establishments from economic processes.
- Presentation: Broken down by output industry, contributing industries, and demand category; generally annual estimates.
- Policy uses:
  - Identify high versus low emitting industries.
  - Identify consumption of products that result in high emissions.
  - Assess corporate scope 1, scope 2, and scope 3 emissions relative to industry averages.
- Main source data required:
  - Input-output tables (IOTs)
  - Direct measures of emissions
  - Air Emissions Accounts
- Methodology notes:
  - Carbon footprints derived by combining emissions by industry with economic multipliers and final demand estimates from IOTs.
  - Specific emissions intensities should be used for imports depending on country of origin; multi-regional IOT models are required. IMF developing such a model; a simple approach using similar intensities regardless of origin might be acceptable as a first estimate.

### Forward-looking physical and transition risk indicators — scope and use
- Priority: Develop Forward-Looking Physical and Transition Risk Indicators quantifying potential impacts of climate hazards on structures and populations and impacts of mitigation strategies on business income and financial markets.
- Status: Methodological guidance still developing under G20 Data Gap Initiative 3, Recommendation 5; significant progress (e.g., Network for the Greening of Financial System models).
- Focus: Estimates of potential loss in terms of income, asset values, and populations from climate hazards (storms, droughts, flooding from sea-level rise) and from mitigation policies (e.g., carbon pricing).
- Approach: Use data stewardship drawing on international databases (examples in Appendix C).
- Use case: Carbon footprint compilation supports carbon pricing model to assess impact of a carbon tax on inflation.
- Note: The mission could not find forward-looking risk indicators from NADMO and GMET.

### Mineral and Energy Asset Accounts — rationale and methodology
- Rationale:
  - Energy transition expected to affect natural resource use and values, impacting public and private income reliant on natural resources.
  - Ghana context: economic value of oil and gas deposits expected to diminish over time as renewable energy substitutes; lithium deposits important for Li-ion batteries.
- Function: Present physical and monetary values of natural resource wealth and changes (holding gains/losses, depletion).
- Methodology: Well developed in the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting and System of National Accounts 2008; mineral accounts can be developed using national accounts and ideally SUTs data which provide detailed activity estimates for production and value added.

### Environmental government revenues by type — categories and Ghana examples
- Categories:
  - taxes on energy (including fuel for transport);
  - taxes on transport (excluding fuel for transport);
  - taxes on pollution;
  - taxes on resources.
- Environmental-related taxes/levies identified in Ghana:
  - Plastic excise tax — Implemented — An excise duty of 10% (previously 15%) of the ex-factory price on selected plastic and plastic products.
  - Sanitation and pollution levy — Implemented — Gh 0.10p (pesewas) on the price per liter of petrol/diesel.
  - Penalties on over-aged and higher engine vehicles (proxy for CO2 taxation) — Luxury vehicle tax suspended; redesign planned into a vehicle emission tax. Importation of cars older than 10 years banned and an import tax of 35% (from 10%) placed on new and used vehicles.
  - Electronic waste levy — Eco levy applied and collected on only 65 out of 365 items — Eco levy imposed on manufacturers or importers of electrical and electronic equipment.
  - Progressive water tariffs — Implemented — progressive increases to reflect environmental costs of water withdrawal and distribution.
- Reference frameworks: Government Finance Statistics Manual 2014, System of National Accounts 2008, System of Economic and Environmental Accounting.

### Environmental Activity Accounts — definition and implementation notes
- Definition: Expenditures primarily to reduce or eliminate environmental pressures or to make more efficient use of natural resources.
- Utility:
  - Inform contribution of environmental activities to the economy.
  - Precursor to identifying climate-related expenditures.
  - Public and private expenditure estimates inform resources required for mitigation policies.
- Categories: Environmental Protection Activities; Resource Management Activities.
- Implementation: Most transactions recorded in core national accounts but many not easily identified; technical assistance should focus on additional breakdowns in SUTs and re-aggregating output, intermediate consumption, and value added to produce environmental protection, resource management, and environmental goods and services accounts.

