## Section I. Detailed Technical Assessment and Recommendations

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---

### A. Introduction
- TA mission conducted from June 5–9, 2023, to assist the Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS) with development of a Residential Property Price Index (RPPI). First mission to Kosovo specifically dedicated to the RPPI.
- Pre-mission meeting held on May 26, attended by KAS officials.
- Agreed objectives:
  - Examine potential data sources.
  - Provide training on RPPI compilation.
  - Agree next steps for RPPI development.
  - Assess required resources.
- Core participants: three members from the Price Statistics Division (KAS) and one representative from the Statistics Department in the Central Bank of Kosovo (CBK). Senior KAS management and the local IMF economist attended the concluding session.
- Key stakeholder meetings: Property Tax Division of the Ministry of Finance (MoF), Notary Chamber of the Republic of Kosovo, Cadastre Directorate of the Municipality of Pristina, and the largest real estate company in Kosovo.
- Uses of a newly developed RPPI:
  - To meet statistical requirements of Regulation (EU) 2016/792.
  - To meet reporting requirements for the IMF’s Financial Soundness Indicators (FSIs).
  - Domestic users: CBK for financial stability assessment; MoF for appraisal of residential property for tax purposes.
- Recommended institutional actions:
  - KAS to compile the RPPI for Kosovo.
  - KAS to assign a dedicated resource to the RPPI.
  - KAS to form an RPPI Working Group to guide development.
  - KAS to draft a workplan for the RPPI by end-September and send to the IMF.

### B. Institutional Arrangements and Resources
- Institutional mandate:
  - KAS confirmed as official compiler of the RPPI; statistical legislation assigns KAS coordination and general responsibility for official statistics, including drafting the five-year program and the annual implementation plan.
  - KAS to lead RPPI development in line with roles for HICP and PPI.
- Resource assignment and timeline:
  - KAS should assign a dedicated resource to the RPPI by end–July 2023.
  - Assigned individual should have familiarity with statistical software packages and be open to learning new statistical techniques.
  - Once a resource is assigned and initial data files are received, development of the RPPI will take approximately two years from start to finish.
  - When the statistic goes into regular production, more than one person should be trained on processes and methods.
- Governance:
  - KAS should form an RPPI Working Group (recommended membership: KAS, Statistics Department of CBK, Property Tax Division of MoF).
  - Working Group should meet quarterly (or more frequently as required) to provide technical advice and monitor project milestones, without infringing on KAS legal mandate.
- Workplan and collaboration:
  - KAS should draft a workplan to meet the structural benchmark agreed under the recent SBA-RSF agreements between the IMF and Kosovo and send it to the IMF by end-September 2023.
  - IMF team and KAS staff will collaborate remotely; IMF will support implementation and advise on the workplan as required.

### C. Data Sources for the RPPI
- Assessment criteria for data sources:
  - Accessibility; timeliness; quality of price information; availability of price-determining characteristics; coverage of market transactions; availability of time series data.
- Preferred source conclusion:
  - Transactions data from real estate companies should be used for RPPI development; assessed best in the short to medium term mainly for price quality and market coverage.
- Market context and implications:
  - Residential property market in Kosovo has a high proportion of cash purchases. Some stakeholders estimated this to be as high as 65 percent.
  - High cash purchase share reduces representativeness of loan information from financial institutions; loan data would miss cash transactions.
  - Real estate companies capture both mortgage-financed purchases and cash purchases.
- Administrative data considerations:
  - Administrative data on property transfers are unsuited as RPPI source due to lack of acceptance about declared prices recorded for property registration.
  - Cadastral Agency data can be used as a complete register of transactions to check coverage of real estate company data.
  - KAS should come to an agreement with the Cadastral Agency for the regular transmission of data on property transfers.
- Real estate companies and dataset availability:
  - Pro Real Estate has agreed to provide a dataset to KAS.
  - Pro Real Estate accounts for approximately 60 percent of the residential property market in Kosovo and has a larger market share in Pristina than in rural areas.
  - Dataset contents:
    - Transaction price agreed between buyer and seller (the target price for the RPPI).
    - Asking price (enabling analysis of asking vs final transaction prices).
    - Property characteristics (e.g., location, size, structure) allowing mix-adjusted price indices.
    - Up to three years of back data available from Pro Real Estate.
- Recommended data actions:
  - KAS should agree on the structure of the file to be transferred from Pro Real Estate; mission developed a specification of requirements and an iterative agreement process is expected.
  - To sustain data collection, KAS should sign an agreement with Pro Real Estate outlining the nature of data sharing.
  - KAS should assess the quality and suitability of the Pro Real Estate data after receiving a data file. Suggested data-quality checks include:
    - Graphical analysis of price information (e.g., histograms, box plots) to assess price dispersion.
    - Basic analysis of median prices over time.
    - Assessment of availability of characteristic information, frequency of missing values, use of defined categories for non-numerical variables, frequency of duplicate values.
  - KAS may need to collect transactions data from additional regional real estate companies to improve geographical coverage outside Pristina.
  - Use Cadastral Agency data to assess coverage of Pro Real Estate data, while noting the cadastral register includes non-market transactions (e.g., transfers between family members, inherited properties) which are outside RPPI scope.

