## 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf ## Source details **Canonical URL:** [1ghaea2024003-print-pdf](https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2024/english/1ghaea2024003-print-pdf.pdf) ## Other formats - [Markdown version](/-/media/files/publications/cr/2024/english/1ghaea2024003-print-pdf.pdf.md) - [Structured JSON version](/-/media/files/publications/cr/2024/english/1ghaea2024003-print-pdf.pdf.json) --- ### EXECUTIVE SUMMARY — OVERVIEW - Title: MEDIUM-TERM NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK | AGENDA FOR JOBS II: CREATING PROSPERITY AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR ALL | 2022-2025. - Vision: “create an optimistic, self-confident and prosperous nation, through the creative exploitation of our human and natural resources, and operating within a democratic, open and fair society in which mutual trust and economic opportunities exist for all” (CPESDP, 2017-2024). - Medium-term goals (2022-2025) include: - Build a prosperous country; - Create opportunities for all Ghanaians; - Safeguard the natural and built environment; - Maintain a stable, united, and safe country; - Build resilience to withstand threats of different dimensions, including COVID-19; - Improve efficient delivery of development outcomes and value for money. - Priority focus areas: economic growth; digitization; science, technology, and innovation; urbanization and infrastructural deficits; youth unemployment; public health; emergency preparedness and the fight against pandemics; climate change. ### IMPLEMENTATION, COORDINATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION — PROCESS & PREPARATION - Legal and institutional basis: - MTNDPF operationalizes Article 36, Clause 1 of the 1992 constitution and is supported by National Development Planning Commission Act, 1994 (Act 479) and National Development Planning (System) Regulations, 2016 (L.I. 2232). - Preparation process: - Six Cross Sectoral Planning Groups (CSPGs) formed covering Economic Development; Social Development; Environment, Infrastructure and Human Settlement; Governance, Corruption and Public Accountability; Emergency Planning and COVID-19 Response; Implementation, Coordination, Monitoring and Evaluation. - Broad stakeholder consultations, engagement with Parliament and the Presidency; Commission approval followed Presidential approval; final policy framework presented to Parliament. - Implementation arrangements: - MDAs and MMDAs prepare MTDPs and Annual Action Plans (AAPs) that feed the MTEF and programme-based budgeting. - NDPC prescribes format/content; MoF focuses on resource mobilisation and allocation and annual performance reports. - Monitoring mandated by National Development Planning System Act, 1994 (Act 480); participatory monitoring and mid-term/end-term evaluations required. - M&E performance highlights: - MMDAs implemented AAPs on average: 77.6 (2018), 63.3 (2019), 85.0 (2020). - All MMDAs submitted APRs as required by L.I. 2232. - Constraints: inadequate resources; delays in release of approved funds; limited M&E capacities; lack of integrated NaMEIS; absence of manuals/standards for data/statistics production; high staff attrition. ### ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT — PERFORMANCE HIGHLIGHTS (2018–2020 baseline) AND MEDIUM-TERM TARGETS - Key macro and sector outcomes (selected): - Overall real GDP growth: 0.4 percent in 2020; pre-COVID-19 growth 6.5 percent in 2019. - Over 2018–2020 average real GDP growth: 4.4 percent. - Overall real GDP and non-oil GDP grew at an average of 7.0 percent and 5.6 percent, respectively, between 2017 and 2019. - Inflation: 9.4 percent in December 2018; 7.9 percent in December 2019; 10.4 percent in December 2020. - Lending rate: 24.0 percent in 2018; 23.6 percent in 2019; 21.1 percent in 2020. - Public debt: Public debt rose to 76.1 percent of GDP in 2020; public debt stock value: GHS 291,614.5 billion. - Revenue and expenditure 2020: - Total Revenue and Grants: GHS 55.1 billion (14.4 percent of GDP); target GHS 67.1 billion (16.9 percent of GDP). - Total Expenditure (including arrears clearance and amortisation): GHS 100.0 billion (26.1 percent of GDP); revised target GHS 109.9 billion (28.5 percent of GDP). - Fiscal deficit (cash basis) 2020: 11.7 percent of GDP. - Sectoral performance (selected growth rates): - Services: 2020 1.5 percent; 2019 7.6 percent; 2018 2.8 percent. - ICT: 2020 22.5 percent; 2019 46.5 percent. - Real Estate: 2020 12.5 percent; 2019 19.9 percent. - Industry: 2020 -3.6 percent; 2019 6.4 percent; 2018 10.6 percent. - Manufacturing: 2020 1.4 percent; 2019 6.3 percent. - Agriculture: 2020 7.4 percent; 2019 4.6 percent; 2018 4.8 percent. - External sector (selected): - Total exports contracted by 7.8 percent year-on-year to US$14,471.5 million in 2020 (source table uses US$14,471.5 million). - Current account deficit 2020: US$2.0 billion (3.2% of GDP). - Remittances: US$3.56 billion in 2020. - Medium-term macro projections (Table 2.5; Ghana Macroeconomic Model forecast, October 2021): - Projected Overall Real GDP growth: 6.0 (2022), 5.9 (2023), 5.1 (2024), 4.7 (2025). - Sectoral growth projections: - Agriculture: 4.6 (2022), 4.5 (2023), 4.4 (2024), 4.4 (2025). - Industry: 0.5 (2022), -0.3 (2023), 0.4 (2024), 0.9 (2025). - Manufacturing: 6.1 (2022), 6.7 (2023), 6.4 (2024), 6.1 (2025). - Services: 6.5 (2022), 5.9 (2023), 5.0 (2024), 4.5 (2025). - Projected sectoral shares to GDP (Table 2.6): - Services: 54.1 percent (2022) to 56.4 percent (2025). - Industry: 29.1 percent (2022) to 26.4 percent (2025). - Agriculture: 21.3 percent (2022) to 21.8 percent (2025). - Flagship economic initiatives (selected): - Implement Ghana CARES Obaatanpa Programme; enact and strengthen local content policy; expand 1D1F, multi-purpose industrial parks in all regions; establish Entrepreneurial Hubs; establish Industrial Development Fund and expand Ghana Venture Capital Trust Fund; implement Aquaculture for Food and Jobs (AFJ) and Youth in Aquaculture Programmes; expand Agricultural Mechanisation Centres and irrigation; sustain one village one dam initiative; expand digital and IFSC initiatives. - Key constraints identified: - Uncompetitive interest rates; revenue under-performance; increasing public debt service cost; narrow tax base; high public sector wage bill; volatility in commodity prices; inadequate compliance with trade standards; limited access to affordable credit and long-term financing. ### SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT — PERFORMANCE, ISSUES, AND MEDIUM-TERM TARGETS - Education (selected findings and targets): - School infrastructure expansion: Kindergartens from 24,418 (2017/18) to 26,184 (2019/2020). - SHS increased from 663 (2017/2018) to 968 (2019/2020). - TVET schools decreased from 177 (2017/2018) to 175 (2019/2020). - Learning outcomes concerns: Primary 4 NEA English proficiency 25 percent (2018); Mathematics 19 percent (2018). - Human Capital Index: Ghana ranked 130 out of 174 (World Bank, 2020). - Medium-term education targets by end-2025: - Net enrolment ratio: Kindergarten 98 percent; Primary 93.5 percent; JHS 60 percent; SHS 45 percent. - Tertiary enrolment expected to reach 40 percent. - Proficiency rates: Primary 4 English 75 percent and Mathematics 80 percent; Primary 6 English 90 percent and Mathematics 55 percent. - Completion rates expected 100 percent for Primary 6, JHS and SHS. - Health and nutrition (selected findings and targets): - Neonatal mortality: 25 per 1,000 live births in 2017. - Infant mortality: 56 per 1,000 live births (MICS 2017/18). - Under-5 mortality: 41 per 1,000 live births (MICS 2017/18). - Institutional Maternal Mortality Ratio (iMMR): 134.7 per 100,000 live births in 2019; 109.2 in 2020. - Doctor–population ratio: 1:6,355 in 2020; Nurse-to-population ratio: 1:701 in 2020. - NHIS valid card coverage: 35.8 percent (2018); 40 percent (2019); 52.7 percent (2020). - Medium-term health targets by end-2025: - Under-five mortality 40 per 1,000 live births. - Maternal mortality 70 per 100,000 live births. - Total malaria incidence 155 per 1000 population. - Mortality rate attributed to NCDs reduced to 30 percent. - HIV prevalence: 1.45 percent target. - Food security and nutrition (selected): - Prevalence of undernourishment reduced from 7.7 percent (2015) to 6.5 percent (2018); 1.9 million undernourished between 2017 and 2019. - Food insecure population increased from 2.1 million (7.6%) (2014–2016) to 2.5 million (8.4%) (2017–2019); current figure reported as 3.6 million (11.7%). - Food loss: about 20 percent lost during post-harvest process (Upper East Region analysis). - Medium-term nutrition targets: - Childhood wasting reduced to less than five percent by 2025. - Prevalence of anaemia in women of reproductive age (15-49 years) reduced to 11 percent (non-pregnant) and 21 percent (pregnant) by target year(s). - Prevalence of stunting in children under five reduced from 21.4 percent (2017) to 12.8 percent. - Exclusive breastfeeding first six months increased to 60.0 percent. - Social protection and inclusion (selected): - LEAP beneficiaries increased (e.g., LEAP households receiving bi-monthly cash grants: 332,200 in 2019 to 344,023 in 2020). - Female share of LEAP beneficiaries: 54.8 percent (female); female-headed households 60.7 percent of beneficiary households. - Medium-term social targets: - Incidence of poverty projected to reduce from 23.4 percent (2016/17) to 16.6 percent by 2024. - Proportion of children engaged in child labour projected to decline from 21.8 percent (2012/13) to 4.3 percent by 2024. - Proportion of currently married women with unmet need for modern family planning reduced from 29.9 percent (2016) to 15.0 percent by 2024. - Total fertility rate projected to reduce from 3.9 in 2017 to 3.7 by 2025. - Key social development challenges summarized: - Disparities in access and quality of education; weak learning outcomes; regional disparities in health staff distribution; high incidence of child and adult multidimensional poverty (adult 45.6 percent in 2016/17); inadequate social protection coverage; mismatch between training and labour market needs; high youth unemployment. ### ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS — FINDINGS, TARGETS, FLAGSHIPS - Environmental and climate indicators: - Protected land areas increased from 15.057 percent in 2019 to 15.7 percent in 2020. - Restored degraded forest, mining areas, dry and wetlands within forest reserves: 4,293.6 hectares restored (baseline 2020). - Ghana’s GHG emissions: 50.5MTCO2e in 2017; 42.2MTCO2e in 2019; 49 MTCO2e in 2020. - Medium-term target: Level of greenhouse gas emissions reduced to 57.6MTCO2e (target by 2025). - Infrastructure and transport (selected): - Road network increased from 71,401km (2016) to ~78,401km (2019). - Road network condition targets: proportion in good condition to 60 percent by 2025; classified road network-maintained to 70 percent by 2025. - Railway: 139km operated out of an existing 947km network during review; standard gauge progress: 65km of the 115km Tema Port to Mpakadan completed as at 2020. - Energy: Total electricity generation 2020 = 20,170 GWh; generation mix 2020: hydro 29.9 percent; thermal 69 percent; renewable 1.1 percent. - Electricity access rate: 85.3 percent in 2020; transmission losses averaged 4.5 percent; distribution losses 25.2 percent (2018–2020). - Medium-term infrastructure targets (by end-2025): - Restore/rehabilitate degraded forest, mining area, dry and wet lands within forest reserves to about 5,000 hectares. - Achieve 57.6MTCO2e reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (target phrasing in source). - Increase road network in good condition to 60 percent; classified road network-maintained to 70 percent. - Electricity distribution losses reduced to 20 percent (ECG) and 7.0 percent (NEDCo). - Spatial Development Frameworks and Structural Plans developed by all MMDAs. - Integrated National Infrastructure database and State of Infrastructure Report established. - Flagship initiatives (selected): - Strengthen Clean Rivers Programme and “Water for All” infrastructure policies. - Build low-income housing estates using local materials; establish Ghana Housing Authority (GHA) and National Housing and Mortgage Finance Company (NHMF); National Rental Assistance Scheme (NRAS); sustain National Digital Addressing System and National ID card rollout. - Extend electricity to cover entire population; enforce competitive procurement of power; build technical capacity in oil and gas sectors. - Expand and modernise railway infrastructure; re-launch metro mass transport in regional capitals. - Scale up science, technology and innovation: resource Presidential Advisory Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (PACSTI); establish foundry-based manufacturing and precision tooling with CAD/CNC; national data centre; increase broadband coverage and reduce cost of data. ### GOVERNANCE, CORRUPTION AND PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY — PERFORMANCE, ISSUES, TARGETS - Performance highlights: - Improved budgetary allocations to Independent Governance Institutions. - Passage of Right to Information Law (Act 989). - Deployment of HRMIS across public institutions; E-Justice adjudicated more than 42,000 cases digitally. - Corruption Perception Index score improved from 41 to 43 over four years; CPI 2020 baseline 43 out of 100. - Police officer to citizen ratio: 1:807 in 2020; fire officer to citizen ratio: 1:2,864 in 2020. - Key governance challenges: - Snail-paced devolution; limited demand for accountability at local level; perceived increasing corruption; weak enforcement of PSC rules; inefficiencies in public service delivery; fragmented policies for international engagement. - Medium-term governance targets (by end-2025) (selected): - Enhanced Service Delivery to Citizens and Private Sector. - Ethics officers appointed in all public organizations. - Local Government officials elected (election of MMDCEs). - Ghana’s Good Governance Index target: attain second position in Africa (qualitative goal in source). - Increase Government institutions using HRMIS to about 93 percent. - Improve Police to Citizen ratio to 1:500 and reduce corruption and crime levels. - Flagships for governance: - Improve financing of governance/anti-corruption MDAs; build consensus to amend Articles 55(3) and 243 for direct election of MMDCEs; complete property valuation digitisation; provide resources for RTI Commission; expedite public asset declaration law amendment; introduce chip-embedded passports and Machine-Readable Visa Stickers. ### EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COVID-19 RESPONSE — RISKS, IMPACTS, AND RECOVERY - Disaster risks and statistics (selected): - Floods: 366,223 people directly affected by floods in 2020; 57,689 supported by NADMO in 2020. - Coastal erosion: ocean claims between 1.5 to 4 meters of the 560 kilometres coastline annually. - Domestic and commercial fires affected per 100,000 population: 36 (2017), 42 (2019), 74 (2020). - Estimated cybercrime losses: over US$200m lost through recorded cases between 2016 and 2018 (source phrasing preserved). - COVID-19 impacts and figures: - First official cases reported 12th March, 2020; by end-2020 total COVID-19 cases 54,771 and 335 deaths. - GDP growth declined from 6.5 percent (2019) to 1.9 percent (2020). - Inflation increased from 7.9 percent (2019) to 10.4 percent (2020). - MSME and labour impacts: - About 41,952 workers laid-off; 770,124 experienced reduced wages. - 82.8 percent of households reported a reduction in non-farm incomes. - 55 percent of households recorded a reduction in income from paid employment. - 38.3 percent of firms reduced wages; 31.8 percent reduced working hours. - Tourism: tourist arrivals fell from 1,130,307 (2019) to 335,108 (2020). Tourism receipts (US$ million) from 3,312.93 (2019) to 387.1 (2020). - COVID-19 response measures and financing: - COVID-19 National Trust Fund; Ghana COVID-19 Private Sector Fund. - CAP-BuSS: GHS 750 million programme; CAP-BuSS GHS600.0 million provided in 2020 as part of GHS1.2 billion CAP. - Other measures: GHS 2 billion Guarantee Facility; GHS 100 million Fund for Labour and Faith-Based Organisations; Unemployment Insurance Scheme proposed; GHS100 billion Ghana CARES (Obaatanpa) programme launched to stabilize, revitalize and transform the economy over a three-year period (Stabilization Phase July–Dec 2020; Revitalization Phase 2021–2023). - Medium-term emergency planning targets to 2025 (selected): - Integrated multi-hazard early warning systems related to earthquakes and flooding. - Reduce number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population to 538 by 2025 (from baseline 1,184.3 in 2020). - Proportion of MMDAs with effective disaster reduction strategies increased to 100 percent by 2025. - At least 90 percent of COVID-19 affected enterprises in tourism and creative arts resuscitated by 2024. - Establish National Unemployment Insurance scheme fully operational by 2024; establish national emergency relief fund by 2024. - Flagships for emergency planning and COVID-19 response: - Ghana Innovative Resilience Programme and Scheme (GIRPAS) in flood prone areas. - Reposition NADMO and related institutions. - Seismic Risk Mitigation and Emergency Response Programme (SeiRMERP). - Ghana Road Safety Support (GRoSS). - Non-Toxic Ghana Agenda (NoToG). - Inter-Agency Taskforce for Counterterrorism. ### IMPLEMENTATION, COORDINATION, M&E — CONSTRAINTS, OBJECTIVES, FLAGSHIPS - Key constraints to implementation and M&E: - Inadequate resources; delays in release of funds; limited IGF; non-functional sub-district structures; limited M&E capacities; inadequate departmental databases; lack of manuals/standards for data/statistics; high staff attrition; absence of development cooperation policy; heterogeneity of donor policies; high transaction costs. - Medium-term policy objectives for ICMME: - Improve plan preparation, implementation and coordination; strengthen monitoring and evaluation systems; enhance production and utilisation of statistics; improve resource mobilisation and manage utilisation effectively; enhance knowledge management and learning. - Medium-term M&E targets (selected): - Reduce inefficiencies in implementation of large infrastructure projects. - Digitise the M&E system (NaMEIS) to monitor quality of service delivery. - Integrate National Identification system and civil registration. - Enhance capacity for production and utilisation of administrative statistics. - Streamline development partner partnerships and establish Ghana Development Cooperation Agency. - Flagship initiatives: - Revamp JASMES and establish a fund. - Strengthen linkage between national development planning and budgeting. - Strengthen utilization of ICT systems for project identification and tracking. - Strengthen enforcement of the Public Financial Management Act (Act 921). *Source: 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf — EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, APPENDIX 5.6, CHAPTER SUMMARIES, APPENDICES (extracted content).* ### EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................... xii ### EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ### Structure and Major Themes - CHAPTER ONE: - INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... .1 - 1.1 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................. 1 - 1.2 POLICY CONTEXT ............................................................................................................................ 1 - 1.3 VISION FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................ 1 - 1.4 STRATEGIC GOALS, DIRECTION AND PRIORITIES FOR THE MEDIUM-TERM .............................. 1 - 1.5 PROCESS FOR PREPARING THE FRAMEWORK .............................................................................. 2 - 1.6 STRUCTURE OF THE DOCUMENT ................................................................................................... 2 - CHAPTER TWO: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT .................................................................. 3 - 2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 3 - 2.2 PERFORMANCE REVIEW .................................................................................................................. 3 - 2.3 SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES ............................................................................................................. 13 - 2.4 MEDIUM-TERM GOAL .................................................................................................................... 13 - 2.5 MEDIUM-TERM POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES ............................................................. 14 - 2.6 MEDIUM-TERM TARGETS .............................................................................................................. 18 - 2.7 FLAGSHIP INITIATIVES FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ........................................................... 19 - CHAPTER THREE: SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT .................................................................. 22 - 3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 22 - 3.2 PERFORMANCE REVIEW ................................................................................................................ 22 - 3.3 SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES ............................................................................................................. 55 - 3.4 MEDIUM-TERM GOAL .................................................................................................................... 57 - 3.5 MEDIUM-TERM POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES ............................................................. 58 - 3.6 MEDIUM TERM TARGETS ............................................................................................................... 69 - 3.7 FLAGSHIPS FOR SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ..................................................................................... 70 - CHAPTER FOUR: ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ...... 73 - 4.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 73 - 4.2 PERFORMANCE REVIEW ................................................................................................................ 73 - 4.3 SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES ............................................................................................................. 83 - 4.4 MEDIUM-TERM GOAL .................................................................................................................... 86 - 4.5 MEDIUM-TERM POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES ............................................................. 86 - 4.6 MEDIUM TERM TARGETS ............................................................................................................... 94 - 4.7 FLAGSHIPS FOR ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ................. 94 - CHAPTER FIVE: GOVERNANCE, CORRUPTION AND ACCOUNTABILITY ........................ 97 - 5.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 97 - 5.2 PERFORMANCE REVIEW ................................................................................................................ 97 - 5.3 SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES ........................................................................................................... 104 - 5.4 MEDIUM-TERM GOAL .................................................................................................................. 106 - 5.5 MEDIUM-TERM POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES ........................................................... 106 - 5.6 MEDIUM-TERM TARGETS ............................................................................................................ 110 - 5.7 FLAGSHIPS FOR GOVERNANCE, CORRUPTION AND ACCOUNTABILITY ................................ 111 - CHAPTER SIX: EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COVID-19 RESPONSE ........................ 112 - 6.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 112 - 6.2 PERFORMANCE REVIEW .............................................................................................................. 112 - 6.3 SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES ........................................................................................................... 119 - 6.4 MEDIUM-TERM GOAL .................................................................................................................. 120 - 6.5 MEDIUM-TERM POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES ........................................................... 120 - 6.6 MEDIUM-TERM TARGETS ............................................................................................................ 123 - 6.7 FLAGSHIPS FOR EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COVID-19 RESPONSE ................................... 124 - CHAPTER SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION, COORDINATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION 126 - 7.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 126 - 7.2 PERFORMANCE REVIEW .............................................................................................................. 127 - 7.3 SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES ........................................................................................................... 131 - 7.4 MEDIUM-TERM GOAL .................................................................................................................. 131 - 7.5 MEDIUM-TERM POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES ........................................................... 131 - 7.6 MEDIUM-TERM TARGETS ............................................................................................................ 132 - 7.7 FLAGSHIPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION, COORDINATION, MONITORING ................................... 133 AND EVALUATION ............................................................................................................................. 133 ### Appendices and Supporting Materials - APPENDIX I: MATRICES OF MEDIUM-TERM POLICIES AND STRATEGIES, 2022-2025 ....................................................................................... 135 - APPENDIX 1.1: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT .................................................................................... 135 - APPENDIX 1.2: SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................... 149 - APPENDIX 1.3: ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS .................... 187 - APPENDIX 1.4: GOVERNANCE, CORRUPTION AND PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY ........................... 213 - APPENDIX 1.5: EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COVID-19 RESPONSE ........................................... 229 - APPENDIX 1.6: IMPLEMENTATION, COORDINATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION............ 240 - APPENDIX II: THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMEN.......244 - APPENDIX III: AFRICAN UNION AGENDA 2063 ..........................................245 - APPENDIX IV: ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES .....................................246 - APPENDIX V: SELECTED STRATEGIC MEDIUM-TERM NATIONAL INDICATORS AND TARGETS ............................................................247 - APPENDIX 5.1: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT .................................................................................... 247 - APPENDIX 5.2: SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................... 259 - APPENDIX 5.3: ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS .................... 278 - APPENDIX 5.4: GOVERNANCE, CORRUPTION AND PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY ........................... 292 - APPENDIX 5.5: EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COVID-19 RESPONSE ...................................... 302 ### Key document metadata reflected in content - Title indicated: MEDIUM-TERM NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK | AGENDA FOR JOBS II: CREATING PROSPERITY AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR ALL | 2022-2025 - Page references and section numbering preserved exactly as listed (for example: .1, 1, 2, 3, 13, 19, 22, 55, 57, 70, 73, 83, 86, 94, 97, 104, 106, 110, 111, 112, 119, 120, 123, 124, 126, 127, 131, 132, 133, 135, 149, 187, 213, 229, 240, 244, 245, 246, 247, 259, 278, 292, 302). *Source: 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY* ### APPENDIX 5.6: IMPLEMENTATION, COORDINATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION............ 311 ### APPENDIX 5.6: IMPLEMENTATION, COORDINATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION ### Background and preparatory process - The Medium-Term National Development Policy Framework (MTNDPF) 2022-2025 seeks to operationalize Article 36, Clause 1 of Ghana’s 1992 constitution, which enjoins Government to ensure that the national economy is managed efficiently to maximize the welfare of the citizenry. - Preparation included broad-based stakeholder participation using cross-sectoral planning groups (CSPGs) as enjoined by article 15 of the National Development Planning Commission Act, 1994 (Act 479). - Public consultations were undertaken across the country, including engagement with parliament and the presidency. - The MTNDPF was approved by the Commission following approval from the presidency and was presented to Parliament. ### Policy context and alignment - The Agenda For Jobs II (2022-2025): Creating Prosperity And Equal Opportunity For All (2022-2025) is informed by: - Long-Term National Development Policy Framework (LTNDPF), 2018-2057 (Ghana@100). - Coordinated Programme of Economic and Social Development Policies (CPESDP), 2017-2024. - Ghana Beyond Aid Charter and Strategy. - Ghana COVID-19 Alleviation and Revitalisation of Enterprises Support (CARES) Obaatanpa Programme. - Agenda for Jobs - “Creating Prosperity And Equal Opportunities For All” (2018-2021). - Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 2030). - Paris Climate Agreement. - Africa Union Agenda 2063. - African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Agreement. - ECOWAS Vision 2050. ### Vision - The vision of the Agenda For Jobs II (2022-2025) is to: “create an optimistic, self-confident and prosperous nation, through the creative exploitation of our human and natural resources, and operating within a democratic, open and fair society in which mutual trust and economic opportunities exist for all” (CPESDP, 2017-2024). ### Medium-term goals and priority focus - Medium-term goals: - Build a prosperous country, - Create opportunities for all Ghanaians, - Safeguard the natural and built environment, - Maintain a stable, united, and safe country, - Build resilience to withstand threats of different dimensions, including COVID-19, and - Improve efficient delivery of development outcomes and value for money. - Medium-term priority focus areas: - Economic growth, - Digitization, - Science, technology, and innovation, - Urbanization and infrastructural deficits, - Youth unemployment, - Public health, - Emergency preparedness and the fight against pandemics, - Climate change. ### Existing situation — Economic development (key findings) - Overall real GDP growth stood at 0.4 percent in 2020, compared with 6.5 percent in 2019. - Overall real GDP and non-oil GDP grew at an average of 7.0 percent and 5.6 percent, respectively, between 2017 and 2019. - Over the period 2018-2020, Ghana experienced an average real GDP growth rate of 4.4 percent. - Sectoral performance: - Services sector growth: 1.5 percent in 2020; 7.6 percent in 2019; 2.8 percent in 2018. - ICT sector growth: 22.5 percent in 2020; 46.5 percent in 2019. - Real Estate sector growth: 12.5 percent in 2020; 19.9 percent in 2019. - Industry: declined from 10.6 percent in 2018 to 6.4 percent in 2019 and 3.6 percent in 2020. - Manufacturing: declined from 6.3 percent in 2019 to 1.4 percent in 2020. - Agriculture: recorded 7.4 percent growth in 2020; 4.6 percent in 2019; 4.8 percent in 2018. - Sectoral shares of GDP: - Services: 47.9 percent in 2020; 48.2 percent in 2019; 47.0 percent in 2018. - Industry: 31.6 percent in 2020; 33.2 percent in 2019; 33.5 percent in 2018. - Agriculture: 20.5 percent in 2020; 18.5 percent in 2019; 19.5 percent in 2018. - Main challenges confronting economic development: - Uncompetitive interest rates, - Revenue under-performance, - Increasing public debt service cost, - A narrow tax base, - High public sector wage bill, - Volatility in primary commodity prices, - Inadequate compliance with phytosanitary and other trade-related standards. ### Existing situation — Social development (key findings) - Education and infrastructure: - Continuous expansion in school infrastructure at all levels from kindergarten to SHS with the exception of TVET. - Total enrolment increased at all levels of education, but both gross enrolment ratio (GER) and net enrolment rate (NER) declined at the basic level. - Enrolment of children with disabilities in special schools increased by 10.5 percent between the 2016/17 and 2018/19 academic years. - SHS completion rate increased from 52.5 percent in 2017/2018 to 64.1 percent in 2019/2020. - Health and nutrition: - Neonatal mortality: 25 per 1,000 live births in 2017. - Infant mortality: 56 per 1,000 live births (MICS 2017/18). - Under-5 mortality: 41 per 1,000 live births (MICS 2017/18). - Institutional Maternal Mortality Ratio (iMMR): 109.2 in 2020 from 134.7 per 100,000 live births in 2019. - Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are responsible for 43 percent of all deaths and account for about 94,000 preventable deaths in Ghana each year. - Doctor–population ratio: 1:6,355 in 2020 (below WHO and Commonwealth standards of 1:1,320 and 1:5,000 respectively). - Nurse-to-population ratio: 1:701 in 2020 (surpassing WHO standard of 1:1,000). - Regional disparities exist in both doctor and nurse ratios. - Functional CHPS zones increased from 5,100 in 2017 to 5,547 (79.03% of demarcated CHPS zones) in 2020. - Valid NHIS card coverage: 35.8 percent in 2018; 40 percent in 2019; 52.7 percent in 2020. - Per capita expenditure on health: US$50.00 per person in 2018 from US$30.41 per person in 2016. - Food security and poverty: - Number of food insecure people increased from 2.1 million people (7.6%) between 2014 and 2016 to 2.5 million people (8.4%) between 2017 and 2019. - Household expenditure on food declined slightly from 45.8 percent in 2012/13 to 45.4 percent (period not fully specified in the extracted text). *Source: APPENDIX 5.6: IMPLEMENTATION, COORDINATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION (extracted content).* ### EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ### EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ### Health, Nutrition, Demography and Water, Sanitation, Hygiene - Prevalence of undernourishment reduced from 7.7 percent in 2015 to 6.5 percent in 2018; 1.9 million Ghanaians were estimated to be undernourished between 2017 and 2019. - Total fertility rate was 3.9 in 2017, with higher rates in rural compared to urban areas. - Contraceptive prevalence rate was 25.0 percent in 2017; unmet need for family planning was estimated at 29.9 percent in 2014. - Access to at least basic drinking water services increased to 86 percent in 2020 from about 80 percent in 2015. - Population with access to basic sanitation services improved from 19 percent in 2015 to 24 percent in 2020. - Child and adult multidimensional poverty: - 7 in every 10 children (73.4 percent) are multidimensionally poor. - Children under 5 suffer the highest form of deprivation (82.9%). - Multidimensional poverty for adults reported at 45.6 percent in 2016/17 versus monetary poverty at 23.4 percent in 2016/17. - A youth development index has been developed to monitor youth progress and inform investments to harness Ghana’s demographic dividend. - Medium-term issues requiring attention: - Disparities in access to quality education and slow, un-sustained improvements in education quality. - Gaps in access to health infrastructure and services. - Increasing irregular and precarious migration. - High incidence of child and adult multidimensional poverty. - Inadequate access to water services; poor sanitation and waste management. - Child protection gaps (e.g., streetism, kayayei, online security). - Inadequate care for the aged; limited gender mainstreaming; weak sports development capacity. - Inadequate social protection coverage; limited opportunities for persons with disabilities. - Mismatch between training/skills and labour market needs. ### Environment, Infrastructure and Human Settlements - Protected land areas increased from 15.057 percent in 2019 to 15.7 percent in 2020. - 4,293.6 hectares of degraded forest, mining areas, dry and wetlands within forest reserves restored. - About 342 sub-projects and 29,959 jobs were created under the Rural Development and Management Programme. - 10 regional and 6 district Lands Commission offices established in 2020. - Climate change mainstreamed into sector and district planning: sectors with climate change adaptation strategies increased to 54 percent in 2020 from 35 percent in 2017. - Renewable energy advances in 2020: - Enacted the Bui Power Authority (Amendment) Bill and Renewable Energy (Amendment) Bill. - Installed and commissioned the first ever 45KW mini-hydro power plant at Alavanyo. - Completed a 26MWp solar project. - Key challenges requiring attention: - Proliferation of slums due to increased rural-urban migration; poor sanitation and noise pollution. - Weak enforcement of environmental and mining laws leading to illegal mining, forest degradation and water pollution. - Increased incidence of tidal waves and surges due to climate change. - Poor quality of road condition and network; increasing cost of data; inadequate ICT infrastructure and weak online data protection. - High cost of electricity generation; increasing encroachment of public and vested lands. - Inadequate spatial plans and outdated zoning regulations; poor maintenance culture and proliferation of sub-standard construction materials and products. ### Governance, Corruption and Public Accountability - Key achievements: - Improvement in budgetary allocations to Independent Governance Institution. - Creation of six new regions. - Development of a new National Decentralisation Policy and passage of a Right to Information Law. - Ghana ranked among top highest ranked countries in Africa in the Judiciary Independence Index; ranked 30th in the World Press Freedom Index. - Corruption Perception Index score improved from 41 to 43 over the last four years. - Deployment of a Human Resource Management Information System (HRMIS); development of a Public Sector Reform for Results Project (PSRRP). - Improvements in passport processing turn-around time; adjudication of more than 42,000 judicial cases through E-Justice; improved Police/Fire officer-to-citizen ratio and increased remuneration and logistics; deployment of CCTV surveillance equipment; ratification of the AfCFTA and winning the bid to host AfCFTA in Ghana. - Main challenges: - Snail-paced devolution; limited demand for accountability; recurring threats of political violence. - Poor enforcement of PSC rules and regulations; increasing perceived levels of corruption. - Low transparency and accountability of public institutions; inefficiencies in public service delivery; misappropriation of funds. - Increasing crime levels; fragmented policies and strategies for Ghana’s engagement with the global community. ### Emergency Planning and COVID-19 Response - Disaster risk management: - NADMO continues implementation of disaster risk prevention and management plans. - A National Hydrology Authority was established to deal with perennial flooding. - A National Bush Fire Prevention Campaign was undertaken. - COVID-19 response initiatives: - COVID-19 National Trust Fund to provide logistics, medical supplies, test kits and PPEs to COVID-19 Treatment Centres and health institutions. - Support to vulnerable households. - Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan (EPRP I & II). - Coronavirus Alleviation Programme (CAP) and Coronavirus Alleviation Programme Business Support Scheme (CAP-BuSS). - Ghana (CARES) Obaatanpa Programme to stabilize, revitalize and transform Ghana’s economy and create jobs. - Disaster and emerging threat impacts and statistics: - Continued records of epidemics, floods, wildfires, fire outbreaks, coastal erosions, landslides, and gas explosions. - Emerging threats: political vigilantism, land-guardism, cyber-crime, organised crime. - The ocean claims between 1.5 to 4 meters of 560 kilometres of coastline annually. - About 52, 56, and 97 per 100,000 population were affected by domestic and commercial fires in 2017, 2019, and 2020 respectively. - It is estimated that over US$200m was lost through recorded cases of cybercrime between 2016 and 2018. - COVID-19 economic impacts: - GDP growth declined from 6.5 percent in 2019 to 1.9 percent in 2020. - Inflation increased from 7.9 percent in 2019 to 10.4 percent in 2020. - MSME impacts: about 41,952 workers laid-off; 770,124 experienced reduced wages. - Household and firm impacts: - 82.8 percent of households reported a reduction in non-farm incomes. - 55 percent of households recorded a reduction in income from paid employment. - 38.3 percent of firms reduced wages; 31.8 percent reduced working hours. ### Implementation, Coordination, Monitoring and Evaluation (ICMME) - Progress recorded: - Submission of APRs by all MMDAs as required by L.I. 2232. - Improvements in all revenue sources. - Production of several national reports: Ghana Living Standard Survey Round 7; Household and Jobs Tracker; Agribusiness Tracker; Business Tracker; Household Survey on ICT in Ghana; MICS 6; Multidimensional Poverty Ghana Report; Multidimensional Child Poverty Report; Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey Report. - National assessment to review and classify record-keeping systems and records management procedures and practices. - One million sheets of archival documents from various MDAs digitised. - Implementation and M&E constraints: - Inadequate resources; delays in release of approved funds; limited internally generated funds. - Non-functional and ineffective sub-district structures; limited M&E capacities; inadequate departmental databases. - Lack of manuals, standards, principles or classifications to guide data and statistics production and management; high staff attrition. - Inadequate alignment of development cooperation with national priorities; absence of development cooperation policy; lack of formal structures and guidelines; high transaction costs for mobilizing and managing development finance. - Heterogeneity of donor policies, procedures, and guidelines; unsustainable funding sources for development projects. ### Medium-term Policy Interventions — Economic Development - Medium-term goal: build a prosperous country. - Policy objectives include: - Ensure improved fiscal performance and sustainability. - Promote international trade and investment. - Enhance production and supply of quality raw materials. - Ensure improved skills development for industry. - Enhance business enabling environment; formalise the informal economy. - Modernise and enhance agricultural production systems; improve post-harvest management. - Ensure sustainable development and management of fisheries resources. - Diversify and expand the tourism industry; develop a competitive creative industry. - Medium-term targets: - Real GDP growth projected at 6.0 percent in 2022 and decline subsequently to 4.7 percent in 2025. - Manufacturing sub-sector projected to grow consistently above 6 percent over the medium-term. - Services sector projected to account for between 54.1 percent in 2022 to 56.4 percent in 2025. - Industry and Agriculture projected as second and third largest sectoral contributors respectively to GDP growth. - Flagship initiatives: - Enact legislation and strengthen local content policy. - Implement the Ghana (CARES) Obaatanpa Programme. - Support use of local raw materials to deepen the automotive assembly industry. - Establish multi-purpose industrial parks in all regions. - Establish entrepreneurial hubs for small businesses. - Leverage technology to reduce information problems between lenders and borrowers. - Transform the country into a major Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, and Exhibitions (MICE) centre. - Develop a digital platform for artists to promote their products globally. - Implement Aquaculture for Food and Jobs (AFJ) programme with linkages to the Youth in Aquaculture Development Programme. - Expand Agricultural Mechanisation Centres and irrigation facilities. - Sustain the one village one dam initiative and subsidy programmes on retail prices of seeds, fertilisers, and other agrochemicals. ### Medium-term Policy Interventions — Social Development - Medium-term goal: create opportunities for all Ghanaians. - Objectives include: - Enhance equitable access to quality education. - Ensure quality Universal Health Coverage. - Promote healthy food environment and choices; improve population management. - Harness benefits of migration for socioeconomic development. - Eradicate poverty in all forms and dimensions. - Improve access to safe, reliable and sustainable water supply and environmental sanitation services. - Protect children from all forms of violence, abuse, neglect and exploitation. - Enhance wellbeing of the aged; attain gender equality and equity; promote effective youth participation in development. - Strengthen social protection; promote equal opportunities for persons with disabilities. - Improve human capital development and management; promote job creation and decent work. - Medium-term targets: - Increase proficiency rates for English and Mathematics respectively to 75 percent and 80 percent for primary 4, and 90 percent and 55 percent for primary 6. - Reduce under-five and maternal mortality to 40 per 1,000 live births and 70 per 100,000 live births respectively. - Reduce total malaria incidence to 155 per 1000 population. - Reduce mortality rate attributed to non-communicable diseases to 30 percent. - Reduce prevalence of anaemia in women of reproductive age (15-49 years) to 11 percent. - Reduce prevalence of childhood wasting to less than five percent by 2025. - Reduce proportion of currently married women with unmet need for modern family planning from 29.9 percent in 2016 to 15.0 percent by 2024. - Projected reduction of total fertility rate from 3.9 percent in 2017 to 3.7 percent by 2025. - Incidence of poverty projected to reduce from 23.4 percent in 2016/17 to 16.6 percent by 2024. - Percentage of children engaged in child labour projected to decline from 21.8 percent in 2012/13 to 4.3 percent by 2024. - Increase access to basic sanitation services projected at 61.9 percent. - Proportion of solid waste properly disposed of in