### Methodological overview (Appendix A) — key technical points
- Air Emissions Accounts:
  - Derived from emission inventories and economic aggregates from SUTs.
  - Emission inventories use the territory principle; adjustments needed to align to the resident principle used in air emissions accounts.
  - Inventories must be assigned to emitting economic activities using SUTs which use ISIC; Ghana SUTs have 98 industries.
  - Production and consumption activity data converted to emissions using internationally agreed conversion factors.
  - Address conceptual differences (e.g., air transport excluded from inventories) via bridging items; energy data often supplement source data.
- Carbon footprints:
  - Derived by combining emissions by industry with economic multipliers and final demand from IOTs.
  - In IOTs, transactions reported by supplying industries at basic prices (vs. products at purchasers’ prices in SUTs).
  - Apply air emission intensities to final use components (e.g., household final consumption expenditure) for consumption-based estimates.
- Environmental Economic Accounts:
  - Extract estimates of environmental protection and resource management activities from SUTs; may require ratios due to aggregation.
  - Collaboration with SUT compilers needed; IOTs provide broader contributions via multipliers.
- Mineral and Energy Asset Accounts:
  - Macroeconomic indicators derivable from SUTs; IMF Guide to Analyze Natural Resources in the National Accounts is relevant.
- Forward-looking indicators:
  - Experimental; international methodological framework not yet established. Appendix C lists potential source data.

### Source data and SUT update (Appendix B) — key source inputs and methods
- The 2019 SUT update will use readily available 2019 source data and modeling where data are unavailable at required detail.
- The existing classification used for the 2013 SUT will be retained for 2013. Current prices estimates only will be compiled for this project.
- Key data sources:
  - Sales data from the value added tax database (not usable for exempted supplies such as finance and insurance).
  - Corporate income tax data (to supplement VAT sales data).
  - Balance of payments and international merchandise trade statistics for detailed goods.
  - Government finance statistics for government output and final consumption expenditure and for taxes less subsidies on production (product allocation of VAT should be based on non-deductibility rather than points of collection).
  - Bank of Ghana for finance and insurance, central bank data.
  - Informal sector estimates: 2013 estimates extrapolated using current national accounts methodologies.
  - Household final consumption expenditure: existing national accounts aggregates for 2019 and 2016–17 GLS results.
  - Gross fixed capital formation: existing national estimates for 2019 (further disaggregation to SUT product classification required).
  - Trade and transport margins: product allocation based on 2013 structure, supplemented by more recent information where possible.

### Forward-looking indicators — potential sources (Appendix C)
- Forward-looking risk indicators are a key priority; stakeholders should assess existing indicators for suitability.
- Mission could not find forward-looking risk indicators from NADMO or GMET.
- Example external source: Climate Analytics (established 2008) provides indicators with interactive maps/graphs; considers national and subnational climate impacts over time under scenarios used by the Network for Greening the Financial System.

*IMF | Technical Report – Ghana Report on Macro-relevant Climate Change Statistics (Section I and Section II summaries as provided).*

### Section I. Summary of Mission Outcomes and Priority Recommendations ......................................... 3

### Section I. Summary of Mission Outcomes and Priority Recommendations

### Mission overview and objectives
- A diagnostic mission was conducted during June 26–30, 2023, to develop a roadmap to guide the compilation of climate statistics for Ghana to address policy needs.
- The mission was conducted under the auspices of the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) funded Environment and Climate Change Statistics Capacity Development Program, a two-year project with the objective to assist countries in developing timely and internationally comparable statistics to support the design and monitoring of policies to address the environmental, financial, economic, and social implications associated with climate change.
- These objectives align with the Data Gaps Initiative 3 for the G20 countries and its extension beyond these countries as well as the implementation of the System of Environmental Economic Accounting, Sustainable Development Goals regarding climate and energy issues, and measuring Beyond GDP.

### Stakeholder engagement and training
- Plenary and bilateral sessions were held with national stakeholders to:
  - Take stock of work already undertaken on environment and climate change related statistics for Ghana.
  - Review ongoing capacity development initiatives, policy needs, data gaps, and data sources.
  - Provide introductory training on environmental accounting and climate change indicators.
- Participating agencies included: Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology, and Innovation (MESTI), Environment Protection Agency (EPA), Energy Commission, National Development Planning Commission (NDPC), and the Bank of Ghana.

### Agreed priorities and rationale
- Agreement reached on the need to develop:
  - Air emissions accounts (to be aligned with the System of Environmental Economic Accounting Central Framework).
  - Physical and forward-looking transition risk indicators (more experimental; could be implemented as a data stewardship component using international databases).
- Emission inventories are available for Ghana from 1990 to 2019 and need conversion into air emissions accounts.
- Secondary priorities: mineral and energy resource statistics, carbon footprints, and other indicators to be considered in a second phase after Air Emissions Accounts are compiled.
- Carbon footprints will help understand consumption impacts on air emissions by considering international trade in global supply chains.
- Ghana’s deposits of oil, lithium and other minerals pose economic and environmental challenges and opportunities that require systematic statistical measurement.