### D. Compilation Methods for the RPPI
- Capacity building and training provided:
  - Training covered: data visualization, assessing data quality, stratification, weights, sub-index calculation, and aggregation to high-level indices.
  - KAS staff should continue to familiarize themselves with index calculation methods using material provided; further capacity development will be required as work progresses.
- Stratification and experimental indexing:
  - KAS should decide on appropriate stratification of the data; stratification important for compilation, quality adjustment, and dissemination.
  - Potential stratification methods discussed should be fully tested when actual data is received.
  - KAS should calculate an experimental index using chosen strata initially and assess sub-indices and headline index.
- Software:
  - KAS should decide on a suitable statistical software package for RPPI development. The R statistical package is a common choice among countries.
  - IMF staff can support KAS to code new processes in R if required.

### Priority Recommendations and Action Plan (selected items)
- Priority Recommendations (selected exact deadlines and responsibilities):
  - July 31, 2023 — Assign a dedicated RPPI resource — Responsible: KAS
  - July 31, 2023 — Agree on the structure of the file to be transferred from Pro Real Estate — Responsible: KAS
  - August 31, 2023 — Assess the quality of the data and its suitability for use in the compilation of the RPPI — Responsible: KAS
- Action Plan (selected milestones with dates):
  - Institutional arrangements and resources:
    - Confirm that the KAS are responsible for compilation of the RPPI — Completed
    - Assign a dedicated RPPI resource in the KAS — Jul 31, 2023
    - Form an RPPI Working Group to guide the development process — Jul 31, 2023
    - Draft a workplan for the RPPI and send to the IMF — Sep 30, 2023
  - Data sources for the RPPI:
    - Meet with key government and private sector stakeholders — Completed
    - Use data from real estate companies for the RPPI – request a data file from Pro Real Estate — Completed
    - Agree on the structure of the file to be transferred from Pro Real Estate — Jul 31, 2023
    - Assess the quality of the data and its suitability for use in the compilation of the RPPI — Aug 31, 2023
    - Come to an agreement with the Cadastral Agency for the regular transmission of data on property transfers — Oct 31, 2023
    - Use the data from the Cadastral Agency to assess the coverage of the data from the real estate companies — Nov 30, 2023
    - Collect transactions data from additional real estate companies as required — Dec 31, 2023
  - Compilation methods for the RPPI:
    - Provide initial training to staff in the KAS on the compilation methods — Completed
    - Continue to increase knowledge on the methods for index calculation — Aug 31, 2023
    - Decide on a suitable statistical software package for the development of the RPPI — Aug 31, 2023
    - Decide on an appropriate stratification of the data — Dec 31, 2023
    - Calculate an experimental index using the chosen strata — Dec 31, 2023