major towns/cities (Accra, Tema, Kumasi, Takoradi and Tamale) projected at 95 percent. - Population whose liquid waste is safely managed projected at 45.0 percent. *Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2024/english/1ghaea2024003-print-pdf.pdf* ### EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ### EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ### Strategic goals and medium-term priorities - Medium-term goals (2022-2025): - Build a prosperous country. - Create opportunities for all Ghanaians. - Safeguard the natural environment and ensure a resilient built environment. - Maintain a stable, united and safe country. - Build resilient for recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and other threats. - Improve efficient delivery of development outcomes and value for money. - Priority focus for the medium-term: economic growth; digitization; science, technology and innovation; management of urbanization; reduction of infrastructural deficits and youth unemployment; promotion of public health; enhancement of emergency preparedness; fight against pandemics and climate change. ### Flagship initiatives (selected across sectors) - Education and skills: - Strengthen implementation of the Accountability for Learning Outcomes Project (GALOP). - Train and employ more teachers for early childhood education, primary, French, STEM, TVET, special needs, and other areas. - Complete implementation of the 5-year Strategic Plan on TVET. - Establish a national Skills Development Fund. - Social protection and health: - Improve the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS). - Implement the healthcare infrastructure investment Agenda 111. - Expand coverage of the Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) Programme. - Enforce the Disability Act, including ensuring access to public buildings for the physically challenged. - Environment, infrastructure and human settlements: - Strengthen implementation of infrastructure policies of “Water for All”. - Expand the capacity of State Housing Company Limited (SHC) to build a large pool of affordable homes. - Sustain the National Digital Addressing System. - Extend electricity to cover the entire population. - Develop and expand railway infrastructure in prioritized areas. - Re-launch the metro mass transport system throughout regional capitals. - Introduce innovative policies to facilitate urban traffic de-congestion. - Increase broadband coverage, accessibility and affordability of digital devices. - Strengthen Development Authorities and the Zongo Development Fund to develop infrastructure in their catchment areas. - Improve maps and spatial data availability; digital transformation of Lands Commission. - Governance and public accountability: - Implement the national Identification card scheme. - Undertake digital reforms in Court administration. - Provide a single portal for MMDAs through the Ghana.gov platform to offer digitized services to citizens. - Implement the Alpha project; introduce chip-embedded passports; issue Machine-Readable Visa Stickers. - Emergency planning and resilience: - Implement the Ghana Innovative Resilience Programme and Scheme (GIRPAS) in flood-prone areas. - Reposition the National Disaster Management Organisation (NADMO) and related institutions. - Implement the Non-Toxic Ghana Agenda. - Establish an Inter-Agency Taskforce for Counterterrorism. - Implementation, coordination, M&E: - Revamp the Joint Agenda for Strengthening Monitoring and Evaluation and Statistics (JASMES). - Strengthen linkage between national development planning and budgeting processes. - Strengthen utilization of ICT systems; planning, implementation and coordination capacities. - Implement the Ghana Beyond Aid Strategy; re-establish an aid effectiveness agenda based on the Accra Plan of Action on Aid Effectiveness and the Ghana Beyond Aid Strategy. - Implement special initiatives on capital market development. - Strengthen enforcement of the Public Financial Management Act (Act 921). ### Environment, infrastructure and human settlements — medium-term goal and targets - Medium-term goal: safeguard the natural and built environment through objectives that include promoting sustainable extraction of mineral resources; improving coastal and marine management; combating deforestation, desertification and soil erosion; enhancing climate change resilience; improving efficiency and effectiveness of road transport infrastructure and services; modernizing and extending railway network; expanding the digital landscape; mainstreaming science, technology and innovation; ensuring availability of clean, affordable and accessible energy; promoting sustainable spatially integrated development of human settlements; enhancing quality of life in rural areas; promoting resilient urban development; and efficient and effective land administration. - Key medium-term targets to be achieved by 2025: - Increase to about 5,000 hectares, restored or rehabilitated degraded forest, mining areas, dry and wetlands within forest reserves. - A 57.6MTCO2e reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. - Appreciation of road network in good condition to 60 percent and classified road network-maintained to 70 percent. - 100 percent of MMDAs with districts Spatial Development Frameworks and Structural Plans. - Existence of database on National Infrastructure and the State of Infrastructure Report. ### Governance, corruption and public accountability — medium-term goal and targets - Medium-term goal: maintain a stable, united and safe country built on efficient institutions, rule of law, freedom, public trust and strong international relations. - Policy objectives: deepen democratic governance; reform and transform public institutions; improve human security and public safety; accelerate and sustain decentralisation; fight corruption and economic crimes; improve participation of civil society in national development; promote attitudinal change and values for national development; ensure responsive governance and citizen participation; promote development communication; promote culture in development; strengthen Ghana’s role in international affairs. - Medium-term targets to be achieved by 2025: - Significant improvements in budgetary allocations to Governance Institutions. - Attaining the second position in Africa on the Good Governance Index. - Election of MMDCEs. - Increase number of Government institutions using Human Resource Management Information System to about 93 percent. - Improve Police to Citizen ratio to 1:500 and reduce corruption and crime levels. ### Emergency planning and COVID-19 response — medium-term goal and targets - Medium-term goal: build resilience to withstand threats of different dimensions, including COVID-19. - Policy objectives: promote proactive planning and implementation for disaster prevention and mitigation; enhance capacity for surveillance and management of epidemics and pandemics; strengthen national preparedness against cybercrime and terrorism; minimize incidence of organised crime; ensure safety of life, property and social wellbeing; enhance relief operations and humanitarian welfare. - Medium-term targets: - Provide adequate multi-hazard warning systems. - Reduce economic losses due to disaster as percentage of GDP. - Shorten recovery period from major disasters and catastrophic events while protecting critical infrastructure. ### Implementation, coordination, monitoring and evaluation — medium-term goal and targets - Medium-term goal: improve efficient delivery of development outcomes and value for money. - Policy objectives: improve plan preparation, implementation and coordination; strengthen monitoring and evaluation systems; enhance production and utilisation of statistics; improve resource mobilization and effectively manage its utilization; enhance knowledge management and learning. - Medium-term targets and actions: - Promote efficiency in implementation of large infrastructure projects. - Develop a National Monitoring and Evaluation Information System (NaMEIS) to monitor quality of service delivery. - Civil registration and vital statistics (National Identification and Integration). - Enhance development financing and cooperation; streamline Ghana’s partnership with development partners. - Establish the Ghana Development Cooperation Agency. - Establish an active platform mechanism for knowledge management and a management information system. - Flagship initiatives: - Revamp JASMES. - Strengthen enforcement of the Public Financial Management Act (Act 921). - Implementation arrangements: - Implement the MTNDPF within the decentralized planning system. MDAs and MMDAs are the basic structures for implementation; Regional Coordinating Councils (RCCs) provide relevant data and facilitate preparation, coordination, harmonisation, monitoring and evaluation of district development plans. - NDPC will prescribe format and content; review, approve, certify and coordinate development plans of MDAs and MMDAs. Approved plans will form the basis for budgeting, monitoring and evaluation. - Ministry of Finance (MoF) will focus on resource mobilisation and allocation, track revenues and expenditures, and collaborate to produce annual performance reports. - Monitoring and evaluation mandated by the National Development Planning System Act, 1994, (Act 480); implementing agencies required by law to undertake M&E. Progress of implementation will be monitored annually, including participatory monitoring and evaluation and mid-term and end-term evaluations. ### Introduction and preparation process - The Medium-Term National Development Policy Framework (MTNDPF) 2022-2025 operationalizes Article 36, Clause 1 of Ghana’s 1992 constitution and is supported by the National Development Planning Commission Act, 1994 (Act 479) and other legislations. - The framework serves as basis for preparation and implementation of development plans by MDAs, RCCs and MMDAs as stipulated in the National Development Planning (System) Regulations, 2016 (L.I. 2232), and as a reference for Development Partners and non-state actors. - Policy context influences: Long-Term National Development Policy Framework (Ghana@100); Coordinated Programme of Economic and Social Development Policies (CPESDP 2017-2024); Ghana Beyond Aid Charter and Strategy; Ghana COVID-19 Alleviation and Revitalisation of Enterprises Support (CARES) Obaatanpa Programme; mid-term evaluation recommendations of Agenda for Jobs I (2018-2021); global/continental/regional commitments including SDGs 2030; Paris Climate Agreement; Africa Union Agenda 2063; AfCFTA Agreement; ECOWAS Vision 2050. - Preparation process: - Six Cross Sectoral Planning Groups (CSPGs) formed: Economic Development; Social Development; Environment, Infrastructure and Human Settlement; Governance, Corruption and Public Accountability; Emergency Planning and COVID-19 Response; Implementation, Coordination, Monitoring and Evaluation. - CSPGs reviewed Agenda for Jobs I (2018-2021) and proposed policy priorities for 2022-2025. - Outputs consolidated into zero draft, subjected to technical discussions and public consultations, validated by CSPGs, approved by the Commission, consulted with Presidency and Parliament, and final policy framework submitted to Parliament following Presidential approval. ### Economic development — performance highlights (2018–2020 baseline) - Chapter focus areas for 2022-2025: strong and resilient macro economy; industrial transformation; private sector development; agriculture and rural development; fisheries and aquaculture development; tourism and creative arts development. - Performance review uses a 2020 baseline because 2021 data was not readily available. - Strong and resilient macro economy — selected indicators: - Inflation: - Annual inflation declined from 9.4 percent in December 2018 to 7.9 percent in December 2019, but increased to 10.4 percent in December 2020. - Exchange rate: - The Ghana cedi cumulatively depreciated by 12.9 percent against the US dollar in December 2019 compared with 8.2 percent in December 2018. - In 2019, the Ghana cedi cumulatively depreciated by 15.7 percent and 11.2 percent against the British pound and Euro, respectively, compared with 3.3 percent and 3.9 percent for the same period in 2018. - The exchange rate situation in respect of the US dollar improved with a depreciation of 3.9 percent in December 2020. - Factors cited: issuance of the US$3 billion sovereign bond, strong macroeconomic fundamentals, forward auction sales by the Bank of Ghana; deterioration in financial market risk sentiment due to COVID-19 and seasonal demand pressures from the energy and corporate sectors weighed heavily on the cedi. - Interest rates: - Lending rate declined from 24.0 percent in 2018 to 23.6 percent in 2019, and further to 21.1 percent in 2020. - The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) reduced the Monetary Policy Rate by 150 basis points to 14.50 percent as of December 2020. - The Bank of Ghana reduced the Cash Reserve Requirement (CRR) of Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) to bolster liquidity. - Prior increases in interest rates attributed to cumulative effects of inflation, depreciation of the cedi and increase in Government spending which led to crowding out of the private sector. - GDP growth: - Overall real GDP growth stood at 0.4 percent in 2020, against a target of 0.9 percent. - Pre-COVID-19 pandemic growth was 6.5 percent in 2019. *Source: MEDIUM-TERM NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK | AGENDA FOR JOBS II: CREATING PROSPERITY AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR ALL | 2022-2025* ### 0.2 percentage point higher than the 2018 performance of 6.3 percent. Overall real GDP and non-oil ### 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf - 0.2 percentage point higher than the 2018 performance of 6.3 percent. Overall real GDP and non-oil ### Economic growth performance - Overall real GDP grew at an average of 7.0 percent between 2017 and 2019. - Non-oil GDP grew at an average of 5.6 percent between 2017 and 2019. - Over the period 2018-2020, Ghana experienced an average real GDP growth rate of 4.4 percent. - Services Sector growth rates: - 2020: 1.5 percent - 2019: 7.6 percent - 2018: 2.8 percent - Information and Communication sub-sector growth rates: - 2020: 22.5 percent - 2019: 46.5 percent - Real Estate sub-sector growth rates: - 2020: 12.5 percent - 2019: 19.9 percent - Industrial sector growth rates: - 2020: -3.6 percent - 2019: 6.4 percent - 2018: 10.6 percent - Manufacturing growth rates: - 2020: 1.4 percent - 2019: 6.3 percent - Agricultural sector growth rates: - 2020: 7.4 percent - 2019: 4.6 percent - 2018: 4.8 percent - Crops subsector growth rates: - 2018: 5.8 percent - 2019: 5.3 percent - 2020: 8.4 percent ### Sectoral contributions to GDP - Services Sector share of GDP: - 2020: 47.9 percent - 2019: 48.2 percent - 2018: 47.0 percent - Industry share of GDP: - 2018: 33.5 percent - 2019: 33.2 percent - 2020: 31.6 percent - Agricultural sector share of GDP: - 2018: 18.5 percent - 2019: 19.5 percent - 2020: 20.5 percent ### Revenue mobilization and expenditure management - Total Revenue and Grants for 2020: - Value: GHS 55.1 billion - Percent of GDP: 14.4 percent - Target (2020): GHS 67.1 billion (16.9 percent of GDP) - Performance relative to target: 2.5 percentage points below target of GDP - Total Expenditure (including arrears clearance and amortisation) for 2020: - Value: GHS 100.0 billion - Percent of GDP: 26.1 percent - Revised target (2020): GHS 109.9 billion (28.5 percent of GDP) - Deviation from revised target: GHS 9.9 billion (2.4 percentage points of GDP) below target - Fiscal deficit for 2020: - 11.7 percent of GDP on cash basis - Comparison to pre-COVID-19: - Pre-COVID-19 deficit: 3.8 percent of GDP in 2018 - 2019: -4.8 percent of GDP - Primary fiscal drivers: shortfall in revenue mobilization due to adverse impacts of COVID-19 and induced expenditures ### Debt management - Policy actions: - Government lengthened the average maturity period of the public debt portfolio. - Government committed to contracting non-concessional external loans in line with the public debt limits. - Risk factors and developments: - Public debt stock was hit by liabilities from the financial and energy sectors in 2019. - Government set aside resources to resolve the indebtedness of Micro-Finance and the Savings and Deposit Institutions, but risks from these sectors impacted debt sustainability. - Public debt level reported for 2020: - Public debt rose to 76.1 percent of GDP - Public debt stock value: GHS 291,614.5 billion *Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2021; Ministry of Finance, 2021 APR; Ministry of Finance, 2020 APR.* ### 63.1 percent in 2019 and 57.9 percent in 2018. The increase in debt stock was also due to the issuance ### 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf - 63.1 percent in 2019 and 57.9 percent in 2018. The increase in debt stock was also due to the issuance ### Public finance and sovereign debt - Debt stock ratios reported as "63.1 percent in 2019 and 57.9 percent in 2018." - Increase in debt stock attributed to: - issuance of Eurobond in 2020, - frontloading of expenditures, - the COVID-19 effect, - exchange rate depreciation which increased the cedi equivalent of the outstanding debt stock. - IMF engagement: - Ghana successfully concluded the International Monetary Fund’s Extended Credit Facility Programme in April 2019. - An amount of US$185.2 million was accessed upon conclusion, bringing cumulative disbursement to US$925.9 million. - Working relationship with the IMF continued via technical policy reviews under the Annual Article 4 Consultations. - Institutional reform: - Economic Policy Coordinating Committee (EPCC) reconstituted and given legal backing in the new PFM regulations (L.I. 2378) to coordinate macro-fiscal policy implementation. ### External sector, trade, and current account - Total exports contracted by 7.8 percent year-on-year to US$14.5 million in 2020, driven mainly by a 22 percent decline (of US$1.6 million) in crude oil export receipts due to low prices. - Trade balance: - Lower surplus of US$2.0 billion (3.0% of GDP) in 2020 versus US$2.3 billion (3.4% of GDP) in 2019. - Current account: - Deficit of US$2.0 billion (3.2% of GDP) in 2020 compared with a deficit of US$1.9 billion (2.8% of GDP) in 2019. - Deficit driven by lower trade surplus and higher services outflows; moderated by remittance inflows of US$3.6 billion and lower net investment income outflows (profits and dividends). - Primary balance: - Improved by 0.9 percentage point of GDP in 2019 and declined to 4.9 percent in 2020. - Decline in primary balance largely due to increased net domestic financing. ### Industry, energy availability, and industrial transformation - Industry sub-sectors (2017–2019): all key sub-sectors recorded continuous growth except electricity and water and sewerage. - 2020 performance: all sub-sectors recorded growth except mining and quarrying. - Manufacturing contribution increased from over GHS 26 million in 2017 to over GHS 40 million in 2020. - Constraints: cost of doing business, energy supply, and macroeconomic environment persist. - Energy: - Annual increase of 4.3 percent in energy supplied to the economy. - Industrial sector consumed 1,066.6 kilogram/tonnes of oil equivalent (Ktoe) (13.0%) of total final energy consumed in 2019, representing an increase of 2.8 percent over 2018. - Industrial sector share of total final energy consumed increased to 14 percent in 2020. ### Industry output by sub-sector (GGDPP contribution at current market prices, GHS million) - Industry: 2017 78,714; 2018 96,210; 2019 110,912; 2020 114,046 - Mining and Quarrying: 2017 26,268; 2018 39,296; 2019 47,460; 2020 43,908 - of which Oil: 2017 9,023; 2018 16,971; 2019 21,335; 2020 13,793 - Manufacturing: 2017 26,680; 2018 31,229; 2019 36,229; 2020 40,166 - Electricity: 2017 4,435; 2018 4,221; 2019 4,377; 2020 4,758 - Water and Sewerage: 2017 2,324; 2018 2,212; 2019 2,294; 2020 2,464 - Construction: 2017 19,007; 2018 19,252; 2019 20,552; 2020 22,750 ### Industrial policy, raw materials, and innovation - Ghana Commercial Agricultural Project (GCAP) promoted local supply of raw materials and agricultural productivity. - 2019 tax incentive packages to facilitate private sector promotion included: - 5-year corporate tax holiday for 1D1F companies; - exemption from import duties, taxes and levies on equipment, machinery and parts; - exemptions from payment of duties and levies on raw materials. - 1D1F programme (as of 2019): - Supported 181 projects in 110 districts across 16 regions. - Of 181 projects: 58 in operation, 97 ready to commence, 26 under construction. - As of end-September 2019, the 58 operational projects created 10,983 direct and 43,900 indirect jobs, total 54,883 jobs. - As of end-2020: - Over 1,000 business plans received; 232 projects received support and were at various stages of implementation. - Research & innovation: - Ghana Innovation and Research Commercialization (GIRC) Centre established to bridge research outputs and application. ### Private sector development and business climate - AGI business barometer improved from 95 to 99.5 points between Q2 and Q4 of 2018. - Global rankings: - Global Competitiveness Index ranking declined from 106th out of 140 in 2018 to 111th out of 141 in 2019. - World Bank ease of doing business ranking declined from 114th in 2018 to 118th in 2019; remained the same in 2020. - Business financing: - Domestic credit to the private sector declined from 21 percent of GDP in 2018 to 10.9 percent of GDP in 2020. - Government disbursed GHS227.2 million to 14 companies and supported 763 MSMEs to access formal credit in 2020. - DMBs credit to manufacturing: 8.6 percent in 2017 to 10 percent in 2018. - Net credit to the private sector slowed to 5.8 percent in December 2020 compared with 23.8 percent in December 2019. - On a gross basis, credit to the private sector grew by 10.6 percent compared with 18.0 percent over the same comparative period. - MSME support and CAP-BuSS: - Coronavirus Alleviation Programme Business Support Scheme (CAP-BuSS) of GHS600.0 million established in 2020 as part of GHS1.2 billion CAP. - Scheme provided soft loans with one-year moratorium and two-year repayment period. - Adom Micro Soft Loans disbursed via Vodafone mobile money: 95 percent of loan requests (constituting GHS5.2 billion) processed; GHS57.1 million disbursed by July 2020 to 64,196 successful applicants (17,526 males and 46,670 females). ### Formalization, digital ID, and consumer protection - Informal sector: - 9.5% of business establishments are formal; 90.5% informal. - 79.8% of establishments are micro-sized. - Digital addressing and national ID: - Over 740,810 household digital addresses issued as of February 2018 through GhanaPost (out of estimated 4.5 million homes). - National Identification Authority registered 15,553,648 Ghanaians and enrolled them onto the National Identification Register (NIR) in 2020. - 13,848,697 Ghanaians aged 15 years and above were issued with Ghana Cards in 2020. - 128,978 qualified foreign nationals were enrolled and issued Non-Citizen Identity Cards in 2020. - Consumer protection and standards: - Food and Drugs Authority attained ISO/IEC 17025:2005 – Laboratory accreditation to 40 tests and ISO 9001:2015 in 2018. - Ghana Standards Authority developed 92 new standards in 2018 (Food and Agriculture 58; Chemicals and Cosmetics 17; Herbal medicine 10; Metrology and Measuring 7). - Reported food and drug safety infractions increased from 3,545 in 2017 to 7,559 in 2018. - Sanctions increased from 1,434 in 2017 to 3,299 in 2018. - Fuel stations sanctioned for under-delivering increased from 23 in 2017 to 92 in 2018. ### Agriculture and rural development - Public investment and inputs: - Planting for Food and Jobs (PFJ) received GHS 553,420,605 out of 2019 budgetary allocation of GHS 608,000,000. - Over 600,000 farmers provided with subsidized and improved seeds and fertilizers. - 1,736,510 farmers benefited from subsidised fertilizers and improved seeds under PFJ. - Improved seeds distributed increased by 60 percent from 18,333MT in 2019 to 29,500Mt in 2020. - Subsidised fertilizers distributed increased by 28 percent from 331,354Mt in 2019 to 424,000Mt in 2020. - Programme generated a 56.6 percent increase in exports of foodstuff to neighbouring countries between 2016 and 2019. - Irrigation and small dams: - In 2020, 227 small earth dams completed bringing total to 427. - Warehousing and post-harvest: - Government embarked on construction of 30 warehouses each with capacity of 1,000 MT; as of June 2020, 17 warehouses completed. - Production outcomes (Domestic production of major staple crops, 000’Mt) - Maize: 2015 1,691.64; 2016 1,721.91; 2017 2,011.18; 2018 2,306.38; 2019 2,896.29; %% Change (2019//2018) 25.58 - Rice (Paddy): 2015 641.49; 2016 687.68; 2017 722.08; 2018 769.40; 2019 919.52; %% Change 19.51 - Millet: 2015 157.37; 2016 159.02; 2017 163.48; 2018 181.56; 2019 230.42; %% Change 26.91 - Sorghum: 2015 228.40; 2016 229.60; 2017 277.54; 2018 316.24; 2019 346.34; %% Change 9.52 - Cassava: 2015 17,212.76; 2016 17,798.22; 2017 19,008.72; 2018 20,845.96; 2019 22,127.02; %% Change 6.15 - Yam: 2015 7,296.12; 2016 7,440.35; 2017 7,856.90; 2018 7,788.87; 2019 8,752.50; %% Change 12.37 - Cocoyam: 2015 1,301.19; 2016 1,343.73; 2017 1,387.29; 2018 1,460.94; 2019 1,413.27; %% Change -3.26 - Plantain: 2015 3952.44; 2016 4,000.42; 2017 4,278.83; 2018 4,688.28; 2019 4,886.50; %% Change 4.23 - Groundnuts: 2015 417.20; 2016 425.82; 2017 433.77; 2018 521.03; 2019 557.68; %% Change 7.03 - Cowpea: 2015 203.32; 2016 206.38; 2017 211.47; 2018 237.04; 2019 247.24; %% Change 4.30 - Soyabean: 2015 142.36; 2016 143.22; 2017 170.49; 2018 176.67; 2019 193.03; %% Change 9.26 - Total: 2015 33,244.29; 2016 34,156.35; 2017 36,521.75; 2018 39,292.37; 2019 42,569.81; %% Change 8.34 - Science, technology and capacity building: - 2019: monitoring, inspection and surveillance on 250 agro-input dealer shops and 6 fertilizer blending facilities in 30 districts. - Capacity built: 30 pesticide/fertilizer inspectors, 40 agro-input dealers, 30 Agricultural Extension Agents, 60 farmers in safe use, handling and storage of pesticides and fertilizers. - 30 farmers trained in Integrated Pest Management (IPM). - Youth and entrepreneurship: - NEIP Greenhouse Estate Project installed 75 greenhouse domes at Dawhenya irrigation site. - Livestock: - Growth in livestock decreased from 5.7 percent in 2017 to 5.4 percent in 2018 and remained the same thereafter. - Rearing for Food and Jobs (RFJ) launched June 2019. - Distribution of 7,500 improved breeding stock of sheep to 750 farmers in Upper West, Northern and Oti regions. ### Fisheries and aquaculture - Total fish supply increased by 10.6 percent (627,864.99Mt) in 2020 from 0.05 percent (567,595.04Mt) in 2019. - Aquaculture production increased by 22.3 percent (64,004.06Mt). - Fish import increased by 1.4 percent (193,226.87Mt) in 2020 while export declined by 43.6 percent (37,156.70Mt). - Aquaculture for Food and Jobs (AFJ): - Implemented across all regions except Savanna, Northern and North East. - 48 ponds and 4 cages provided with total of 103,400 fingerlings and 599 bags of feed. - Two additional public hatcheries completed but yet to be operational. ### Tourism and creative arts - Government programmes included Year of Return (2019), Tourism Product Development Programme, and Culture, Creative Arts and Heritage Management Programme. - Tourist arrivals declined from 1,130,307 in 2019 to 335,108 in 2020. *Source: 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf* ### 2020. This compares with 2018 arrivals of 956,375. Similarly, international tourism receipts declined ### 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf - 2020. This compares with 2018 arrivals of 956,375. Similarly, international tourism receipts declined ### Tourism: arrivals, receipts, employment and related statistics - Tourist arrivals: - 2017 Baseline: 980,141 - 2018 Outturn: 956,375 - 2019 Outturn: 1,130,307 - 2020 Target: 1,243.34 - 2020 Outturn: 335,108 - Change in tourism receipts (US$ million): - 2017 Baseline: 1,856.5 - 2018 Outturn: 2,589.85 - 2019 Outturn: 3,312.93 - 2020 Target: 3,644.22 - 2020 Outturn: 387.1 - Change in tourism receipts (%): - 2017 Baseline: 10.10 - 2018 Outturn: 43.52 - 2019 Outturn: 27.92 - 2020 Target: 30.00 - 2020 Outturn: -88.3 - Number of domestic tourists: - 2017 Baseline: 502,539 - 2018 Outturn: 527,362 - 2019 Outturn: 554,719 - 2020 Target: 697,815 - 2020 Outturn: 210,582 - Revenue accrued from entrance fees (GHS million): - 2017 Baseline: 1,647.8 - 2018 Outturn: 1,731.8 - 2019 Outturn: 2,336.2 - 2020 Target: 1,670.9 - 2020 Outturn: 315 - Number of tourist related employment: - 2017 Baseline: 487,000 - 2018 Outturn: 543,000 - 2019 Outturn: 602,425 - 2020 Target: 601,700 - 2020 Outturn: 229,740 - Accommodation establishments (Hotels, Guest Houses, Lodges, etc): - 2017 Baseline: 3,347 - 2018 Outturn: 3,454 - 2019 Outturn: 4,131 - 2020 Target: 4,544 - 2020 Outturn: 3,731 - Contextual note: The decline in tourist arrivals and receipts in 2020 was as a result of the closure of the air, land and sea ports as part of measures to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. ### Creative Arts Industry: scale, employment and institutional developments - Total direct and indirect employment created by the sector: - 2019: 602,425 - 2020: 229,740 - Institutional and legal developments in 2020: - A Creative Industry Council has been established to coordinate activities within the industry. - Creative Industry Act, 2020 (Act 1048) was passed to establish the creative art agency for development and management of the creative art industry. - The National Film Authority has been established to regulate and promote activities of the film industry. - Characterisation: - Ghana’s culture and creative industry is described as vast, vibrant and growing rapidly; providing significant job opportunities. ### Summary of key macro and sectoral issues requiring medium-term attention - Strong and Resilient Macro Economy: - Lower-than-expected economic growth; uncompetitive interest rates; revenue under-performance; increasing public debt service cost; narrow tax base; high public sector wage bill; volatility in primary commodity prices; inadequate compliance with phytosanitary and other trade related standards. - Industrial Transformation: - High cost and unreliable supply of electricity; limited domestic supply of raw materials; inadequate investments and utilisation of industrial research; limited numbers of skilled industrial personnel; limited contiguous land for large-scale industrial development; distressed but viable industries; low private sector investment in R&D. - Private Sector Development: - Tax burden on businesses; inadequate access to affordable credit; cumbersome procedures and processes including cost of establishing businesses; limited availability of medium- and long-term financing; predominantly informal economy; prevalence of sub-standard, counterfeit and expired products; inadequate enforcement of laws on weights, measures and standards; limited legislation for consumer protection; poor corporate governance. - Agriculture and Rural Development: - High cost of production inputs; poor marketing systems; low application of technology among smallholder farmers; poor storage and transportation systems; inadequate and poor-quality data; inadequate pest/disease monitoring and surveillance systems; low levels of value addition to livestock and poultry; inadequate agribusiness along the value chain. - Fisheries and Aquaculture Development: - Weak extension services delivery; low private sector investment in aquaculture; high cost of aquaculture inputs; over-exploitation of fisheries resources; weak community involvement in fisheries and aquaculture resource management. - Tourism and Creative Arts Development: - Poor tourism infrastructure and services; low skills and professionalism; high hotel rates; informality and its related challenges; absence of an effective regulatory and institutional regime; weak coordination among MDAs on issues related to the creative arts industry. ### Medium-term national development goal (2022-2025) and strategic focus - Medium-term economic goal: - Build a prosperous country by creating a resilient and robust economy; strengthening expenditure and debt management capacity; enhancing revenue mobilization; promoting synergies between industrial transformation and private sector development; building a thriving agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture sector; boosting the creative industries to spur investments in the local economy. ### Medium-term policy objectives and priority strategies (by focus area) - Strong and Resilient Macro-economy — policy objectives: - Enhance monetary discipline and financial stability; ensure improved fiscal performance and sustainability; promote international trade and investment. - Strong and Resilient Macro-economy — key strategies: - Enhance institutional framework for monetary policy management; improve liquidity management; reinforce provisions of the Bank of Ghana Act on foreign exchange cover; sustain measures addressing structural causes of high inflation; enhance security of transactions platforms. - Sustain implementation of Basel III; deepen capital and financial markets; financial inclusion, supervision and regulation of financial institutions; electronic payment systems; review base rates across banks; reposition the country as an international financial services centre (IFSC) within the region; strengthen reporting and enforcement against Ponzi Schemes. - Strengthen revenue institutions and administration; leverage technology for tax policy formulation and administration; develop and implement an Internally Generated Funds (IGF) Policy; develop and implement a revenue improvement plan in all MMDAs; enforce the Public Financial Management Act, 2016 (Act 921); strengthen institutional collaboration for fiscal policy management; strengthen implementation of the GIFMIS system across all MDAs and MMDAs. - Strengthen public sector wage bill management; ensure effective and efficient public investment management; enforce the Public Private Partnership Act, 2020 (Act 1039); create local economic development units in all MMDAs; strengthen economic planning and forecasting capacities at national and sub-national levels. - Implement the Made-in-Ghana (MiG) policy; value addition; seek marketing opportunities within Africa and beyond; ensure effective implementation of the National Export Development Strategy (NEDS, 2020-2029); deepen implementation of the AfCFTA strategy; facilitate effective implementation of the ECOWAS Common External Tariff (CET); harness opportunities from AGOA and the EU-ECOWAS Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA). - Industrial Transformation — policy objectives: - Ensure energy availability and reliability; enhance production and supply of quality raw materials; improve R&D, innovation, and sustainable financing for industrial development; ensure improved skills development for industry; pursue strategic national industrial development initiatives. - Industrial Transformation — key strategies: - Re-align electricity tariff structure to support industrial development. - Provide incentives for production and supply of quality raw materials; support recycling and reprocessing of industrial waste; promote even distribution of factories across the country; strengthen implementation of the Ghana Local Economic Development Policy and private sector participation. - Support development of selected strategic industries through applied research; provide incentives for establishment of R&D laboratories by the private sector; leverage STI for industrial development; enforce intellectual property rights. - Develop a database of trained apprentices and artisans; transform apprenticeship training model from supply-driven to market-demand model. - Facilitate access to dedicated land in every region for multi-purpose industrial parks, industrial enclaves, and enterprise free zones; support development of industrial clusters and manufacturing enclaves; develop vibrant commercial zones; explore joint industrial development with neighbouring countries. - Private Sector Development — policy objectives: - Enhance business enabling environment; improve business financing; support entrepreneurship and MSME development; enhance domestic trade; formalise the informal economy; ensure consumer protection; promote good corporate governance. - Private Sector Development — key strategies: - Continuously update electronic register for business legislation, regulations and processes; develop communication strategies for advocacy and public-private dialogue; periodically review business regulations to reduce cost and volume of regulatory compliance. - Review the mandate of the National Investment Bank (NIB); establish an Industrial Development Fund (IDF); restructure state-sponsored microfinance schemes including MASLOC to provide credit for MSMEs; strengthen oversight for privately-financed micro finance institutions. - Create an entrepreneurial culture among youth; expand Ghana Venture Capital Trust Fund to cover start-up businesses and MSMEs; provide MSME opportunities in PPPs and local content arrangements; accelerate implementation of the National Entrepreneurship and Innovation Programme (NEIP). - Implement reforms in port clearing systems; develop modern markets and retail infrastructure in every district; accelerate implementation of the National Trade Policy; restructure the Customs Division of the GRA. - Sustain the national identification system as primary identifier; improve access to finance for informal economy operators; develop industry specific standards to enhance formalisation; expedite development and implementation of the formalisation strategy; strengthen consumer financial protection. - Facilitate passage and implementation of a Consumer Protection Law; strengthen operations of institutions responsible for enforcing standards. - Strengthen SIGA to ensure strong corporate governance; pursue programme of improvements in corporate governance of SOEs and corporate entities. - Agriculture and Rural Development — policy objectives and strategies (selected highlights): - Create an enabling agribusiness environment; improve public-private investment; modernise and enhance agricultural production systems; improve post-harvest management; promote agriculture as viable business for youth; promote livestock and poultry development. - Build capacity along value chains; develop market support services for selected horticulture, grains and industrial crops; expand organic farming; sustain policy on agricultural input supply; promote risk management including insurance schemes; develop and strengthen FBOs. - Develop medium to long-term agricultural financing instruments; institute tax relief and incentives for agricultural investments; operationalise District Chambers of Agriculture, Commerce and Technology (DCACT); strengthen agricultural marketing and trade. - Establish modalities and regulatory frameworks for production of seed/planting materials and agro-inputs; increase investment in R&D in soil testing, climate resilient and high yielding varieties; scale-up greenhouse village concept; apply STI in agricultural value chain; strengthen dissemination of CSIR research outcomes; develop policies and tenure arrangements for irrigation facilities. - Enhance post-harvest protocols in storage, transportation, processing, packaging and distribution; provide incentives for private sector and district assemblies to invest in post-harvest activities; support small and medium-scale agro-processing; facilitate storage infrastructure with drying systems at district level; implement commodities trading centres across all MMDAs focusing on grains, vegetables and tubers. - Support youth in agribusiness; facilitate access to agricultural financing for youth; design and implement special programmes to build youth capacity in agriculture. - Continue Rearing for Food and Jobs programme; facilitate Livestock Development Centres in three agro-climatic zones; construct and rehabilitate veterinary laboratories; promote cattle ranching and provide incentives for private sector grazing reserves. - Fisheries and Aquaculture Development — policy objectives and strategies: - Ensure sustainable development and management of aquaculture and fisheries resources. - Provide economic incentives to stimulate private sector investment in aquaculture; implement Fisheries Nucleus-Outgrower Scheme; implement bio-security measures at aquaculture establishments; develop aquaculture parks; ensure efficient pre-mix fuel distribution; enforce Fisheries Act for marine, inland and fresh water resources. - Promote sustainable marine conservation and protection; improve fisheries infrastructure to attract private sector investment; reduce illegal fishing and post-harvest losses; transform fisheries through science, research, technology and innovation. - Tourism and Creative Arts Development — policy objectives and strategies: - Diversify and expand the tourism industry for economic development; develop a competitive creative industry. - Transform the country into a major Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions (MICE) centre; develop available and potential sites to meet international standards and promote local tourism; institute preventive measures to curtail emerging threats to tourism; develop a comprehensive database on all tourist sites. - Enforce regulatory frameworks for the creative arts industry; strengthen the National Creative Arts Council; promote Public Private Partnership (PPP) in development of the creative arts industry; promote partnerships and participation in global arts events and businesses; strengthen institutional coordination within the creative arts industry. *Source: Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture, 2020 APR (as presented in MEDIUM-TERM NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK | AGENDA FOR JOBS II: CREATING PROSPERITY AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR ALL | 2022-2025, Chapter Two)* ### 2.6 MEDIUM-TERM TARGETS ### 2.6 MEDIUM-TERM TARGETS ### Projected GDP growth rates (economic dimension) - Table 2.5: Projected Gross Domestic Product Growth Rates ((%)):: 2022--2025 - Sector — GROWTH RATES ((%)) - Agriculture: 4.6 (2022), 4.5 (2023), 4.4 (2024), 4.4 (2025) - Industry: 0.5 (2022), -0.3 (2023), 0.4 (2024), 0.9 (2025) - Manufacturing: 6.1 (2022), 6.7 (2023), 6.4 (2024), 6.1 (2025) - Services: 6.5 (2022), 5.9 (2023), 5.0 (2024), 4.5 (2025) - Overall Real GDP: 6.0 (2022), 5.9 (2023), 5.1 (2024), 4.7 (2025) - Source: Ghana Macroeconomic Model forecast, October 2021 ### Projected sectoral shares to GDP - Table 2.6: Projected Shares to Gross Domestic Product ((%)):: 2022--2025 - Sector — SHARES TO GDP ((%)) - Agriculture: 21.3 (2022), 21.4 (2023), 21.6 (2024), 21.8 (2025) - Industry: 29.1 (2022), 27.9 (2023), 27.0 (2024), 26.4 (2025) - Manufacturing*: 7.2 (2022), 7.4 (2023), 7.6 (2024), 7.8 (2025) - Services: 54.1 (2022), 55.1 (2023), 55.9 (2024), 56.4 (2025) - Note: *, already accounted for in Industry ### Medium-term growth narrative and targets - Prime objective: stabilise the economy while stimulating growth with focus on reviving and strengthening manufacturing and industrial development. - Historical and target per capita GDP references: - Ghana achieved a per capita GDP of US$2,213 in 2020 compared to the anticipated US$2,500 per capita for 2020 in the CPESDP, 2017-2024. - The coordinated programme envisaged achieving per capita GDP of US$3,500 by 2024, which required the country’s GDP growth rate to be projected to be above 7 percent annually, over the medium term. - Current medium-term projection summary: - From the current estimated outturn of 4.4 percent for 2021, real GDP growth is projected to be 6.0 percent in 2022 and decline subsequently to 4.7 percent in 2025. - The Manufacturing sub-sector is anticipated to grow consistently above 6 percent over the medium term. - Services sector is projected to lead sectoral contributions: 54.1 percent (2022) to 56.4 percent (2025). - Industry and Agriculture are projected to be the second and third largest sectoral contributors respectively. - Additional medium-term targets on other relevant indicators under the economic development dimension are presented in Appendix 5.1. ### Flagship initiatives for economic development (policy actions and priorities) - 2.7.1 Strong and Resilient Macro Economy - Complete the implementation of the International Financial Services Centre. - Implement the Ghana Capital Market Master Plan. - Expedite the implementation of a sound liability management initiative to improve management of public debt. - Strengthen the enforcement of the Public Financial Management Act, 2016 (Act 921). - Enforce the policy and guidelines on the effective dates of promotion and recruitment in the public service. - Strengthen a local content policy and enactment of legislation for a substantial proportion of all Government projects and procurement to be executed by local firms. - Implement the Ghana COVID-19 Alleviation and Revitalisation of Enterprises (Ghana CARES) Obaatanpa Programme. - 2.7.2 Industrial Transformation - Deepen and expand 1D1F in diversity and national coverage. - Expedite implementation of the National Industrial Revitalisation Programme with a stimulus package for industry. - Strengthen institutional incentive schemes for the development of specific renewable energy projects for industrial development. - Expand the production of sugar to meet Ghana’s domestic needs. - Complete the establishment of an iron and steel industry through the Ghana Integrated Iron and Steel Development Corporation (GIISDEC). - Promote Made-in-Ghana products, including supporting the use of local raw materials to deepen the Automotive Assembly industry. - Continue work with the private sector to establish more Special Economic Zones for manufacturing and support them with “last-mile” infrastructure services. - Complete the process of establishing a fertiliser producing plant. - Promote the processing of more cocoa and shea-butter locally. - Strengthen light manufacturing with renewed emphasis on component assembly for automobiles and home appliances. - Ensure stable and affordable power for industrial development. - Promote the local production of pharmaceuticals. - Establish multi-purpose industrial parks in all regions. - Establish apprenticeship and skills development centres. - Establish a National Apprentice Recruitment Agency. - Promote the manufacturing of digital devices locally. - Complete the establishment of the bauxite refinery to complete the aluminium value chain; and Continue the process of providing gas infrastructure to bauxite refinery sites. - 2.7.3 Private Sector Development - Map out clear cluster of core economic sectors to guide private sector investments. - Streamline measures for addressing key longstanding binding constraints and enablers to private sector growth. - Build a resilient financial services sector for economic transformation. - Establish Entrepreneurial Hubs for Small Businesses. - Institute measures to reduce risk of lending