### Role of SUTs and IOTs
- National Supply and Use Tables (SUTs) and Input-Output Tables (IOTs) underpin compilation of several climate change indicators.
- Latest national accounts-based extended tables referenced: “The 2013 Environmental Extended Physical Supply and Use Tables for Energy Accounts in Ghana” (reference year 2013).
- Important enabling step: build capacity for regular intermediate updating of SUTs and compile intermediate IOTs to bridge gaps between national accounts updates and facilitate regular climate indicator compilation.

### Coordination
- GSS will coordinate collaboration between agencies participating in the project in close consultation with the EPA.
- A technical coordinating group, chaired by GSS and EPA, will include key stakeholders from participating agencies; meetings held as needed.

### Priority Recommendations (Table 1)
- December 2023: Finalize 2019 SUTs and IOTs. — Responsible: GSS
- December 2024: Compile 2019 Air Emissions Accounts for publication. — Responsible: GSS, EPA
- December 2024: Prepare 3 experimental Forward-looking Physical and Transition Risk Indicators for publication. — Responsible: GSS, EPA, NDPC

### Timing and implementation
- Development work should be initiated as soon as possible to implement recommendations within the recommended timeframe.
- Further details and milestones are provided in the Action Plan under Detailed Technical Assessment and Recommendations.

---

### Section II. Detailed Technical Assessment and Recommendations

### Action Plan (Table 2)
- Finalize intermediate 2019 SUT and IOT Tables. — Target Completion Date: December 2023
- Compile 2019 Air Emissions Accounts for publication. — Target Completion Date: December 2024
- Take stock of progress and decide on next priorities. — Target Completion Date: June 2024
- Publish three experimental Forward-Looking Physical and Transition Risk indicators. — Target Completion Date: December 2024

A. Introduction
- The SECO-funded project will assist Ghana to compile relevant environmental and climate change statistics with three main outputs: workshops to assist in program design, training in development of environmental and climate change statistics, and a direct delivery component.
- Significant international methodological work exists, but data gaps remain in Ghana; work is needed to update key macroeconomic frameworks (SUTs) to support compilation of updated priority climate related statistics.
- The diagnostic mission (June 26–30, 2023) engaged key data compilers and users and will be followed by workshops covering technical and conceptual aspects of the deliverables.

B. Policy priorities in respect of environment and climate change
- The Government of Ghana has published a National Medium-Term Development Policy Framework 2022–2025 to guide economic development; the framework focuses on economic growth, digitization, science, technology, and innovation, urbanization and infrastructural deficits, youth unemployment, public health, emergency preparedness, and climate change.
- The Framework notes ongoing disasters: “epidemics, floods, wildfires...coastal erosions (and) landslides” and that “the ocean claims between 1.5 to 4 meters of 560 kilometers of coastline annually.”
- Government measures to strengthen climate resilience and meet Paris Agreement commitments include: developing Green House Gas (GHG) emission accounting system, developing a Nationally Determined Contribution implementation plan, and incorporating climate change issues into environmental impact assessment processes and annual progress reporting.
- The Framework observes that mainstreaming climate change into government development agenda has been limited by constrained political commitment and awareness; the project presents an opportunity for holistic analysis linking environmental factors and economic implications.
- NDPC highlighted the opportunity to address data gaps to assist further development of a multi-module national development model with macroeconomic functionality for forecasting and sectoral planning; environmental data gaps have challenged model development.

C. Stakeholders, data sources available and statistics currently being produced
- Ministries and agencies compiling environment and climate-related statistics include:
  - Ghana Statistical Service (GSS); both Agriculture and Environment, and National Accounts Divisions
  - Ministry of Finance
  - Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology, and Innovation (MESTI)
  - Environment Protection Agency (EPA)
  - Energy Commission
  - National Development Planning Commission (NDPC)
  - The Bank of Ghana
  - Ministry of Energy
  - Forestry Commission
  - Ministry of Agriculture
- No regular publication of environment and climate change data exists, but past publications include:
  - The Asset Accounts for Mineral Resources in Ghana for 2006–2014, released in 2017
  - The 2020 Environment Statistics Compendium—an update is ongoing
  - The 2013 Environmental Extended Physical Supply and Use Tables for Energy Accounts in Ghana, released in 2019
- Ghana has developed a National Capital Accounting (NCA) Framework to harmonize the NCA data ecosystem and integrate NCA activities into decision-making; World Bank and United Nations Statistics Division provided technical assistance. Preliminary results of land accounts, ecosystem extent accounts, and ecosystem services accounts were presented at a national NCA forum on June 15, 2023. Final reports for land and ecosystem extent accounts and ecosystem services accounts were expected to be released by the end of 2023.