### Capacity development, technical guidance, and testing (Mission follow-up)
- Capacity development and training:
  - Mission increased capacity and knowledge of KAS staff on RPPI methods.
  - Authorities requested training on all aspects of RPPI compilation.
  - IMF synthetic data file used because no existing dataset in Kosovo could be used.
  - Main topics covered: data visualization, assessing data quality, stratification, weights, sub-index calculation, aggregation to high-level indices.
- Technical guidance on RPPI compilation and methods:
  - Presented: specifying the models; interpreting regression results; calculating price indices using the time-dummy hedonic (TDH) approach; aggregating sub-indices using annually updated weights.
  - KAS staff should continue to familiarize themselves with methods using provided materials.
- Statistical software and coding support:
  - KAS should decide on a suitable statistical software package for RPPI development; R noted as a common choice.
  - IMF staff can support KAS to code new processes in R if required.
- Stratification, testing, and experimental index:
  - KAS should decide on appropriate stratification; many countries use location and property type combinations.
  - KAS should assess Eurostat requirements under Regulation (EU) 2016/792.
  - Potential stratification methods discussed should be fully tested when actual data is received.
  - KAS should calculate an experimental index using chosen strata and assess sub-indices and headline index.
- Further capacity development and follow-up:
  - Further capacity development will likely be required as RPPI work progresses.
  - Further missions to Kosovo can be planned as required by the authorities.
- Recommended actions (recap):
  - Continue to increase knowledge on methods for index calculation.
  - Decide on a suitable statistical software package for RPPI development.
  - Decide on appropriate stratification of the data.
  - Calculate an experimental index using the chosen strata.

### Officials met during the mission
- Ilir Berisha — Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS) — ilir.t.berisha@rks-gov.net
- Ismajl Sahiti — Deputy Director, Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS) — ismail.sahiti@rks-gov.net
- Ibish Asllani — Head of Price Statistics, Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS) — Ibish.Asllani@rks-gov.net
- Arlinda Mataj — Senior Statistics Officer, Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS) — arlinda.mataj@rks-gov.net
- Gëzim Ahmeti — Intern, Price Statistics, Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS) — gezim.b.ahmeti@rks-gov.net
- Shqipe Hajredini — Senior Statistician, Central Bank of Kosovo (CBK) — shqipe.hajredini@bqk-kos.org
- Selim Thaçi — Senior Economist, International Monetary Fund (IMF) – based in Kosovo — sthaçi@imf.org
- Albana Shala Bunjaku — Director, Ministry of Finance (MoF) — albana.f.shala@rks-gov.net
- Qefsere Bajrami — Head of the Division, Ministry of Finance (MoF) — qefsere.bajrami@rks-gov.net
- Vehap Hashani — Senior legal officer, Ministry of Finance (MoF) — vehap.v.hashani@rks-gov.net
- Vllaznim Vuçitërna — Geodesist, Ministry of Finance (MoF) — vllaznim. vuçitërna@rks-gov.net
- Hyrmete Gashi — Property Valuation, Ministry of Finance (MoF) — hyrmete.baca@rks-gov.net
- Erdon Gjinolli — Secretary of the Chamber, Chamber of Notaries of the Republic of Kosovo — erdongjinolli@yahoo.com
- Milaim Krasniqi — Sector Leader, Municipality of Prishtina — milaim.krasniqi@rks-gov.net
- Donat Lushaku — Director of Cadastre, Municipality of Prishtina — donat.lrasiku@rks-gov.net
- Berat Reçica — Office manager, Pro Real Estate — berat.reçika@pro-rks.com
- Valon Batusha — Sales Director, Pro Real Estate — valon.batusha@pro-rks.com
- Milot Mehmeti — Property Developer, Pro Real Estate — milot.mehmeti@pro-rks.com

*IMF | Technical Report – Kosovo Report on Residential Property Price Index (RRPI) Mission | Section I. Detailed Technical Assessment and Recommendations*

### Section I. Detailed Technical Assessment and Recommendations ...................................................... 5