by leveraging on technology to reduce information problems between lenders and borrowers. - Utilise preferential tax regimes and first options on Government of Ghana-funded projects to direct projects to private sector businesses. - Leverage Foreign Debt-Financed Projects to support Domestic Capital Formation. - Minimise Government activities which crowd out the private sector. - Continue to issue long-dated bonds to set benchmarks for, and enable corporate Ghana raise funding through long term corporate bonds. - Introduce a risk-based licensing and inspection system and remove the license requirements for all companies that do not pose any health or public safety risk. - Continue to modernise the legal framework for investment and business, including contract enforcement, the Borrowers and Lenders Act and Construction Sector LI. - Fully implement the Companies Act and Corporate Insolvency Law. - Introduce a single business identifier for interactions with all Government agencies to reduce compliance cost and time for the private sector. - Introduce regulatory flexibility for MSMEs to reduce post COVID-19 tax burden. - 2.7.4 Agricultural Development and Rural Transformation - Modernise agriculture along the entire value chain, including expanding the Agricultural Mechanisation Centres as well as irrigation facilities. - Diversification of export-oriented, large scale agricultural enterprises in cocoa, palm oil, legumes, cereals, rice and horticulture, poultry and meat for regional markets. - Facilitate large-scale private sector investment in processing, packaging and export of agricultural produce. - Promote import substitution with special focus on rice, sugar and poultry. - Enhance small ruminant production through supply of improved breeds of sheep and goats. - Expedite the implementation of the Greenhouse Village concept, focusing especially on the youth. - Continue implementation of the Planting for Export and Rural Development (PERD) with a focus on rapid growth of the Ghana Tree Crop Development Authority (GTCDA). - Develop the Pwalugu Multi-Purpose Dam. - Promote subscription to Ghana Incentive-Based Risk-Sharing Scheme for Agricultural Lending (GIRSAL) programme. - Sustain the implementation of the planting for food and jobs initiative to stimulate food production and generate incomes. - Sustain the implementation of the one village one dam initiative to ensure all-year-round farming, especially in northern Ghana. - Sustain the implementation of subsidy programmes on retail prices of seeds, fertilisers and other agrochemicals. - 2.7.5 Fisheries and Aquaculture Development - Expedite the establishment of aquaculture parks. - Continue the implementation of the Aquaculture for Food and Jobs (AFJ) programme with effective linkages to the Youth in Aquaculture Development Programme. - 2.7.6 Tourism and Creative Arts Development - Ensure effective implementation of the Marine Drive project. - Implement strategies to transform the country into a major Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions (MICE) centre. - Expedite implementation of the Creative Industry Act, 2020 (Act 1048). - Strengthen the National Creative Arts Council, the National Commission on Culture, and the Copyright Office and its affiliated agencies. - Expedite the construction and completion of theatres. - Establish large recording studios in partnership with the private sector. - Develop digital platform for artists to promote their products globally. *Source: 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf - 2.6 MEDIUM-TERM TARGETS* ### 3.2 PERFORMANCE REVIEW ### 3.2 PERFORMANCE REVIEW ### 3.2.1 Education and Training — Overview - Government objectives over the medium-term: enhance inclusive and equitable access to, and participation in quality education at all levels; strengthen school management systems; ensure sustainable sources of financing for education. - School infrastructure expansion: - Kindergartens: total number of schools increased from 24,418 in 2017/18 to 26,184 in 2019/2020 (representing a 7.2 percent increase). - Primary schools: number of schools expanded by 6.7 percent between 2017/18 to 2019/2020. - Junior High Schools (JHS): number of schools expanded by 8.8 percent between 2017/18 to 2019/2020. - Senior High Schools (SHS): increased from 663 in 2017/2018 to 968 in 2019/2020. - TVET schools: decreased from 177 schools in 2017/2018 to 175 in 2019/2020. - Provision of essential facilities in schools (Toilets, Water, Urinals and Electricity) — counts by year (source: Ministry of Education (EMIS), 2020): - Toilets: 22,643 (2017/18); 21,764 (2018/2019); 26,597 (2019/20). - Water: 24,329 (2017/18); 25,111 (2018/2019); 26,015 (2019/20). - Urinals: 22,642 (2017/18); 20,549 (2018/2019); 24,892 (2019/20). - Electricity: 19,467 (2017/18); 20,257 (2018/2019); 22,193 (2019/20). - Facility percentage changes 2017/2018 to 2019/2020: - Toilets increased by 17.5 percent. - Water increased by 6.9 percent. - Urinals increased by 10 percent. - Electricity increased by 14 percent. ### Access to, and Participation in, Education - Enrolment trends: - Generally, total enrolment increased at all levels over the period under review. - Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) and Net Enrolment Rate (NER) at the basic level experienced downward trends in several instances. - GER (selected levels and years): - Kindergarten: 113.4 percent (2017/2018); 113.9 (2018/2019); 111 percent (2019/2020). - Primary: 106.2 percent (2017/2018); 105.3 (2018/2019); 98.3 percent (2019/2020). - JHS: 86.2 percent (2017/2018); 86.2 (2018/2019); 83.2 percent (2019/2020). - NER (selected levels and years): - Kindergarten: 74.6 percent (2017/2018); 73.8 (2018/2019); 71.4 percent (2019/2020). - Primary: 89.3 percent (2017/2018); 87.3 (2018/2019); 80.3 percent (2019/2020). - JHS: 48.5 percent (2017/2018); 48.4 (2018/2019); 45.8 percent (2019/2020). - SHS and TVET enrolment improvements: - SHS GER and NER increased from 55.9 percent and 29.6 percent (2017/2018) to 63.2 percent and 33.0 percent (2019/2020). - TVET total enrolment (including GES TVET schools) increased from 71,952 in 2017/2018 to 86,479 in 2019/2020 (representing an increase of 20.2 percent over the 2017/2018 figure). - Tertiary enrolment (public and private universities, polytechnics, public colleges of education and nursing training schools) increased from 422,122 in 2016/2017 to 491,038 in 2018/2019. - The increase in SHS and TVET enrolments attributed largely to Government’s free SHS policy intervention. - Transition and completion rates: - JHS transition rate improved from 91.6 percent in 2018/2019 to 92.5 percent in 2019/2020. - Completion rates (percent): - Kindergarten: 96.00 (2017/2018); 97.10 (2018/2019); 99.20 (2019/2020). - Primary: 99.60 (2017/2018); 102.40 (2018/2019); 107.50 (2019/2020). - Junior High School: 78.80 (2017/2018); 79.10 (2018/2019); 77.50 (2019/2020). - Senior High School: 52.50 (2017/2018); 55.90 (2018/2019); 64.10 (2019/2020). - Female completion rates beyond the primary level remain a challenge. - Gender parity: - Achieved at basic level (kindergarten, primary and JHS). - Disparities remain at SHS and Tertiary levels. - SHS gender parity index: 0.92 (2017/18) improved to 0.96 (2019/2020). ### Learning Outcomes - Quality concerns: poor learning outcomes in basic foundational literacy and numeracy skills. - Human Capital Index (World Bank, 2020): Ghana ranked 130 out of 174 countries; Ghanaian children attain an average of 5.7 years’ worth of knowledge compared to the expected 11.6 years. - National Educational Assessment (NEA) — Primary 4 (selected results): - 2018: English proficiency 25 percent; Mathematics proficiency 19 percent. - Majority of pupils lack foundational skills for understanding concepts in Mathematics; few attain proficiency in English. - NEA — Primary 6: similar trend; majority lack minimum knowledge in mathematics and English (specific percentages presented in source figures). - Basic Education Certificate Examination (BECE) 2018: - National average BECE score: 291.95. - Frequency distribution (percent): 11 percent scored between 100 and 200; 35 percent scored between 201 and 280; 45 percent scored between 281 and 400; 9 percent scored 401++. - Implication: 46 percent of students did not reach the BECE pass mark (sum of 11 percent and 35 percent). - BECE pass rates by subject and gender (selected percentages across years 2017, 2018, 2019): - Mathematics (Boys/Girls): 78.7 / 76.2 (2017); 77.5 / 74.9 (2018); 77.4 / 74.1 (2019). - English (Boys/Girls): 78.0 / 75.2 (2017); 77.2 / 74.7 (2018); 76.4 / 74.1 (2019). - Science (Boys/Girls): 77.2 / 75.0 (2017); 76.6 / 74.9 (2018); 77.5 / 74.6 (2019). - Since 2017, girls have outperformed boys in English; boys have outperformed girls in Mathematics and Science. - Curriculum and pedagogical initiatives: - Reform at kindergarten and primary to focus on Reading, Writing, Arithmetic and Creative skills. - Pilot programme to promote STEM in basic and secondary schools; 200 teachers from 100 basic schools trained in robotics and engineering science. - Re-introduction of History of Ghana and French Language at basic level. - Implementation of language policy: conversion of five public basic schools into bilingual (English and French); 54 public SHS equipped with French Language Resource Centres; six Colleges of Education provided with language laboratories and resource centres. - Licensure examination introduced in 2018 to improve teacher professionalism. - Government recruited and deployed 19,650 teaching and 8,872 non-teaching staff to basic and Senior High Schools. ### Inclusive and Special Education - Special schools and enrolment: - 41 special schools in 2018/19 with total enrolment of 7,620 children. - Increase from 6,899 enrolment in 2016/17 (representing a 10.5 percent increase). - Persistent challenges: inequities in access, inadequate teaching and learning materials, weak linkage between educational needs, caregiving, and health needs of children with disabilities. ### School Management Systems - New inspection and supervision system (2018/2019): - National Inspectorate Board (NIB), Education Development and Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED) introduced a new school supervision and inspection system. - New inspection framework, inspection tools, revised inspection protocols, and an inspection handbook developed. - Major teacher management challenges: teacher absenteeism, attrition, and time-on-task. - Marked regional disparities in teacher distribution. - Concern about keeping up standards in both public and private schools. ### Education Financing - Government expenditure in education: - Increased from GHS 7.7 billion in 2017 to GHS 8.9 billion in 2018. - This represents 70 percent of total education expenditure (context indicates Government share). - Expenditure from other sources: - Internally Generated Funds (IGF) increased by 43.5 percent. - Development partners’ expenditure increased by 103.1 percent. - Composition of Government consolidated budget education expenditure in 2018: - Compensation: 98.1 percent. - Goods and services: 1.3 percent. - Capital expenditure: 0.6 percent. - Consequence: limited resources available for non-compensation education expenses. --- ### 3.2.2 Health and Health Services — Overview - Government pursued provision of affordable, equitable, easily accessible Universal Health Coverage (UHC) consistent with Article 34 (2) of the Constitution of Ghana. - Progress noted in improving health and healthcare system in Ghana. ### Access to Universal Health Coverage - CHPS (Community-based Health Planning and Services) zones: - Number of functional CHPS zones: 5,100 (2017); 5,509 (2019) representing 78.5% of demarcated CHPS zones; 5,547 (2020) representing 79.03%. - Some CHPS compounds lack structural, technical, and human capacity to provide essential health services including skilled delivery of newborns. ### National Ambulance Service (NAS) - NAS role: provides pre-hospital care; faces challenges including limited funding and inadequate ambulance fleet. - Emergency cases responded to: - 20,236 (2014). - 7,687 (2018). - 15,000 (2019). - Fleet augmentation: - Between 2019 and 2020, 625 new ambulances were procured to augment the available fleet (55). - Functional service centres: - Increased from 130 in 2018 to 278 (year implied as 2020 in source context). *Source: Chapter 3.2 (Performance Review), MEDIUM-TERM NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK | AGENDA FOR JOBS II: CREATING PROSPERITY AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR ALL | 2022-2025 (Ministry of Education/EMIS and Ministry of Health data as cited in source).* ### 2020. Similarly, a total of 490 Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) were recruited, trained, and ### CHAPTER THREE: SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ### Emergency medical services and ambulance cases - A total of 490 Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) were recruited, trained, and deployed as basic EMTs in 2019 as compared to 577 in 2018. - Number of Emergency Cases by year (as shown in source figure): - 2010: 5,232 - 2011: 4,760 - 2012: 7,810 - 2013: 17,204 - 2014: 20,236 - 2015: 19,703 - 2016: 14,085 - 2017: 8,518 - 2018: 7,687 - 2019: 15,000 Source: Ministry of Health, Holistic Assessment of Health Sector Programme of Work, 2019 ### Hospital emergency teams and capacity - Proportion of public hospitals with functional emergency teams: - 2015: 6.7 percent - 2016: 18.5 percent - 2017: 25.5 percent - 2018: 25.5 percent - 2019: 25.5 percent - 2020: 25.5 percent ### Mental health - Most common mental disorder diagnoses: schizophrenia and mood disorders. - About 98 percent of mental health patients do not receive treatment for mental health disorders. - Legislative Instrument enacted: LI 2385 supports the Mental Health Act 2012 (Act 846); the Mental Health Fund is yet to be established. ### Traditional medicine - Regional and district public hospitals practicing traditional medicine: - 2018: 23.7 percent - 2019: 25 percent - 2020: 25 percent ### National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) - Proportion of population with valid NHIS cards: - 2018: 35.8 percent - 2019: 40 percent - 2020: 52.7 percent - Renewal process fully digitized (renew via mobile phones). - Inclusion noted: drug used by breast cancer patients added to essential drugs list. - Challenges: shortage of medicines, critical supplies at hospitals, delays in payments. ### Outpatient Department (OPD) visits per capita - OPD visits per capita by year: - 2015: 1.08 - 2016: 1.06 - 2017: 0.98 - 2018: 1.05 - 2019: 1.02 - 2020: 0.96 - Commentary: At least one hospital visit per person in Ghana in 2019 compared to the standard of at least two visits for screening and medical evaluation. ### Healthcare management systems and expenditures - Per capita health expenditure (US$) by year: - 2017: 44.4 - 2018: 55.6 - 2019: 38.9 - 2020: 46.6 - WHO threshold for access to essential health services: US$44 per person per year. - Doctor–population ratio: - National progress: 1: 7,196 in 2018 to 1: 6,897 in 2019 to 1:6,355 in 2020. - WHO standard: 1:1,320; Commonwealth standard: 1:5,000. - Nurse-to-population ratio: - National 2020: 1:701 (compared to WHO standard 1: 1,000). - Regional nurse-to-population ratios (2017–2020) — selected entries: - Ashanti: 2017 1:880; 2018 1:925; 2019 1:796; 2020 1:764 - Brong Ahafo: 2017 1:807; 2018 1:887; 2019 1:750; 2020 1:743 - Greater Accra: 2017 1:743; 2018 1:783; 2019 1:675; 2020 1:640 - Northern: 2017 1:945; 2018 1:986; 2019 1:850; 2020 1:825 - Western: 2017 1:1,030; 2018 1:1,015; 2019 1:935; 2020 1:944 - National: 2017 1:799; 2018 1:839; 2019 1:727; 2020 1:701 - e-Health Solution: Patient Records Management Systems introduced to digitize and link all facilities. ### Disability, morbidity, and mortality (major causes and trends) - Leading causes of death: Malaria, acute respiratory infections, anaemia, and neo-natal disorders. - Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) responsible for 43 percent of all deaths and account for about 94,000 preventable deaths in Ghana each year. - Major NCDs: cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, sickle cell disease. - Diabetes prevalence: 2010 — 6.1 percent (females and males); 2014 — 6.6 percent (females), 6.4 percent (males). - Hypertension prevalence as of 2015: 25 percent of adult males and 23 percent of adult females had high blood pressure. - Child mortality: - Under-Five mortality rate: 52 per 1,000 live births in 2017 (improvement from 82 per 1,000 in 2007); MICS 2017/18 reported 56 per 1,000. - Risk of a child under-Five dying from malaria: 0.11 percent in 2019; 0.12 percent in 2020. - Infant mortality: 37 in 2017 and 41 per 1,000 live births in 2017/18. - Neonatal mortality: declined from 29 in 2007 to 25 per 1,000 live births in 2017. - Maternal mortality: - Maternal mortality rate 2010–2017: 310 per 100,000 live births. - Pregnancy-related deaths: 451 in 2007 to 343 per 100,000 live births in 2017. - Institutional Maternal Mortality Ratio (iMMR): 134.7 per 100,000 live births in 2019; 109.2 in 2020. - SDG target: less than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030 (Ghana may not achieve this). - Stillbirths: - 2017: 15 per 1,000 live births - 2019: 12.7 per 1,000 live births - 2020: 12.7 per 1,000 live births - Immunization: - Penta 3 coverage: 97.2 percent in 2019; 94.2 percent in 2020. - Polio cases: 18 cases recorded in 2019. - Malaria: - Case fatality rate: 0.27 percent in 2018; 0.1 percent in 2019; 2.1 percent in 2020. - Malaria responsible for 11 percent of deaths among children under-five. - Household ITN ownership and use: - 56.7 percent of households had at least one Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Net (ITNs). - 28.6 percent had at least two ITNs. - 27.7 percent of household members made use of ITNs. - Estimated working days lost to malaria: 2.0 percent of all potential working days. - Tuberculosis (TB) incidence per 100,000 population: - 2017: 47.5 - 2020: 40.2 ### HIV/AIDS/STIs - Proportion of Persons Living with HIV (PLHIV): remained nearly unchanged at 1.7 since 2017. - Estimated AIDS-related deaths in 2018: 14,181 (58.1% higher than the target set for 2018 and a 0.2 percent increase over 2017). - HIV prevalence rate: - 2019: 1.7 percent - 2020: 1.69 percent (missed 2020 target of 1.5 percent) - PLHIV receiving ART: - 2019: 61 percent - 2020: 60 percent - 90-90-90 programme progress: - PLHIV who know their status: 62 percent in 2017; 74.4 percent in 2020. - HIV positive people receiving ART with viral suppression: 51 percent in 2017; 72.9 percent in 2020. ### Food systems transformation and nutrition security - Ghana Global Hunger Index ranking and scores: - 2019: ranked 59th, score of 14.0 - 2010 score: 18.3 - Current world ranking cited: 64th (a decrease of 47.5 percent since 2000) *Source: MEDIUM-TERM NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK | AGENDA FOR JOBS II: CREATING PROSPERITY AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR ALL | 2022-2025 (CHAPTER THREE content provided)* ### 7.7 percent in 2015 to 6.5 percent in 2018, 1.9 million Ghanaians were estimated to be ### 7.7 percent in 2015 to 6.5 percent in 2018, 1.9 million Ghanaians were estimated to be ### Food insecurity and undernourishment - Undernourished: 1.9 million Ghanaians were estimated to be undernourished between 2017 and 2019. - Food insecure population: - Increased from 2.1 million people (7.6%) between 2014 and 2016 to 2.5 million people (8.4%) between 2017 and 2019. - Currently, 3.6 million people (11.7%) of the population are food insecure. - Severely food insecure: 1.6 million people (5.2%). - Moderately food insecure: 2.0 million (6.5%). - Household expenditure on food: - 45.8 percent in 2012/13. - 45.4 percent in 2016/17. - Risks noted: price shocks, food price volatility, cost of production, storage, distribution and losses, and high expenditures on food could increase food insecurity despite improved availability and utilization. ### Food production - Self-sufficiency: Country is self-sufficient in cassava, plantain, maize, yam and palm fruits; not self-sufficient in rice, millet, fruits and vegetables. - Staple crops (roots and tubers) average annual growth: approximately five percent in production levels (2014 to 2017). - Domestic meat production: 168,291mt in 2018, an increase of 17 percent since 2014. - Fish requirements and production: - 2020 total annual fish requirement: 1,242,917.60Mt. - Total annual fish production: 471,794.82mt in 2020 (from 367,868mt in 2018). - Fish self-sufficiency: 50.52 percent in 2020. - Fish imports: 193,226.87mt valued at US$51,981,448.73. - Overall food imports: about 20 percent of its food. - Reliance on imported seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and other farm inputs noted as part of cost of production. - Insufficient production of nutrient-rich crops such as leafy greens and fruits leading to limited availability and affordability. ### Food loss and waste - About 20 percent of the country’s food output is lost during the post-harvest process (estimation based on analysis in 6 districts in Upper East Region). - Changes 2000 to 2017: - Vegetables loss increased by 0.5 percentage points. - No changes in fruit loss. - Significant reductions in loss of cereals and pulses. - Contributing factors: poor post-harvest handling knowledge, inadequate storage equipment and techniques, unfavourable weather, poor transport systems, high incidence of pests and diseases. - Interventions: dissemination of new harvesting & processing technologies, mass training programmes, National Food Buffer Stock Company work to mop up excess produce. - Retail trends in 2019: convenience stores had a 36 percent share of total retail sales; supermarkets had a four percent share of total retail sales. - Market frequency: rural markets operate one to six times a week; urban markets typically operate every day. ### Food environment, consumption and utilization - Food environment drivers: availability, promotion and labelling, nutrient quality, taste, prices, time and convenience, urbanisation and nutrition transition, knowledge and purchasing power. - Concerns: rampant advertisement and availability of cheap ultra-processed energy dense foods; poor access to healthy, diverse, quality and nutrient rich food; inadequate food and nutrition education; weak regulation. - Dietary composition: - Roots and tubers and cereals supply almost 75 percent of dietary energy. - Fish accounts for more than 50 percent of the population’s animal protein intake (world average is 17 percent). - Per capita rice consumption in urban areas accounts for about 76 percent of total rice consumption. - Limited food fortification in oil, flour, salt and processed and semi processed foods. - Food safety: poor food safety and hygiene practices, food adulteration and contamination, environmental sanitation and cleanliness of food outlets/home surroundings are major public health concerns. - Diet diversity and dietary energy supply: - In 2018, 24 percent of children aged 6-23 months had a minimum diet diversity. - In 2018, 43 percent had acceptable meal frequency. - In 2018, 13 percent had a minimum acceptable diet. - Over half (51%) consumed no vegetable or fruit (reference for 6-23 months). - In 2020, households with dietary diversity: 80.5 percent high, 14.6 percent medium, 4.9 percent low. - Average dietary energy supply adequacy: 113 percent (2000-2002) to 132 percent (2017-2019). - Ghanaians derive up to 66 percent of energy requirement from cereals, roots and tubers. - Average protein supply declined from 66 grams per capita per day (2010-2012) to 60.7 grams per capita per day (2015-2017). ### Malnutrition indicators - Contribution: malnutrition (stunting, wasting, underweight) contributes to about one-third of deaths in children under-five years. - Stunting, wasting, underweight (MICS 2017/18): - Stunting prevalence: 17.5 percent of children under-five. - Wasting: 6.8 percent of children under-five (too thin for their heights). - Underweight: 12.6 percent of children under-five. - Regional variations in stunting: Northern (29%), Volta (21%), Central (18%), Upper East (18%). - Demographics: males more likely to be stunted; rural areas have higher stunting prevalence. - Trends in wasting: - Declined from 8.5 percent in 2008 to 4.7 percent in 2014, increased to 6.8 percent in 2017/18. - Underweight trends: - 47.8 percent decline in prevalence of underweight from 1998 to the 2017/18 estimate of 12.6 percent. - Recent estimates indicate more females are underweight than males; rural areas more likely to be underweight. - Regional improvements (1998 to 2017/18): - Northern: underweight reduced from 38.1 percent to 20 percent. - Brong-Ahafo: greatest improvement of 76 percent over 20-year period. - Eastern: improvement of 65 percent. - Upper East: improvement of 62 percent. - Low birth weight: - 2011 MICS: 10.7 percent of all children had low birthweights. - 2014 DHS: decreased to 9.5 percent. - About 80 percent of neonatal deaths occur in low-birth-weight new-borns. - Exclusive breastfeeding: - 2008: 62.8 percent (most favourable rate). - 2014: 52.3 percent. - 2017: 42.9 percent. - Only 41.5 percent of children were breastfed until age two. ### Micronutrient deficiencies and overweight - Anaemia among children aged 6-59 months: - Declined from 65.7 percent in 2014 to 35 percent in 2017. - Severe and moderate cases: 0.7 percent and 17 percent respectively. - Most affected: 12-23 months age group (46.1%), males (38.4%), rural dwellers (42.1%), northern belt (53.2%). - Anaemia in women: - Non-pregnant women: 21.7 percent. - Pregnant women: 42 percent (meets WHO’s classification of a severe public health problem). - Pregnant women most affected: 20–39-year group in rural areas (42.5%), Southern Belt (50.8%). - Anaemia in non-pregnant women most prevalent in 15-19 age group (26.4%), rural dwellers (21.8%), Northern Belt (27.6%), women who never attended school (24.3%). - Vitamin A deficiency: - In 2019 only 1.5 percent of non-pregnant women were Vitamin A deficient. - Most affected age group: 25-29-year-olds (4.7%); followed by rural dwellers (1.9%) and those in the northern belt. - 63.9 percent of pregnant women did not take Vitamin A capsules after their last delivery. - Only 50 percent of children under-five received Vitamin A supplementation. - Iodized salt usage: 68.9 percent of households adequately made use of iodised salt. - Overweight in children: 1.4 percent of children (6-59 months) were overweight in 2017 (improved from 2 percent in 2010). ### Food and nutrition security governance - Governance status: inadequate food systems and nutrition security governance despite improved institutional framework for intersectoral coordination and monitoring and evaluation. - Capacity gaps: inadequate capacity for food systems transformation and nutrition-specific and sensitive planning and programming at all levels. - Budget and funding: - Marked increases in nutrition-sensitive funding over the medium term, showing a slight increase in Government commitment. - Funding remains inadequate and inadequate mainstreaming of nutrition into universal health coverage. - Policy and regulatory actions: - Development, enactment and revision of laws on food safety, fortification of products and regulations on marketing of breast milk substitutes during medium-term. - Challenges in enforcement of legislations/regulations. - Prevalence of “bush canteens” and poor sanitary conditions in numerous culinary outlets pose public health risks. - National Food Safety Policy finalised in 2020. - Guidelines in place for advertisement of foods with specific requirements for Alcoholic Beverages and Energy Drinks. - Ghana National NCDs Policy seeks to restrict commercial promotion/marketing of unhealthy foods in children’s settings. - Persistent gaps: weak nutrition-sensitive planning and programming; inadequate funding of food systems; gaps in coordination among sectors; weak enforcement of regulations. ### Population management and migration (selected highlights) - Population totals: - 2010: 24,658,823. - 2021: 30,832,019. - Annual intercensal growth rate: 2.1 percent. - Urban population: - 2010: 50.9 percent. - 2021: 57.3 percent. - Female population share: - 2010: 51.2 percent. - 2021: 50.7 percent. - Age structure: - Children (under 15 years) declined from 38.3 percent in 2010 to 35.3 percent in 2021. - Persons aged 15 to 24 years increased from 20.0 percent in 2010 to 20.2 percent in 2021. *Source: 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf* ### 38.2 percent 2021, which is an increase from 34.2 percent in 2010. The working force (i.e., persons ### CHAPTER THREE: SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ### Demographics and Age Structure - Urban population share: 38.2 percent in 2021, which is an increase from 34.2 percent in 2010. - Working force (persons aged 15 to 64 years): increased from 57.0 percent in 2010 to 60.4 percent in 2021. - Persons aged 65 plus: decreased from 4.7 percent in 2010 to 4.3 percent in 2021. - Total Fertility Rate (TFR): - National: reduced from 3.9 children in 2017 to 3.1 in 2021. - Rural Ghana: reduced from 5.7 children to 3.8. - Urban areas: reduced from 3.3 children to 2.7. - Total maternal mortality: 14.4 percent in 2021, with rural and urban recording 5.4 percent and 13.1 respectively in 2021. - Age-dependency ratio: reduced from 76 per 100 in 2010 to 66 per 100 in 2021. - Analytical finding: Ghana is in a demographic transition with an increasing working age population and lowering dependency ratio, presenting potential for a demographic dividend that requires long-term investments in: - economic development, - creation of decent work, - education, - health, - youth empowerment, - good governance. ### Migration for Development — Emigration - Regional distribution of Ghanaian emigrants (2019): Africa 49.3 percent, Europe 29.2 percent, North America 20.4 percent. - Comparative shares in 2010: Africa 48.4 percent, Europe 31.4 percent, North America 19.2 percent. - Trend: Ghanaian emigration is largely to other African countries, with Nigeria as the top destination. - Refugees abroad: decreased from 24,298 in 2012 to 18,036 in 2018. ### Migration for Development — Immigration - International migrants in Ghana: 466,780 in 2019, an increase from 337,017 in 2010. - Sex and age composition: - Males represented up to 54 percent of immigrants. - About 45 percent of migrants aged 15-29 years. - About 93 percent of immigrants within age group 15-64 years. - Origin composition: - Migrants from ECOWAS member states: about 63 percent of Ghana’s migrant population. - By end-2017 FIMS registrations: 23,934 (33%) Chinese and 15,810 (22%) Nigerian nationals were the two largest groups. - Permits issued by GIS: 166,078 in 2018, a 16.5 per cent increase from 137,873 issued in 2017. - ECOWAS nationals share of international migrants: 83.6% in 2019, an increase of 8.3 percentage points from 75.3 percent in 2017. - Top three countries of origin (figures cited): Togo (101,677), Nigeria (79,023), Côte d’Ivoire (72,728). ### Internal Migration - Share of Ghanaians who were internal migrants (GLSS7, 2017): about 40 percent. - Regions receiving highest internal migrants: - Greater Accra: 51.3 percent, - Western: 39.1 percent, - Central: 35.5 percent. - Regions receiving least: Upper West (17.15), Upper East (13.6). - Internal migration is higher among females (42.9%) than males (36.9%). - Push factors: poverty, unemployment, education, marital/family reasons, food insecurities, environmental conditions, dehumanising traditions and cultural practices, ethnic/communal violence. - Consequence: rapid urbanization, pressure on infrastructure, proliferation of informal settlements. ### Irregular Migration and Human Trafficking - Irregular migration is high among youth, involving dangerous routes to Europe and Gulf States with risks of drowning, ambush, detention, and exploitation. - Trafficking data (2017–2020): - Total rescued trafficked victims: 1,917 (of which 1,427 were Ghanaians). - Sex composition: 48.9 percent males and 51.1 percent females. - Age composition: about 52 percent of total cases were children. - Type of exploitation: 7.9 percent sexual, 92.1 percent labour related. - Cases investigated: 419; prosecuted: 78. ### Migration Governance, Return, Re-admission, and Reintegration - International commitments: International Conference on Population and Development and the Addis Ababa Declaration on Population and Development (ICPD+25/(AADPD+5)), and the Global Compact for Migration (GCM). - National measures and initiatives: - Labour Migration and Diaspora Engagement Policies formulated. - Process to establish a National Migration Commission commenced. - National migration data management strategy being implemented. - Migration Mainstreaming Toolkit developed and launched to mainstream migration into District Development Plans. - SOPs for Re-integration of Returnees and Combatting Human Trafficking developed. - Trafficking in Persons Information System (TIPIS) developed and launched in 2018. - Assisted returns and reintegration (IOM and Government of Ghana AVRR): - Total assisted returnees: 535 (92.9% men and 7.1% women). - Destinations of return assistance: 71 percent from Libya; 29% from Niger and other European countries. - Assisted victims of trafficking returned to Philippines (1) and Thailand (2). - Survivors of child trafficking assisted with reintegration: 50 children received educational, vocational training, microbusiness loans (for parents), food and medical packages; a shelter for child victims renovated. - Counter-trafficking projects: - Project for prevention of sex trafficking and protection of adult victims rolled out in 2018 (National Plan of Action for the Elimination of Human Trafficking in Ghana 2017-2021). - Ongoing counter-trafficking project focused on prevention of child trafficking. ### Remittances - Share of remittances to GDP: 3.9 percent in 2018; 5.1 percent in 2019; 5.4 percent in 2020. - Private inward remittances (net): US$3.39 billion in 2019 to US$3.56 billion in 2020. - Identified challenge: high cost of remittance transfers. - Initiatives: - African Institute for Remittances (AIR) working to reduce remittance transfer costs within Africa. - Bank of Ghana benefited from AIR Technical Assistance to improve remittance data compilation methods and legal and regulatory frameworks on remittances. ### Reducing Poverty and Inequality — Monetary and Multidimensional Poverty - Extreme poverty (headcount) trajectory: - 37 percent in 1991/92, - 16.5 percent in 2005/06, - 8.4 percent in 2012/13, - 8.2 percent in 2016/17. - Overall poverty decline: - Poverty declined from 51.7 percent in 1991/92 to 24.2 percent in 2012/13 and 23.4 percent in 2016/17. - Pace of poverty reduction: - Upper poverty line decline rate: 2.74 percent per annum between 1991/92 and 2005/06. - Upper poverty line decline rate: 0.83 percent between 2012/13 and 2016/17. - Multidimensional poverty (GSS, 2016/17): - Multidimensional poverty rate: 45.6 percent in 2016/17. - Intensity of poverty: 51.7 percent. - Major deprivations: lack of health insurance coverage, undernutrition, school lag, lack of educational qualification. - Overlap: About 82.3 percent of the monetary poor are also multidimensionally poor. - Geographic and rural/urban pattern: poverty consistently higher in rural than urban areas; higher in the northern belt than the middle and southern belts. - Multidimensional poverty rate for rural populations: 64.6 percent. *Source: CHAPTER THREE: SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (extracted content).* ### 27.0 percent for the urban in 2016/17. Across regions, the incidence of multidimensional poverty is ### CHAPTER THREE: SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (Medium-Term National Development Policy Framework | AGENDA FOR JOBS II: CREATING PROSPERITY AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR ALL | 2022-2025) ### Poverty and Inequality - Multidimensional poverty incidence: - Northern region: 80.8% in 2016/17. - Upper East: 68.0% in 2016/17. - Upper West: 65.5% in 2016/17. - Greater Accra: 22.5% in 2016/17. - Ashanti: 31.1% in 2016/17. - Eastern: 44.0% in 2016/17. - Urban incidence: 27.0 percent for the urban in 2016/17. - Poverty by household head employment status: - Lowest among households headed by retirees and public employees. - Highest among households headed by agricultural self-employed persons and the unemployed. - Income inequality (Gini coefficient): - 37 percent in 1991/92. - 43 percent in 2016/2017. - Rural 41.8 percent in 2016/2017; Urban 37.9 percent in 2016/2017. - Northern belt experiences higher inequality than middle and southern belts. - Greater Accra and Eastern regions report the least incidence. - Socio-economic group patterns: - Inequality higher among households headed by males than females. - Inequality declining relatively faster for female-headed households than male-headed households since 2012/13. - Higher inequality among households headed by agricultural self-employed, unemployed, and the economically in-active. - Least inequality for households headed by public employees and non-farm self-employed. - Income disparity more pronounced among the uneducated; least for those with secondary and tertiary educational qualifications. ### Water and Environmental Sanitation - Access to at least basic drinking water services (JMP): - 80 percent in 2015 to 86 percent in 2020 (national average). - On average a 5-percentage point increase at the national, rural and urban levels. - Basic drinking water services: - Declined from 47 percent in 2015 to 45 percent in 2020. - Safely managed drinking water services: - Improved from 33 percent in 2015 to 41 percent in 2020. - Non-Revenue Water (NRW) in urban areas: - 53.41 percent in 2019 to 50.52 percent in 2019 (declined to 50.52 percent in 2019 from 53.41 percent). - Remained the same in 2020 (50.52%). - Missed the target of 48% for 2020. - Medium-term interventions and results: - Dedicated Pro-Poor Unit established in Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). - New service connections provided to about 10,000 low-income households. - Pipeline improvement works improved water supply delivery to about 368,000 populations (equivalent to 74,000 households) in GAMA. - Similar projects implemented across regions. - Sanitation services (JMP): - Basic sanitation services improved from 19 percent in 2015 to 24 percent in 2020. - Population practicing open defecation marginally declined from 19 percent in 2015 to 18 percent in 2020. - Communities achieving open defecation-free status increased from 21 percent to 81 percent. - Safely managed sanitation services improved from 11 percent in 2015 to 13 percent in 2020 nationally; 15% in rural areas and 12% in urban areas. - Proportion of solid waste collected and properly disposed in sanitary landfills in five major cities remained unchanged at 80 percent since 2018. - Hygiene: - Proportion practicing basic hygiene (hand washing facilities with soap and water) improved from 41 percent in 2015 to 42 percent in 2020. - Urban: 47%; Rural: 35%. - Sector challenges: - Urban sanitation infrastructure has not kept pace with population growth and city expansion. - Inadequate maintenance of water distribution facilities leading to large distribution losses. - Quality drinking water and safely managed sanitation services continue to lag national and international targets. ### Child Protection and Development - Policy and institutional developments: - National Child Protection Toolkit developed in 2018 and deployed to 1,300 communities across 100 districts. - Inter-Sectoral Standard Operating Procedures (ISSOP) developed to guide delivery and referral of social welfare services for children. - Adoption Regulation, 2018 (L.I. 2360) and Foster Care Regulations, 2018 (L.I. 2361) enacted. - Foster Care Operational Manual developed and operationalized in 2018. - National Standards for Foster Care in Ghana developed in 2020. - Cyber Security Act, 2020 (Act 1038) and Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 2020 (Act 1027) enacted. - Implementation gaps and challenges: - Weaknesses in addressing child poverty, child abuse, child labour, exploitation and trafficking, streetism, and outdated child-related laws and policies. - Coordination and capacity: - Department of Children staff increased from 68 in 2018 to 98 in 2020. - Targeted training of social, health and community development workers carried out in 60 districts as at 2020. - Challenges: inadequate resources, overlaps and duplication of institutional oversight, poor inter-sectoral coordination. - Awareness and enforcement: - Sensitisation programmes reached about five million people via radio and television. - Inadequate awareness and enforcement of child-related policies and laws; persistent discrimination against children with disabilities; under-reporting and use of traditional grievance systems. - Child poverty and deprivation: - 7 in every 10 children (73.4 percent) were multi-dimensionally poor in 2020. - Children under 5 years: 82.9% suffer highest form of deprivation. - Children most deprived in sanitation, housing, learning and protection. - Integrated Social Services (ISS): - ISS Delivery System rolled out in 2020 in 60 MMDAs using ISSOP for Child Protection and Family Welfare. - Limited coverage of integrated social services and social protection programmes for children, including children 0-8 years and vulnerable children (including those with disabilities). - Lack of a comprehensive information management system hampers targeting. - Child welfare: - Database with 1,500 street children and head-porters (kayayei) created. - 168 enrolled in schools (including vocational); others re-integrated with families. - LEAP beneficiaries (children): increased from 449,440 in 2018 to 771,407 in 2020. - 3,632 children placed in Residential Homes for Children (RCHs). - Fostering has been abused as an avenue for child labour and trafficking; some residential homes closed or earmarked for closure. - Regional Foster Care Placement Committees established; parents recruited, trained and licensed to foster children; register developed for placing children in foster care. - Alternative family-based care services remain inadequate. - Early Childhood Care and Development (ECCD): - ECCD standards for children 0-3 years developed in 2018. - Early Childhood Education (ECE) policy launched in 2021. - Limited knowledge, data and research on ECCD issues; weak planning and enforcement systems and inter-sectoral coordination. - Justice for children: - 2019 child-related offences recorded: - Child non-maintenance: 3,731. - Defilement and attempted defilement: 1,297. - Child trafficking: 200. - Exposure of child to danger: 72. - Child stealing: 43. - Forced and early child marriage: 4. - Interventions: DOVVSU comprehensive support mechanism, child-friendly gender-based violence courts in all regional capitals, probation desk manual development. - Challenges: inadequate funding and resources, insufficient professionals for reformation and reintegration of child offenders. - Child labour: - 2017 MICS: 27.9 percent of children aged 5-17 years involved in child labour. - By sex and location: - Boys: 28.3%. - Girls: 27.5%. - Rural: 37.1%. - Urban: 15.8%. - Regional incidences: - Greater Accra: 7.6%. - Northern: 49.6%. - Upper West: 44%. - Upper East: 36%. - Interventions: Child Labour Free Zones (CLFZs); strategy on Anti-Child Labour and Trafficking in Fisheries; reporting template for implementing partners of NPA 2. - Child online protection: - National Cyber Security Centre (established 2018) launched Internet Watch Foundation Portal (IWFP) to censor and “take-down” child sexual abuse materials. - Child Protection and Digital Forensic Laboratory established. - Incident Reporting Point of Contact (POC) launched for cyber security issues. ### Support for the Aged - Population and demographic context: - Total number of persons aged 60 years and above estimated at over 2 million in 2020. - Social support systems: - Traditional family system provides mutual support but is weakening, leaving aged vulnerable. - National Ageing Policy launched in 2010; limited progress due to absence of National Council on Ageing. - NHIS premium exemption policy for the aged (70 years and above) introduced. - Ageing-related interventions lack adequate investments. - Key challenges: - Inadequate coverage of pensions. - Inadequate knowledge and understanding of ageing-related health issues leading to stigmatization, social isolation and abuse. - Inadequate institutional care. - High incidence of poverty among the aged. - Limited access to health services despite NHIS premium exemptions. ### Gender Equality - Socio-cultural barriers: - Persistent negative discriminatory socio-cultural, traditional beliefs and customary practices breed early child marriage, female genital mutilation, operation of witch camps, sexual and gender-based violence. - Gender-based violence: - Ghana recorded 16,586 domestic violence cases in 2020, which included: - Rape: 305. - Sexual abuse: 13. - Sexual harassment: 24. - Sexual Gender Based Violence (SGBV) Case Protocol and Codified Handbook developed for DOVVSU and Police Service. - Women’s participation: - Women’s participation in public life declined from 30 percent in 2017 to 20.3 percent in 2020. - Ghana National Action Plan on Women, Peace and Security (GHANAP II, 2020 - 2025) and Mentorship Programme for Girls’ Empowerment and Affirmative Action (Gender Equality) Bill developed. - Economic empowerment and labour statistics: - Female labour force participation rate: 69.7%. - Male labour force participation rate: 72.3%. - Female unemployment: 9.2%; Male unemployment: 7.5%. - Vulnerable employment: Females 77.8%; Males 53.7%. - On average, females receive lower earnings than males in all occupations. - COVID-19: large number of women in temporary employment considered among the most vulnerable to job loss. ### Sports and Recreation - Sector role: - Sports industry contributes to job creation, incomes, competitiveness and teamwork. - Infrastructure and administration: - Rehabilitation of Robert Mensah Sports Stadium, El-Wak Stadium, Aliu Mahama Sports Stadium and Accra Sports Stadium. - Construction of Astro Turfs and Green Parks. - New GFA President, Executive Council Members and RFA Executives elected. - National Sports Authority pursuing establishment of a Sports Fund, enactment of a Legislative Instrument (L.I) of the National Sports Act, and passage of the National Sports College Bill. - Challenges: - Neglect of lesser-known sports and limited attention to school sports. - Inadequate and poor facilities; encroachment on sporting and recreational land. - Low participation of vulnerable groups including PWDs, children and the aged. - Declining public interest in locally organised sports. - Inadequate gender equity and low investments in sports development. ### Youth Development - Demographics and labour: - Youth comprised 9.7 million (34.2%) of Ghana’s total population in 2016/2017; 51.5 percent females and 49.5 percent males. - Estimated youth unemployment: 16.9 percent. - Labour underutilisation rate: 42.0 percent. - Unemployment by education: - WASSCE, O’ level and A’ Level qualifications: 19.7%. - Tertiary qualifications: 