D. Enabling the development of enhanced climate change statistics
- The Supply and Use Tables (SUT) should be updated to enable compilation of air emissions accounts; the latest SUTs are for 2013 and no longer reflect current economic structure.
- An intermediate SUT update should be completed during 2023 using readily available source data. The GSS is starting a rebase of national accounts using the SUT framework, but the rebase is unlikely to be completed before 2025. A partial update would provide intermediate estimates and support the rebase.
- Readily available administrative data, balance of payments, and government finance statistics can support a partial update. Emission inventories are available up to 2019; because of COVID-19 impacts on economic structure, a post-pandemic year should be avoided and SUTs updated to 2019.
- Key data sources needed to update the SUT are listed in Appendix B of the report.
- Compiling Input-Output Tables (IOT) for 2019 will provide estimates needed for:
  - An updated set of Environmental Extended Physical Supply and Use Tables for Energy Accounts in Ghana
  - Carbon footprints (economic multipliers derived from IOT are required)
  - Improved data quality by identifying inconsistencies such as product or margin allocations and deriving basic price estimates
- Recommended action: The GSS should update the SUT and IOT on an intermediate basis to 2019 during 2023.

E. Climate change mitigation and adaptation measures — Introduction
- Agreement on priorities: develop air emissions accounts and physical and transition risk indicators.
- Air emissions accounts require significant coordinated compilation by GSS, Energy Commission, and EPA.
- Physical and transition risk indicators are more experimental and could be implemented as a data stewardship component using statistics from international databases.
- Other indicators could be developed in a later phase following compilation of Air Emissions Accounts.
- The report provides an overview of the indicators, their policy uses, and methodological and data requirements in subsequent sections (including Air Emissions Accounts, Forward Looking Physical and Transition Risk Indicators, Carbon Footprints, Environmental Government Revenues by Type, Mineral and Energy Asset Accounts, Environmental Activity Accounts).

*Source: IMF | Technical Report – Ghana Report on Macro-relevant Climate Change Statistics (Section I and Section II summaries as provided).*

### 22.        There was agreement on the need to develop a comprehensive set of air emissions

### 1ghaea2023002 - 22.        There was agreement on the need to develop a comprehensive set of air emissions

### Air emissions accounts — purpose and priority
- Air emissions accounts present information on gaseous and particulate substances released to the atmosphere by resident establishments and households as a result of economic processes (production, consumption, and accumulation).
- They are structured by industry (various levels of detail) and by household and are consistent with national accounts estimates of value added and output.
- Key policy use: monitoring the effect of climate mitigation policies by integrating with annual estimates of Output or Gross Value Added at constant prices to derive GHG emission intensities by industry—a key indicator in monitoring the effectiveness of climate mitigation policies and understanding the level of decoupling between greenhouse gas emissions and output.
- Recommended Action:
  - The GSS and EPA to develop Air Emissions Accounts for publication as a priority before December 2024.

### Data items and current availability (as presented)
- Physical flow accounts: For agriculture only, compiled with support from the Food and Agriculture Organization. To be released by the end of 2023
- Land Accounts: By the end of 2023
- National Inventories (UNFCCC): 2019
- National Carbon Footprints: Limited availability for a few reporting units
- Energy Accounts: 2013
- Energy Statistics including Energy Balance: Up to 2022
- Environmental Activity Accounts/ Environmental Expenditures: Underway
- Mineral and Energy Asset Accounts: 2013

### Carbon footprints — definition, uses, and inputs
- Carbon footprints: a broad measure of emissions that includes direct and indirect emissions by resident establishments as a result of economic (production, consumption, and accumulation) processes.
- Presentation: broken down by output industry and contributing industries as well as by demand category; generally annual estimates.
- Policy uses:
  - Identification of high versus low emitting industries.
  - Identification of consumption of products that result in high levels of emissions.
  - Assessment of individual corporate scope 1, scope 2, and scope 3 emissions relative to the industry average.
- Main source data required to produce carbon footprints:
  - Input-output tables (specific issues are discussed in the Appendix A of this report);
  - Direct measures of emissions;
  - Air Emissions Accounts.
- Notes on methodology:
  - Carbon footprints are derived by combining emissions by industry with economic multipliers and final demand estimates from the IOTs.
  - Specific emissions intensities should be used for imports depending on the country of origin; complex multi-regional input-output models are required. The IMF is developing such a model and could provide further assistance. A simple approach based on similar intensities regardless of the country of origin might be acceptable as a first estimate.