### Section I. Detailed Technical Assessment and Recommendations

### A. Introduction
- A technical assistance (TA) mission was conducted from June 5–9, 2023, to assist the Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS) with the development of a Residential Property Price Index (RPPI). This was the first mission to Kosovo specifically dedicated to the RPPI. A pre-mission meeting was held on May 26, attended by officials from the KAS.
- Objectives agreed: examine potential data sources, provide training on RPPI compilation, agree next steps for RPPI development, and assess required resources.
- Core participants: three members from the Price Statistics Division (KAS) and one representative from the Statistics Department in the Central Bank of Kosovo (CBK). Senior management in the KAS and the local IMF economist (based at the CBK) attended the concluding session.
- Key stakeholder meetings: Property Tax Division of the Ministry of Finance (MoF), Notary Chamber of the Republic of Kosovo, Cadastre Directorate of the Municipality of Pristina, and the largest real estate company in Kosovo.
- Uses of a newly developed RPPI:
  - To meet statistical requirements of Regulation (EU) 2016/792.
  - To meet reporting requirements for the IMF’s Financial Soundness Indicators (FSIs).
  - Domestic users: CBK for financial stability assessment; MoF for appraisal of residential property for tax purposes.
- Recommended actions (institutional):
  - The KAS to compile the RPPI for Kosovo.
  - The KAS to assign a dedicated resource to the RPPI.
  - The KAS to form an RPPI Working Group to guide the development process.
  - The KAS to draft a workplan for the RPPI by end-September and send to the IMF.

### B. Institutional Arrangements and Resources
- Institutional mandate:
  - KAS confirmed as the official compiler of the RPPI; statistical legislation assigns KAS coordination and general responsibility for official statistics, including drafting the five-year program and the annual implementation plan.
  - KAS to lead RPPI development in line with roles for HICP and PPI.
- Resource assignment and timeline:
  - The KAS should assign a dedicated resource to the RPPI by end–July 2023.
  - The assigned individual should have familiarity with statistical software packages and be open to learning new statistical techniques.
  - Once a resource is assigned and initial data files are received, the development of the RPPI will take approximately two years from start to finish.
  - When the statistic goes into regular production, more than one person should be trained on processes and methods.
- Governance:
  - KAS should form an RPPI Working Group (recommended membership: KAS, Statistics Department of CBK, Property Tax Division of MoF).
  - Working Group should meet quarterly (or more frequently as required) to provide technical advice and monitor project milestones, without infringing on KAS legal mandate.
- Workplan:
  - KAS should draft a workplan to meet the structural benchmark agreed under the recent SBA-RSF agreements between the IMF and Kosovo and send it to the IMF by end-September 2023.
- Ongoing collaboration:
  - IMF team and KAS staff will collaborate remotely; IMF will support implementation and advise on the workplan as required.

### C. Data Sources for the RPPI
- Data-source assessment criteria:
  - Accessibility; timeliness; quality of price information; availability of price-determining characteristics; coverage of market transactions; availability of time series data.
- Conclusion on preferred source:
  - Transactions data from real estate companies should be used for RPPI development; assessed best in the short to medium term mainly for price quality and market coverage.
- Market context and implications:
  - The residential property market in Kosovo has a high proportion of cash purchases. Some stakeholders estimated this to be as high as 65 percent.
  - High cash purchase share reduces representativeness of loan information from financial institutions; loan data would miss cash transactions.
  - Real estate companies capture both mortgage-financed purchases and cash purchases.
- Administrative data:
  - Administrative data on property transfers are unsuited as RPPI source due to lack of acceptance about declared prices recorded for property registration.
  - Cadastral Agency data can be used as a complete register of transactions to check coverage of real estate company data.
  - KAS should come to an agreement with the Cadastral Agency for the regular transmission of data on property transfers.
- Real estate companies and dataset availability:
  - A large real estate company, Pro Real Estate, has agreed to provide a dataset to the KAS.
  - Pro Real Estate accounts for approximately 60 percent of the residential property market in Kosovo and has a larger market share in Pristina than in rural areas.
  - Dataset contents:
    - Transaction price agreed between buyer and seller (the target price for the RPPI).
    - Asking price (enabling analysis of asking vs final transaction prices).
    - Property characteristics (e.g., location, size, structure) allowing mix-adjusted price indices.
    - Up to three years of back data available from Pro Real Estate.
- Recommended data actions:
  - The KAS should agree on the structure of the file to be transferred from Pro Real Estate; the mission developed a specification of requirements and an iterative agreement process is expected.
  - To sustain data collection, KAS should sign an agreement with Pro Real Estate outlining the nature of data sharing.
  - The KAS should assess the quality and suitability of the Pro Real Estate data after receiving a data file. Suggested data-quality checks include:
    - Graphical analysis of price information (e.g., histograms, box plots) to assess price dispersion.
    - Basic analysis of median prices over time.
    - Assessment of availability of characteristic information, frequency of missing values, use of defined categories for non-numerical variables, frequency of duplicate values.
  - The KAS may need to collect transactions data from additional regional real estate companies to improve geographical coverage outside Pristina.
  - Use data from the Cadastral Agency to assess coverage of Pro Real Estate data, while noting the cadastral register includes non-market transactions (e.g., transfers between family members, inherited properties) which are outside RPPI scope.
- Recommended actions (data):
  - The KAS should use data from real estate companies for the development of the RPPI.
  - The KAS should agree on the structure of the file to be transferred from Pro Real Estate.
  - The KAS should assess the quality of the data and its suitability for use in the compilation of the RPPI.
  - The KAS should come to an agreement with the Cadastral Agency for the regular transmission of data on property transfers.
  - The KAS should use the data from the Cadastral Agency to assess the coverage of the data from Pro Real Estate.
  - The KAS should collect transactions data from more real estate companies as required.