13.0%. - No education: 9.4%. - Government responses and outcomes: - Over 55,000 youths provided with employable skills. - 1,597 out of school youth trained in soft skills including leadership. - Jobs created under Youth Enterprise Scheme, Nation Builders Corps and National Entrepreneurship and Innovation Programmes: - Exceeded target of 246,700 to 265,463 in 2020 as compared to 107,576 in 2019. - National Youth Policy (2010) revised to prioritise investments in education, health and reproductive health, employment, and youth empowerment. - Ten youth resource centres constructed. - Youth Development Index developed to track progress. - Persistent challenges: - Underemployment; limited access to start-up capital; skills mismatch with industry demand; limited participation in political governance and decision making; low interest in agribusiness. ### Social Protection - Major programmes: - National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS). - Ghana School Feeding Programme (GSFP). - Livelihood Empowerment against Poverty Programme (LEAP). - LEAP programme coverage: - Households receiving bi-monthly cash grants increased from 332,200 in 2019 to 344,023 in 2020. - Direct beneficiaries composition: - Orphans and vulnerable children: 44.87%. - The elderly: 27.32%. - Persons with severe disability: 16.97%. - Infants and pregnant women with children under one year: 10.8%. - Females constituted (figure truncated in source). *Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2024/english/1ghaea2024003-print-pdf.pdf* ### 54.8 percent of the beneficiaries and males, 45.2 percent. Female-headed households constituted 60.7 ### 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf - 54.8 percent of the beneficiaries and males, 45.2 percent. Female-headed households constituted 60.7 ### Social protection: LEAP, CLASS, NHIS, and GNHR - Beneficiary gender shares reported: 54.8 percent of the beneficiaries are female and males, 45.2 percent. - Female-headed households constituted 60.7 percent of beneficiary households and male-headed households, 39.3 percent. - In 2019: - 3,111 pay points were established in new LEAP communities in all 260 districts to reduce travel time of beneficiaries. - The LEAP Management Secretariat reviewed the LEAP operations manual and conducted field visits to eighty selected districts to monitor and evaluate beneficiaries’ adherence to co-responsibilities, linkages to complementary services and the impact of the programme on their lives. - The Complementary Livelihood Asset Support Scheme (CLASS), a component of the Ghana Productive Safety Net Project, was developed with productive and financial inclusion measures to provide sustainable income earning opportunities for beneficiaries. - Under the ‘Integrated Decentralised Social Services in Collaboration’ project, a total of 136,748 LEAP beneficiaries were registered onto the NHIS in 2019, increasing the enrolment of indigents, including kayayei, inmates of psychiatric homes and prisons, GSFP beneficiaries and PWDs onto the NHIS. - Ghana National Household Registry (GNHR): - Over the medium term, Government continued development of the GNHR to improve targeting of social interventions. - As at 2021, the register for five regions—Upper East, Upper West, Savannah, Northern and North East—were completed and are available for use. - Identified constraints: - Inadequate structures for coordinating social protection programmes at sub-national levels (regional, district and community). - Inadequate funding for implementation and insufficient coverage of vulnerable populations, including those outside of households. - Limited national targeting mechanism, including delays in completing the Ghana National Household Registration exercise, which poses a challenge to expanding coverage. - Weak monitoring and evaluation of social protection for formal sector workers. ### Pensions - In 2019: - A total of 214,800 persons received pension payments under the Social Security and National Insurance Trust (SSNIT). - 31 informal sector pension schemes had been established. - Informal sector pension participation: - Number of informal workers contributing towards their pensions increased from 148,000 in 2017 to 315,890 in 2020. - Informal sector workers are now able to contribute to Tier 3 of Ghana’s Pension scheme through the Provident Fund and other private pension schemes. - Challenges affecting pensions: - Low pensions for some beneficiaries due to low declared salaries which exclude allowances on which contributions are paid. - Inadequate awareness and low coverage of informal sector pension schemes. ### Disability-Inclusive Development — key actions and gaps - Economic empowerment: - In 2019, Government provided financial support totalling GH¢4 million to a number of entrepreneurs with disabilities to expand their businesses. - In 2020, MMDAs complied with the directive of disbursing 3 percent of their District Assembly Common Fund (DACF) to PWDs. - Access to assistive devices: - Limited supply of assistive devices and facilities for different categories of PWDs, including hearing aids, braille displays, universally designed vehicles, parking places, driving license, port terminals, accessible ICT services and illustrators. - Over the medium-term, some students with disabilities in selected tertiary institutions were provided assistive technology-enabled devices and training under the Ghana Investment Fund for Electronic Communications. - Participation in decision-making and electoral democracy: - As of 2020, only 32 PWDs were Assembly Members of MMDAs and 4 occupied the positions of Minister of State, Chief Executive of a Public Institution, Chief Executive of an MMDA and Leader of a major political party. - Government embarked on an affirmative action directive for the appointment of at least one PWD in all MMDAs. - Limitations in disability-friendly voting procedures, facilities and materials hinder full electoral participation. - Policy environment and coordination: - Process of amending the Disability Act 2006, (Act 715) to include important provisions of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) continued over the medium term. - The Disability Amendment Bill provides for establishment of a Disability Fund. - Limited disaggregated data on PWDs for formulation, targeting, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. - National Council for Persons with Disabilities (NCPD) is resource constrained, including finance and human resource. - Inadequate budgetary allocations across sectors to ensure inclusive services and special provisions for PWDs. - An Inter-Ministerial Coordinating Committee on decentralisation and the Office of the Head of Local Government Service were tasked to mainstream disability issues into MMDAs’ budgets. - Discrimination and social inclusion: - PWDs suffer stigmatisation, abuse and discrimination due to limited understanding of disability issues and inadequate knowledge of rights of PWDs. - Discrimination manifests as non-recognition/support of cultural and linguistic identity, interference in privacy, inadequate standard of living, inhuman or degrading treatment, abuse, exploitation, violence and discriminatory beliefs and systems. - Health and reproductive health: - Limited physical access to health infrastructure for PWDs; peculiar needs of women with disabilities are not adequately catered for. - Weak services for early identification and intervention and for minimising/preventing further disabilities, especially among children and older persons. - Emergency medical preparedness and response services are not adequately responsive to PWDs. - Rehabilitation centres exist but services are inadequate, especially for health-related rehabilitation of persons who acquire disability in the course of life. - High unmet need of women and girls with disabilities for sexual and reproductive health services and limited access to age-appropriate information and commodities on reproductive health and family planning. - Education: - PWDs are entitled to free inclusive education and special schools, education of children with multiple disabilities, non-discrimination in educational services, appropriate facilities and equipment, and appropriate training for basic school graduates. - Currently, inadequate and inequitable access to inclusive education, special education and special teaching and learning aids for PWDs and people with special needs at all levels. - Infrastructure and accessibility: - Limited access to public and private buildings due to weak implementation of the Ghana Accessibility Standards on the Built Environment. - Inability to participate equally in recreational, leisure and sporting activities due to inadequate provision of instruction, training, resources and inaccessibility of venues. - Employment: - High unemployment rate among PWDs due in part to negative perceptions, inadequate skills and employability. - Few rehabilitation centres, services and programmes to facilitate social integration into community life, work and education. - Over the medium term, 50 percent of all toll booth manning in the country was allocated to PWDs and an Employment Equity Policy for PWDs is being drafted. ### Employment and Decent Work — job creation, informality, underemployment, and earnings - Job creation by MDAs and government interventions: - Number of jobs created by MDAs: 242,461 in 2017; 174,282 in 2018; 361,963 in 2019. - Total number of jobs created through Government interventions: 1,273,681 in 2017; 1,098,790 in 2018; 1,252,518 in 2019. - Forms of work (population aged 15 years and older, 2016/17): - About three-quarters (70.7%) of the population aged 15 years and older were engaged in some form of work in 2016/17. - 65.0% work for pay or profit. - 3.3 percent work for their own final usage. - 1.8 percent work without pay to acquire experience or skills. - Voluntary work accounted for 0.6 percent of the working age population. - Work disparities: higher proportion of males than females, and rural than urban workers, work for pay or profit. - Volta Region: 73.4% working for pay or profit; Upper West Region: 50.8%. - Greater Accra: 36.1% not engaged in any form of economic activity; Ashanti: 33.5% not engaged. - Informality and employment status: - About 71.3 percent of total employment was in the informal sector (GLSS 2016/17). - Informality is higher among males and in rural areas. - Ashanti (26.3%) and Greater Accra (23.8%) regions together account for about 50.1 percent of total informal workers. - Age profile of informal workers: those aged 20 to 39 years account for 66.7% of total informal workers. - 65 percent of the population aged 15 years and older are employed. - 66.2% of workers are engaged in vulnerable employment, composed of: - own-account and contributing family workers: 49.2 percent. - contributing family workers: 17.0 percent. - Females and rural workers dominate vulnerable employment and are underrepresented in paid and skilled employment. - Regional paid employment: Greater Accra 46.5%, Ashanti 36.1%, Northern Region 12.3% (least). - Labour underutilization (unemployment and underemployment): - Unemployment rate increased from 3.6 percent in 1991/92 to 8.4 percent in 2016/17. - Time-related underemployment increased from 10 percent in 1991/92 to 21.4 percent in 2016/17. - Labour underutilization varies by gender, age, location and region: unemployment worse among youth, female and urban populations; underemployment largest among females, rural areas, Northern and Central regions. - Gender earnings gap: - Average monthly cash earnings of females (GHS 654) was estimated to be about two-thirds of male counterparts in 2016/17. - Table of average monthly cash earnings of paid employees 15 years and older, by main occupation and sex, 2016/17 (GHS): - Legislators/managers: Male 1,891; Female 1,649; Both sexes 1,822 - Professionals: Male 1,171; Female 912; Both sexes 1,063 - Technicians and associate professionals: Male 1,290; Female 961; Both sexes 1,191 - Clerical support workers: Male 902; Female 709; Both sexes 823 - Service/sales workers: Male 779; Female 432; Both sexes 618 - Agricultural/fishery workers: Male 1,052; Female 805; Both sexes 1,000 - Craft and related trades workers: Male 1,071; Female 340; Both sexes 938 - Plant machine operators and assemblers: Male 1,039; Female 546; Both sexes 1,017 - Elementary occupations: Male 736; Female 332; Both sexes 577 - Other occupations: Male 2,375; Female - ; Both sexes 2,375 - Total (Average): Male 1,053; Female 654; Both sexes 928 - Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2019. - Employment of migrants: - Over 20 percent of the migrant population migrated for employment purposes including job transfers and searches. - Proportion migrating for employment: rural 33.0 percent; urban 29.1 percent. - Employment status of migrants aged 15 years and older: - 51.0 percent are self-employed. - 34.6 percent employed by the private sector. - 8.4 percent employed by the Government sector. - By occupation, migrants are concentrated in services and sales (37.4 percent) and agricultural, forestry and fisheries (32.7percent). - Migrants incur varied recruitment expenses prior to securing jobs; high recruitment cost among Ghanaian workers abroad noted by Ghana Statistical Service in 2020. - Concerns about migrants involved in anti-social activities and conflicts between Ghanaian and non-Ghanaian business owners in some trading activities. *Italic source: 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf* ### 3.3 SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES ### 3.3 SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES ### 3.3.1 Education and Training - Geographical disparities in access to quality education at all levels - poor learning outcomes at all levels of education - gender disparities at senior high school and tertiary levels - high teacher attrition and absenteeism rates - inadequate school infrastructure - low participation of females in learning of science, technology, engineering and mathematics - inadequate and inequitable access to education for PWDs and people with special needs at all levels - high dropout rate for both adolescent boys and girls - unsupportive school environment to facilitate re-entry into school - inadequate funding for education - inadequate information on lifelong learning opportunities for non-literate youth and adults ### 3.3.2 Health and Health Services - Gaps in access to health infrastructure and services - inadequate emergency services - poor quality of healthcare services - unmet need for mental health services - increased cost of healthcare delivery - limited financing of the health sector - inaccessible health facilities to PWDs - limited supply of personal protective equipment - limited supply of assistive devices for PWDs - inadequate mental health facilities at regional and district level - inadequate financial and human resources for mental health delivery - increasing burden of NCDs on national expenditure - increased NCDs related deaths and high incidence of HIV and AIDS among young persons ### 3.3.3 Food Systems Transformation and Nutrition Security - Poor knowledge of agroecology and unsustainable production practices - dwindling fish stock - weak enforcement of fishery laws - low biosecurity - high mortality of fish breeds - high cost of inputs - high post-harvest losses - poor food storage techniques - inadequate efforts to manage food maintenance systems - limited food fortification - limited value-addition - high costs of transporting food - increase in the consumption of ultra-processed and convenience foods - inadequate mainstreaming of nutrition into the health sector - triple burden of malnutrition, rise in obesity and diet related NCDs - weak nutrition-sensitive planning and programming - weak food systems and nutrition institutional framework and coordination - weak M&E of food systems ### 3.3.4 Population Management and Migration for Development - Weak management of population issues - inadequate funding for population programmes and projects - untapped benefits of the youth bulge - weak coordination of implementation, and inadequate funding for the civil registration and vital statistics system - unmet needs for sexual and reproductive health services - inadequate financial support for family planning programmes - increased barriers to regular migration - poor coordination of remittances landscape in Ghana - low capacity of relevant migration management stakeholders - inadequate funding for implementation of the National Migration Policy ### 3.3.5 Reducing Poverty and Inequality - Slow rate of decline in poverty across geographical areas and among different population groups - high incidence of multi-dimensional poverty and persistent income disparity across socio-economic groups and geographical areas (regions and ecological zones) ### 3.3.6 Water and Environmental Sanitation - High default rate in payment of water bills - inadequate maintenance of facilities - high distribution losses - inadequate access to water services - poor attitude of citizenry towards environmental sanitation - high prevalence of open defecation - high user fee for sanitation services - poor sanitation and waste management - low level of investment in sanitation sector - limited sewerage coverage - poor collection, treatment, and discharge of municipal and industrial waste water ### 3.3.7 Child Protection and Development - Policy gaps in addressing pertinent child protection issues (e.g. streetism, kayayei and child online safety) - limited access to justice for children in conflict with the law - limited number of child protection committees in local communities - prevalence of child abuse - increasing child rights violations - limited awareness on child rights and development issues - inadequate alternative care services for children - inadequate coverage and targeting of social protection programmes for children - institutional and structural deficiencies - weak information management of children’s issues and uncoordinated methods in adequately targeting children for social protection interventions ### 3.3.8 Support for the Aged - Unexplored opportunities to harness the experiences of the aged to contribute to national development - inadequate care for the aged - low gender sensitivity in addressing the needs of the aged - abuse of the aged particularly women - chronic age-related health conditions - poor geriatric care and lack of coverage of population aged 60 - 69 in the exempt category of the NHIS ### 3.3.9 Gender Equality - Negative discriminatory socio-cultural, traditional beliefs and customary practices - Sexual and Gender-Based Violence(SGBV) - poor coordination of support services for SGBV victims - low participation of women in public and political office - high Unpaid Care Work (UCW) burden on women and girls - low labour earnings by females - limited access to land, credit and other productive resources by women - inadequate generation and use of gender statistics - inadequate coordination, monitoring and evaluation of gender mainstreaming - inadequate training and resources for Gender Desk Officers ### 3.3.10 Sports and Recreation - Inadequate and poor recreational and sports infrastructure - insufficient maintenance of sporting and recreational facilities - encroachment on designated sports and recreational lands - inadequate disability-, child- and aged-friendly sports facilities - weak capacity for sports development and management - low participation of persons with disability (Persons with disabilities) in sports - neglect of lesser-known sports and limited attention to school sports - weak institutions for marketing - inadequate and unbalanced investment in sports development - under-utilisation of economic potential of sports - weak public-private sector collaboration in sports development - limited mentorship in the sports sector - limited targeting of participation in international events by sports association ### 3.3.11 Youth Development - Untapped benefits of the youth bulge - inadequate investments in young people - high unemployment, underemployment and vulnerable employment among the youth - limited opportunities for youth involvement in national development - limited access to start-up capital and other productive resources - limited participation of the youth in public life - high incidence of violence and crime among the youth - limited respect for the rights of the youth - low patriotism and volunteerism among the youth - weak coordination of youth-related institutions and programmes ### 3.3.12 Social Protection - Inadequate and limited coverage of social protection programmes - limited national targeting mechanism for social protection - inadequate coordination of implementation of social protection interventions - low pension payments - inadequate awareness and low coverage of informal sector pension schemes - weak monitoring and evaluation of social protection especially for the formal sector ### 3.3.13 Disability-Inclusive Development - Inadequate opportunities for persons with disabilities to develop and utilise their potential - limited access to quality inclusive education for PWDs - inadequate awareness of and implementation of the Ghana Accessibility Standards on the Built Environment - Inadequate access to, and protection of the rights and entitlements of PWDs - inadequate representation of PWDs in public and political leadership - inadequate coordination and enforcement of legislations on PWDs - limited disaggregated data on PWDs for the formulation, profiling, targeting, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and plans ### 3.3.14 Employment and Decent Work - Low levels of technical and vocational skills - inadequate entrepreneurial skills and business development services - inadequate opportunities for retraining, skills upgrade and innovation - mismatch between training/skills and the needs of the labour market - lack of objective national productivity measurement - inadequate data on job creation - weak cooperative regulatory systems and labour administration - increasing irregular labour migration, high recruitment cost and low skilled jobs among migrants - substantial gender gaps in skilled jobs and earnings - inadequate policies to promote access and employment equity for PWDs ### 3.4 MEDIUM-TERM GOAL - The medium-term goal of the Government for social development is to create opportunities for all Ghanaians. *Source: 3.3 SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES, CHAPTER THREE: SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT* ### 3.5 MEDIUM-TERM POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES ### 3.5 MEDIUM-TERM POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES ### 3.5.1 Education and Training - Medium-term policy objectives: - Enhance equitable access to, and participation in quality education. - Strengthen competency-based skill development in technical and vocational education. - Promote inclusive education. - Ensure a safe and supportive environment for re-entry of dropouts into school. - Promote equitable access to e-learning. - Strengthen school management systems. - Ensure sustainable financing of education. - Promote literacy and life-long learning. - Strategies to enhance inclusive and equitable access to, and participation in quality education at all levels: - Continue implementation of free SHS to include TVET. - Enhance quality of teaching and learning environment at all levels. - Promote the ‘right age enrolment’ in basic education. - Continue establishment of well-resourced and functional model senior high institutions in all districts. - Expedite implementation of the Ghana Accountability for Learning Outcomes Project (GALOP). - Develop standards and national assessment test for foundational literacy and numeracy competencies at primary level. - Accelerate implementation of early childhood development policy on education. - Strategies to strengthen competency-based skill development in technical and vocational education: - Promote the importance of TVET education. - Strengthen standardisation and coordination of existing public technical and vocational institutions. - Promote students’ industrial attachment, coaching and mentoring programmes. - Institute a national tracer survey to evaluate the relevance of education and skills set in the labour market. - Strategies to promote inclusive education: - Ensure inclusive education for PWDs and people with special educational needs. - Provide facilities in all learning centres to improve access for PWDs and people with special needs. - Ensure provision of support measures to learners with disabilities in environments that maximize academic and social development. - Recruit more teachers and professional staff (including sign language interpreters and braille transcribers) at all levels of education. - Enhance scholarships for PWDs. - Strategies to ensure a safe and supportive environment for the re-entry of dropouts into school: - Facilitate re-entry of dropout boys and girls including adolescent mothers back into school. - Strengthen partnerships and financing among NGOs and Government in the re-entry of school dropouts. - Promote and invest in safe and supportive school/community environments for pregnant schoolgirls and young mothers. - Strengthen delivery of counselling services in schools. - Promote social education and acceptance of re-entry policy among stakeholders in schools and communities. - Strategies to promote equitable access to e-learning: - Ensure adequate and accessible infrastructure, tools and skills to facilitate e-learning and teaching. - Improve research and innovation on e-learning. - Promote dialogues and public engagement on e-learning. - Ensure adequate provision of e-learning tools for persons with disabilities. - Strategies to strengthen school management systems: - Review and improve school management systems and protocols. - Continue implementation of the programme for teacher development, actualization and professionalization. - Ensure full implementation of decentralised management of education service delivery. - Implement reforms and strengthen education regulatory agencies. - Ensure adequate supply of teaching and learning materials. - Promote quality EMIS data collection and use at community and district levels. - Strategies to ensure sustainable financing for education: - Explore resource mobilisation for non-formal education at all levels. - Enhance accountability for utilisation of earmarked education resources in tandem with regulations in the Public Financial Management Act, 2016 (Act 926). - Ensure allocation of funds to implement the inclusive education policy. - Strategies to promote literacy and life-long learning: - Strengthen inter-sectoral links to ensure lifelong learning opportunities for non-formal graduates. - Improve opportunities for non-literate youth and adults to have free access to meaningful quality education and training. - Promote application of acquired functional skills of learners to create wealth and reduce poverty. - Sustain learning interest and literacy skills of neo-literates through creation of a literate environment in the local language and in English. - Increase access to school and public library facilities. ### 3.5.2 Health and Health Services - Medium-term objectives: - Ensure accessible and quality Universal Health Coverage for all. - Improve mental health administration and service delivery. - Strengthen healthcare delivery management system. - Reduce disability, morbidity and mortality. - Reduce non-communicable diseases. - Reduce the incidence of new STIs, HIV and AIDS and other infections, especially among vulnerable groups. - Strategies to ensure accessible and quality Universal Health Coverage (UHCC) for all: - Accelerate equity-focused implementation of Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) policy. - Build planning and monitoring capacity among health sector workers. - Expand, upgrade and equip health facilities with private sector involvement. - Revamp emergency medical preparedness and response services across the country. - Strengthen capacity and develop partnerships for local production of pharmaceutical diagnostics, reagents and PPEs among others. - Strengthen health referral system. - Strengthen district and sub-district health systems as the bedrock of the national primary healthcare strategy (Agenda 111). - Measures to improve Mental Health Administration and Service Delivery: - Accelerate implementation of the Mental Health Strategy. - Ensure enactment and implementation of legislative Instrument for the Mental Health Act. - Increase public education and campaigns on mental health. - Strategies to strengthen healthcare delivery management system: - Enhance efficiency in governance and management of the health system. - Strengthen and improve coverage and quality of healthcare data capturing system and research in both public and private sectors. - Formulate and implement health sector capital investment policy and plan. - Improve production, training and equitable distribution of various categories of critical health staff. - Strengthen capacity of health regulatory bodies to enforce medico-legal issues. - Finalise and implement health sector decentralisation policy and strategy. - Strengthen partnership with the private sector and community in provision of health services. - Strategies to reduce disability, morbidity, and mortality: - Strengthen maternal, new-born care, child and adolescent services. - Strengthen prevention and management of malaria cases. - Improve diagnosis, patient education, and counselling services for TB. - Scale up community-based hypertension management project. - Intensify and sustain immunisation for all children under two. - Accelerate implementation of the national strategy for elimination of neglected tropical diseases and other diseases earmarked for elimination. - Formulate National Disability Health Strategy to ensure highest standard of health services to persons with disabilities. - Strategies to reduce non-communicable diseases (NCDs): - Implement the non-communicable diseases (NCDs) control. - Review and scale up the Regenerative Health and Nutrition Programme (RHNP). - Increase taxes on tobacco, alcohol, and other unhealthy food products. - Increase health promotion to reduce poor health choices and exposure especially among vulnerable groups. - Strengthen implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) and its protocols. - Implement the WHO recommendations on the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children. - Accelerate implementation of the global strategy on diet, physical activity, and health. - Strategies to ensure reduction of new HIV, AIDS/STIs and other infections, especially among vulnerable groups: - Expand and intensify HIV Counselling and Testing (HTC) programmes. - Intensify comprehensive education on HIV/AIDS and STIs, including reduction of stigmatization. - Intensify behavioural change strategies, especially for high-risk groups for HIV/AIDS and TB. - Strengthen collaboration among HIV/AIDS, TB and sexual and reproductive health programmes. - Intensify efforts to eliminate Mother-To-Child Transmission of HIV (MTCTHIV). - Improve access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). - Support local production of ART commodities. ### 3.5.3 Food Systems Transformation and Nutrition Security - Medium-term objectives: - Strengthen the food production sub-system including the agroecological and industrial food production systems. - Improve the food storage, preservation, and safety sub-system. - Promote food transformation. - Ensure food availability and accessibility. - Promote healthy and sustainable food environment and choices. - Promote nutrition specific and sensitive programmes and interventions. - Integrate nutrition into UHC. - Improve food systems and nutrition governance. - Strategies to strengthen the agriculture production sub-system: - Apply science and technology to existing farming systems. - Formulate and pass bye-laws to promote secure access to agricultural land by women, youth and migrant farmers. - Expand the proportion of land area under irrigated agriculture. - Promote seed and breed security. - Promote women’s leadership and empowerment in food systems and agriculture. - Establish a well-structured subsidy scheme on fisheries inputs and develop appropriate fisheries infrastructure across the country. - Strategies to improve the food storage, preservation and safety sub-system: - Develop and promote appropriate and innovative post-harvest technologies and methods. - Support small-scale farmers to reduce post-harvest losses. - Identify and promote cost effective food storage and preservation technologies. - Institute measures to reduce food losses, waste and avoidance practices. - Establish effective food safety and security monitoring systems. - Build resilience across the food system. - Strategies to promote food transformation (processing and value-addition): - Provide incentives to local processors who source their raw materials from smallholder farmers in rural areas. - Establish cottage industries for processing and packaging of locally produced fruits and vegetables and other nutritious foods. - Expand and enforce food fortification laws and regulations. - Stimulate local manufacturing and social marketing. - Strategies to ensure food availability and accessibility: - Improve the food distribution system. - Promote farmers’ markets along major trunk roads and designated places. - Promote public-private partnership in cold chain systems. - Ensure development of sustainable food maintenance systems. - Ensure livelihood diversification in fishing communities. - Strategies to promote healthy and sustainable food environment and choices: - Enhance or reform food composition, marketing, retail, labelling and fiscal policies and laws. - Regulate unhealthy food and beverage promotion, sponsorship, and advertisement. - Update and consolidate local food composition databases. - Establish regular surveillance and monitoring of the food environment. - Formulate a well-planned awareness creation and advocacy strategy and develop and disseminate dietary guidelines. - Strategies to promote nutrition specific and sensitive programmes and interventions: - Promote consumption of indigenous varieties of plant and animal source foods. - Sensitize and educate the public on health benefits of farmed fish consumption. - Reduce infant and adult malnutrition. - Ensure a strong and sustained environment and resources for breastfeeding promotion and protection. - Promote healthy diets and lifestyles for all. - Strengthen early-warning and emergency preparedness systems and processes for food systems and nutrition security. - Strategies to integrate nutrition into UHC: - Scale up and strengthen integration and implementation of Essential Nutrition Actions (ENAs). - Strengthen and expand the Micronutrient Powder Initiative. - Implement actions to strengthen routine vitamin A supplementation of children. - Strategies to improve Food Systems and Nutrition Governance: - Strengthen high-level political will and commitment. - Develop and implement a strategy and legal framework for food systems and nutrition governance. - Strengthen the Food Systems Transformation and Nutrition Security multi-sectoral platform. - Institute sustainable mechanisms for funding food systems transformation and nutrition at all levels. - Integrate sector information management systems. - Strengthen M&E and accountability systems. - Strengthen partnerships for nutrition action. ### 3.5.4 Population Management and Migration for Development - Medium-term policy objectives: - Improve population, civil registration and vital statistics management, maternal and adolescent reproductive health. - Harness the benefits of labour migration. - Harness the demographic dividend, and benefits of migration for socio-economic development. - Promote good migration governance. - Strategies to improve population, civil registration and vital statistics management: - Strengthen coordination, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of population policies and programmes. - Establish strong and effective implementation, coordination and funding mechanisms for registration, integration and authentication of civil events and vital statistics. - Promote production, dissemination, and use of vital statistics from civil registration processes. - Strengthen reliable system for collection, compilation, analysis, disaggregation, and dissemination of relevant and timely demographic data. - Provide adequate funding to deliver equitable, accessible, and timely registration services. - Strategies to improve maternal and adolescent reproductive health: - Strengthen integration of family planning education in adolescent reproductive healthcare services. - Provide adolescent corners at CHPS zones. - Eliminate child marriage. - Reduce teenage pregnancy. - Integrate culturally appropriate reproductive health education in curricula at all levels of education. - Increase investment in family planning programmes at all levels. - Improve quality of adolescent and youth friendly services. - Strategies to harness the demographic dividend: - Deploy the Youth Development Index to promote advocacy for increased investment in youth development. - Strengthen research and modelling on harnessing the demographic dividend. - Create linkages between the education system and the labour market. - Increase investment in quality, skill-specific human resources. - Place entrepreneurship skills development at the core of job creation. - Direct growth strategies towards employment intensive sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing. - Increase technological skills of the youth to expand their economic resourcefulness. - Increase entrepreneurial skills development for unemployed youth to reduce dependence on public sector for jobs. - Support the youth to create and sustain modern and climate-smart agribusiness and create an investment culture among the youth to spur economic growth. - Strategies to harness the benefits of migration for socio-economic development: - Increase sensitization on the dangers of irregular migration. - Promote more avenues for regular migration, including its management. - Promote initiatives to optimize brain gain (locally and internationally) and skill circulation through bilateral, multilateral, and regional programmes. - Promote measures for preventing and managing internal displacement. - Review status of policy, legal and institutional framework for management of refugee and asylum situations. - Ratify and domesticate ILO Convention 189 on migrant domestic workers. - Strategies to promote good migration governance: - Provide adequate funding to strengthen implementation of the National Migration Policy. - Establish and operationalize the National Migration Commission. - Strengthen migration institutional structures or framework at all levels. - Ensure effective management of regular migration. - Promote reciprocal relationships with the diaspora for socio-economic development. - Create enabling environment for return and reintegration of Ghanaian migrants. - Develop and enforce legal and regulatory framework for migration. - Regulate and monitor the entry, residence, employment and exit of immigrants. - Strengthen migration data and information management systems. - Strategies to harness benefits of labour migration: - Expedite implementation of the National Labour Migration Policy. - Improve labour market and migration information systems. - Facilitate negotiations and signing of social security portability agreements with major destination countries. - Promote international cooperation through bilateral and multilateral agreements on labour migration. - Strategies to harness remittances for national development: - Reduce remittance transfer costs. - Review and strengthen the regulatory framework for international remittance markets in Ghana. - Improve coordination across Government and non-Government stakeholders. - Promote transparency and ensure adequate consumer protection in remittances transfer processes. - Expedite digitalisation of Ghana’s remittances market. - Promote collaboration between International Money Transfer Operators and Fintechs to leverage inbound remittances as a tool for financial inclusion. ### 3.5.5 Reducing Poverty and Inequality - Medium-term policy objectives: - Eradicate poverty and address vulnerability to poverty in all its forms and dimensions. - Reduce income disparities within and across socio-economic groups and geographical areas. - Strategies to eradicate poverty and address vulnerability: - Promote fair and balanced allocation of national resources to ensure balanced development across geographical areas and socio-economic groups. - Strengthen institutional capacity to reduce poverty and mitigate vulnerability to shocks. - Enforce complementarity of existing social protection interventions through effective referral systems. - Implement active labour market policies to mitigate job and income losses. - Strengthen income support schemes to workers affected by health and non-health shocks (natural and man-made). - Establish an emergency fund to support vulnerable groups. - Strategies to reduce income disparities within and across socio-economic groups and geographical areas: - Expand economic opportunities and infrastructural development in rural areas, deprived zones and regions. - Accelerate implementation of the Local Economic Development (LED) policy and private sector participation across the country. - Strengthen development authorities to promote equitable distribution of growth. - Encourage inclusive tax policies to protect the poor. ### 3.5.6 Water and Environmental Sanitation - Medium-term policy objectives: - Improve access to safe, reliable and sustainable water supply services for all. - Enhance access to improved and sustainable environmental sanitation services. - Promote efficient and sustainable wastewater management. - Strategies to improve access to safe, reliable, and sustainable water supply services for all: - Implement measures to prevent and eliminate system and commercial losses. - Develop and implement District Water and Sanitation Plans (DWSPs) within MMDAs. - Ensure provision of disability friendly water supply system. - Provide mechanised boreholes and small-town water systems to unserved areas. - Expand safe water production and distribution systems. - Strengthen implementation of cluster support programme for water and sanitation point management. - Harmonise implementation of legislation regulating decentralised systems. - Accelerate implementation of the Ghana Drinking Water Quality Management Framework. - Promote Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage (HWTS). - Accelerate implementation of the Water for All Programme. - Set up mechanisms and measures to support, encourage and promote water harvesting. - Strategies to enhance access to improved and sustainable environmental sanitation services: - Scale-up sensitization campaigns to promote proper handwashing and hygiene practices particularly among children. - Use health, education, nutrition platforms to promote optimal WASH practices. - Enforce building regulation (including accessibility standards for PWDs) on the provision of toilet facilities in all homes. - Develop innovative financing mechanisms and scale up private sector participation and investments in the sanitation sector. - Promote National Total Sanitation Campaign. - Accelerate implementation of the “Toilet for All” programme. - Monitor and evaluate implementation of sanitation plan. - Operationalize the sector information system (SIS) across all MMDAs. - Strategies to promote efficient and sustainable wastewater management: - Develop and implement sewerage masterplans, including faecal sludge management and waste treatment facilities. - Promote recycling and safe re-use of wastewater. - Promote the use of efficient waste-to-energy technologies. - Attract private sector investment in wastewater management. - Improve liquid waste management. ### 3.5.7 Child Protection and Development - Medium-term objectives: - Prevent and protect children from all forms of violence, abuse, neglect and exploitation. - Promote the rights and welfare of children. - Improve and strengthen the policy and legal environment, institutions and systems for child and family welfare. - Strategies to prevent and protect children from all forms of violence, abuse, neglect and exploitation: - Develop and implement multi-sectoral plans of action to address “streetism”, kayayei and other neglected conditions. - Implement and enforce comprehensive support mechanisms, including counselling, for victims of domestic violence including child victims. - Improve online protection for children. - Increase awareness on the effects of child labour. - Review and implement the National Plan of Action for the Elimination of Worst forms of Child Labour. - Operationalize the Ghana Child Labour Monitoring System (GCLMS). - Institute child protection committees in all communities. - Establish, refurbish and resource juvenile and family courts. - Develop standard operating procedures for correctional centres and existing remand homes and enforce compliance. - Strategies to promote the rights and welfare of children: - Promote positive cultural systems, traditions and gender-sensitive practices. - Promote positive parenting and gender socialization. - Promote public-private partnerships in the provision of alternative care services such as foster and kinship care. - Build capacity of the Adoption Authority and other key stakeholders to coordinate in-country and inter-country adoption of children in Ghana. - Update and accelerate implementation of the Early Childhood Care and Development Policy. - Develop and implement policies and legislation for child survival, development and protection. - Strategies to improve and strengthen policy, legal environment, institutions and systems for child and family welfare: - Strengthen regulatory, multi-sectoral coordination and M&E systems. - Strengthen the Department of Social Welfare and Community Development to implement child related policies and regulations. - Strengthen mainstreaming of child development and protection issues into development plans and budgets of MDAs and MMDAs. - Facilitate children’s participation in development planning processes. - Expand coverage of the Social Welfare Information Management System (SWIMS) to all districts. - Strengthen growth monitoring, promotion, support and referral of children with developmental needs. ### 3.5.8 Support for the Aged - Medium-term policy objectives: - Enhance the wellbeing and inclusion of the aged in national development. - Enhance the quality of geriatric healthcare system. - Strategies to enhance the wellbeing and inclusion of the aged: - Facilitate passage and implementation of the National Ageing Bill. - Create a database on the aged to support policy making, planning, monitoring and evaluation. - Implement measures to ensure economic well-being of the aged. - Promote socially supportive community care systems for the aged. - Promote establishment of safe spaces, day care centres and homes for the elderly and effectively regulate their operations. - Pay adequate attention to gender variations in ageing. - Promote