### Forward-looking physical and transition risk indicators
- Priority: participants prioritized assessing potential to develop Forward Looking indicators of Physical and Transition Risk Indicators which quantify potential impacts of climate hazards on physical structures and populations and impacts of mitigation strategies on business income and financial markets.
- Status: methodological guidance is still being developed as part of the G20 Data Gap Initiative 3, Recommendation 5; significant progress has been made (e.g., models developed by the Network for the Greening of Financial System).
- Focus of indicators:
  - Estimates of potential loss measured in terms of income, asset values, and populations arising from climate hazards like rising storms, drought conditions or flooding caused by rising sea levels, and those arising from climate mitigation policies such as carbon pricing.
  - Use of data stewardship drawing on statistics readily available from international databases (some examples provided at Appendix C).
- Use case: compilation of carbon footprint supports preparation of a carbon pricing model to assess the impact of a carbon tax on inflation.

### Mineral and Energy Asset Accounts
- Broad agreement on importance.
- Rationale:
  - Anticipated energy transition expected to have significant repercussions for the use of natural resources and their changes in value over time, impacting public and private income reliant on natural resources.
  - In the Ghana context, economic value of deposits of oil and gas are expected to diminish over time and gradually be substituted by renewable energy sources.
  - Deposits of Lithium have significant value as a key input to Li-ion batteries.
- Function: present physical and monetary values of natural resource wealth and changes therein (holding gains and losses, depletion of natural resources).
- Methodology: well developed in the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting and the System of National Accounts 2008; mineral accounts can be developed using national accounts and ideally SUTs data which provide detailed activity estimates for production, value added, contribution to GDP.

### Environmental government revenues by type
- Importance: helps monitor changes in government revenue streams as economies transition away from fossil fuel-based energy supplies and as some resources (e.g., Lithium) grow in economic importance.
- Categories presented:
  - taxes on energy (including fuel for transport);
  - taxes on transport (excluding fuel for transport);
  - taxes on pollution;
  - taxes on resources.
- Environmental-related taxes identified in Ghana:
  - Plastic excise tax — Implemented — An excise duty of 10% (previously 15%) of the ex-factory price on selected plastic and plastic products.
  - Sanitation and pollution levy — Implemented — Gh 0.10p (pesewas) on the price per liter of petrol/diesel to raise revenue to combat sanitation-related challenges.
  - Penalties on over-aged and higher engine vehicles (a proxy for CO2 taxation) — Luxury vehicle tax suspended.
    - The luxury vehicle tax to be redesigned into a vehicle emission tax.
    - Importation of cars older than 10 years has been banned and an import tax of 35% (from 10%) placed on new and used vehicles.
  - Electronic waste levy — Eco levy applied and collected on only 65 out of 365 items — Eco levy imposed on manufacturers or importers of electrical and electronic equipment.
  - Progressive water tariffs — Implemented — The progressive increase in water tariffs reflects the environmental costs of water resource withdrawal and distribution.
- Reference frameworks: Government Finance Statistics Manual 2014, the System of National Accounts 2008, and the System of Economic and Environmental Accounting.

### Environmental Activity Accounts
- Definition: environmental activity expenditures are those expenditures whose primary purpose is to reduce or eliminate pressures on the environment or to make more efficient use of natural resources.
- Utility:
  - Inform on the contribution of environmental activities to the economy by identifying activities related to the environment and could be a precursor to identifying climate-related expenditures.
  - Estimates (public and private) can be used to understand resources required to develop policies to mitigate economic risk associated with climate change.
- Categories of environmental expenditures:
  - Environmental Protection Activities;
  - Resource Management Activities.
- Implementation notes:
  - Most transactions are recorded within the core national accounts framework but many cannot be easily identified owing to account structure and classifications.
  - Technical assistance should focus on incorporating additional breakdowns into existing national accounts statistics for Ghana (e.g., supply and use tables) and re-aggregating estimates of output, intermediate consumption, and value added to produce environmental protection expenditure accounts, resource management expenditure accounts, and environmental goods and services accounts.