### D. Compilation Methods for the RPPI (summary of mission input and planned actions)
- Capacity building and training:
  - The mission provided training on RPPI compilation covering: data visualization, assessing data quality, stratification, weights, sub-index calculation, and aggregation to high-level indices.
  - KAS staff should continue to familiarize themselves with index calculation methods using the material provided. Further capacity development will be required as work progresses.
- Stratification and experimental indexing:
  - KAS should decide on an appropriate stratification of the data; stratification is important for compilation, quality adjustment, and dissemination.
  - Potential stratification methods discussed during the mission should be fully tested when actual data is received.
  - KAS should calculate an experimental index using chosen strata initially and assess sub-indices and headline index.
- Software:
  - KAS should decide on a suitable statistical software package for RPPI development. The R statistical package is a common choice among countries.
  - IMF staff can support KAS to code new processes in R if required.

### Priority Recommendations and Action Plan (selected items)
- Priority Recommendations (Table 1):
  - July 31, 2023 — Assign a dedicated RPPI resource — Responsible: KAS
  - July 31, 2023 — Agree on the structure of the file to be transferred from Pro Real Estate — Responsible: KAS
  - August 31, 2023 — Assess the quality of the data and its suitability for use in the compilation of the RPPI — Responsible: KAS
- Action Plan (selected milestones from Table 2):
  - Topic: Institutional arrangements and resources
    - Confirm that the KAS are responsible for compilation of the RPPI — Completed
    - Assign a dedicated RPPI resource in the KAS — Jul 31, 2023
    - Form an RPPI Working Group to guide the development process — Jul 31, 2023
    - Draft a workplan for the RPPI and send to the IMF — Sep 30, 2023
  - Topic: Data sources for the RPPI
    - Meet with key government and private sector stakeholders — Completed
    - Use data from real estate companies for the RPPI – request a data file from Pro Real Estate — Completed
    - Agree on the structure of the file to be transferred from Pro Real Estate — Jul 31, 2023
    - Assess the quality of the data and its suitability for use in the compilation of the RPPI — Aug 31, 2023
    - Come to an agreement with the Cadastral Agency for the regular transmission of data on property transfers — Oct 31, 2023
    - Use the data from the Cadastral Agency to assess the coverage of the data from the real estate companies — Nov 30, 2023
    - Collect transactions data from additional real estate companies as required — Dec 31, 2023
  - Topic: Compilation methods for the RPPI
    - Provide initial training to staff in the KAS on the compilation methods — Completed
    - Continue to increase knowledge on the methods for index calculation — Aug 31, 2023
    - Decide on a suitable statistical software package for the development of the RPPI — Aug 31, 2023
    - Decide on an appropriate stratification of the data — Dec 31, 2023
    - Calculate an experimental index using the chosen strata — Dec 31, 2023

*IMF | Technical Report – Kosovo Report on Residential Property Price Index (RRPI) Mission | Section I. Detailed Technical Assessment and Recommendations*

### 28. The mission increased capacity and knowledge of staff in the KAS on the methods for

### 1kosea2023004 - 28. The mission increased capacity and knowledge of staff in the KAS on the methods for

### Capacity development and training
- The mission increased capacity and knowledge of staff in the KAS on the methods for RPPI compilation.
- The authorities requested that the mission provide training on all aspects of RPPI compilation.
- Since there was no existing dataset in Kosovo that could be used for this purpose, the IMF synthetic data file was used instead.2
- Main topics covered in the meetings included: data visualization, assessing data quality, stratification, weights, sub-index calculation and aggregation to high-level indices.