quality geriatric healthcare for the aged. - Review NHIS policy on the exempt category to include population aged 60-69. ### 3.5.9 Gender Equality - Medium-term objectives: - Attain gender equality and equity in political, social and economic development. - Strengthen gender mainstreaming, coordination and implementation of gender related interventions in all sectors. - Promote economic empowerment of particularly women. - Strategies to attain gender equality and equity in political and social development: - Expedite passage and implementation of the Affirmative Action (Gender Equality) Bill. - Review and update the National Gender Policy and implementation plan. - Enforce gender related laws. - Implement measures to promote reforms in socio-cultural norms and values inhibiting gender equality. - Increase education and advocacy on SGBV and other harmful cultural practices. - Develop and enforce an Anti-Sexual Harassment law. - Institute measures to sensitise, empower and build capacities of women to participate in leadership and decision making at all levels. - Promote gender balance on all Government-appointed committees, statutory boards and other bodies. - Expand programmes to mentor girls and create a pool of potential female leaders. - Enforce the Labour (Domestic Workers) Regulations 2020 (L.I. 2408). - Strategies to promote economic empowerment of women: - Institute measures to protect women’s access, participation and benefits in all labour-related issues. - Enforce legislation to ensure fair pay, conditions of service, and promotions in both formal and informal economy among men and women. - Support skilling of young women’s pathways into conventional trades. - Promote services that increase income, women's empowerment, and transformation of gender relations in the extractive industry. - Increase technical and financial support to women-owned businesses and start-ups. - Introduce interventions to ensure women have equal access to land and other assets. - Encourage women in all forms of trades/profession to participate in associations to facilitate their access to information and other support services. - Strategies to strengthen gender mainstreaming, coordination and implementation: - Intensify an effective system for gender research, generation and use of gender statistics for planning, budgeting, monitoring and evaluation. - Develop capacities of relevant stakeholders for effective gender mainstreaming. - Establish effective coordination and monitoring mechanisms for gender mainstreaming. - Strengthen social accountability for gender equality. - Decentralise functions of the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection (MoGCSP). - Institute a framework for establishing and resourcing Gender Desk Officers at all levels. - Strengthen gender-responsive budgeting. ### 3.5.10 Sports and Recreation - Medium-term objectives: - Enhance sports and recreational infrastructure for all. - Build capacity for sports and recreational development. - Ensure sustainable funding sources for growth and development of sports. - Strategies to enhance sports and recreational infrastructure for all: - Promote local manufacturing and affordability of sports and recreational equipment. - Develop and maintain para-sports and disability friendly recreational infrastructure. - Promote partnerships with private sector in development of sports and recreational infrastructure. - Ensure compliance with Disability Act in the provision of sports and recreational facilities. - Adopt a national framework for development and maintenance of sports and recreational facilities. - Enforce development of designated sports and recreational land use in all communities. - Institute measures to reclaim lands earmarked for sporting and recreational activities. - Integrate sports and recreational needs of the aged and children in provision of facilities. - Strategies to build capacity for sports and recreational development: - Build capacity of sports managers, trainers, and trainees. - Expand educational and training centres for sports administration and management. - Provide adequate logistics and equipment for sports competition. - Strengthen organisation of domestic competitive sporting events at all levels. - Promote formation of sports clubs and academies in all communities and educational institutions. - Strengthen agencies and sporting federations to develop and promote various sporting disciplines including less-recognised sports. - Invest in para-sports and universal recreation. - Engage persons with disabilities in organisation, development and participation in disability-specific sporting and recreational activities. - Promote gender equity in sports. - Promote sports in school curricula. - Strategies to ensure sustainable funding for sports: - Develop a resource mobilisation strategy. - Establish a Sports Development Fund. - Ensure fair distribution of financial resources to all sporting disciplines. - Develop accounting framework estimating the contribution of sports to the economy. ### 3.5.11 Youth Development - Medium-term objectives: - Improve coordination of youth development. - Promote effective participation of the youth in socioeconomic development. - Promote youth participation in politics, electoral democracy, and governance. - Strategies to improve coordination of youth development: - Strengthen coordination of youth-related institutions and programmes. - Strengthen capacities of public institutions to engender youth development. - Strategies to promote effective youth participation in socioeconomic development: - Strengthen and harmonise implementation of evidence-based youth employment programmes. - Strengthen career guidance and counselling for the youth. - Facilitate financial inclusion for the youth. - Facilitate access to quality post-basic education skills training to enhance employability. - Develop and implement apprenticeship and employable skill training for out-of-school youth and graduates. - Implement specific climate responsive interventions and support the youth to harness opportunities in the green economy. - Promote and harness youth creativity and innovation. - Strategies to promote youth participation in politics, electoral democracy, and governance: - Strengthen inclusion of civic education, governance and democracy in secondary and tertiary institution curricula. - Develop effective framework for youth involvement in politics and civic activities (including youth with disabilities). - Inculcate values of patriotism, volunteerism, and community services in young people as part of their civic responsibility, including those aged 6-14. - Promote peacebuilding and conflict resolution among the youth. ### 3.5.12 Social Protection - Medium-term objectives: - Strengthen social protection for the vulnerable. - Promote decent pensions. - Strategies to strengthen social protection for the vulnerable: - Expedite enactment and implementation of the national social protection law. - Strengthen coordination among implementers of social protection programmes. - Expand the Ghana National Household Registry (GNHR) database to cover all 16 regions. - Strengthen targeting of social protection interventions using the GNHR. - Implement viable and sustainable economic livelihood schemes for vulnerable people, including coverage of disability related expenses. - Strengthen monitoring, evaluation and targeting of social protection for all vulnerable persons, including formal sector workers. - Establish dedicated and sustainable funding arrangements for the national social protection scheme. - Implement the CLASS scheme alongside the LEAP cash grant for sustainable income earning opportunities. - Strategies to promote decent pensions: - Create awareness on the Pensions Act, 2008 (Act 766) and pension schemes. - Decentralise validation of pension payments at MMDA level and fully automate the payment system. - Strengthen NPRA’s supervisory role to ensure that Tier 2 Trustees prudently and effectively invest funds in their possession. - Establish a system that ensures compulsory social security enrolment for the informal economy. - Establish dedicated and sustainable funding arrangements for the aged outside the pension scheme. ### 3.5.13 Disability-Inclusive Development - Medium-term policy objectives: - Promote equal opportunities for persons with disabilities in social and economic development. - Eliminate discrimination in all forms and protect the rights and entitlements of persons with disabilities. - Promote participation of persons with disabilities in politics, electoral democracy, governance and leadership. - Strengthen institutions and systems that ensure the protection, inclusion and capacity building of Persons with Disabilities. - Strategies to promote equal opportunities for PWDs in social and economic development: - Develop and implement a National Disability Inclusion Strategy. - Provide PWDs with improved range, quality and standard of free or affordable health care and programmes. - Provide access of PWDs to financial services, including loans, capital, savings, insurance and remittances. - Promote effective implementation and institute affirmative action in the employment of PWDs in all sectors. - Promote the use of sign language and other modes and forms of communication in public institutions. - Strategies to eliminate discrimination and protect rights and entitlements of PWDs: - Facilitate enactment and effective implementation of disability-based non-discriminatory laws. - Build capacity of law enforcement agencies on the protection of rights and entitlement of PWDs. - Amend the Legal Aid Act and facilitate access to justice by PWDs. - Sensitize the general public on the rights and entitlements of PWDs and build capacity of parents and caregivers of children with disabilities (CRPD Article 23). - Strategies to promote participation of PWDs in politics, governance and leadership: - Provide an enabling environment for PWDs to effectively and fully participate in national development. - Institute measures to strengthen political inclusion of persons with disabilities in national governance systems. - Enforce the affirmative action directive to appoint at least one PWD to all MMDAs. - Build the capacity of PWDs to participate effectively in governance and democracy including politics and electoral processes. - Enable all categories of PWDs to vote by secret ballot in elections and public referendums, using assistive and new technologies where appropriate. - Strategies to strengthen institutions and systems for protection, inclusion and capacity building of PWDs: - Expedite action on the amendment and implementation of the Persons with Disability Act 2006 (Act 715). - Update and migrate data on PWDs into a disaggregated database to facilitate planning, implementation and M&E of all policies, programmes and projects. - Assess and resource the National Council on Persons with Disability (NCPD) with adequate and skilled staff and other requirements to perform its functions effectively. - Decentralise the National Council on Persons with Disability to coordinate issues of disability. - Facilitate provision of inclusive services by all sectors. ### 3.5.14 Employment and Decent Work - Medium-term policy objectives: - Improve human capital development and management. - Promote job creation and decent work. - Strategies to improve human capital development and management: - Strengthen and promote schemes that support skills training, internship and modern apprenticeship. - Develop a National Productivity Index. - Develop a national human capital development strategy responsive to skills requirement for sustained socio-economic growth and development. - Strengthen enforcement of existing labour laws and regulations and the labour administration systems. - Promote harmonious industrial relations. - Accelerate implementation of the National Labour Migration Policy. - Promote and enforce deeper and wider application of local content and participation laws. - Strategies to promote job creation and decent work: - Facilitate creation of decent jobs along value chains. - Strengthen capacity of the Ghana Enterprise Agency (GEA) to promote decent job creation by micro, small and medium enterprises. - Expedite completion and implementation of the policy on the formalisation of the informal sector. - Implement labour-intensive interventions in line with local economic development agenda and national development objectives. - Strengthen linkages among social protection and employment services. - Institute measures and mechanisms to strengthen employment coordination in all sectors of the economy. - Enhance implementation of affirmative action or positive discrimination with respect to vulnerable groups for participation in public interventions. - Promote entrepreneurship and financial support for persons with disabilities. - Facilitate equal opportunities for men, women and persons with disability. - Adopt and implement an employment equity policy for PWDs. - Strengthen capacity of informal labour unions to engage in social dialogue. *Source: 3.5 MEDIUM-TERM POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES (chapter/section).* ### 3.6 MEDIUM TERM TARGETS ### 3.6 MEDIUM TERM TARGETS ### Education and Training - Net enrolment ratio targets by end of 2025: - Kindergarten: 98 percent - Primary: 93.5 percent - JHS: 60 percent - SHS: 45 percent - Tertiary enrolment expected to reach 40 percent. - Completion rates expected to be 100 percent for: - Primary 6 - JHS - SHS - Proficiency rate targets: - Primary 4: English 75 percent; Mathematics 80 percent - Primary 6: English 90 percent; Mathematics 55 percent ### Health and Health Services - Mortality targets by end of 2025: - Under-five mortality: 40 per 1,000 live births - Maternal mortality: 70 per 100,000 live births - Disease and health indicators: - Total malaria incidence: 155 per 1000 population - Proportion of under-five malaria deaths to total under-five malaria cases: 0.05 percent - HIV prevalence: 1.45 percent - Mortality rate attributed to non-communicable diseases: 30 percent ### Food Systems Transformation and Nutrition Security - Agricultural and production targets/achievements: - Domestic poultry production doubled to about 57,871 MT by 2023 - Production of climate-resilient varieties and biofortified staple crops increased by 40 percent over 2020 levels by 2027 - Food loss and empowerment targets: - Food losses reduced from 20.0 percent to 10.0 percent by 2018 - Women’s empowerment in agriculture index (currently 0.71) increased by 20.0 percent by 2026 - Nutrition and child health targets: - Dietary diversity scores (currently 5 or less for women of childbearing age and adolescent girls) increased by at least 30.0 percent by 2024 - Rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months increased from 42.9 percent in 2018 to 60.0 percent - Prevalence of stunting in children under age five reduced from 21.4 percent in 2017 to 12.8 percent - Prevalence of childhood wasting reduced to less than 5.0 percent (7.1% wasting in 2017) in all areas of the country - Prevalence of anaemia in women of reproductive age (15-49 years) reduced to: - 11.0 percent in non-pregnant women - 21.0 percent in pregnant women - Percentage of infant and young children receiving minimum acceptable diet increased from 13.0 percent in 2018 to at least 30.0 percent - Investments in nutrition-sensitive social safety nets for the most vulnerable households increased by 20.0 percent over 2020 level ### Water and Environmental Sanitation - Access targets by end of 2025: - Safely managed drinking water services: 70 percent - Basic sanitation services: 61.85 percent - Infrastructure and service efficiency: - Percentage of distribution losses: urban 45 percent; rural 20 percent - Proportion of solid waste properly disposed off (major towns/cities): 95 percent - Proportion of population whose liquid waste is safely managed: 45 percent ### Population Management - Population and demographic targets: - Total population of Ghana expected to be 34.4 million - Total fertility rate projected at 3.7 - National household size projected at 4.3 - Urban household size projected at 3.5 - Urban population share expected to increase to 62.6 percent of total population - Family planning and social indicators: - Proportion of currently married women with unmet need for modern family planning reduced from 29.9 percent (2016) to 15.0 percent by 2024 - Reported cases of domestic violence reduced from 8,133 (2019) to less than or equal to 2,400 by 2024 - Affirmative Action (Gender Equality) expected to be enacted and implementation commenced - Incidence of poverty reduced from 23.4 (2016/17) to 16.6 percent by 2024 - Percentage of children engaged in child labour reduced from 21.8 (2012/13) to 4.3 percent by 2024 *Source: 3.6 MEDIUM TERM TARGETS* ### 55.9 percent in 2018 to 57.8 percent in 2020. Despite this progress, the sector is confronted with ### CHAPTER FOUR: ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ### Water sector progress and challenges - Access improved from 55.9 percent in 2018 to 57.8 percent in 2020. - Challenges: pollution of water bodies and increased encroachment of wetlands, especially the Ramsar sites. ### Climate Variability and Change - Annual global cost of Ghana’s carbon emissions: US$2.3 billion each year, equivalent to 3.9 percent of Ghana’s GDP. - Ghana’s total Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions: - 50.5MTCO2e in 2017 - 42.2MTCO2e in 2019 - 49 MTCO2e in 2020 - Manifestations of Climate Change and Variability (CCV): unreliable rainfall patterns; flooding; prolonged periods of droughts; increased temperature; rise in sea levels. - Impacts: receding coastlines; reduced cocoa and food crop production; dwindling fish stocks; poor health; loss of community livelihoods within agriculture, forestry and energy sectors (especially those of women); infrastructure instability; energy insecurity. - NDCs Support Programme enabling actions: - development of Green House Gas (GHG) emission registry - development of an NDC implementation plan - development of frameworks for incorporating climate change issues into environmental assessments - incorporation of climate change issues into the national system for annual progress reporting - studies and assessments of gender issues in the NDCs - development of a climate change and gender action plan - Constraints to mainstreaming climate change: limited political commitment; inadequate public financial mechanisms to address climate change as a development challenge; limited awareness; weak capacity among MDAs and MMDAs. ### Human Settlements Development and Housing Spatial planning - Land Use and Spatial Planning Regulations, 2019 (LI 2384) promulgated to operationalise the Land Use and Spatial Planning Act, 2016 (Act 925). - Capacity-building and staffing: - selected officers from 260 MMDAs trained in the use of GIS for basic plan preparation in 2018 - 132 Physical Planners and 54 Technical Officers recruited in 2020 - 150 MMDAs conducted inspections to evaluate their spatial planning functions over the past five years - Persistent challenges: limited prioritization of land use and spatial planning; inadequate number of Physical Planning Officers and offices in MMDAs; inadequate funding for the preparation of Spatial Plans; lack of requisite systems for development management and control; difficulties in revising zoning regulations and planning standards; challenges in formulation of Human Settlement Policy. Housing and shelter - Government’s Affordable Housing Project delivered approximately 4,296 urban housing units between 2018 to 2020. - Other interventions: commencement of Phase III of the Security Services Housing Programme for the Ghana Police Service; completion and allocation of 43-unit townhouses and 24 units of flats at Roman Ridge for public and civil servants under the Re-development Programme. - Current estimated housing deficit: 2 million units. - Government completed the review of the National Building Regulations, 1996 (L.I. 1630). - Key hindrances: abandoned and uncompleted affordable housing projects; issuance of financial arrangements prerequisite for investors funding for housing construction. Slum prevention and regeneration - Zongo Development Fund established in 2018 to improve quality of life in Zongos and Inner Cities. - 2019 interventions: - trained and extended credit to 500 women under Zongo Cuisine Promotion Programme - trained 250 young men and women in various ICT and software development programmes - Infrastructure and community projects: commencement of phase II of the Inner-Cities-In-House Toilets project in 30 inner-city communities of Accra (in partnership with the Ga Mashie Development Agency); commencement of construction of Astro Turfs and Green Parks in communities such as Fadama (Greater Accra Region), Aboabo Kumasi (Ashanti Region) and Oda Zongo (Eastern Region). - Remaining challenges: proliferation of slums; deteriorating conditions in slums; inadequate baseline information on the current state of slums; inadequate investments in social programmes in Zongo and inner-city communities. Rural and urban development and management - Key interventions: - connection of 305 communities to the national grid under the Rural Electrification Programme - Government rural sub-projects initiatives increased from 247 in 2017 to 942 in 2018 - Access to electricity for rural and urban households increased from 66.9 percent and 92.0 percent in 2017 to *https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2024/english/1ghaea2024003-print-pdf.pdf* ### 71.5 percent and 93.0 percent in 2020 respectively. Coverage of safely managed drinking water services ### 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf - 71.5 percent and 93.0 percent in 2020 respectively. Coverage of safely managed drinking water services ### Water and Human Settlements: Access and Trends - Coverage of safely managed drinking water services in urban areas increased from 57 percent in 2017 to 60 percent in 2020. - Coverage of safely managed drinking water services in rural areas increased from 11 percent in 2017 to 16 percent in 2020. - National coverage figures noted as "71.5 percent and 93.0 percent in 2020 respectively" (as presented in the source). - Persistent spatial disparities, poverty, inadequate rural infrastructure and services, wide rural-urban digital divide, and poor infrastructure to catalyse agriculture modernisation and rural development have contributed to: - Congestion and overcrowding in urban areas. - Urban sprawl. - Urban concentration in coastal zones. - Worsening urban air quality. - Rapid growth of slums in cities and towns. ### Transportation: Objectives and Network Developments - Objective: develop modern, integrated, and well-maintained transportation infrastructure to accelerate growth and make Ghana a transportation hub within the West African sub-region. Road transport - Total road network increased from 71,401km in 2016 to approximately 78,401km in 2019. - Government rehabilitated and maintained 35 percent of the total road network in 2019 as compared to 55 percent in 2018. - Road condition estimates: 41 percent in good condition, 33 percent in fair condition and 26 percent in poor condition. - Fleet additions: - Metro Mass Transit Limited (MMTL) received 100 new intercity buses between 2018 and 2019. - Intercity STC Coaches Limited procured a total of 100 buses to revamp operations in 2020. - Institutional upgrade: automated platform at the Drivers and Vehicles Licensing Authority to reduce fraud, revenue leakage, and improve service delivery. - Remaining challenges: poor road quality; traffic congestion; inadequate road capacity (e.g., Accra-Kumasi and Accra-Takoradi); rapid deterioration of roads. Road safety - Ghana loses over US$230 million annually due to road accidents (National Road Safety Authority). - Over the last 28 years, over 46,000 Ghanaians have been killed in road accidents nationwide. - Provisional 2020 data indicates 14,886 road crashes representing 3.5 percent increase over 2019. - Between 2018-2020: Fatalities increased by 28.2 percent while serious injuries declined by 1.1 percent. - Overloading incidence decreased from 6 percent in 2017 to 3 percent in 2021 (axle load programme, Road Traffic Regulation, 2012 (LI 2180)). - NRSA interventions: established eight Accident Response Centres; maintenance works on 310 traffic signals in 2019. - DVLA operationalized four Private Vehicle Test Stations in 2020 bringing total to 27. - Ongoing challenges: weak enforcement of road traffic regulations; unmotorable roads; inadequate illumination; over-speeding; pedestrian non-use of designated crossings; broken down vehicles; inadequate road signs; inadequate logistics for driver training and pedestrian education. Rail transport - Ghana Railway Company Limited operated about 139km out of the existing 947km rail network during the review period. - Operational sections: - Takoradi to Sekondi via Kojokrom (15km): Passenger services. - Takoradi to Nsuta (54km): Freight services (Manganese). - Accra to Tema (31km): Passenger services. - Accra to Nsawam (41km): Passenger services (under rehabilitation). - Ghana Railway Master Plan revised in 2020. - Rehabilitation completed: 31km narrow-gauge Accra to Tema in 2018, enabling restoration of passenger services since January 2019. - Accra to Nsawam (41km) and Kojokrom to Tarkwa (56km) rehabilitated with test runs undertaken. - New standard gauge network from Tema Port to Mpakadan: 65km of the 115km completed as at 2020. - Challenges: ineffective regulatory regime; low integration with other transport modes; limited and poor rail network; poor and unreliable services; limited implementation of railway master plan. Water transport - Medium-term objective: enhance contribution of inland waterways to safe and efficient transport of goods and people. - Major seaports (Tema and Takoradi) undergoing infrastructure upgrades including on-dock multi-purpose terminal, dedicated container terminal, dry bulk jetty (Takoradi port), and oil service terminal. - Volta Lake interventions: removal of tree stumps along navigable fairway; acquisition of seven patrol vessels to improve safety and navigation. - Constraints: underdeveloped inland water transport system; under-utilisation of Lake Volta’s transportation potential; limited safety facilities; poor services on inland waterways; insufficient institutional and logistics capacity to effectively regulate waterways. Air transport - Medium-term objective: position Ghana as an aviation hub within the West African sub-region. - Infrastructure: modern Air Navigation Services (ANS) Building and Northern Apron constructed at Kotoka International Airport (KIA); Kumasi and Tamale airports being upgraded to international status; Wa airstrip upgraded. - Passenger numbers: 2.39 million in 2018; 2.8 million in 2019; 1.13 million in 2020 (decline due to COVID-19 restrictions). - Safety and regulatory measures: establishment of an independent Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation and Prevention Bureau (AIB); decoupling of ANS provision from regulation; installation of Air Navigational Aids at various airports. - Constraints: absence of a national carrier and an aviation master plan; inadequate infrastructure and safety equipment; high user fees and taxes; high cost of aviation fuel; land encroachment. ### Energy: Generation, Access, Conservation, and Sector Finances Power generation and supply - Total electricity generation in 2020 was 20,170 GWh, representing 24.2 percent increase from 2018. - Generation mix in 2020: hydroelectricity 29.9 percent; thermal 69 percent; renewable 1.1 percent. - Electricity imports: 58 GWh imported from La Cote d’Ivoire in 2020 representing 0.3 percent of total electricity supplied. - National population access rate: 85.3 percent in 2020 compared to 85.0 percent in 2019. - Key supply challenges: fuel supply constraints for hydro and thermal; inadequate transmission capacity; inadequate infrastructure for energy delivery; low injection of private capital; weak regulatory enforcement. Energy conservation and efficiency - Transmission and distribution losses averaged 4.5 percent (transmission) and 25.2 percent (distribution) of electricity between 2018 and 2020. - Sector challenges: conservation issues, inadequate and obsolete grid network, poor energy utilization. Finances of state-owned power companies - Energy sector reported a debt of over US$2 million as at mid-2019 (source text). - Debt drivers: short-term loans contracted by power producers resulting in ‘take or pay’ liabilities and distribution companies’ inability to collect adequate revenue. - Additional contributing factors: untimely and insufficient payments for gas delivered; inability of Volta River Authority (VRA) to pay for lean gas from Ghana National Gas Company (GNGC) and crude oil suppliers. - Government interventions: - In 2017 and 2018 issued two series of bonds totalling GHS 5.66 billion, securitized by a portion of ESLA tax revenue; proceeds used to retire energy sector SOE debts. - Energy sector recovery programme developed in 2019. - Policies formulated: Least-cost fuel procurement and Competitive Procurement of Energy Supply and Services Contracts. - Moratorium on signing new PPAs, GSAs, Put-Call Option Agreements (“PCOAs”) and any long-term take-or-pay contracts until further notice or unless exempted case-by-case. ### Petroleum: Upstream, Gas, Midstream/Downstream, and Revenue Management Upstream production - 2020 total crude oil production from Jubilee, TEN and Sankofa-Gye-Nyame was 71.44 million barrels. - Average daily oil production in 2020: 230,504.01 barrels. Natural gas production - Total associated gas produced from the three main commercial fields in 2020 was 167,639.83 mmscf, an increase of about 30.5 percent over the previous year. - Field shares in 2020: - Jubilee Field: 64,462.41 mmscf (38.5%). - TEN Field: 58,674.67 mmscf (35.0%). - Sankofa Gye Nyame (SGN) Field: 44,502.75 mmscf (26.5%). - Non-Associated Gas (NAG) produced from SGN Field in 2020: 70,351.24 mmscf. - Noted challenge: inadequate supply and finance (domestic and international payment deficits) hampering gas supply reliability. Local content and participation - Implementation of the Petroleum (Local Content and Local Participation) Regulation, 2013 (L.I. 2204) promoted indigenous participation. - Proportions of Ghanaians employed in oil and gas in 2019: - Management: 91 percent. - Technical: 87 percent. - Other positions: 99 percent. - Share of contracts awarded to indigenous companies declined from 36.5 percent in 2018 to 28 percent in 2019. - Value of contracts offered to indigenous companies increased from US$59.6 million in 2018 to US$72.6 million in 2019. Midstream and downstream - Tema Oil Refinery (TOR) was virtually shut down in 2019 with operating capacity at about 20 percent due to management and financial challenges. - Petroleum product supply in 2019 was slightly higher with exception of Kerosene and Aviation Turbine Kerosine (ATK). - Consumption equivalent to operating 75,000 to 80,000 barrels per stream day refinery. - LPG share of final petroleum product consumed decreased from 9.5 percent in 2017 to 8.5 percent in 2019. - Strategic stocks: limited action due to inability to raise domestic funds to purchase such products. - BOST Margin remained at 3 pesewas from 2011 to 2019 before increasing to 6 pesewas in 2020. - Transportation/distribution works: two out of four tag boats fixed and back in operation on the Volta Lake; rehabilitation of pipelines from Akosombo to Tema and from Buipe to Bolgatanga underway. Petroleum revenue management - An amount of GHS987.94 million, representing 50.1 percent of the total Annual Budget Funding Amount (ABFA) receipts, was distributed among five broad areas: - Agriculture: 7.1%. - Physical Infrastructure and Service Delivery in Education: 57.8%. - Physical Infrastructure and Service Delivery in Health: 4.4%. - Road, Rail and Other Critical Infrastructure Development: 30.4%. - Public Interest and Accountability Committee (PIAC): 0.3%. - PIAC reports highlighted challenges such as thin spread of oil revenues and depletion of the Stabilisation Fund. ### Construction, Maintenance, and R&D Construction and development - Growth in construction industry: 5.1 percent in 2017; contracted to 4.4 percent in 2019; increased by 166 percent to 2.9 percent in 2020 (improvement despite COVID-19). - Real Estate Agency Bill enacted in 2020 to regulate real estate agency practice and commercial real estate transactions. - Sector issues: absence of a central agency for industry development; weak classification and certification systems for contractors; shortage of skilled construction workers; poor enforcement of regulations and statutes; poor safety, health and environmental management on sites; high and increasing cost of building materials. Infrastructure maintenance - Public and private infrastructure frequently neglected for scheduled maintenance; disproportionate emphasis on new construction. - Government target to institute and operationalise one national public works maintenance framework in 2020 did not materialize. Science, Technology, Research and Development - Government objectives: mainstream STI into policies, increase R&D investment, improve partnerships with research institutions, academia and industry. - Research and development expenditure as a percentage of GDP: improved from 0.05 percent in 2017 to 0.15 percent in 2020. - Number of research findings adopted by industry: 32 in 2017; 154 in 2019; declined to 104 in 2020. - Key challenges: inadequate funding for R&D; limited utilization of research outputs; limited collaboration between public research institutions and businesses. - Initiative: Innovation and Research Commercialization Center (GIRC-Center) launched. ### Information Communication Technology (ICT) Development - Government objectives: optimise ICT use in service delivery across productive sectors. - Internet penetration rate: increased from 100.5 percent in 2019 to 115.4 percent in 2020. - Broadband capacity in use grew by 81.7 percent to 759.29GB in 2020. - As at 2020, five submarine cables licensed to operate in the country. - Drivers of internet subscription growth: surge in online activities due to flexible working arrangements and online educational platforms during the COVID-19 pandemic. - Sector challenges: poor Quality of Services (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE); high cost of service to the consumer; inadequate and high cost of ICT infrastructure; difficulty in securing resources for Girls-in-ICT Initiative; inadequate infrastructure to support localized services; limited ICT capacity. *Source: Extracted content from the provided PDF chapter/section.* ### 4.3 SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES ### 4.3 SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES ### 4.3.1 Protected Areas - Increasing forest degradation of conservation areas - Inadequate capacity of relevant institutions - Increasing loss of endangered species - Inadequate and untimely release of funds - Conflict between traditional (chieftaincy) and Government institutions - Poor collaboration and coordination among relevant institutions - Encroachment on conservation areas, forest reserves, and protected areas - Weak enforcement of regulations - Insufficient logistics to maintain boundaries of protected areas - Mining in protected areas - Illegal logging of trees - Non-compliance with the ban on economic trees (e.g., rosewood) and release of protected areas for investors ### 4.3.2 Minerals - Illegal mining - Weak enforcement of environmental and mining laws and regulations - Over dependence on traditional mineral resources (Gold, Diamonds, Manganese & Bauxite) - Environmental degradation - Children engaged in hazardous forms of labour - Use of manual mining cadastre for mineral title administration - Inadequate capacity of local suppliers to meet industry - Limited value addition to primary products - Inadequate mineral revenue - Unaccounted flows of minerals revenues - Limited participation of women in the mining value chain ### 4.3.3 Water Resources - Pollution of water bodies from illegal mining - Uncoordinated development of water resources shared with neighbouring countries - Weak management of freshwater resources - Poor agricultural practices which affect water quality - Negative impact of climate variability and change - Limited reliable and comprehensive data - Inadequate protection and development of water resources - Increased encroachment of Ramsar sites ### 4.3.4 Coastal and Marine Areas - Limited funds to implement planned programmes and projects in the coastal areas - Pollution of marine resources and degradation of the ocean and seabed - Overexploitation of fisheries and other blue resources - Weak regulation in the marine sector - Weak coordination among stakeholders in the fisheries sector - Increased incidence in tidal waves and surges as a result of climate change - Increasing rate of coastal erosion - Unauthorized development along the coast - Defecation along the coastal line - Dumping of raw sewerage in the ocean - Weak implementation of regulations against sand mining and stone quarrying in coastal areas ### 4.3.5 Environmental Pollution - Weak enforcement of environmental laws and regulations - Weak natural resource management systems - Improper management of solid and liquid waste including e-waste - Indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste in terrestrial, aquatic and marine ecosystems - Air and noise pollution in urban areas - Emissions from vehicles - Pollution of water bodies and the environment with discharges of radioactive materials ### 4.3.6 Deforestation, Desertification and Soil Erosion - Weak collaboration between stakeholder institutions - High incidence of wildfires - Illegal sand mining - Forest degradation - Indiscriminate and illegal use of weedicides - Overexploitation and inefficient use of forest resources - Illicit trade in forest and wildlife resources - Poor enforcement of laws on exploitation of forest resources ### 4.3.7 Climate Variability and Change - Inadequate inclusion of gender and vulnerability issues in climate change actions - Inadequate institutional capacity to access global funds - Poor ownership of climate change interventions at the local level - Loss of trees and vegetative cover - Degraded landscapes - Increasing GHG emissions - Inadequate domestic climate finance mechanism - Limited sectoral (national) and district adaptation plans - Weak institutional coordination mechanism for climate action - Low institutional capacity to address climate change and variability issues - Inadequate and fragmented data on climate change related issues ### 4.3.8 Transportation (Road, Rail, Air, Water) - Poor road condition and networks - Inadequate human and logistical capacity in transport management - Poor road maintenance/rehabilitation culture - Traffic congestion in major cities - Poor public transport services - Inadequate operational standards for transport services - Poor transportation planning and budgeting - Existence of isolated databases - Low participation of women in the transport sector - Inadequate road infrastructure - Rising road fatalities and injuries - Weak enforcement of road traffic regulations - High incidence of road accidents - Inadequate road furniture - Unauthorized construction of speed ramps and rumble strips - Leakages in revenue collection systems - Under-utilisation of Lake Volta’s potential transportation services - Limited safety facilities - Unsafe inland water transport services - Ineffective regulatory regime - Inadequate infrastructure at regional airports - Inadequate inter-modal facilities and aviation services - Limited and poor rail network - Ineffective regulatory regime - Limited integration of rail network with other modes of transport ### 4.3.9 Information, Communication and Technology Development - Poor access to broadband services - Poor Quality of Services (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) in ICT - Limited use of ICT in businesses and provision of public services - Weak online data protection - Low promotional drive on ICT policies - Difficulty with maintenance of imported technologies - Inadequate local content online and in the deployment of ICT solutions - Inadequate ICT infrastructure across the country - Inability to catch up with technological changes in the ICT domain - Low number and competence in ICT skills across the public sector - High cost of ICT infrastructure development and service ### 4.3.10 Science, Technology, Research and Development - Limited utilisation of relevant research outputs - Limited collaboration between public research institutions and businesses on product, service and process innovation - Inadequate funding for research and development - Inadequate large-scale modern foundry-based manufacturing - Inadequate knowledge and skills in precision engineering ### 4.3.11 Energy and Petroleum - Limited financial viability of the energy sector - High cost of electricity generation - Weak regulatory enforcement - Unreliable power supply - Low involvement of private capital in the power sector - Low contribution of renewable energy in power generation mix - Low utilisation of biofuels for energy - High generation cost of renewable energy - High dependence on wood fuel - Inadequate infrastructure for energy delivery ### 4.3.12 Human Settlements Development and Housing - Inadequate spatial plans - Poor prioritisation of spatial planning (Structure and Local Plans) - Inadequate human and institutional capacities for land use planning and management - Haphazard building and non-compliance to available planning schemes - Weak database for spatial planning and management - Non-compliance with zoning regulations and planning standards - Weak enforcement of building regulations at the MMDA level - Uncompleted affordable housing projects - Inadequate financial instruments in the housing supply value chain - Lack of adoption and application of innovative financing models for affordable housing - Inadequate housing units - High cost of mortgage ### 4.3.13 Rural and Urban Development Management - Congestion and overcrowding in urban areas - High urban concentration in coastal zone - Poor urban air quality - Rapid growth of urban slums ### 4.3.14 Construction Industry Development - Weak regulatory regime of the construction industry - Weak classification and certification systems for the registration of contractors - Shortage of skilled construction workers - Poor enforcement of regulations and statutes - Proliferation of sub-standard construction materials and products - Poor health, safety and environmental management practices at construction sites ### 4.3.15 Infrastructure Maintenance - Poor maintenance culture ### 4.3.16 Land Administration - Limited digitization and automation of land records and services delivery - Insecurity of land tenure - Increasing encroachments on public and vested land - Delays in adjudication of land disputes and complex land tenure systems - Speculative acquisition of land on large scale (land grabbing) - Outdated land policy - Indiscipline in the purchase and sale of land (including the use of land guards) - Unregulated land use regime - Poor demarcation of land boundaries ### 4.3.17 Zongo and Inner-cities Development - Proliferation of slums - Inadequate basic social infrastructure and services ### 4.4 MEDIUM-TERM GOAL - The medium-term goal is to safeguard the natural and built environment. *MEDIUM-TERM NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK | AGENDA FOR JOBS II: CREATING PROSPERITY AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR ALL | 2022-2025 — 4.3 SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES* ### 4.5 MEDIUM-TERM POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES ### 4.5 MEDIUM-TERM POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES ### 4.5.1 Mineral Extraction - Objectives: - promote sustainable extraction of mineral resources; and - ensure effective linkage of the extractive industry to the rest of the economy. - Interventions to promote sustainable extraction: - ensure mining activities are undertaken in an environmentally sustainable manner; - ensure land reclamation after mining operations; - streamline and regularize the activities of illegal miners; - implement the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) framework and the Multilateral Mining Integrated Project (MMIP) to address the illegal mining menace; - improve technical capacity of small-scale miners to enhance efficiency and sustainability in their operations; - implement institutional reforms including fully decentralising the Minerals Commission; - collaborate with relevant institutions (e.g. EPA, MMDAs, Traditional Authorities) for effective enforcement of the legal framework governing mining and prevention of smuggling; - intensify enforcement of regulations on health and safety in mining operations; - protect sensitive areas from pollution and contamination; - intensify enforcement of regulations on chemical pollution and control; - promote alternative livelihood in mining communities. - Strategies to ensure effective linkage to the rest of the economy: - promote mining value-addition by processing of minerals; - mainstream critical strategic mineral feedstock into the domestic economy; - attract private investors into the sustainable exploration of other mineral resources. ### 4.5.2 Water Resources Management - Objective: - promote the sustainable development and management of water resources. - Priority interventions: - harmonize and enforce legal and regulatory instruments for strategic development and use of water resources; - implement protocols for developing and sharing transboundary water resources; - promote efficient water use; - integrate water resources planning in national and sub-national development planning; - strengthen regulatory regime for small-scale miners to protect water bodies; - implement the Clean Rivers Programme (CRP) nation-wide in collaboration with voluntary organisations and traditional leaders; - intensify protection of all major water bodies, tributaries and major treatment plants; - explore and develop hydrogeological and groundwater base maps; - enforce appropriate legislation to protect wetlands; - regulate harvesting of wetland resources. ### 4.5.3 Coastal and Marine Management - Objective: - improve coastal and marine management. - Strategies: - promote investment in hard control structures including gabions and boulders; - promote an integrated approach to reducing coastal floods, erosion and degradation involving all relevant stakeholders; - facilitate effective inter-agency coordination of coastal management programmes; - formulate a comprehensive policy for the development of the blue economy; - strengthen coordination and management of the marine sector; - support development of comprehensive coastal development, planning and regulatory frameworks; - encourage Public-Private Partnerships to ensure efficient management of the coastal and marine sectors; - ensure robust Monitoring and Control System (MCS) in implementation, management and conservation of marine resources. ### 4.5.4 Environmental Pollution - Objective: - reduce environmental pollution. - Strategies: - intensify enforcement