### Coordination and governance
- Role: The GSS, at the center of the national statistical system, will continue to coordinate collaboration between agencies participating in this project in close consultation with the EPA.
- A technical coordinating group will include key stakeholders from the agencies participating in the plenary sessions and be chaired by the GSS and the EPA. Meetings will be held as needed.
- Good cooperation noted between key stakeholders including on data sharing.

### Methodological overview (Appendix A) — key points
- Air Emissions:
  - Derived from emission inventories and economic aggregates obtained from the SUTs.
  - Emissions inventories are based on the territory principle; adjustments are necessary to comply with the resident principle used in the air emissions accounts.
  - Each inventory source needs assignment to the emitting economic activity (production activity or household consumption category) using SUTs which show detailed transactions according to the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The SUTs for Ghana have 98 industries.
  - Production and consumption activity data are converted into emissions using internationally agreed conversion factors.
  - Other conceptual differences exist (e.g., air transport excluded from inventories); bridging items are used to address these issues. Energy data often supplement source data.
- Carbon footprints:
  - Derived by combining emissions by industry with economic multipliers and final demand estimates from IOTs.
  - In IOTs, transactions are reported by supplying industries at basic prices instead of by products at purchasers’ prices in SUTs.
  - Air emission intensities can be applied to final use components such as household final consumption expenditure to obtain embodied emissions (consumption-based estimates).
- Environmental Economic Accounts:
  - Relevant estimates of activities contributing to environmental protection and resource management can be extracted from SUTs which provide production, value added and income components by industry.
  - May require use of ratios due to level of aggregation (SUTs have 98 industries in Ghana).
  - Contributions should be determined in conjunction with SUT compilers; IOTs can provide broader contributions via economic multipliers.
- Mineral and Energy Assets Accounts:
  - Indicators for macroeconomic impacts can be derived from SUTs.
  - IMF Guide to Analyze Natural Resources in the National Accounts is relevant; framework focuses mainly on flows and includes asset accounts in addendum items.
- Environment Government Revenues by Type:
  - Categories and the identified Ghana taxes (see above).
- Forward-looking physical and transition risk indicators:
  - Still experimental; methodological and conceptual framework yet to be established by the international statistical community.
  - Appendix C includes source data that could be considered for development of these indicators.

### Source data and SUT update (Appendix B) — selected data sources and notes
- The 2019 SUT update will incorporate readily available source data for 2019 and involve modelling techniques where source data are unavailable at the required level.
- The existing classification used for the 2013 SUT will be used for 2013. Current prices estimate only will be compiled for this project.
- Key data sources identified:
  - Formal production estimates: Sales data from the value added tax database (Not usable for exempted supplies such as finance and insurance).
  - Formal production estimates: Corporate income tax data (To be used to supplement the sales data from value added tax).
  - Imports and exports: Balance of payments and international merchandise trade statistics for detailed goods.
  - Government output and final consumption expenditure: Government finance statistics.
  - Taxes less subsidies on production: Government finance statistics (product allocation of value added tax should not be based on points of collection but on non-deductibility of the tax).
  - Finance and insurance, central bank: Bank of Ghana.
  - Informal sector estimates: 2013 estimates extrapolated using current methodologies used in national accounts.
  - Household final consumption expenditure: Existing national accounts estimates for 2019 for aggregates and 2016–17 GLS results.
  - Gross fixed capital formation: Based on existing national estimates for 2019 (further analysis needed to disaggregate to SUT product classification).
  - Trade and transport margins: Product allocation based on 2013 structure, supplemented by more recent information where possible.

### Forward-looking indicators — sources to consider (Appendix C)
- Forward-looking risk indicators were highlighted as a key priority. Existing indicators should be assessed by stakeholders for suitability.
- The mission was unable to find forward-looking risk indicators from the National Disaster Management Organization (NADMO) and the Ghana Meteorological Authority (GMET).
- Example source: Climate Analytics (established in 2008) provides a number of indicators with interactive maps and graphs; national and subnational climate impacts are considered over time at current emissions reductions levels (according to the scenario used by the Network for Greening the Financial System).

*IMF | Technical Report – Ghana Report on Macro-relevant Climate Change Statistics*

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_Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2023/english/1ghaea2023002.pdf_