### Technical guidance on RPPI compilation and methods
- The technical aspects of index compilation and aggregation were presented during the mission.
- Information presented included:
  - specifying the models,
  - interpreting the results of the regressions,
  - calculating the price indices using the time-dummy hedonic (TDH) approach,
  - aggregating the sub-indices using annually updated weights.
- Staff in the KAS should continue to familiarize themselves with the methods for index calculation using the material provided during the mission.

### Statistical software and coding support
- The KAS should decide on a suitable statistical software package for the development of the RPPI.
- The R statistical package is noted as a common choice among countries.
- If required, IMF staff can support the KAS to code the new processes in R.

### Stratification, testing, and experimental index
- The KAS should decide on an appropriate stratification of the data.
- Stratification is important for the compilation and quality adjustment of the RPPI and also determines how the RPPI is disseminated.
- Depending on user needs, many countries use a combination of location and property type variables for stratification purposes.
- The KAS should also assess Eurostat requirements under Regulation (EU) 2016/792.
- Some potential stratification methods were discussed during the mission; these should be fully tested when actual data is received.
- The KAS should calculate an experimental index using the chosen strata initially and assess the resulting sub-indices and headline index.

### Further capacity development and follow-up
- It is likely that further capacity development will be required as the work on the RPPI progresses.
- Further missions to Kosovo can be planned as required by the authorities.

### Recommended Actions
- The KAS should continue to increase their knowledge on the methods for index calculation.
- The KAS should decide on a suitable statistical software package for the development of the RPPI.
- The KAS should decide on an appropriate stratification of the data.
- The KAS should calculate an experimental index using the chosen strata.

### Officials met during the mission
- Ilir Berisha — Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS) — ilir.t.berisha@rks-gov.net
- Ismajl Sahiti — Deputy Director, Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS) — ismail.sahiti@rks-gov.net
- Ibish Asllani — Head of Price Statistics, Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS) — Ibish.Asllani@rks-gov.net
- Arlinda Mataj — Senior Statistics Officer, Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS) — arlinda.mataj@rks-gov.net
- Gëzim Ahmeti — Intern, Price Statistics, Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS) — gezim.b.ahmeti@rks-gov.net
- Shqipe Hajredini — Senior Statistician, Central Bank of Kosovo (CBK) — shqipe.hajredini@bqk-kos.org
- Selim Thaçi — Senior Economist, International Monetary Fund (IMF) – based in Kosovo — sthaçi@imf.org
- Albana Shala Bunjaku — Director, Ministry of Finance (MoF) — albana.f.shala@rks-gov.net
- Qefsere Bajrami — Head of the Division, Ministry of Finance (MoF) — qefsere.bajrami@rks-gov.net
- Vehap Hashani — Senior legal officer, Ministry of Finance (MoF) — vehap.v.hashani@rks-gov.net
- Vllaznim Vuçitërna — Geodesist, Ministry of Finance (MoF) — vllaznim. vuçitërna@rks-gov.net
- Hyrmete Gashi — Property Valuation, Ministry of Finance (MoF) — hyrmete.baca@rks-gov.net
- Erdon Gjinolli — Secretary of the Chamber, Chamber of Notaries of the Republic of Kosovo — erdongjinolli@yahoo.com
- Milaim Krasniqi — Sector Leader, Municipality of Prishtina — milaim.krasniqi@rks-gov.net
- Donat Lushaku — Director of Cadastre, Municipality of Prishtina — donat.lushaku@rks-gov.net
- Berat Reçica — Office manager, Pro Real Estate — berat.reçika@pro-rks.com
- Valon Batusha — Sales Director, Pro Real Estate — valon.batusha@pro-rks.com
- Milot Mehmeti — Property Developer, Pro Real Estate — milot.mehmeti@pro-rks.com

*Source: IMF Technical Report – Kosovo Report on Residential Property Price Index (RRPI) Mission.*

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_Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2023/english/1kosea2023004.pdf_