of regulations and standards on water, noise and air pollution including open burning; - enforce environmentally sound management of chemicals and related waste throughout their life cycle; - protect sensitive areas from pollution and contamination, especially groundwater sources and intake of public water supplies; - ensure conformity to sustainable practices by companies; - enforce Hazardous and Electronic Waste Control and Management Act 2016 (Act 917); - ensure compliance with applicable laws and international standards for environment, health and safety in the oil and gas sector including the policy on zero gas flaring; - implement National Plastics Management Policy and Implementation Plan; - develop Circular Economy Framework for Ghana; - develop Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR); - promulgate regulations for effective implementation of the Nuclear Regulatory Authority Act 2015 (Act 895). ### 4.5.5 Deforestation, Desertification and Soil Erosion - Objectives: - combat deforestation, desertification and soil erosion; and - promote sustainable use of forest and wildlife resources. - Strategies to combat deforestation, desertification and soil erosion: - implement green infrastructure recommendations in the National Spatial Development Framework; - develop and promote financing mechanism for forest value chain management; - ensure enforcement of National Wildfire Management Policy and local bye-laws on wildfires; - enact and enforce legislative instrument on tree tenure and benefit sharing framework; - strengthen collaboration among Government, CSOs, NGOs, traditional authorities and other relevant stakeholders; - set up a taskforce to combat illegal sand mining; - enforce the Minerals and Mining Act 2006 (Act 703); - strengthen implementation of the Minerals and Mining Policy, especially the Minerals Licensing System to combat illegal sand mining. - Strategies to promote sustainable use of forest and wildlife resources: - promote alternative livelihoods, including eco-tourism, in forest fringe communities; - review and enforce strict punitive legislation for wildlife crimes, including poaching and trafficking; - enforce legislation on exploitation of forest resource; - promote and develop mechanisms for transparent governance, equity sharing and stakeholder participation in the forest, wildlife and wood fuel resource management (e.g., CREMAs); - improve incentives and other measures to encourage users to adopt less exploitative and non-degrading practices in agriculture, particularly the indiscriminate use of agro-chemicals; - promote the use of Lesser Used Species (LUS); - promote development of viable forest and wildlife-based industries and livelihoods. ### 4.5.6 Climate Variability and Change - Objectives: - enhance institutional capacity and coordination for effective climate action; - enhance climate change resilience; and - reduce greenhouse gases. - Enhance institutional capacity and coordination: - intensify capacity development in climate change; - establish and operationalise comprehensive data systems on climate change; - accelerate implementation of Ghana’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs); - strengthen M&E systems for climate change related interventions; - advocate for establishment and institutionalization of public climate finance; - strengthen coordination and partnerships among research institutions, industry and Government; - accelerate implementation of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Programme. - Enhance climate change resilience: - develop capacity to access Global Climate Funds; - promote climate-smart indigenous agricultural knowledge; - promote climate-resilience interventions for vulnerable groups especially women; - develop climate-responsive infrastructure; - mainstream climate change in national development planning and budgeting processes; - intensify awareness creation on climate change; - promote co-financing arrangements for climate change interventions at the local level. - Reduce greenhouse gases: - accelerate implementation of Ghana REDD+ Strategy (2016-2036); - accelerate programmes to reduce environmental risks and ecological scarcity, focusing on energy, agriculture, forestry and waste sectors; - initiate Green Ghana campaign with traditional authorities, civil society, religious bodies and other recognized groups. ### 4.5.7 Transportation: road, rail, air and water - Objectives: - improve efficiency and effectiveness of road transport infrastructure and services; - enhance safety and security for all categories of road users; - improve capacity and efficiency of port operations; - develop and promote inland water transport system; - position Ghana as the aviation hub for West African sub-region; - modernise and extend railway network. - Improve road transport efficiency and effectiveness: - expand and maintain the national road network; - strengthen health and safety standards in planning, design, construction, operations and maintenance; - strengthen road-based mass transportation system, including extending Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) corridors; - develop standards for public transport vehicles in line with international best practices; - review and strengthen institutional arrangements governing the mass transit system; - ensure implementation of provisions on transportation under the PWDs Act, 2006 (Act 715); - enhance maintenance and management practices for all transport sector; - promote Public-Private Partnership in the road sector; - ensure effective planning and budgeting for transport infrastructure; - promote and institutionalize knowledge, skills and attitudinal change programmes for transport sector personnel and build capacity. - Enhance safety and security for road users: - incorporate pedestrian safety facilities in planning, design, construction and maintenance of road infrastructure; - ensure an effective and efficient system to reduce fraudulent practices, revenue leakage, and guarantee efficient and speedy service delivery; - develop adequate technical know-how to manage road transport service delivery; - promote dedicated safe, reliable and appropriate facilities for Non-Motorised Transport (NMT) users; - maintain and free-up existing NMT facilities from encroachment; - enhance capacity for prompt removal of accident and broken-down vehicles; - improve road furniture (street lighting, road markings and road signage etc.); - enhance institutional capacity and coordination for effective emergency response. - Improve port capacity and efficiency: - ensure full compliance with Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Code; - accelerate implementation of existing ports and harbours master plans; - ensure efficiency and competitiveness in seaport operations; - promote private sector participation in development and management of seaport facilities; - strengthen institutional capacity to regulate the maritime industry; - expand berthing facilities at seaports to support sub-regional coastal marine transport; - develop integrated truck staging and management systems; - promote containerization to support intermodal logistics; - expedite development of Boankra Inland Port; - provide modern port reception facilities to promote cruise tourism. - Develop and promote inland water transport: - develop the Volta Lake into a major transportation artery; - develop and enforce regulations and standards for operation on inland waterways; - establish an efficient multimodal logistics system; - implement Government policy to transport bulk cargo via the Volta Lake; - develop safe and navigable routes along the Volta Lake and all identified inland water transport systems; - improve landing, terminal and warehousing facilities along the lake; - promote use of modern, safe, sustainable materials and technology in construction of local boats and vessels. - Position Ghana as an aviation hub: - re-establish a Home-Based Carrier; - enhance compliance, safety and security of air transport services; - accelerate development of an integrated transport system; - update the Aviation Policy and develop an Aviation Master Plan; - collaborate with the private sector to develop and upgrade airport infrastructure in the regions; - create an enabling environment for foreign and domestic private airlines to make full use of the nation’s route rights; - promote programmes to restore passenger confidence and reliefs for airlines and commercial stakeholders in the aviation industry; - build an aviation maintenance hub in Kumasi. - Modernise and expand the railway network: - revamp and expand rail network to northern Ghana; - accelerate implementation of the railway master plan; - integrate railways in the Tema-Mpakadan-Buipe multi-modal transport system to the north; - reconstruct the western, eastern and central lines to facilitate passenger and freight movement; - develop integrated light rail transit system in major urban areas; - integrate rail transport with other modes to ensure a sustainable transport system; - develop associated infrastructure for improved railway services; - create a well-functioning and self-financed regulatory body for the railway sector; - improve passenger and freight transport and logistics chain on the Ghana-Burkina Railway corridor; - develop Ghana’s section of the Trans-ECOWAS Railway line from Aflao to Elubo. ### 4.5.8 Protected Areas - Objective: - improve forest and protected areas. - Strategic interventions: - accelerate implementation of the Ghana Forest Plantation Strategy (2016-2040) and Ghana REDD+ Strategy (2016-2036); - maintain integrity of forest conservation areas through protection and law enforcement; - map and assign conservation status through bye-laws to mangrove forests, wetlands and sensitive marine areas in district spatial plans; - promote alternative sources of livelihood, including provision of bee-hives to forest fringe communities; - strengthen Forestry Commission and related institutions to effectively implement the National Environmental Protection Programme (NEPP) and the Environmental Action Plan (EAP); - establish gene banks for indigenous species and refuge areas for threatened, endemic and rare species; - ensure timely release of resources to manage conservation areas; - streamline demarcation of forest reserves; - support protection of the remaining network of natural forest and biodiversity hotspots; - enhance capacity of MDAs and MMDAs to mainstream biodiversity into development planning and budgeting processes. ### 4.5.9 Information Communications and Technology Development - Objectives: - enhance application of ICT in national development; and - expand the digital landscape. - Enhance application of ICT: - position the country as a regional ICT hub; - mainstream ICT in public sector operations; - improve telecommunications affordability and accessibility; - create opportunities for entrepreneurship in ICT; - increase citizens’ access to data platforms; - collaborate with the private sector to increase broadband, bandwidth and speed of connections nationwide; - accelerate investment in development of ICT infrastructure; - improve quality of ICT services, especially internet and telephony; - accelerate implementation of identification coding schemes for landed properties and online tracking services for registered properties; - improve security of access and use of ICT infrastructure and services; - enhance technology transfer, in-service training and capacity building for local ICT personnel. - Expand the digital landscape: - build an integrated national ICT digital infrastructure; - provide regulatory framework to use national ICT infrastructure as a platform for e-Government services; - create a favourable environment to promote e-commerce and offline cashless payments; - deepen internet availability and accessibility nationwide; - promote business process outsourcing and IT enabled services including innovation hubs and software applications development; - ensure adequate digital capability to support production and use of ICTs for development; - promote establishment of ICT parks across the country. ### 4.5.10 Science, Technology and Innovation - Objective: - mainstream science, technology and innovation in all socio-economic activities. - Strategies: - apply science, technology and innovation in implementation of policies, programmes and projects; - scale up investments in research and development to find local solutions to challenges; - promote an enabling environment for strong partnership with research institutions, academia and industry; - promote establishment of foundry-based manufacturing and precision machine tooling, using Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Numerical Control (CNC) systems; - ensure transfer of knowledge and technology between foreign and local companies; - adopt and master technologies such as Nanotechnology and Fibre optics. ### 4.5.11 Energy and Petroleum - Broad objectives: - ensure availability of clean, affordable and accessible energy; - promote an efficient transmission and distribution system; - improve financial capacity and sustainability of utility companies; - ensure efficient utilization of energy; - promote petroleum exploration; - promote development and use of indigenous capabilities for exploitation of petroleum resources and refinery; - leverage the oil and gas industry as a catalyst for national economic development; - minimise potential environmental impact of oil and gas industry. - Ensure availability of clean, affordable and accessible energy: - restructure and strengthen management of hydro plants; - develop a thermal insulation market; - strengthen independent power producers (IPPs) and other private sector institutions’ involvement in generation and distribution of power; - promote production and use of renewable energy; - promote use of solar energy for all public and private buildings; - accelerate replacement of kerosene lanterns with solar lanterns; - develop, implement and maintain a safe, secure and sustainable nuclear power programme; - review the Self-Help Electrification Project (SHEP) and use means testing approaches to enable the poor to connect to the national grid. - Promote efficient transmission and distribution: - modernise transmission and distribution networks to reduce operational inefficiencies; - expand distribution and transmission networks; - support and intensify sub-regional power interconnectivity under West African Power Pool (WAPP); - expand provision of mini-grids to lakeside and island communities. - Improve financial capacity and sustainability of utility companies: - implement an energy sector financial restructuring and recovery plan; - institute mechanisms to ensure that all added capacities are acquired through open and competitive tender processes. - Ensure efficient utilisation of energy: - promote demand-side management in energy utilization; - promote use and design of energy efficient technologies in public and private buildings. - Promote petroleum exploration: - improve infrastructure, governance, legislative and investment conditions in the petroleum sector; - accelerate development of a legislative instrument for Petroleum Exploration and Production Act, 2016 (Act 919); - strengthen bidding process in award of petroleum blocks for exploration and production to make it more competitive; - accelerate reconnaissance exploration programme in the Voltaian basin; - enhance collaboration and coordination among petroleum sector institutions; - ensure adherence to the Petroleum Revenue Management Act, 2011 (Act 815); - promote Ghana as a hub for petroleum operations in the West Africa sub-region. - Promote development and use of indigenous capabilities: - develop local capability in all aspects of the oil and gas value chain; - enforce the Petroleum (Local Content and Local Participation) Regulations, 2013 (LI 2204) especially the Financial Services Guidelines; - promote education and skills enhancement initiatives to manage the petroleum sector; - expand capital and risk capacity of financial system to support energy-driven based industries. - Leverage oil and gas industry for national development: - promote use of gas in strategic industries and public transportation; - mobilise domestic capital to invest in petroleum products storage capacity and operations; - extend petroleum bulk transportation and distribution infrastructure nationwide; - facilitate universal access to adequate, reliable and cost-effective petroleum products such as Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG); - promote value addition in the oil and gas industry; - ensure efficient management and utilisation of oil and gas revenue. - Minimise potential environmental impact: - ensure compliance with applicable laws and international standards for environment, health and safety in the oil and gas sector; - implement key recommendations from strategic environmental assessment for both onshore and offshore oil and gas developments; - intensify community education on co-existence of oil and gas with fishing industries. ### 4.5.12 Human Settlements and Housing - Objectives: - promote sustainable spatially integrated development of human settlements; and - provide adequate, safe, secure, quality and affordable housing schemes. - Promote sustainable spatially integrated development: - facilitate preparation and implementation of human settlement policy; - accelerate preparation and implementation of Spatial Development Frameworks, Structure Plans and Local Plans for MMDAs; - undertake regular monitoring and evaluation at all levels; - intensify use of Geographic Information System (GIS) in spatial/land use planning at all levels; - review and publicize planning standards and zoning regulations; - develop database for spatial planning and management; - enhance capacity for spatial planning in MMDAs; - enforce building codes and standards at all levels. - Provide adequate, safe, secure, quality and affordable housing: - create a credible mortgage regime leveraging on the Pension Fund expanding investor potentials to capitalize on private sector investments; - develop and institutionalize an integrated housing database; - leverage private sector resources and expertise for provision of affordable housing and related social infrastructure in an integrated manner; - ensure completion of abandoned public housing projects. ### 4.5.13 Rural Development and Management - Objective: - enhance the quality of life in rural areas. - Key strategies: - establish rural service centres to promote agriculture and agro-based industries; - promote rural enterprise development, financial inclusion, service delivery, capacity building and local economic development; - expand and improve basic infrastructure; - fully implement the rural development policy; - facilitate sustainable use and management of natural resources to support development of rural communities and livelihoods; - provide incentives to attract direct private investments into rural areas. ### 4.5.14 Urban Development and Management - Objective: - promote resilient urban development. - Strategic initiatives: - establish special growth centres and urban networks with spatially targeted investment interventions; - implement the five-tier hierarchy of urban centres; - create structured metropolitan city regions around Accra, Kumasi and other metropolitan areas; - implement district capital and small-town improvement programme; - improve linkages between emerging secondary cities and towns; - prepare and implement structure plans for all grade 1, 2 and 3 settlements; - support implementation of the National Urban Policy and Action Plan and the United Nations New Urban Agenda; - integrate security and disaster prevention into urban planning and management systems; - facilitate implementation of urban renewal programmes; - promote public-private-partnerships in urban development and management; - maintain urban infrastructure and establish special economic corridors. ### 4.5.15 Construction Industry Development - Objective: - build a competitive and modern construction industry. - Key strategies: - establish a central agency for the construction industry; - improve and standardise techniques and material use; - promote and stimulate development and expansion of the Ghanaian construction industry; - promote research and apply modern technology in the construction industry; - establish and maintain a construction industry information system; - ensure accreditation and certification of skilled construction workers; - support technical education institutions and other professional bodies to train more skilled personnel; - create an enabling environment to ensure affordable and efficient use of construction materials; - promote use of the Ghana Building Code GS 1207; - facilitate timely issuance of honour certificates to contractors. ### 4.5.16 Infrastructure Maintenance - Objective: - promote effective maintenance culture. - Strategies: - institute a robust maintenance scheme for the transport system, public office buildings and other critical infrastructure; - enforce relevant standards in various sectors to reduce rapid deterioration of public infrastructure, including strengthening the axle load control on roadways; - build capacity to ensure requisite skills for infrastructure maintenance; - develop asset register on infrastructure conditions. ### 4.5.17 Land Administration - Objective: - promote efficient and effective land administration. - Strategies: - continue on-going land administration reforms to address title and ownership rights; - fully decentralise land administration on an automated platform; - accelerate digitisation of land records and automation of land services delivery; - accelerate efforts for development of the National Geo-Spatial Policy; - ensure production of base, topographic and orthophoto maps nationwide; - promote production of reliable maps and site plans to ensure security of land tenure; - ensure high standard of land data security; - domesticate and implement fully the AU Framework Guidelines on Land Policy in Africa; - ensure gender considerations in land reforms, management and land use planning; - promote Sustainable Land Management (SLM) interventions using the Integrated Landscape Management (ILM) approach; - establish and maintain a geodetic reference network for mapping and engineering; - deploy Ghana Enterprise Land Information System (GELIS) nationwide; - fully implement the Land Act, 2020 (Act 1036). ### 4.5.18 Zongos and Inner-City Development - Objective: - improve basic social infrastructure and services, and livelihood conditions of Zongo and Inner-City communities. - Specific strategies: - accelerate investments in local economic development in Zongo and Inner-City communities; - provide basic social infrastructure and services in Zongo and Inner-City communities; - promote implementation of a national slum upgrading and prevention strategy. *Source: 4.5 MEDIUM-TERM POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES (chapter content).* ### 4.6 MEDIUM TERM TARGETS ### 4.6 MEDIUM TERM TARGETS ### Medium-term targets (to be achieved by the end of 2025) - Proportion of water bodies with good ambient water quality surpasses 75 percent. - Restoration/ rehabilitation of degraded forest, mining area, dry and wet lands within forest reserves increases to 5,000 hectares. - Level of greenhouse gas emissions reduced to 57.6MTCO2e (million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent). - Percentage of road network in good condition appreciates to 60 percent. - Proportion of classified road network-maintained increased to 70 percent. - Electricity distribution losses reduced to 20 percent (ECG) and 7.0 percent (NEDCo). - Integrated National Infrastructure database established and State of Infrastructure Report developed. - Spatial Development Frameworks and structural Plans developed by all MMDAs. - (Refer to Appendix 5.3 for details of medium-term targets for other focus areas under the environment, infrastructure and human settlement dimension). ### Flagships for Environment, Infrastructure and Human Settlements #### Environment - Strengthen the implementation of the Clean Rivers Programme aimed at improving the quality of major water bodies in the country. - Strengthen the implementation of infrastructure policies of “Water for All” to expand access to safe drinking water. #### Infrastructure / Housing - Develop and operationalise a new Rent Control Act. - Build low-income housing estates using local materials in collaboration with the Building and Roads Research Institute (BRRI) and other relevant stakeholders including private developers. - Establish two anchor institutions: a Ghana Housing Authority (GHA), and a National Housing and Mortgage Finance Company (NHMF). - Expand the capacity of State Housing Company Limited (SHC) to lead Government’s efforts, along with the private sector, to build a large pool of affordable homes for Ghanaian workers and families. - Create Land Banks and provide Infrastructure in partnership with Land owners and District Assemblies. - Establish a National Rental Assistance Scheme (NRAS). - Promote and sponsor Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) as a vehicle to encourage rent-to-own schemes, private sector mortgage finance companies and mortgage-backed securities. - Review the Home Mortgage Finance Act, 2008 (Act 770) to ensure that foreclosure processes are simplified. - Implement more rigorously the tax-deductible mortgage interest regime. - Amend the law to allow for Pension Funds to invest more than 5% of their portfolio in real estate assets, including pension backed mortgages. - Provide targeted, project-based tax incentives (instead of blanket incentives) for private developers to build more social housing, as well as inner city redevelopment and revitalisation schemes. - Promote establishment of an integrated local manufacturing industry to support the housing sector. - Sustain the Ghana Post GPS or the National Digital Addressing System. - Sustain the roll-out of the biometric National ID Card (NID) or Ghana Card. #### Energy and Petroleum - Extend electricity to cover the entire nation. - Enforce competitive procurement of power, and minimise excess capacity charges to improve upon the financial health of the sector. - Reduce losses, particularly in power distribution, by ensuring ECG and NEDCo implement incentive-based loss reduction targets for all District Managers. - Improve revenue collection with the implementation of remote sensing technology. - Sustain implementation of the Auction-Based Licensing Strategy for exploratory Oil Blocks. - Sustain enforcement of local content policies for upstream and downstream sub-sectors. - Build technical capacity across all skills areas for the oil and gas and other natural resource sectors. #### Transportation - Develop and expand railway infrastructure in some prioritized areas. - Prioritise local content in infrastructure development. - Establish an Airport Free Zone (AFZ) through private sector investments. - Accelerate the development of road infrastructure through Public-Private Partnerships and toll-financing. - Develop and implement a public transport policy and network commensurate with the needs of a fast-growing economy. - Implement road infrastructure maintenance programmes to create jobs for the youth. - Re-launch the metro mass transport system throughout regional capitals. - Introduce innovative policies to facilitate urban traffic de-congestion. - Complete development of prioritized Inland port infrastructure. - Implement a Government-backed, private sector-led Lease-to-Own financing arrangement. #### Science, Technology and Innovation - Resource the operations of the Presidential Advisory Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (PACSTI). - Establish foundry-based manufacturing and precision machine tooling plant, using Computer-Aided Design (CAD)/computer-aided manufacturing and Computer Numerical Control (CNC) systems. - Rationalise the functions of institutions in the technology space to avoid functional overlaps, as well as streamline the legal and regulatory framework in line with international best standards. - Update Ghana’s spectrum policy and regulations to promote greater transparency, competitiveness and rapid expansion of internet services to rural areas. - Enhance Ghana’s soft infrastructure through a national data centre that centralises all digital information, data storage, management and protection. - Leverage Ghana’s digital transformation as a driver of growth, by increasing broadband coverage throughout the country, as well as increasing access and affordability of digital devices. - Invest in human capital to build Ghana’s digital skills base, by continuing investments in teaching ICT from primary schools. - Create a large local digital market in West Africa and beyond, and provide solutions to problems in the region. - Explore innovations to ensure that the visually impaired are not left out of the ongoing digital revolution. - Reduce the high cost of data in Ghana through the reduction of taxes on digital devices as well as the cost of spectrum and licenses. #### Human Settlements - Strengthen the capacity of Development Authorities and the Zongo Development Fund, to enable them to attract private investors to develop infrastructure in their catchment areas. - Continue implementation of existing policies and ongoing projects such as IPEP. #### Land Administration - Improve maps and spatial data availability, and digital transformation of Lands Commission. - Decentralize land service delivery. - Systematic recording, verification and creation of National Cadastre. - Sustain capacity development programmes to improve work culture and corporate governance. *Source: Chapter excerpts titled "4.6 MEDIUM TERM TARGETS" and "4.7 FLAGSHIPS FOR ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS".* ### 5.2 PERFORMANCE REVIEW ### 5.2 PERFORMANCE REVIEW ### 5.2.1 Democratic Governance - Improvement in budgetary allocations to Independent Governance Institutions (IGIs) between 2018 and 2020. - National Media Commission (NMC) recorded over 100 percent change in budgetary allocation between 2019 and 2020. - IGIs implemented a number of programmes during the review period, but faced resource constraints that affected performance. - Challenges: high cost of elections to political parties and recurring threats of political violence especially during elections. - Electoral Commission (EC) conducted district level elections, and presidential and parliamentary elections in 2019 and 2020. ### 5.2.2 Local Governance and Decentralisation - Six new regions created in 2019: Oti, Ahafo, Bono East, Western North, Savannah and North East. - Bill introduced to amend Articles 243 (1) and 55(3) of the 1992 Constitution to allow for MMDCEs to be elected; process stalled due to lack of national consensus. - MMDA staff increased to 40,933 in 2020 from 37,565 in 2019. - MMDA staff represented 5.76 percent and 6.91 percent of the total number of personnel on Government payroll in 2017 and 2020 respectively. - Transfers from central Government to MMDAs: 2.24 percent in 2018; 1.89 percent in 2019; 2.52 percent in 2020 (below Article 252 requirement of ≥5%). - Share of total revenue of MMDAs relative to total national revenue: 2.53 percent in 2018; 2.59 percent in 2019; 3.61 percent in 2020. - District Development Facility (DDF) mainstreamed into the DACF Responsive Factor Grant. - District Assembly Performance Assessment Tool (DPAT) introduced as a diagnostic instrument for assessing MMDA performance and determining DACF Responsiveness Factor Grant allocation. - New National Decentralization Policy and Strategy (2020-2024) and a Rural Development Policy developed and approved. ### 5.2.3 Public Accountability - Mechanisms implemented: Ghana Integrated Financial Management Information System (GIFMIS); National Anti-Corruption Action Plan (NACAP); Public Accounts Committee (PAC) examination of audited accounts. - Passage of Public Financial Management Act, 2016 (Act 921); Public Financial Management Regulation, 2019 (L.I. 2378); Public Procurement (Amendment) Act, 2016 (Act 914). - PAC actions: held public hearings to consider 15 Auditor-General’s Reports; implementation of 53 recommendations in 2018 and 139 recommendations in 2019; recovery of about GHS 97 million. - Right to Information Bill passed into law (Act 989); RTI Commission inaugurated. - Data Mapping Tool and Template designed for compilation and publication of information manuals. - Ministry of Information recruited and posted 94 Assistant RTI officers and five Principal Officers; engaged IGIs on implementation and transition guidelines. ### 5.2.4 Public Policy Development and Management - National Public Policy Formulation Guidelines developed and launched by NDPC to standardize public policy development and approval processes. - Initiation of a web-based Policy and Legislative almanac to strengthen policy coordination. - Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) collaborated with MDAs, private sector, and CSOs to improve surveys and administrative data; funding secured for National Statistical Development Strategy (NSDS). - Ghana Statistics Development Project fully implemented in 2018. - Major GSS activities: Agricultural Census 2020; Multi Cluster Indicator Survey 2017/2018; National Population and Housing Census conducted in 2021 (scheduled for 2020 but delayed due to COVID-19). - COVID-19 impact studies conducted: Households and Jobs Tracker; COVID-19 Local Economies Tracker; COVID-19 Business Tracker. ### 5.2.5 Public Institutional Reforms - Public Services Commission (PSC) developed Human Resource Management Information System (HRMIS) to manage public sector human resource database. - Between 2017 and 2019, 64 public sector institutions enrolled on HRMIS enabling real-time updates of recruitment, promotions and transfers. - Public Sector Reform for Results Project (PSRRP) developed in 2018; digitized services include birth and death registration, issuance of environmental permits, vehicle registration and passport services. - Remaining issues: limited modernization and use of technology, weak enforcement of PSC rules, and poor work ethics. ### 5.2.6 Corruption and Economic Crimes - Anti-corruption measures: NACAP implementation; establishment of Office of the Special Prosecutor (OSP); enactment of Right to Information Act, 2019 (Act 989); Witness Protection Act, 2018 (Act 975); implementation of PAC recommendations. - EOCO (2020): investigated 132 cases, prosecuted 11, secured 2 convictions, and recovered GHC 2,526,623.94 from proceeds of crime. - CHRAJ: received 158 corruption cases and investigated 20 of these cases. - Enhanced production of Auditor-General’s reports and a five-year public sector reform strategy (2018-2023). - Transparency International Corruption Perception Index: score improved from 41 in 2019 to 43 in 2020; Ghana ranked 75th out of 180 countries in 2020. - Persistent challenges: public perception of increasing corruption (2019 Afrobarometer), limited support for anti-corruption strategies, low transparency and accountability, misappropriation of funds, abuse of discretionary powers, weak coordination/implementation of PAC recommendations, and non-enforcement of sanctions. ### 5.2.7 Law and Order - Increased resource allocation to Judiciary; continuation of court computerisation and introduction of an E-Justice project. - More than 42,000 cases processed digitally following E-Justice introduction. - Approximately 1,239 lawyers called to the bar from 2017 to 2020. - Lawyers called to the bar by year: 2017: 255; 2018: 327; 2019: 311; 2020: 549. - Ghana ranked highly in regional judicial assessments: among top in Africa in the World Economic Forum Judiciary Independence Index; 51st out of 128 countries in the 2020 World Justice Project Rule of Law Index. ### 5.2.8 Human Security and Public Safety - Police personnel increased to 38,347 in 2020 from 35,027 in 2019. - Police officer to citizen ratio: 1:807 in 2020 (from 1:864 in 2019). - Fire officer to citizen ratio: 1: 2,864 in 2020 (from 1:3469 in 2019). - Ratios remain significantly above UN recommended standards. - Security services retooled with logistics and improved remuneration; increased CCTV installations. - Ghana Immigration Service arrested more than 5,000 foreign nationals residing without requisite permits from 2018 to 2020. - Police Domestic Violence and Victim Support Units (DOVVSU) expanded; Family Tribunal and Gender-Based Violence Courts established. - Anti-Human Trafficking Unit rescued 141 victims in 2020. - Police Professional Standards Bureau (PPSB) as of 31 December 2020: recorded 1,176 complaints; 361 completed; 817 under investigation. Complaint types: unprofessional handling, undue delay, unfair treatment, police brutalities, unlawful arrests/detentions, misconduct, extortions. - Ghana Armed Forces workforce strength approximately 13,000 to 15,500 (2019) (breakdown: -11,500 Army; 2,000 Navy; 2,000 Air Force). - Net recruitment rate: 4.7 percent in 2019 to 13.5 percent in 2020; attrition rate remained at 1.9 percent. - Percentage of personnel deployed in peacekeeping operations declined to 10.01 percent in 2020 from 16.40 percent in 2019. - Security personnel involved in 19 peacekeeping missions globally between 2018 and 2020. ### 5.2.9 Civil Society and Civic Engagement - CSOs registered with Department of Social Welfare and Development: 7,950 in 2018; 9,251 in 2019. - CSOs participated in legislative processes: RTI Bill, Fiscal Responsibility Act, Persons with Disability Act review, advocacy for Affirmative Action Bill, and advocacy against VAT increase. - CSOs supported progress reporting and published analytical reports on expenditures, social protection, poverty reduction, taxation, child protection, and WASH. - World Press Freedom Index rankings: 2018: 23rd; 2019: 27th; 2020: 30th out of 180 countries. Within Africa: 1st in 2018; 3rd in 2019; 2021 ranking placed Ghana second behind Namibia. ### 5.2.10 Promoting Attitudinal Change and Patriotism - National Commission on Civic Education (NCCE) allocated over 30 million Ghana Cedis between 2018 and 2020 to promote patriotism and good citizenship. - NCCE visited 11,849 schools annually between 2018 and 2020. - National Development Planning Commission organised a national development forum in 2019 on societal values and national development. - Government launched a Ghana Beyond Aid Charter establishing 11 key fundamental values. - Persistent challenges: poor attitudes toward work, sanitation, law enforcement, morality, business and maintenance of public property; low sense of patriotism. ### 5.2.11 Development Communication - Advances in press freedom and government-organised development dialogues. - MDAs participated in meet-the-press series, town hall meetings, regional press soirées, budget dissemination exercises and policy summits during Agenda for Jobs I (2018-2021). - Presidential meet-the-press sessions organised for citizen engagement. - Challenge: sustainable financing of development communication. ### 5.2.12 Culture for National Development - Promotion of chieftaincy institution role, development of literary works, maintenance of cultural assets and skills, promotion of Centres for National Culture. - Codification of chieftaincy lines of succession and development of traditional mechanisms for settling disputes. - Legislative Instruments on lines of succession increased to 20 in 2020 from 19 in 2019. - Chieftaincy dispute resolution: 103 (21.3%) out of 483 disputes disposed of as at end-December 2020. ### 5.2.13 Ghana’s Role in International Affairs - Medium-term objectives: accelerate economic and social integration regionally; integrate Ghanaian diaspora; leverage economic and technological opportunities; promote international peace and sustainable development. - Trade and promotion: increased penetration of Ghanaian products (vegetables, beverages, processed canned foods, fabrics (Kente, smock), locally made footwear, herbal medicines). - Trade exhibitions: 45 in 2020 compared with 20 in 2019. - Year of Return (2019) increased exposure of made-in-Ghana products to diasporians. - AfCFTA: protocol ratified; market covers 1.2 billion people with combined GDP of US$ 2.5 trillion. Ghana hosted and secured an office complex in Accra for the AfCFTA Secretariat. - Diaspora integration: ROPAA committee constituted May 2019; committee completed work but yet to submit report to EC. - Registered Ghanaians with missions abroad: 1 million in 2018; 3.6 million in 2019; 6.1 million in 2020. - MFARI introduced online passport application; biometric passport processing turnaround: 15 days in 2018; 10 days in 2019; 12 days in 2020. - Passports issued globally in 2019: 314,500 (target 300,000). - Ghana supported ECOWAS and AU assessment of ECOWAS Vision 2020; thematic evaluation under RSF and CSF frameworks. - National architecture for SDG 2030 and AU Agenda 2063: High-Level Inter-Ministerial Committee established; SDGs and Agenda 2063 integrated into MTNDPF 2018-2021. - Progress: gender parity in primary schools; declining maternal mortality and overweight; increased access to water; progress toward universal electricity access. - Remaining gaps: close to one-fourth of children lack minimum proficiency in mathematics and reading; majority lack access to basic sanitation; access to decent jobs remains a challenge; rising income inequality; illegal mining destroying forests and water bodies. - COVID-19 impact: sharp decline in GDP growth, businesses under strain, government finances badly affected, health services and infrastructure stressed, poverty projected to rise reversing a decade’s achievements. - Progress and special reports prepared include: SDG Indicator Baseline Report (2018), AU Agenda 2063 Biennial Reports (2019 and 2020), and 2020 SDG Report. Ghana presented maiden Voluntary National Review at the High-Level Political Forum in 2019. *Source: 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf - 5.2 PERFORMANCE REVIEW* ### 5.3 SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES ### 5.3 SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES ### 5.3.1 Democratic Governance - Key issues: - uneven balance of power among the three arms of Government - inadequate resources to Governance Institutions - relatively weak capacity of governance institutions - monetisation of elections/electoral process - pockets of political and electoral violence - inadequate capacity of Parliament to exercise its oversight function over the Executive - Medium-term strategies (5.5.1): - strengthen the three arms of Government and promote the effective separation of powers - strengthen independent governance institutions to perform their functions effectively - accelerate implementation of the Constitutional Review Committee’s recommendations - accelerate implementation of electoral reforms - orient security services to be more responsive to democratic processes - promote ownership of development processes and transparency at the local level - strengthen capacity of Parliament to exercise oversight on Government finances and implementation of policies and programmes ### 5.3.2 Local Government and Decentralisation - Key issues: - Inadequate consultations on election of MMDCEs - weak implementation of political and administrative decentralization - poor service delivery at the local level - weak capacity of local Government staff - ineffective sub-district structures - weak coordination of administrative functions - poor coordination in preparation and implementation of development plans - deepening and widening participation on development and MMDAs activities at the grassroots - poor linkage between planning and budgeting at national, regional and district levels - weak spatial planning capacity at the local level - weak involvement and participation of citizenry in planning and budgeting - Medium-term policy objectives (5.5.2): - deepen political and administrative decentralisation - improve decentralised planning - strengthen fiscal decentralisation - improve popular participation - Strategies (selected): - ensure the election of District Chief Executives (DCEs) and formalise performance appraisals of MMDCEs - resolve discrepancies in inter-district boundary demarcation - strengthen sub-district structures - institute mechanisms for inter-service/inter-sectoral collaboration at district, regional and national levels - strengthen capacity of the Institute of Local Government Studies - accelerate implementation of the Local Government (Departments of District Assemblies) (Commencement) Instrument, 2009 (LI 1961) - strengthen regional structures in support of devolution of powers - strengthen local capacity for spatial planning; create enabling environment for Local Economic Development (LED) and Public-Private Partnership (PPP) policies at district level - strengthen implementation of planning and budgeting provisions in LI 2232 and the Public Financial Management Act 2016 (Act 921) - enhance revenue mobilisation capacity of MMDAs; strengthen PPPs in IGF mobilization; implement the Inter-Governmental Fiscal Framework (IGFF) and Inter-Governmental Fiscal Transfers (IGFT) ### 5.3.3 Public Accountability - Key issues: - Weak coordination and commitment to the implementation of NACAP - weak sanctions regime inherent within the PAC - low public interest in public institutions - limited demand for accountability at the local level - limited involvement of the public in expenditure tracking - Medium-term strategies (5.5.3): - strengthen systems and structures for transparency and accountability in management of public funds - strengthen the sanctions regime inherent in public accountability mechanisms - promote public interest in performance monitoring reports of public institutions - expand opportunities for public information and initiatives in accountability - enhance participatory budgeting, revenue and expenditure tracking at all levels ### 5.3.4 Public Institutional Reforms - Key issues: - Overlapping functions among public sector institutions - weak enforcement and low compliance with PSC legislations by public sector agencies - limited modernisation and use of technology in public sector - significant decreases in capital expenditure overtime - undue interference in the functioning of public sector institutions - inefficiencies in public service delivery - weak linkage between performance and pay administration in the public service - Medium-term strategies (5.5.4): - improve coordination to address conflicting mandates of public sector institutions - implement a Client Service Charter for public institutions - modernise public service institutions to improve leadership, efficiency, productivity and delivery - empower citizens to demand quality public services - ensure implementation of the Public Sector Reform Strategy - implement a comprehensive human resource payroll system and database - improve documentation within the public sector and develop and implement a comprehensive human resource strategy ### 5.3.5 Public Policy Management - Key issues: - Limited involvement of non-state actors in public policy formulation process - weak coordination of the development planning system - lack of a comprehensive database on public policies - ineffective M&E on implementation of development policies and plans - inadequate financial resources - weak capacity in development policy formulation - weak research capacity of MDAs and MMDAs - Medium-term strategies (5.5.5): - implement national policy guidelines to streamline public policy formulation - strengthen capacity of public institutions for policy analysis, development planning, monitoring and evaluation, macro-econometric modelling and forecasting - strengthen capacity for research and statistical information management systems of MDAs and MMDAs - intensify use of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) in public policy processes, plans and programmes - deepen political party participation in national development - expedite implementation of the Legislative and Policy Almanac - ensure implementation of Long-Term Development Frameworks ### 5.3.6 Human Security and Public Safety - Key issues: - Inadequate equipment and infrastructure - politicisation of the security services - weak professionalism - inadequate capacity to combat emerging crimes - incidence of Cybercrime and cyber-insecurity - weak collaboration among security agencies - weak relations between citizens and law enforcement agencies - inadequate personnel - overcrowding in custodial facilities - inadequate rehabilitation centres and poor prison conditions - increasing levels of crime (including drug related crimes) - inadequate community and citizen involvement in public safety - weak monitoring and regulation of private security firms - proliferation of small arms - incidence of ethnic clashes, violent demonstrations, armed robberies and sexual and gender-based violence - Medium-term policy objectives (5.5.6): - enhance security service delivery and public safety - Strategies (selected): - promote world-class security services with modern infrastructure and equipment - build capacity for surveillance and intelligence sharing within security services - develop a comprehensive framework to enhance professionalism within the security services - ensure increased technical and financial support to institutions that manage gender-based violence cases - enhance community-based approaches to safety and security, especially in border areas - promote competitive remuneration for security services - reduce recidivism and promote effective re-integration of ex-convicts - implement a robust and comprehensive anti-narcotics and crime policy; strengthen and coordinate institutions dealing with drug trafficking - enhance border management technology, infrastructure and institutional inspections - enhance national capacity for fire prevention, protection and fighting ### 5.3.7 Corruption and Economic Crimes - Key issues: - Limited support for implementation of anti-corruption strategies - high perception of corruption among public office holders and citizenry - low transparency and accountability of public institutions - misappropriation of funds by public office holders - abuse of discretionary powers - increasing incidence and diversity of economic crimes - weak coordination and implementation of recommendations of Public Accounts Committee and other relevant institutions - high levels of alleged bribery scandals and corruption - Medium-term strategies (5.5.7): - ensure continued implementation of the National Anti-Corruption Action Plan (NACAP) - undertake comprehensive institutional and legislative reforms including laws on appointments and confirmation of officers in acting capacity/positions - strengthen the Judiciary, Parliament, security services and other anti-corruption institutions - streamline delegated prosecutorial powers of the police and other agencies in the fight against corruption - strengthen OSP to develop effective systems to combat corruption and organised crimes ### 5.3.8 Law and Order - Key issues: - High cost, limited physical access, range and responsiveness to justice services - decline in public confidence in the justice system - limited number and poor quality of court infrastructure - inadequate capacity of judges and state attorneys to handle specialty cases - protracted pre-trial detentions - perceived corruption in the legal system - abuse of human rights by security personnel - declining press freedom and inadequate media professionalism - abuse of press freedom and challenges to implementation of the Rule of Law and freedom of expression - Medium-term strategies (5.5.8): - implement the e-justice system - operationalize the Legal Aid Commission Act in consonance with recommendations of the CRC - enhance Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms - strengthen judicial training and legal education reforms for judiciary personnel, police CID, prosecutors and law students - expand judicial infrastructure across the country ### 5.3.9 Civil Society and Civic Engagement - Key issues: - Increasing politicization of CSOs - inadequate capacity of civil society to optimise existing civic spaces - ineffective regulatory mechanisms for the non-profit sector - inadequate transparency and information on processes and timing of development discourse to enable sufficient civic participation - gaps in awareness, advocacy and enforcement of citizen rights and responsibilities - insufficient funding for institutions responsible for public education - communal strife and disunity from leadership succession and land disputes - inadequate involvement of traditional authorities and religious bodies in national development - Medium-term strategies (5.5.9): - create an enabling environment for philanthropy and volunteerism - increase technical and financial support for CSO coalitions and partnerships - establish partnership agreements with the media - strengthen national and regional houses of chiefs to promote development - build capacity of religious bodies to promote religious tolerance ### 5.3.10 Attitudinal Change and Patriotism - Key issues: - Low level of patriotism and loyalty to the state - poor attitudes negatively impacting quality of life, public service delivery and development - political and civic apathy and indiscipline - Medium-term strategies (5.5.10): - instill patriotism in the citizenry, especially among children and the youth - formulate and implement a consensus-driven national values policy - promote a campaign on good society - promote discipline in all aspects of life ### 5.3.11 Development Communication - Key issues: - Limited ownership and accountability for national development at all levels - proliferation of political media and polarised media landscape - insufficient funding of development communication and low awareness of Government agenda - Medium-term strategies (5.5.11): - create an enabling environment for development communication - integrate development communication across the public policy cycle - strengthen institutional structures for development communication at all levels of governance - provide sustainable financing for development communication ### 5.3.12 Culture for National Development - Key issues: - Poor appreciation of national culture - growing negative influence of foreign culture - inadequate cultural infrastructure - limited reliable data on the cultural sector - weak frameworks, regulations and institutions for promoting Ghanaian culture - governance gaps for emerging areas in the cultural industry - negative cultural and outmoded practices inimical to development - Medium-term strategies (5.5.12): - mainstream positive traditional values and belief systems in national development - implement the policy framework on traditional values and belief systems in Ghana - increase support to chieftaincy institutions - strengthen national and regional houses of chiefs to promote development - continue codification of chieftaincy lines of succession ### 5.3.13 Ghana’s Role in International Affairs - Key issues: - Fragmented policies and strategies for Ghana’s engagement with the global community - weak service delivery by foreign missions abroad and inadequate training of staff - limited leverage of Ghanaian culture in the international arena - threats of global terrorism and incidence of political instability among neighbouring countries - poor management of trans-boundary resources - limited diaspora engagement and participation in national development - Medium-term goal (5.4): - maintain a stable, united and safe country built on efficient institutions, rule of law, freedom, public trust and strong international relations - Medium-term objectives and strategies (5.5.13): - promote a globally competitive foreign service; enhance Ghana’s International Image and Influence; promote Ghana’s political and economic interests; reposition the diaspora to contribute to national development - harmonise foreign policies and strategies for engagement with the global community; review Ghana’s foreign policy in line with changing global environment; improve efficiency and effectiveness of foreign missions - expand markets for intra-regional trade and economic co-operation; reposition the Economic Trade and Investment Bureau (ECTIB) to serve as the link between Ghana Missions abroad and MDAs and other stakeholders - leverage Ghana’s democratic credentials to enhance international image; promote Ghanaians in leadership roles at regional and international levels; maintain an identity-based population register for effective management of immigration - make Ghana a preferred destination for business, education and tourism; ensure commitment to regional bodies and international organisations - create an enabling environment to attract domestic and foreign investors; reduce Ghana’s vulnerability to shocks and threats from the international system; defend Ghana’s interests and maintain its sovereignty; develop markets for Ghanaian goods and services abroad - extend political, economic and social rights of the diaspora; ensure participation of Ghanaians abroad in national development; implement the Diaspora Engagement Policy; reposition Diaspora Affairs Bureau to effectively support the diaspora; promote and protect the welfare of Ghanaians abroad; attract and retain mutually beneficial and sustainable partnerships with Ghanaians in the diaspora *Source: 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf - 5.3 SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES* ### 5.6 MEDIUM-TERM TARGETS ### 5.6 MEDIUM-TERM TARGETS ### Broad medium-term targets (to be achieved by the end of 2025) under the governance, corruption and accountability dimension - 1. Enhanced Service Delivery to Citizens and Private Sector - 2. Ethics officers appointed in all public organizations - 3. Local Government officials elected - 4. The Good Society Campaign conceptualised, launched and sustained - 5. Recommendations of the Constitutional Review Report implemented - 6. Ghana’s foreign policy and service strengthened - 7. National security and peace building mainstreamed into development plans ### Measurement of the target - This target is to be measured in line with analysis of performance under the six strategic pillars of the Public Sector Reform Strategy (NPSRS) namely: Citizen- and Private Sector-Focused Public Sector, Capable and Disciplined Workforce; Strengthened Public Sector Regulatory Framework; Modernized and Improved Working Conditions; Strengthened Local Governance Structures; and Digitized Public Sector Services and Systems ### Additional medium-term targets - 1. The Ghanaian public sensitized to identify and fight corruption and make its practice a high risk, low gain activity - 2. Roadmap for the Ghana Beyond Aid Charter and Strategy and implemented ### 5.7 FLAGSHIPS FOR GOVERNANCE, CORRUPTION AND ACCOUNTABILITY #### Governance - 1. Continue to improve the financing of governance and anti-corruption MDAs to enable them recruit, train, and retain dedicated staff to support the fight against corruption - 2. Improve development outcomes through local Government by working to build consensus towards amendment of Articles 55(3) and 243 of the Constitution and other consequential laws to allow for the direct, popular election of MMDCEs on a partisan basis and to devolve more powers to local authorities - 3. Ensuring the completion of property valuation and digitisation of valuation rolls across the country by devolved offices of the Land Valuation Division of the Lands Commission in all MMDAs to improve local revenue from property taxation - 4. Provide resources for the Right to Information Commission to operationalise effectively the Right to Information Law - 5. Expedite processes for the amendment of the law for public disclosure of asset declarations #### Ghana’s Role in International Affairs - 1. Continue to promote and support ECOWAS and the AU domestically and internationally - 2. Strengthen Ghana’s multilateral engagements with the United Nations General Assembly, United Nations and other international Conferences, Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings, and La Francophonie (OIF), among others. - 3. Expand the level of engagement and promote the interests of Ghanaian and African Diaspora - 4. Continue to facilitate the election and appointment of Ghanaians to positions in various international organisations. - 5. Develop Ghana into a Regional Economic Hub, by leveraging its position within ECOWAS and as host of the Secretariat of the Africa Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). - 6. Expedite processes in collaboration with Electoral Commission for the implementation of ROPAA Act 2006, (Act 699). - 7. Introduce chip-embedded passports to keep up with technological advancement and enhance the security of Ghanaian passports - 8. Implement the project to issue Machine-Readable Visa Stickers ### Transition to next chapter - The following chapter (CHAPTER SIX) covers Emergency Planning and COVID-19 Response, outlining medium-term policy objectives, strategies and targets for hydrometeorological; geological; biological; technological; anthropogenic; and security threats, and assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Ghana’s development and government responses including the Ghana (CARES) Obaatanpa Programme. *Source: 5.6 MEDIUM-TERM TARGETS, CHAPTER FIVE: GOVERNANCE, CORRUPTION AND ACCOUNTABILITY, MEDIUM-TERM NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK | AGENDA FOR JOBS II: CREATING PROSPERITY AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR ALL | 2022-2025* ### 6.2 PERFORMANCE REVIEW ### 6.2 PERFORMANCE REVIEW ### 6.2.1 Hydrometeorological threats - Scope: meteorological, hydrological, and climate related occurrences such as floods, storms, droughts, wildfires, coastal erosion, extreme temperatures and gust winds/thunderstorm. - Floods - Flooding is a perennial problem in Ghana, especially in urban areas and in the northern part due to heavy rainfall and opening of the Bagre dam in Burkina Faso causing the White Volta to overflow. - Interventions under the 2018 National Flood Control Programme included construction of drains and culverts, channel opening, widening, deepening and upgrading; establishment of two flood forecasting and warning systems; and construction of 23.8 kilometres of primary and secondary drains between 2018 and 2020. - The number of deaths and people directly affected by floods increased from 997 in 2017 to 1,184 per 100,000 population in 2020. - In 2020, a total of 366,223 people were directly affected by floods; out of which 57,689 people were supported by National Disaster Management Organisation (NADMO). - Causes: poor physical planning, poor drainage systems, poor waste disposal practices, silting and choking of drains, uncovered drains, unapproved and haphazard development, delay in honouring payment certificates and non-payment of advance mobilization for flood control works. - Droughts/Dry spells - Vulnerability concentrated in the north and the Accra plains. - 2019 Afro barometer report: drought in Ghana is believed to have worsened by 30 percent in the last 10 years. - Historical recurrence: generally within a sequence of 30 years; World Bank predicts frequent occurrence every decade over 2010-2050 for all regions. - Impacts: affects crop viability and production, water shortage, decline of soil fertility, food shortages, poor dietary practices, malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. - Constraints: lack of real-time information, poor quality of climate forecasts and early warning systems. - Wildfires and fire outbreaks - Causes include unstable electricity, inferior electrical wires, faulty wiring and appliances, negligence, and illegal electrical and gas connections. - Domestic fires accounted for 26 percent of the total number of fire incidents in 2019. - Persons affected per 100,000 population: Domestic/Commercial fires 36 (2017), 42 (2019), 74 (2020); Bush (wild) fires 16 (2017), 14 (2019), 23 (2020); Total 52 (2017), 56 (2019), 97 (2020). - Ghana National Fire Service (GNFS) reported Ghana lost GHS19 million due to 4,800 fire incidents between January and September 2020; leading types: domestic fires (35%), bush fires (22%), commercial fires (14%); claimed 271 lives and left 1,714 persons injured. - Notable facilities gutted by fire between 2018-2021 include Ministry of Information, loading gantry of Tema Oil Refinery, offices of the Electoral Commission, the Large Taxpayer Office of the Ghana Revenue Authority, Central Medical Stores, Makola, Kantamanto and Kumasi Central markets. - Response: GNFS launched the National Bush Fire Prevention Campaign in 2017 to encourage citizen attitude change for disaster risk reduction. - Coastal erosion - Ocean claims between 1.5 to 4 meters of the 560 kilometres coastline annually; riskiest areas Ada Foah and eastern parts of Keta, recording 4 meters. - Coastal protection measures implemented include groynes and gabions at several segments. ### 6.2.2 Geological threats - Scope: earthquakes, landslides, rockfalls, subsidence, mudslides and volcanos. - Earthquakes - Since 2018, occurrences along the Akwapim fault and the coastal boundary fault; increasing seismic activities especially in Accra (south of Weija) where two seismically active faults intersect. - GGSA describes these ground shakings as weak to moderate earthquakes. - Landslides - Recorded cases since 1933; notable two landslides on Peduase-Ayi Mensah stretch of Aburi road in 2019. - Areas at risk per GhIG: Kasoa Toll-booth, Ablekuma, McCarthy Hill, Gbawe, Kwabenya, Ofankor, Nkawkaw scarp, Voltaian scarp (Camp), Jamase-Ashanti Mampong, Gambaga-Nakpanduri Road, Larteh Road and surrounding areas. ### 6.2.3 Biological threats - Scope: disease-related threats in humans, plants and animals (cholera, COVID-19, Cerebrospinal Meningitis (CSM), insect infestation (army worm), polio, HIV/AIDs). - Cholera - Historical outbreaks: 9,542 cases with 100 deaths in 2010; 10,628 cases with 105 deaths in 2011; 28,975 cases with 243 deaths in 2014; 618 cases with 5 deaths in 2015; 150 cases in 2016. - Epidemiological surveillance reported 82,754 cholera cases and 519 fatalities between 1998 and 2017 and has since not recorded any outbreak. - Meningitis - Cases reported each year since 1980; major epidemic in 1997 affected over 19,000 people with 1,200 deaths in the northern part. - Introduction of meningitis vaccine reduced occurrence, but droughts and increased mobility have increased outbreak risk. - Ebola - No confirmed case in Ghana, although 150 suspected cases were investigated in 2014; proximity to affected countries keeps it a major threat. - Poliomyelitis - Last indigenous wild polio virus in 1999; resurfaced in 2003, 2008, and August 2019. - Between July 2019 and August 2020, 31 children were paralysed due to polio. - Three cases of Circulating Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Type 2 (cVDPV2) were confirmed on 8th July, 2019; Ghana classified under IHR as a state infected with cVDPV2 with potential risk of international spread. - Insect infestation (Fall Army Worm) - First reported in 2016 in Yilo Krobo district; by September 2017 over 14,000 hectares of maize, sorghum, millet and rice farms destroyed. - PPRSD with CABI developed short-, medium- and long-term management plans in 2017. ### 6.2.4 Anthropogenic threats - Scope: pollution, transport and fire accidents; gas explosion; oil spillage; chemical releases. - Pollution - Most water bodies polluted by mining, industrial activities and leachate from poor municipal solid and liquid waste management. - Mortality attributed to indoor and outdoor air pollution was estimated at 203.8 per 100,000 population in 2016. - Air pollution is the second-highest driver of death and disability combined, just after the malnutrition risk factor. - Cost of diseases caused by pollution estimated between US$226 million and US$300 million in 2015 due to lost productivity (representing between 0.6 percent to 0.8 percent of 2015 GDP). - Welfare damages from diseases caused by pollution amounted to US$2,839 million (7%) of the Gross National Income (GNI) for 2015. - Gas explosions - Since 2014 about eight major gas explosions recorded resulting in fatalities and multiple burn cases. - Estimated that 35 percent of the over 300 burn cases recorded at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital in 2017 were from gas explosions. - Causes include non-adherence to SOPs, over-pressurization of overfilled Bulk Road Vehicle (BRV), allowing vehicles and unauthorized persons into facilities during LPG transfer, opening entry/exit points before transfer completion, sales of product during transfer, limited competence and training in safe product handling, health, safety and environmental processes. - Mercury exposure - WHO considers mercury one of top ten chemicals of primary public health concern; global burden estimated 1.22 to 2.39 million DALYs. - About 70 percent of almost one million artisanal and small-scale gold miners work in the informal sector, increasing risk of mercury exposure. - E-waste and hazardous waste - Lack of sustainable, efficient recycling facilities for e-waste; Old Fadama (Agbogloshie) as an example of improper recycling. - Environmental and health problems include pollution of soil and surface area by heavy metals and organic pollutants, and formation of toxic gases from burning electrical cables. ### 6.2.5 Technological threats - Rapid technological innovations create opportunities and threats such as cybercrime and sim boxing. - Cybercrime - Ghana’s Global Cyber Security Index (GCI) score improved from 43.7 percent in 2018 to 86.7 percent in 2020. - Contributing initiatives: establishment of National Cyber Security Center (NCSC); passage of the Cyber Security Act, 2020 (Act 1038); ratification of international conventions & treaties including the Convention on Cybercrime (Budapest) and the AU Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection (Malabo). - Persistent threats: identity fraud/theft, estate fraud, fake gold dealership, mobile money fraud, internet blackmail, ‘Sakawa’ or 419, cyberstalking, distribution of pornographic material, hacking of Government and military websites, and cyber terrorism. - Economic impact: Ghana estimated to have lost millions of cedis to recorded cases of cybercrime. ### 6.2.6 Security threats - Scope: terrorism; organised crime (trafficking, money laundering, fraud) and conflict (chieftaincy, land, religious, ethnic, economic, political). - Terrorism - Ghana has not experienced acts of terrorism but is vulnerable due to geo-location and recent attacks in neighbouring countries (La Côte d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso). - Government efforts: strengthen military capacity for surveillance and border security; identified need to invest in modern equipment such as drone and satellite and promote terrorism awareness and preparedness among citizens. - Organised crime - Focus areas: armed robbery, kidnap-for-ransom, white collar crimes (Illegal Gambling and Casinos, Illegal Bank Transfers, Live Cash Exports by Aircraft Carriers, Over-invoicing and Under-Invoicing, Pyramid Schemes, Internet Fraud), and cocaine trafficking to Europe. - Other threats: “land-guardism”, aggravated assaults, burglaries. - Response requirement: well-equipped security services with capacity to neutralize organised crime pre-emptively. - Conflicts - Conflicts occur across regions, largely ethnic, chieftaincy, political and land related. - Examples of ethnic/chieftaincy conflicts: Nanumba-Kokomba, Nkonya-Alavanyo, Konkomba-Gonja, Dagomba-Nanumba; Gonja-Vagla; chieftaincy conflicts in Dagbon, Winneba and Gushiegu. - Fulani herdsmen influx has led to violent conflicts, notably around Agogo in the Asante Akim North District, due to overlapping rights between crop producers and herdsmen. - Political conflicts manifest as electoral violence and vigilantism; examples in Ayawaso West Wuogon, Chereponi, Atiwa, Odododiodio and Talensi by-elections. - Ghana Police Service identified about 6,178 flashpoints nationwide ahead of the 2020 Presidential and Parliamentary elections. ### 6.2.7 Relief operations and victims’ welfare - Reliefs provided by Government through NADMO and supported by MMDAs, local and international relief agencies. - Immediate needs augmented by MMDAs and communities; example: in 2018 Government handed over assorted emergency relief items (food, clothes) to flood victims in northern regions; families of flood victims received cash donations. - NADMO disbursed GHS814,000.00 to support the 3rd June, 2015 disaster victims. - Humanitarian organisations have developed Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) but face financial and logistical challenges. ### 6.2.8 Impacts of COVID-19 on Development - Timeline and key figures - First official cases reported on 12th March, 2020 (two imported cases from Norway and Turkey). - By end-2020, total COVID-19 cases were 54,771 and 335 deaths. - Education - Educational institutions closed affecting about 9.2 million basic school pupils and 500,000 tertiary education students. - Resulted in reduction of school time, shift to e-learning, and disparities in access to education. - Macroeconomic and labor impacts - GDP growth declined from 6.5 percent in 2019 to 1.9 percent in 2020. - Inflation increased from 7.9 percent in 2019 to 10.4 percent in 2020. - MSMEs heavily impacted: about 36 percent of firms closed during the partial lockdown; firms remaining open experienced reduced sales. - Labor impacts: about 41,952 workers laid-off; 770,124 experienced reduced wages. - GSS (2020) Household and Jobs Tracker Survey: about 82.8 percent of households reported a reduction in income from non-farm businesses; 55 percent of households recorded a reduction in income from paid employment. - Firm responses: about 38.3 percent of firms reduced wages; 31.8 percent reduced working hours. - Sectoral impacts - Hospitality industry (hotels, lodges, restaurants and rest stops) and leisure, sports and recreational venues experienced revenue and job losses due to movement restrictions and border closures. - COVID-19 Response Initiatives - Coronavirus Alleviation Programme (CAP): households relieved from paying for water and electricity for three months; businesses received three months electricity subsidies; vulnerable communities received hot meals and food packages; PPEs, tax waivers, allowances, transportation and COVID insurance provided for frontline health workers. - Two funds established: COVID-19 National Trust Fund and Ghana COVID-19 Private Sector Fund to mobilise resources for logistics, medical supplies, test kits and PPEs; supported construction of a 100-bed National Infectious Disease Centre in Accra. - Under EPRP I & II and CAP: - GHS 750 million CAP-BuSS Programme in 2020 to support MSMEs. - GHS 2 billion Guarantee Facility to support large enterprises and job retention. - GHS 100 million Fund for Labour and Faith-Based Organisations for retraining and skills development. - Unemployment Insurance Scheme for temporary income support to workers laid off due to the pandemic. - Programme transferred over GHS 50 million to 400,000 vulnerable individuals under the LEAP programme. - Government launched a GHS100 billion Ghana CARES (Obaatanpa) programme to stabilize, revitalize and transform the economy over a three-year period, sequenced as: - Stabilization Phase from July to December 2020. - Revitalization Phase from 2021-2023. *https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2024/english/1ghaea2024003-print-pdf.pdf* ### 6.3 SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES ### 6.3 SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES ### 6.3.1 Hydrometeorological - Incidence of natural disasters; human induced disasters; violation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) legislations; inadequate knowledge on disasters; weak legal and policy frameworks for disaster prevention, preparedness and response; poor early warning systems; poor physical planning; poor drainage systems; poor waste disposal practices; and unapproved and haphazard development. ### 6.3.2 Geological - Limited awareness and education on earthquakes and their associated risks; limited seismic hazard monitoring stations; weak enforcement of building and seismic codes; limited knowledge in the design and construction of earthquake-resistant structures; inadequate maps for earthquake prone zones/areas; and limited presence of assessment monitoring stations at the local level. ### 6.3.3 Biological - Weak surveillance systems; weak institutional capacities; non-compliance of health regulations; unapproved health emergency preparedness and response plans; lack of emergency funds; weak inter-sectoral collaboration; and inadequate health infrastructure and personnel. ### 6.3.4 Anthropogenic - Absence of emergency plan for hazardous substances pollution (HSP); high levels of pollution in different forms (air, noise, water, etc); incidences of gas explosion; and increased e-waste in the environment (offices, residential areas and commercial centres). ### 6.3.5 Technology and Security Threats - CCyybbeerrccrriimmee and TTeerrrroorriissmm - High cost and time lag in adopting new technology; disruption to existing technology; sim box crimes, mobile money fraud; Cyber-attacks and risk of terrorism; hacking of bank accounts and credit cards; bitcoin fraud and phishing scams; identity theft, cyberstalking and distribution of pornography; weak protection of key national infrastructure; and weak border infrastructure. - OOrrggaanniisseedd CCrriimmee - Contract killing and extortion; bank/bullion Heist; kidnap for ransom; robberies and assaults; stock manipulation; home Invasion; illegal manufacture of small arms and light weapons; existence of illegal private security companies; and increasing trafficking among children and women for prostitution. - Economic, Political, Ethnic and Religious Conflicts - Chieftaincy disputes; political party vigilantism and landguardism; election violence; and multiple sale/claimants of land. ### 6.3.6 Relief Operation and Humanitarian Assistance for Disaster Victims - Poor coordination and collaboration among relief assistance agencies; logistical management challenges; weak social protection system for victims of disaster and limited psychosocial support for victims of disaster. ### 6.3.7 Impacts of COVID-19 on Development - Exposure of the fragility of the health system; shutdown of businesses and collapse of vulnerable industries; decreased demand for non-essential commodities; delay in manufacturing of materials for the Self-Help Electrification Project (SHEP) due to closures of shipping lines; disruptions in procurement processes and implementation of projects; low patronage of restaurants; heightened hygiene management in tourism facilities; disruptions in agriculture and food supply chains; inequity in accessing digital platforms for education; limited capacity for water delivery; slow progress of implementation, supervision and monitoring of projects in the road and rail construction sectors. ### 6.4 MEDIUM-TERM GOAL - The overall goal of the emergency planning and COVID-19 response dimension is to build back a resilient and robust country with strengthened adaptive capacity for withstanding national and global threats. ### 6.5 MEDIUM-TERM POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES - Policy objectives will focus on: promote proactive planning and implementation for disaster prevention and mitigation; minimise Ghana’s geological threats; enhance capacity for surveillance and management of epidemics and pandemics; minimise anthropogenic threats; strengthen National Preparedness against cybercrime and terrorism; minimise the incidence of organised crime; and ensure safety of life, property and social wellbeing; and enhance relief operations and humanitarian welfare. - Objectives for the COVID recovery plan: - enhance industry resilience to shocks; ensure a resilient and innovative tourism and arts industry; sustain agriculture and rural development; promote innovative and alternative learning; ensure secured health systems; sustain food and nutrition security; reduce business and workers’ vulnerability to internal and external shocks; and promote shock resilient construction in the road and rail sectors. Sub-objectives and key strategies: - 6.5.1 Hydrometeorological — Promote proactive planning and implementation for disaster prevention and mitigation - Strengthen early warning and response mechanisms for disasters; support data gathering, preparing hazards/risk maps and sensitization on natural hazards and human induced disasters; set up National Hydrology Authority to develop long-term solutions to flooding and the protection of inland and sea coastlines; support the development and implementation of national and local drainage plans to make cities and communities resilient. - Strengthen capacity of the National Disaster Management Organisation (NADMO) and other related institutions; mainstream disaster planning into development plans; develop and implement an action plan for the Sendai Framework; integrate gender sensitivity in disaster management; strengthen policy and legal framework for disaster prevention, preparedness and response; ensure adherence to zoning policies and building regulation; sensitise stakeholders on disaster risk reduction legislation; and enact and enforce appropriate byelaws. - 6.5.2 Geological — MMiinniimmiissee GGhhaannaa’’ss ggeeoohhaazzaarrdd tthhrreeaattss - Intensify public education on earthquake awareness, pre-disaster drills and building codes; improve capacity of engineers, architects and other stakeholders on earthquake-resistant construction; support research to catalyse interest in disaster risk reduction; enforce laws on haphazard siting of buildings; develop and enforce legislative instrument for Ghana Geological Survey Authority Act 2016 (Act 928); develop maps for earthquake prone areas or zones to inform land use; decentralize the Geological Survey Authority; develop capacity to design resilient drainage system and mitigate landslide risks; create safety buffer zones and rock support techniques for uplands; and ensure the protection of earthquake zones. - 6.5.3 Biological Threats — EEnnhhaannccee ccaappaacciittyy ffoorr ssuurrvveeiillllaannccee aanndd mmaannaaggeemmeenntt ooff eeppiiddeemmiiccss aanndd ppaannddeemmiiccss - Ensure implementation of the health emergency preparedness and response plan; improve surveillance, monitoring and evaluation of health threats and epidemics and pandemics; enforce the Public Health Act; ensure the establishment of a Health Emergency Fund; and strengthen the Ghana Centre for Diseases Control and other disease control centres across the country. - 6.5.4 Anthropogenic Threats — MMiinniimmiissee aanntthhrrooppooggeenniicc tthhrreeaattss - Develop and implement a contingency plan for Hazardous Substances Pollution (HSP) at all levels; enforce the Standard Operating Procedures of Gas Station facilities; operationalise Hazardous and Electronic Waste Control and Management Act, 2016 (Act 917); and enforce regulations and standards on water, noise and air pollution. - 6.5.5 Technology and Security Threats - Objectives: strengthen national preparedness against cybercrime and terrorism; minimise the incidence of organised crime; and ensure safety of life, property and social wellbeing. - Strengthen national preparedness against cybercrime and terrorism — Key strategies: - Strengthen existing laws on cybercrime; enhance capacity on detection of cybercrime and terrorism among stakeholders; implement the Ghana National Cyber Security Policy & Strategy; invest in modern surveillance technologies for border patrols; establish Inter-Agency task force for Counter-Terrorism; develop inventory of targets and installations for potential attacks by terrorist groups; and enforce the Whistle Blowers Act, 2006 (Act 720). - MMiinniimmiissee tthhee iinncciiddeennccee ooff oor rggaanniisseedd ccrriimmee — Strategies: - Improve operational response to organised crime at home and abroad; strengthen multilateral cooperation and public-private partnerships; enhance monitoring of stock trading activities beyond the Ghana Stock Exchange; strengthen border management; operationalise national legal framework on narcotics trafficking; implement FATF recommendations on anti-money laundering systems; intensify monitoring of financial transactions to combat money laundering; strengthen inspection systems at airports and ports; and sensitise the public on pyramid and other fraudulent schemes. - EEnnssuurree SSaaffeettyy ooff LLiiffee,, PPrrooppeerrttyy aanndd SSoocciiaall WWeellllbbeeiinngg — Associated strategies: - Establish more alternative dispute resolution centres; strengthen dispute resolution mechanisms; strengthen criminal investigations; enforce the Vigilantism and Related Offences Act, 2019 (Act 999); develop a pastoral policy to drive the formulation of a cattle ranching law; strengthen land administration systems; and create awareness on the consequences of ethnic and chieftaincy conflicts. - 6.5.6 Relief Assistance and Victim Welfare — EEnnhhaannccee rreelliieeff ooppeerraattiioonnss aanndd hhuummaanniittaarriiaann wweellffaarree - Design and implement post disaster social protection programmes; adopt innovative and responsive mechanisms in humanitarian relief operations; and enhance resilience of communities. - 6.5.7 COVID-19 RESPONSE AND RECOVERY - Policy objectives: enhance industry resilience to shocks; ensure a resilient and innovative tourism and arts industry; sustain agriculture and rural development; promote innovative and alternative learning; ensure secured health systems; sustain food and nutrition security; reduce business and workers’ vulnerability to internal and external shocks; and promote shock resilient construction in the road and rail sectors. - Enhance Industry Resilience to Shocks — Strategies: - Reduce regulatory constraints and institutional bureaucracies of doing business; enhance public-private partnership on demand driven research and development; develop a functional recovery plan for industries; ensure implementation of Corporate Restructuring and Insolvency Act, 2020 (Act 1015); and improve the technology ecosystem through the use of machine tools. - Ensure a Resilient and Innovative Tourism and Arts Industry — Strategies: - Improve tourism database, monitoring, evaluation and learning; promote a coordinated policy response; ensure enterprise credit schemes to support the tourism industry; identify and support small and vulnerable businesses in the industry; strengthen and institutionalise hygiene management as part of safety and security measures in the sector; encourage the consumption of made in Ghana goods; and encourage Public-Private Partnership (PPP). - Sustain Agriculture and Rural Development — Strategies: - Enhance extension service delivery (E-extension; extension information; logistics); revamp and boost farming through R&D and innovation; promote youth involvement in the agricultural food chain; expand domestic production to meet the food supply gap; and encourage diversification of farmers’ income. - Promote Innovative and Alternative Learning — Strategies: - Enhance alternative ways of teaching and learning; enhance capacity of teachers for effective remote learning; improve infrastructure for remote or distance learning; ensure equity in remote learning; provide tax breaks to private business that support alternative learning; and ensure the provision of enhanced equitable and accessible (disability-friendly) alternative teaching and learning methods. - Ensure Secured Health Systems — Strategies: - Maintain continuity of essential health services through innovative approaches; anticipate and address mental health needs of the health workforce and general public; mobilize financial support and ease logistical and operational barriers; ensure full implementation of the health sector emergency response policy; decentralize the sensitization on covid-19 and general health and wellbeing; and enhance the use of whole-of-Government and whole-of-society approach to provide a resilient health system. - Sustain Food and Nutrition Security — Strategies: - Protect, promote and support optimum infant and young child feeding practices; support and promote optimal nutrition in the general public and among COVID-19 patients and vulnerable groups including older persons and those with underlying vulnerabilities such as NCDs; ensure continuity of essential nutrition services and provision of nutrition support to vulnerable groups; and ensure systematic assessment and monitoring effects of the outbreak and containment measures on the food and nutrition security of the population, with a focus on the most vulnerable groups. - Reduce Business and Workers’ Vulnerability to Internal and External Shocks — Strategies: - Sustain the current flexible working arrangements for workers; institute mechanisms to support vulnerable businesses, workers and their households; develop a nationwide database for all businesses and workers; establish a long-term fund to relief distressed businesses; strengthen capacity for business diversification; and promote unemployment insurance/benefit for vulnerable groups. - Promote Shock Resilient Construction in the Road and Rail Sectors — Strategies: - Review processes in the road and rail construction sectors to account for risk management; enhance the capacity of local personnel in the sectors; and employ the use of ICT in construction, supervision and monitoring of projects and management processes. ### 6.6 MEDIUM-TERM TARGETS - The medium-term targets to be achieved by 2025 include key indicators from the Sendai framework (2015-2030) and the Ghana COVID-19 Alleviation and Revitalisation of Enterprises Support (CARES) Obaatanpa Programme. These include: 1. Integrated multi-hazard early warning systems related to earthquakes and flooding 2. Access to pre-disaster risk assessments/information to populations in disaster-prone areas 3. Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population reduced to 538 by 2025 4. Direct economic loss due to disaster as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) 5. Proportion of MMDAs with, and implementing effective disaster reduction strategies increased to 100 percentage by 2025 6. Availability of a National Risk reduction strategy 7. Number of development partnerships (local and international) in disaster risk reduction - Medium-term targets for COVID-19 response include: 1. At least 90 percent of enterprises affected by COVID-19 in the tourism and creative arts industry resuscitated by 2024 2. Establishment of a health sector emergency and a logistics management information system by 2025 3. All MMDAs implementing actions/strategies to identify and address food and nutrition insecurity by 2025 4. Ghana’s standing move from moderate to good performance on the global food security Index by 2025 5. National Unemployment Insurance scheme for workers fully operational by 2024 6. Establish a national emergency relief fund by 2024 ### 6.7 FLAGSHIPS FOR EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COVID-19 RESPONSE - Proposed Flagships for Emergency Planning are to: 1. Implement Ghana Innovative Resilience Programme and Scheme (GIRPAS) in flood prone areas 91. 2. Reposition National Disaster Management Organisation (NADMO) and other relevant institutions to perform more effectively 3. Implement a Seismic Risk Mitigation and Emergency Response Programme (SeiRMERP) for all earthquake prone areas 4. Implement a Ghana Road Safety Support (GRoSS) Initiative 5. Implement Non-Toxic Ghana Agenda92 (NoToG) 6. Develop and implement national and local action plans for fire-free markets and homes 7. Adopt innovative and responsive mechanisms in humanitarian relief operations 8. Implement National and Local Security Campaign (NLSC) against threats 9. Establish and Inter-Agency task force for Counterterrorism 10. Invest in modern technologies for national security and border patrols - The main flagship for Government COVID-19 response is the Ghana COVID-19 Alleviation and Revitalisation of Enterprises Support (CARES) Obaatanpa Programme *Source: 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf — 6.3 SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES.* ### 1. Increase the original soft loan programme, dubbed the Coronavirus Alleviation Programme- ### 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf - 1. Increase the original soft loan programme, dubbed the Coronavirus Alleviation Programme- ### Emergency planning and COVID-19 response: proposed measures and flagship actions - Increase the original soft loan programme, dubbed the Coronavirus Alleviation Programme-Business Support Scheme (CAP-BuSS), by an additional GHS 150 million to support MSMEs and the Creative Arts, the Media, and the Conference of Independent Universities. - Establish a GHS 2 billion Guarantee Facility to support all large enterprises and for job retention. - Set up a GHS 100 million Fund for Labour and Faith-Based Organisations for retraining and skills development (Retraining Programme). - Establish an Unemployment Insurance Scheme to provide temporary income support to workers who are laid off. - Intensify support to the “Planting for Food and Jobs” and “Rearing for Food and Jobs” programmes to ensure food security. - Provide financial support for the National Buffer Stock Company and the Ghana Commodity Exchange, and set up a Food Security Monitoring Committee. Implement Agenda 111 (originally labelled Agenda 88). - Leverage on Agenda 111 project to build local capacity in the housing and construction industry, strengthen the housing mortgage and construction finance scheme and facilitate access to land for housing by estate developers. - Proposed flagship (environmental contingency): - Develop and implement contingency plan for Hazardous substances pollution (HSP) including oil and gas; and enforce regulations and standards on water, noise and air pollution. ### Revitalisation and transformation (2021 to 2023) — strategic priorities - Position Ghana as a regional hub by leveraging the siting of the Secretariat of the Africa Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), including the establishment of the International Financial Services Centre (IFSC). - Review and optimise the implementation of Government flagships such as 1D1F, PFJ, and Free SHS. - Complement Planting for Food and Jobs with a targeted programme to support Ghana Tree Crop Development Authority for selected cash crops, commercial farming and youth engagement in agriculture. - Build Ghana’s light manufacturing sector, including capabilities for manufacturing machine tools. - Fast-track digitisation of Government business and build a digital economy. - Strengthen enablers of growth and transformation: improving access to finance; improving the business environment for all businesses; supporting SMEs; investing in skills for jobs; and completing energy sector reforms. - Health infrastructure targets: construction of 100-bed hospital in 101 districts that currently lack such facilities; regional hospital in each of the six new regions; a new regional hospital in the Western Region; rehabilitation of the Effia-Nkwanta Hospital; two new psychiatric hospitals; and infectious disease centres for each of the three ecological zones. ### Implementation, coordination, monitoring and evaluation — system and process - The MTNDPF (Agenda For Jobs II, 2022-2025) will be implemented through the decentralised planning system anchored on National Development Planning (System) Act, 1994 (Act 480); Legislative Instrument 2232; Public Financial Management Act, 2016 (Act 921); and the Local Governance Act, 2016 (Act 936). - NDPC formulates the Medium-Term National Development Policy Framework through inputs from Cross-Sectorial Planning Groups (CSPGs); approved drafts become the nation’s development blueprint. - MDAs and MMDAs must prepare medium-term development plans (MTDPs) and annual action plans (AAPs) which feed budgets through the medium-term expenditure framework (MTEF) and programme-based budgeting (PBB). - Annual Progress Report (APR) is the key instrument for annual reporting; Citizens’ Assessment Surveys (CAS) are required periodically for participatory monitoring and evaluation. - Evaluations are required to determine relevance, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability of policies, strategies, programmes, and projects. ### Performance review — plan implementation and M&E findings - MMDAs implemented on average 77.6 percent of their AAPs in 2018, 63.3 percent in 2019, and 85.0 percent in 2020. - Tabled regional AAP implementation highlights (selected exact figures): - Greater Accra: 78.9 (2018), 87.9 (2019), 92.4 (2020) - Central: 83.2 (2018), 82.5 (2019), 86.7 (2020) - Upper West: 79.4 (2018), 79.2 (2019), 84.3 (2020) - Upper East: 78.8 (2018), 86.8 (2019), 88.4 (2020) - Ahafo: 74.8 (2018), 53.4 (2019), 79.1 (2020) - Average: 77.6 (2018), 63.3 (2019), 85.0 (2020) - MMDAs in Greater Accra had the highest implementation rate of 87.9 percent in 2019 and 92.4 percent in 2020. - Ahafo and Oti regions recorded the lowest implementation rates: Ahafo 53.4 percent (2019), Oti 78.6 percent (2020). - MDA AAP implementation (exact figures): - Ministry of Finance: 86.9 (2018), 81.6 (2019), 78.9 (2020) - Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation: 82 (2018), 91 (2019), 67 (2020) - Ministry of Energy: 80 (2018), 85 (2019), 100 (2020) - Ministry of Works and Housing: 80 (2018), 78 (2019), 87 (2020) - Ministry of Interior: - (2018), - (2019), 76.7 (2020) - Ministry of Fisheries: 38 (2018), 70 (2019), 78.5 (2020) - Ministry of Chieftaincy and Religious Affairs: - (2018), 67 (2019), 71.4 (2020) - Key factors limiting full implementation: inadequate financial resources; delays in release of approved funds; limited internally generated funds; non-functional sub-district structures; implementation outside approved plans; inadequate personnel and logistics; weak procurement practices; weak DPCUs and RPCUs; weak coordination. ### Personnel and staffing - A large district-level staffing deficit: About 96.5 percent of MMDAs are critically understaffed with staff strength below 50 percent of the minimum required. - Staff strength coverage (exact counts for 2020): - Metropolitan: Less than 50% = 2; 50% or More = 4; Total = 6 - Municipal: Less than 50% = 103; 50% or More = 4; Total = 107 - Districts: Less than 50% = 146; 50% or More = 1; Total = 147 - Total: Less than 50% = 251; 50% or More = 9; Total = 260 - Staffing Norms: Metropolitan (minimum 718 and maximum 1,126); Municipal (minimum 465 and maximum 690); District (minimum 356 and maximum 519). ### Resource mobilisation and revenue performance (exact figures) - Total revenue from all sources for MMDAs increased from GH¢1.2 billion in 2017 to GH¢2.3 billion in 2020. - On average, MMDAs achieved 71.1 percent of the estimated revenue in 2020. - Regional revenue performance (selected exact figures and percent achieved in 2020): - Upper West: Actual 75,321,513.25; Estimated 105,050,511.03; %% Achieved 71.7 - Upper East: Actual 109,347,766.56; Estimated 171,049,591.72; %% Achieved 63.93 - Northern: Actual 114,248,232.52; Estimated 196,700,069.74; %% Achieved 58.08 - North East: Actual 42,169,021.28; Estimated 62,657,861.75; %% Achieved 67.3 - Bono: Actual 118,485,941.19; Estimated 146,488,704.88; %% Achieved 80.88 - Ahafo: Actual 51,061,459.10; Estimated 62,392,376.63; %% Achieved 81.84 - Western North: Actual 59,104,859.13; Estimated 132,886,758.75; %% Achieved 44.48 - Greater Accra: Actual 407,521,085.59; Estimated 519,425,701.86; %% Achieved 78.46 - Total (all regions): 2017 total 1,165,436,726.09; 2018 total 1,480,364,142.70; 2019 total 1,869,160,947.66; Estimated 2020 total 3,194,367,528.38; Actual 2020 total 2,269,865,072.38; %% Achieved 71.06 - Regional extremes: Bono and Ahafo regions recorded the highest achievement of estimated revenues (80% each in narrative; table shows Bono 80.88 and Ahafo 81.84); Western North region recorded the least (44.5% in narrative; table shows 44.48). ### Monitoring and evaluation, statistics, development finance, knowledge management - APR submissions: all MMDAs submitted APRs; MDAs submissions declined from 35 (2018) to 16 (2019) to 15 (2020). - M&E challenges: data gaps; limited evaluations; non-achievement of annual targets; ineffective sub-district structures; limited M&E capacities; inadequate logistics and funds; low demand for evaluation outcomes; absence of an integrated national M&E information system; different reporting cycles and formats. - Statistical production: Ghana Statistical Service produced Ghana Living Standard Survey Round 7; Household and Jobs Tracker; Agribusiness Tracker; Business Tracker; Household Survey on ICT in Ghana; MICS 6; Multidimensional Poverty Ghana Report; Multidimensional Child Poverty Report; Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey Report. - Statistical system challenges: poor statistical quality control; ineffective generation and utilisation of statistics; low funding for statistics production; limited technological infrastructure; limited availability of appropriate skills; high staff attrition; some decentralised units lack manuals, standards, principles or classifications. - Development finance and cooperation challenges: absence of development cooperation policy; inadequate alignment with national priorities; inadequate formal structures and guidelines; high transaction costs; heterogeneity of donor policies/procedures; exchange rate losses affect cost of financing counterpart projects; unsustainable funding sources. - Knowledge management and learning: national assessment conducted; PRAAD completed digitisation of one million sheets of archival documents; MDAs and MMDAs have not effectively leveraged knowledge management due to poor record keeping and documentation; inadequate structures; weak institutional memory; limited peer learning; inadequate evaluation of programmes and projects. *Source: 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf - 1. Increase the original soft loan programme, dubbed the Coronavirus Alleviation Programme-* ### 7.3 SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES ### 7.3 SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES ### 7.3.1 Implementation and Coordination - Inadequate capacity for plan preparation and implementation - Delay in the release of approved funds - Inadequate Internally Generated Funds (IGF) - Non-functional sub-district structures - Implementation of programmes and projects outside approved plans - Weak collaboration and coordination in the design, implementation and M&E of Government programmes and projects - Low absorptive capacity - Weak design and implementation of public infrastructure projects ### 7.3.2 Monitoring and Evaluation - Inadequate financial, logistical and human resources - Low demand and utilisation of M&E results - Untimely release of funds for M&E activities - Inadequate statutory budgetary allocation for M&E - Inadequate evaluations at all levels - Limited human and technical M&E capacities - Inadequate infrastructure and logistics including unreliable internet connectivity for accessing and sharing data ### 7.3.3 Production and Utilisation of Statistics - Limited generation and utilisation of statistics - Inadequate district statisticians - Delays in the publication of key statistical reports - Inadequate funding for statistics production - Limited technological infrastructure - Lack of manuals, standards, principles or classifications to guide the production and management of data and statistics ### 7.3.4 Development Financing and Cooperation - Absence of development cooperation policy - Inadequate alignment of development cooperation with national development priorities - Weak formal structures and guidelines and high transaction costs for mobilising and managing development finance - Heterogeneity of donor policies, procedure and guidelines in the development cooperation space ### 7.3.5 Knowledge Management and Learning - Poor record keeping and documentation - Inadequate and weak structures for knowledge management and learning - Weak institutional memory in MDAs and MMDAs - Inadequate peer learning among MMDAs and MDAs ### 7.4 MEDIUM-TERM GOAL - The medium-term goal of this dimension is to improve efficient delivery of development outcomes and value for money. ### 7.5 MEDIUM-TERM POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES - Policy objectives: improve plan preparation, implementation and coordination; strengthen monitoring and evaluation systems at all levels; enhance the production and utilisation of statistics; improve resource mobilization and effectively manage its utilization; and enhance knowledge management and learning. #### 7.5.1 Implementation and Coordination - Heading as in source: IImmpprroovvee ppllaann pprreeppaarraattiioonn,, iimmpplleemmeennttaattiioonn aanndd ccoooorrddiinnaattiioonn - Strategies: - Strengthen the linkage between national development planning and budgeting processes - Enhance resource mobilization for plan implementation - CSPG engagement across the planning cycle for effective implementation and coordination - Procurement systems at all levels by strictly adhering to PPA guidelines - Planning, implementation and coordination capacities at all levels - Coordination among CSOs, NGOs, DPs, MDAs and MMDAs - Enforce the implementation of National Development Planning (Systems) Regulations, 2016 (L.I. 2232) - Ensure timely release of Central Government funds to implementing agencies - Strengthen the utilization of ICT systems to facilitate easy access and identification of all projects at all levels - Undertake comprehensive capacity development to enhance effectiveness and efficiency of public service delivery #### 7.5.2 Monitoring and Evaluation - Heading as in source: SSttrreennggtthheenn mmoonniittoorriinngg aanndd eevvaalluuaattiioonn ssyysstteemmss aatt aallll lleevveellss - Strategies: - Finalise and Implement the National Monitoring and Evaluation policy - Develop and operationalise an automated national M&E system - Increase investments in development and use of M&E results - Strengthen M&E technical and logistical capacities at all levels - Develop effective participation and communication arrangements for M&E results - Ensure uniform reporting at all levels #### 7.5.3 Production and Utilisation of Statistics - Heading as in source: SSttrreennggtthheenn pprroodduuccttiioonn aanndd uuttiilliissaattiioonn ooff ssttaattiissttiiccss - Strategies: - Institutionalise production and utilisation of statistics at all levels - Strengthen relationship between the statistical producers and users including the media - Improve investments in ICT and geographical information systems (GIS) for the production and utilisation of statistics - Enhance investment in human capacity development and office infrastructure for statistics production - Develop guiding principles and code of ethics in the production and dissemination of statistics #### 7.5.3 Development Financing and Cooperation - Heading as in source: IImmpprroovvee rreessoouurrccee mmoobbiilliizzaattiioonn aanndd eeffffeeccttiivveellyy mmaannaaggee iittss uuttiilliizzaattiioonn - Strategies: - Finalise and implement the development cooperation policy - Strengthen implementation of the Accra Agenda for Action on Aid Effectiveness - Harmonise and rationalize aid delivery - Improve efficiency in the use of public resources - Promote joint Government-partner evaluations to enhance mutual accountability - Promote effective exchange rate management to enhance delivery of counterpart projects - Create enabling private sector environment for domestic businesses and foreign direct investment - Increase domestic and external resource mobilization - Enhance the role of civil society organisations in making aid effective #### 7.5.4 Knowledge Management and Learning - Heading as in source: EEnnhhaannccee kknnoowwlleeddggee mmaannaaggeemmeenntt aanndd lleeaarrnniinngg - Strategies: - Develop platforms for effective knowledge management and learning - Encourage exchange visits and peer learning among MDAs, RCCs and MMDAs - Digitise records and retrieval processes - Build capacity for data management at all levels ### 7.6 MEDIUM-TERM TARGETS The following targets are envisaged to enhance Implementation Coordination Monitoring and Evaluation in the medium term: 1. Inefficiencies in the implementation of large infrastructure projects reduced 2. M&E system digitised to monitor quality of service delivery by Government 3. Integration of National Identification system and civil registration completed 4. Capacity for the production and utilization of administrative statistics enhanced 5. Ghana’s partnership with development partners streamlined for a win-win situation and value addition for development 6. Management information systems for knowledge sharing and exchange established ### 7.7 FLAGSHIPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION, COORDINATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION Proposed flagships for this dimension are as follows: 1. Revamp the Joint Agenda for Strengthening Monitoring and Evaluation and Statistics (JASMES) and establish fund 2. Strengthen the linkage between national development planning and budgeting processes 3. Strengthen the utilization of ICT systems to facilitate easy access and identification of all projects at all levels 4. Strengthen planning, implementation and coordination capacities 5. Develop roadmap for the implementation of Ghana Beyond Aid Strategy 6. Re-establish an Aid Effectiveness Agenda based on the Paris principles and the Ghana Beyond Aid Strategy 7. Implement the special initiatives on capital market development 8. Strengthen the enforcement of the Public Financial Management Act (Act 921) *Source: 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf - 7.3 SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES* ### APPENDIX I ### APPENDIX I ### Key issues (industry and skills) - Limited numbers of skilled industrial personnel. - Limited contiguous land for large-scale industrial development. - Distressed but viable industries. ### Policy objectives and strategies (industry and skills) - 2.3.6 Enforce Intellectual Property Rights (SDG Target 8.3). - 2.4 Ensure improved skills development for industry: - 2.4.1 Transform the apprenticeship training model from a supply-driven approach to a market-demand model (SDG Targets 4.3, 4.4, 4.7) (AU Target A1-G1-P2-T1). - 2.4.2 Develop a database of trained apprentices and artisans in collaboration with employers and trade unions (SDG Target 17.18)) (AU Target A1-G4-P1-T1/T2/T3/T4). - 2.5 Pursue strategic national industrial development initiatives: - 2.5.1 Facilitate access to dedicated land in every region for the establishment of multi-purpose industrial parks, industrial enclaves and enterprise free zones (SDG Target 9.2)) (AU Target A1-G4-P1-T1). - 2.5.2 Support the development of existing and new industrial clusters and manufacturing enclaves (SDG Target 9.2)) (AU Target A1-G4-P1-T1). - 2.5.3 Develop vibrant commercial zones and explore the possibility of joint industrial development with neighbouring countries (SDG Target 9.1)) (AU Target A1-G4-P1-T1, A3-G8-P1-T2). - 2.5.4 Sustain and revitalize businesses with stimulus packages (SDG Targets 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.b, 9.c)) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T1). - 2.5.5 Sustain the implementation of Government flagship industrial development initiatives (SDG Targets 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.b, 9.c)) (AU Target, A1-G1-P1-T1, A1-G1-P2-T1, A1-G4-P1-T1). - 2.5.6 Introduce industrial subcontracting to link MSMEs with large-scale enterprises (SDG Targets 9.2, 9.3)) (AU Target A1-G1-P2-T1, A1-G4-P1-T1). - Implementing and collaborating agencies (industry): - MELR, MoE, MoTI, NVTI; MLNR, MoTI, LC, LUSPA, MELR. - SDG linkages: SDG 4, 9, 12, 17. - AU linkages: AU 2, 4, 5, 7, 9. - ECOWAS linkages: ECOWAS– P3/ SOB3/SOR3; ECOWAS– P4/ SOB4/SOR4. --- ### Focus Area 3: Private Sector Development — Key issues - Tax burden on businesses. - Inadequate access to affordable credit. - High interest on credit. - Cumbersome procedures and processes, including cost of establishing businesses. - High cost of capital. - Limited availability of medium- and long-term financing. - Non-payment of Government revolving funds. - Limited capacity of MSMEs. - Limited access to credit for MSMEs. - Low entrepreneur among the youth. - Limited enforcement of regulations on retail trade. - Inadequate modern markets. - Predominantly informal economy. - Standard, counterfeit and expired products; inadequate enforcement of laws on weights, measures and standards; limited legislation for consumer protection. - Poor corporate governance. ### Policy objectives and strategies (private sector enabling environment) - 3.1 Enhance business enabling environment: - 3.1.1 Ensure a continuous update of the electronic register for business legislation, regulations and processes (SDG Targets 16.6, 16.10). - 3.1.2 Conduct periodic review of business regulations to ensure reduction in cost and volume of regulatory compliance (SDG Target 10.5). - 3.1.3 Review and promote business friendly tax regime (SDG Targets 16.6, 17.5, 17.14). - 3.1.4 Develop communication strategies to enhance advocacy and public-private dialogue (SDG Targets 12.8, 16.7, 17.17). - 3.1.5 Institute and operationalize effective commercial dispute mechanisms in support of private sector growth and development (SDG Targets 16.3, 16.b). - Implementing agencies: MoTI, MoF, Parliament, MoCD, MoI, MoT, PEF, AGI. - SDG linkages: SDG 9. - AU linkages: AU 1, 4, 5, 7, 9. - ECOWAS linkages: ECOWAS– P4/ SOB4/SOR4. - 3.2 Improve business financing: - 3.2.1 Review the mandate of the National Investment Bank (NIB) to provide financing to the industrial sector (SDG Targets 8.10, 16.6)) (AU Target A1-G4-P1-T1). - 3.2.2 Establish an Industrial Development Fund (IDF) to finance critical private sector industrial initiatives (SDG Targets 8.10, 9.3)) (AU Target A1-G4-P1-T1). - 3.2.3 Strengthen Ghana Investment Promotion Centre (GIPC) to attract investments into selected strategic industries (SDG Target 8.10)) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T1, A1-G4-P1-T1). - 3.2.4 Restructure the existing state-sponsored microfinance schemes including MASLOC to provide credit for MSMEs (SDG Target 8.3) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T1, A1-G1-P2-T1). - 3.2.5 Strengthen oversight responsibilities for privately-financed micro finance institutions (SDG Targets 8.3, 9.3) (A1-G1-P2-T1). - 3.2.6 Strengthen the operation of Exim Bank to finance production for export, especially in the agriculture and agribusiness value chain (SDG Targets 2.a, 8.10, 16.6)) (AU Target A1-G4-P1-T1, A3-G8-P1-T2). - Implementing agencies: MoF, MoTI, GIPC, BoG, Association of Bankers, Parliament, Ghana Enterprises Agency, MASLOC, ARB Apex Bank, Ghana Exim Bank, OoP, Ghana Microfinance Institutions Network, Ghana Free Zones Authority. - SDG linkages: SDG 9, 10, 12, 16, 17. - AU linkages: AU 4, 5, 20. - ECOWAS linkages: ECOWAS– P3/ SOB3/SOR2. - 3.3 Support entrepreneurship and MSME development: - 3.3.1 Create an entrepreneurial culture, especially among the youth (SDG Targets 4.4, 8.3, 8.6)) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T3, A1-G4-P1-T1). - 3.3.2 Expand the implementation of the National Entrepreneurship and Innovation Programme (NEIP) to support start-ups and early-stage businesses (SDG Targets 8.3, 8.5, 8.6)) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T1, A1-G4-P1-T1). - 3.3.3 Optimise the provision and management of resources including infrastructure and facilities for entrepreneurship training and business development services (SDG Target 8.6, 8.3, 9.3)) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T3). - 3.3.4 Expand the Ghana Venture Capital Trust Fund to cover start-up businesses and MSMEs (SDG Targets 8.10, 9.3)) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T1/T2/T3, A1-G4-P1-T1). - 3.3.5 Provide opportunities for MSMEs to participate in all public-private partnerships (PPPs) and local content arrangements (SDG Targets 8.3, 8.5, 17.17)) (AU Target A1-G1-P2-T1, A1-G4-P1-T1). - 3.3.6 Encourage formation of cooperatives and associations to facilitate easy access to credit. (SDG Target 8.3). - 3.3.7 Use existing data bases of SMEs of BACs. - Implementing agencies: MoF, MoTI, GEA, GIPC, PEF, NEIP, AGI, Ghana Cooperative Credit Union Association (CUA). - SDG linkages: SDG 2, 8, 9, 16. - AU linkages: AU 1, 4, 9, 20. - ECOWAS linkages: ECOWAS– P4/ SOB4/SOR4. - 3.4 Enhance domestic trade: - 3.4.1 Implement reforms in port clearing systems and benchmark Ghana’s ports against best practices (SDG Targets 9.1, 16.5) (AU Target A1-G4-P2-T1). - 3.4.2 Restructure the Customs Division of the GRA to improve its operational efficiency (SDG Target 16.6). - 3.4.3 Enforce regulations in GIPC Act, 2013 (Act 865) on retail trade (SDG Target 17.15)) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T1). - 3.4.4 Develop modern markets and retail infrastructure in every district to enhance domestic trade (SDG Target 17.15)) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T1, A1-G1-P2-T1). - 3.4.5 Accelerate the implementation of the National Trade Policy (SDG Targets 17.13, 17.14, 17.15)) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T1, A1-G1-P2-T1). - Implementing agencies: MoF, MoTI, GIPC, AGI, MMDAs, MDAs, PPA, MLGRD. - SDG linkages: SDG 4, 8, 9, 16, 17. - AU linkages: AU 1, 4, 5. - ECOWAS linkages: ECOWAS– P3/ SOB3/SOR3. - 3.5 Formalise the informal economy: - 3.5.1 Sustain the national identification system as primary identifier of all citizens (SDG Target 16.9). - 3.5.2 Deepen the reach of financial services and improve financial literacy, especially among the youth and women in the informal economy (SDG Target 5.a)) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T3). - 3.5.3 Improve access to finance for informal economy operators including agribusinesses in rural areas (SDG Targets 8.10, 9.3) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T1). - 3.5.4 Ensure development of industry specific standards to enhance the formalisation process (SDG Target 8.8). - 3.5.5 Expedite the development of the formalization strategy and its implementation. - Implementing agencies: NIA, MoCD, MoI, BoG, MoF, MoTI, Ghana Enterprises Agency, MELR, Ghana Chamber of Telecommunication, MoYS. - SDG linkages: SDG 9, 12, 16, 17. - AU linkages: AU 4. - ECOWAS linkages: ECOWAS– P3/ SOB3/SOR2. - 3.6 Ensure consumer protection: - 3.6.1 Facilitate the passage and effective implementation of a Consumer Protection Law (SDG Target 16.b). - 3.6.2 Strengthen the operations of institutions responsible for enforcing standards (SDG Target 16.6). - Implementing agencies: MoTI, GSA, FDA, Consumer Protection Agency (CPA). - SDG linkages: SDG 5, 8, 9, 16, 17. - AU linkages: AU 1, 4, 5. - ECOWAS linkages: ECOWAS– P2/SOB2/SOR2. - 3.7 Promote good corporate governance: - 3.7.1 Strengthen SIGA to ensure strong corporate governance (SDG Target 16.6). - 3.7.2 Pursue a vigorous programme of improvements in corporate governance of SOEs and corporate entities (SDG Target 16.6). - Implementing agencies: SIGA, MoF, Audit Service, GIPC, CHRAJ, EOCO. - SDG linkages: SDG 16. - AU linkages: AU 1, 4, 5. - ECOWAS linkages: ECOWAS– P2/SOB2/SOR1. --- ### Focus Area 4: Agriculture and Rural Development — Key issues - High cost of production inputs. - Poor marketing systems. - Limited access to land. - Inadequate agribusinesses along the value chain. - Inadequate investments in the agricultural sector. - Low application of technology especially among smallholder farmers. - Low proportion of irrigated agriculture. - Seasonal variability in food supply and prices. - Erratic rainfall patterns. - Encroachment on designated irrigation sites. - Inadequate access to irrigation facilities by women and persons with disabilities. - High cost of energy for irrigation. - Low transfer and uptake of research findings. - Poor storage and transportation systems. - Poor farm-level practices. - High cost of conventional storage solutions for smallholder farmers. - Low quality and inadequate agricultural infrastructure. - Limited insurance for small-holder farmers. - Ageing farmer population. - Low interest in agriculture among the youth. - Inadequate start-up capital for the youth. - Low quality genetic material of livestock species. - Low level of good husbandry practices. - Low productivity and poor handling of livestock/poultry products. - Inadequate feed and water quality standards for livestock. - Inadequate and poor-quality data. - Inadequate pest/disease monitoring and surveillance systems. - Low levels of value addition to livestock and poultry. - Weak livestock extension services delivery. ### Policy objectives and strategies (agriculture) - 4.1 Create an enabling agribusiness environment: - 4.1.1 Build the capacity of actors along the value chain in negotiations, standards, regulations, trade facilitation skills and procurement of services (SDG Targets 4.4, 17.9)) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T1). - 4.1.2 Develop market support services for selected horticulture, food (including grains), industrial crops and selected products (SDG Target 2.3)) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T1, A1-G5-P1-T1). - 4.1.3 Promote expansion of organic farming (SDG Targets 2.3, 12.2) (AU Target A1-G4-P1-T1, A1-G5-P1-T1). - 4.1.4 Promote risk management including insurance schemes in the Agri-Food system (SDG Targets 8.10, 10.5). - 4.1.5 Develop and strengthen FBOs for better access to services (SDG Target 1.1, 2.2, 10.1)) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T1, A1-G4-P1-T1). - 4.1.6 Sustain policy on agricultural input supply (SDG Target 1.4) (AU Target A1-G5-P1-T1). - 4.1.7 Strengthen land administration system especially for women and PWDs (SDG Target 10.4) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T3). - Implementing agencies: MoFA, MoTI, MMDAs, MLGDRD, MLNR, COCOBOD, MELR (Department of Cooperatives), Ghana Commodity Exchange, NAFCO. - SDG linkages: SDG 16, 17. - AU linkages: AU 4, 12. - ECOWAS linkages: ECOWAS– P3/ SOB3/SOR1. - 4.2 Improve public-private investments in the agricultural sector: - 4.2.1 Develop medium to long-term agricultural financing instruments (SDG Targets 2.3, 2.a, 9.3, 17.3) (AU Target A1-G5-P1-T1). - 4.2.2 Institute tax reliefs and incentives for agricultural investments (SDG Targets 1.4, 2.a, 9.3) (AU Target A1-G5-P1-T1). - 4.2.3 Strengthen agricultural marketing and trade (SDG Target 16.6) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T1, A1-G5-P1-T1). - 4.2.4 Operationalise District Chambers of Agriculture, Commerce and Technology (DCACT) (SDG Target 16.6) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T1, A1-G1-P2-T1, A1-G5-P1-T1). - 4.2.5 Support the development of exportable agricultural commodities in each district (SDG Targets 1.1, 1.2, 17.11) (AU Target A1-G1-P2-T1, A1-G5-P1-T1). - Implementing agencies: MoFA, MoTI, MLGDRD, MMDAs, GEPA, MoFAD. - SDG linkages: SDG 2, 4, 9, 12, 17. - AU linkages: AU 1, 3, 4, 5, 20. - ECOWAS linkages: ECOWAS– P3/ SOB3/SOR2. - 4.3 Modernise and enhance agricultural production systems: - 4.3.1 Establish modalities and regulatory frameworks for production of seed/planting materials, and other agro inputs (SDG Targets 2.5, 2.a). - 4.3.2 Promote the application of science, technology and innovation (STI) in the agricultural value chain (SDG Targets 2.4, 2.c, 5.b, 9.c, 17.8) (AU Target A1-G5-P1-T1). - 4.3.3 Improve the effectiveness Research-Extension-Farmer Liaison Committees (RELCs) in agricultural research (SDG Target 2.a). - 4.3.4 Strengthen dissemination of research outcomes of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and other institutions (SDG Target 2.a). - 4.3.5 Scale up Greenhouse village concept (SDG Target 2.3, 2.4, 10.1,) (AU Target A1-G5-P1-T1). - 4.3.6 Increase investments in research and development in soil testing and analysis; climate resilient, high yielding, disease and pest resistant, short duration crop varieties; and consumer health and safety (SDG Targets 2.1, 2.a, 2.4) (AU Target A1-G5-P1-T1). - 4.3.7 Intensify and increase access to mechanization along the agricultural value chain (SDG Targets 2.3) (AU Target A1-G5-P1-T1). - 4.3.8 Promote commercial farming (SDG Targets 2.3, 2.4) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T1, A1-G5-P1-T1). - 4.3.9 Extend access to strategic national irrigation development initiatives to women and persons with disabilities (SDG Targets 1.1, 1.4, 1.5,2.3, 2.4) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T3, A1-G5-P1-T1). - 4.3.10 Mobilise investments to expand and rehabilitate irrigation infrastructure including formal schemes, dams and dugouts (SDG Targets 2.4, 17.17, Targets 1.1, 1.4, 1.5, 1.a, 2.a, 17.3) (AU Target A1-G5-P1-T1). - 4.3.11 Promote the use of solar and wind energy for irrigation (SDG Target 7.2). - 4.3.12 Develop policies, legal regime, and appropriate tenure arrangements for irrigation facilities (SDG Target 16.6). - 4.3.13 Develop the capacity of farmers to use meteorological information (SDG Target 12.8). - 4.3.14 Promote integrated pest management (IPM) approaches (SDG Target 2.3). - 4.3.15 Enforce river side buffer zone laws. - Implementing agencies: MoFA, MESTI, CSIR, AGI, GIDA, MSWR, EPA, GIPC, WRC, WRI, PEF. - SDG linkages: SDG 1, 2, 9, 16, 17. - AU linkages: AU 1, 3, 4, 5, 20. - ECOWAS linkages: ECOWAS– P4/ SOB4/SOR4. - 4.4 Improve post-harvest management: - 4.4.1 Enhance post-harvest management protocols on storage, transportation, processing, packaging and distribution of agricultural produce (SDG Target 12.3) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T1, A1-G5-P1-T1). - 4.4.2 Provide incentives to the private sector and District Assemblies to invest in post-harvest activities (SDG Target 17.17) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T1, A1-G1-P2-T1, A1-G5-P1-T1). - 4.4.3 Provide support for small and medium-scale agro-processing enterprises (SDG Targets 1.2, 1.4, 2.3, 2.4, 2.a, 2.c, 8.3, 9.3, 9.4) (AU Target A1-G4-P2-T1, A1-G5-P1-T1). - 4.4.4 Ensure continuous expansion and upgrading of road infrastructure connecting farms to marketing centres (SDG Targets 1.4, 2.3, 2.c) (AU Target A2-G10-P1-T1). - 4.4.5 Promote private sector participation to expand and enhance the operations of the National Food Buffer Stock Company (SDG Targets 16.6, 17.17). - 4.4.6 Facilitate the provision of storage infrastructure with drying systems at district level (SDG Targets 2.3, 12.1, 12.3, 12.a) (AU Target A1-G5-P1-T1). - 4.4.7 Promote warehouse receipt system (SDG Target 12.1, 12.3) (AU Target A1-G5-P1-T1). - 4.4.8 Implement commodities trading centres (i.e., modern farmers’ markets) across all MMDAs focusing on grains, vegetables and tuber (SDG Target 2.c) (AU Target A1-G5-P1-T1). - Implementing agencies: MoFA, MESTI, CSIR, OoP, NAFCO, MoF, MRH, MoTI, MMDAs. - SDG linkages: SDG 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 12, 16, 17. - AU linkages: AU 1, 3, 4, 5, 20. - ECOWAS linkages: ECOWAS– P3/ SOB3/SOR3. - 4.5 Promote agriculture as a viable business among the youth: - 4.5.1 Support youth to venture into agri-business along the value chain (SDG Targets 2.1, 2.3, 8.6) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T3, A1-G5-P1-T1). - 4.5.2 Facilitate access to agricultural financing for youth (SDG Target 8.3) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T3, A1-G5-P1-T1). - 4.5.3 Design and implement special programmes to build the capacity of the youth in agriculture (SDG Target 4.4) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T3, A1-G5-P1-T1). - Implementing agencies: MoFA, MLNR, MoYS, LC, Financial institutions, National House of Chiefs, MMDAs. - SDG linkages: SDG 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 16, 17. - AU linkages: AU 1, 3, 4, 5, 20. - ECOWAS linkages: ECOWAS– P4/ SOB4/SOR4. - 4.6 Promote livestock and poultry development: - 4.6.1 Continue the implementation of the Rearing for Food and Jobs programme (SDG Target 2.3, 2.a) (AU Target A1-G4-P1-T1, A1-G5-P1-T1). - 4.6.2 Accelerate the passage of the Veterinary Services and Animal Production Bill and amend the Veterinary Surgeon’s Law of 1992 (SDG Target 16.6). - 4.6.3 Enact legislation to cover poultry hatchery, livestock breeding, meat inspection and dumping in the livestock/ poultry industry (SDG Target 16.6). - 4.6.4 Strengthen research into large-scale breeding, production and processing of livestock and poultry across the country (SDG Targets 2.3, 2.a). - 4.6.5 Improve existing livestock breeding stations and establish new ones (SDG Target 2.a). - 4.6.6 Intensify disease control and surveillance, especially for zoonotic and scheduled diseases (SDG Target2.3). - 4.6.7 Promote cattle ranching and provide incentives to the private sector to develop grazing reserves (SDG Targets 2.4, 16.1). - 4.6.8 Facilitate the establishment of Livestock Development Centres in the three agro-climatic zones in collaboration with the private sector (SDG Target 2.4). - 4.6.9 Facilitate local production of vaccines to improve livestock development and sustenance (SDG Target 8.3, 15.c). - 4.6.10 Construct and rehabilitate existing veterinary laboratories (SDG Target 2.3, 8.3). - Implementing agencies: MoFA, MESTI, CSIR, OAGMOJ. - SDG linkages: SDG 1, 2, 4, 8. - AU linkages: AU 1, 3, 4, 5, 20. - ECOWAS linkages: ECOWAS– P4/ SOB4/SOR4. *Source: APPENDIX I* ### APPENDIX I ### APPENDIX I ### Focus Area 5: Fisheries and Aquaculture Development - Key issues: - Low levels of private sector investments in aquaculture - High cost of aquaculture inputs - Challenges with pre-mix fuel distribution - High capital requirement - Lack of storage facilities and maintenance - Inadequate skills for aquaculture development - Low involvement of youth in aquaculture - Weak extension services delivery - Policy objectives and strategies: - 5.1 Ensure sustainable development and management of aquaculture - 5.1.1 Provide adequate economic incentives to stimulate private sector investment in aquaculture development (SDG Target 14. b) (AU Target A1-G6-P1-T1) - 5.1.2 Provide consistent and quality extension service delivery (SDG Target 2.a) - 5.1.3 Continue implementation of the Aquaculture for Food and Jobs Programme (SDG Targets 2.1, 2.3, 4.4, 16.6) (AU Target A1-G6-P1-T1) - 5.1.4 Design and implement the Youth in Aquaculture Development Programme (SDG Targets 2.1, 2.3, 4.4, 16.6) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T3, A1-G6-P1-T1) - 5.1.5 Implement Fisheries Nucleus Out-grower Scheme (SDG Target 14.b) (AU Target A1-G7-P1-T2) - 5.1.6 Develop aquaculture parks (SDG Target 8.3, 9.4) (AU Target A1-G6-P1-T1) - 5.1.7 Promote construction of culturing facilities (hatcheries, laboratories and fish feed mills) (SDG Target 12.3) (AU Target A1-G6-P1-T1) - 5.1.8 Promote the use of irrigation systems and other impounded reservoirs for aquaculture and promote mariculture (SDG Target 14.4) (AU Target A1-G6-P1-T1) - 5.1.9 Implement appropriate bio-security measures at all aquaculture establishments (SDG Targets 14.1, 14.2) (AU Target A1-G7-P1-T2) - 5.1.10 Promote the development of commodity value chains to boost investments (SDG Target 2.a, 8.3) (AU Target A1-G6-P1-T1) - 5.1.11 Support innovation and adoption of improved local fishery production for domestic consumption and exports (SDG Target 2.3, 8.3) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T1, A1-G6-P1-T1) - 5.1.12 Invest in cold chain logistics and management of the sea food industry (SDG Target 14.4) (AU Target A1-G4-P1-T1) - 5.1.13 Ensure efficient system for pre-mix fuel distribution (SDG Target 14.1, 14.2) (AU Target A1-G4-P1-T1) - 5.1.14 Enforce Fisheries Act for marine, inland and fresh water resources (SDG Target 14.1, 14.2) (AU Target A1-G7-P1-T2) - Implementing and collaborating agencies: - MoFAD, MESTI, FC, MoEn, Ghana National Association of Farmers and Fishermen, Canoe Owners’ Association, National Premix Secretariat - Global/regional linkages: - SDG 2, 8, 16 - AU 4, 5 - ECOWAS– P3/ SOB3/SOR3 - Key issues (fisheries resources): - Over-exploitation of fisheries resources - Weak involvement of communities in fisheries resource management - Policy objectives and strategies: - 5.2 Ensure sustainable development and management of fisheries resources - 5.2.1 Promote sustainable marine conservation and protection (SDG Targets 14.1, 14.2, 14.c) (AU Target A1-G7-P1-T2) - 5.2.2 Improve fisheries infrastructure to attract private sector investment (SDG Target 14.4) (AU Target A1-G4-P1-T1, A1-G6-P1-T1) - 5.2.3 Reduce illegal fishing and post-harvest losses (SDG Targets 12.3, 14.4) (AU Target A1-G7-P1-T2) - 5.2.4 Transform the fisheries sub-sector and industry through science, research, technology and innovation (SDG Target 9.5) (AU Target A1-G4-P3-T1) - Implementing and collaborating agencies: - MoFAD, MESTI, CSIR, FC - Global/regional linkages: - SDG 2, 4, 12, 14, 16 - AU 6, 7 - ECOWAS– P4/ SOB4/SOR4 ### Focus Area 6: Tourism and Creative Industry Development - Key issues (tourism): - Poor tourism infrastructure and services - Low skills and professionalism - High hotel rates - Low involvement of communities in tourism development - Poor accessible roads to tourist sites - Inadequate data on tourist sites - Policy objectives and strategies: - 6.1 Diversify and expand the tourism industry for economic development - 6.1.1 Transform the country into a major Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions (MICE) centre (SDG Target 8.9) (AU Target A1-G4-P1-T1, A1-G4-P4-T1) - 6.1.2 Expand the tourism sector through investment (including PPP), innovation, and pursuit of service excellence (SDG Target 8.9) (AU Target A1-G4-P1-T1, A1-G4-P4-T1) - 6.1.3 Develop available and potential sites to meet international standards and promote local tourism (SDG Target 8.9) (AU Target A1-G4-P1-T1, A1-G4-P4-T1) - 6.1.4 Develop palace museums to preserve national culture and promote tourism in communities (SDG Targets 8.9, 12.b) (AU Target A1-G4-P1-T1, A1-G4-P4-T1) - 6.1.5 Institute preventive measures to curtail emerging threats to tourism, particularly terrorism (SDG Target 8.9) (AU Target A1-G4-P4-T1, A4-G13-P1-T1) - 6.1.6 Encourage community initiatives in tourism development (SDG Target 8.3, 8.9) (AU Target A1-G4-P1-T1, A1-G4-P4-T1) - 6.1.7 Promote the establishment of tourism clubs in all educational institutions (SDG Target 12.b) (AU Target A1-G4-P4-T1) - 6.1.8 Improve road networks to tourist centres (SDG Target 8.9, 10.1, 11.2) (AU Target A1-G4-P4-T1) - 6.1.9 Develop a comprehensive database on all tourist sites (SDG Target 12.b) - Implementing and collaborating agencies: - MoTAC, GTA, MRH, MoT, Private Sector, Ghana Museums and Monuments Board, National Commission on Culture, MMDAs, CSOs, Traditional Authorities, National Folklore Board - Global/regional linkages: - SDG 9, 12, 14 - AU 6, 7 - ECOWAS– P3/ SOB3/SOR3 - Key issues (creative industry): - Informality and its related challenges - Absence of an effective regulatory and institutional regime - Weak coordination among MDAs on issues related to the creative arts industry - Ineffective communication between MDAs and the creative industry - Policy objectives and strategies: - 6.2 Develop a competitive creative industry - 6.2.1 Enforce regulatory frameworks for the creative arts industry (SDG Target 8.9, 12.b) - 6.2.2 Build production and performance theatres to develop talents in underserved areas (SDG Target 1.1, 1.4, 8.9) (AU Target A1-G4-P1-T1, A1-G4-P4-T1) - 6.2.3 Strengthen the Copyright Office and its related agencies (SDG Target 16.6) - 6.2.4 Strengthen the National Creative Arts Council (SDG Target 16.6) - 6.2.5 Promote PPP in the development of the creative arts industry (SDG Target 17.17) (AU Target A1-G4-P1-T1, A1-G4-P4-T1) - 6.2.6 Promote partnerships and participation in global arts events and businesses (SDG Target 17.17) (AU Target A1-G4-P1-T1, A1-G4-P4-T1) - 6.2.7 Strengthen institutional coordination within the creative arts industry (SDG Target 16.6) (AU Target A3-G12-P1-T1) - 6.2.8 Develop legal regime and processes for safeguarding the intellectual property and creative heritage of Ghana (SDG Targets 12.b, 17.10; ECOWAS Protocol Arts. 23, 28) (AU Target A1-G4-P1-T1, A1-G4-P4-T1) - Implementing and collaborating agencies: - Copyright Office, Creative Arts Council, National Commission on Culture, GTA - Global/regional linkages: - AU 4,16 - ECOWAS– P5/ SOB5/SOR1 ### Social Development — Focus Area 1: Education and Training - Key issues: - Slow and un-sustained improvement in quality of education - Geographical disparities in access to quality education at all levels - Poor commitment to specialized teacher deployment - Gender disparities at senior high school and tertiary levels - Low participation of females in learning of science, technology, engineering and mathematics - High teacher absenteeism rates - Inadequate practical teaching lessons in schools - Inadequate school infrastructure - Low prominence accorded to language learning in the school system - Low participation in non-formal education - Inadequate teacher motivation - Poor food and nutrition practices among school-age children - Declining net enrolment at basic level - Negative perception of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) - Inadequate standardization and coordination of TVET - Gaps in industrial skills needs and employability skills among graduates - Inadequate and inequitable access to education for PWDs and people with special needs at all levels - Insufficient support provided for learners with disability - Inadequate number of school teachers and school personnel trained on inclusive education - Inadequate resource persons for PWDs at all levels of education - High dropout rate for both adolescent boys and girls - Unsupportive school environment to facilitate re-entry into school - Low operationalization of standards and procedures for handling pregnancy cases in schools - Lack of quality childcare support systems after delivery - Stigmatisation and discrimination by society and peers of pregnant girls and other dropouts - Inadequate parental support to girls during pregnancy and after childbirth - Financial constraints for re-entry of dropouts - Inadequate real-time data for tracking girls’ re-entry - Insufficient parental understanding and engagement in e-learning - Inadequate assessment mechanisms for e-learning - Inequality in access to virtual education - Inaccessible virtual and e-learning educational tools especially for persons with disabilities - Inadequate classroom management skills for virtual/e-learning among teachers - Disparities between official management processes and school operations - Disparity between the number of teachers on payroll and actual numbers in districts - Inadequate supervision and monitoring of schools - Inadequate funding for education - Inadequate information on lifelong learning opportunities for non-literate youth and adult - Inadequate library facilities and services in communities and in schools - Inadequate funding for public library service delivery - Low level of reading culture among Ghanaians - High level of illiteracy - Limited access to print and digital reading materials - Low publication of local language books and inadequate marketing and distribution channels for books - Lack of incentives for indigenous writers and publishers to meet the book needs of the country - Policy objectives and strategies: - 1.1 Enhance equitable access to, and participation in quality education at all levels - 1.1.1. Continue implementation of free SHS to include TVET (SDG Targets 4.1, 4.3, 4.a, AU) - 1.1.2. Enhance quality of teaching and learning environment at all levels (SDG Targets 4.1, 4.6, 4.c) - 1.1.3. Promote the ‘right age enrolment’ in basic education (SDG Targets 4.1, 4.2) - 1.1.4. Continue the establishment of well-resourced and functional model senior high institutions in all districts (SDG Target 4.a, 4.c) - 1.1.5. Expedite the implementation of the Ghana Accountability for Learning Outcomes Project (GALOP) (SDG Targets 4.1, 4.2, 4.6) - 1.1.6. Develop standards and national assessment test for foundational literacy and numeracy competencies at primary level (SDG Target 4.1, 4.6) - 1.1.7. Accelerate the implementation of early childhood development policy on education (SDG Targets 4.1, 4.2) - 1.1.8. Stimulate the development of data driven Teacher (specialized and regular) Deployment and Transfer Strategy (SDG Targets 4.c, 16.6) - 1.1.9. Improve the gender parity at senior high school and tertiary level (SDG Targets 4.1,4.2, 4.3, 4.5, 4.a) - 1.1.10. Expand infrastructure and facilities at all levels (SDG Target 4.a, 4.c) - 1.1.11. Review and implement the language policy, especially at the basic level - 1.1.12. Promote teaching and learning of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and ICT education among girls in basic and secondary education (SDG Target 4.1, 4.b) - 1.1.13. Accelerate implementation of the policy of 60:40 admission ratio of science to humanities students at tertiary level (SDG Target 4.b) - 1.1.14. Improve participation in non-formal education among youth and adults (SDG target 4.6) - 1.1.15. Introduce sign language at all levels of education (SDG Target 4.7) - 1.1.16. Institute special incentive scheme for teaching and non-teaching staff and teachers of PWDs (SDG Target 4.4, 4.b) - Implementing and collaborating agencies: - MOE, GES, SPED, NCPD, MOH, Scholarship Secretariat, NCCA, MHCI, COTVET, MOF, GETFund, Faith-Based Organisation, CHASS, MOGCSP, TAs, NCCE, DSW, DOC, DCD, Media, UTAG, Student Loan Trust, NCTE, GES Trust Fund, NVTI - Global/regional linkages: - SDG 4, 16 - AU 2, 18 - ECOWAS–P5/ SOB5/SOR3 - 1.2 Strengthen competency-based skill development in technical and vocational education - 1.2.1. Promote the importance of TVET education (SDG Targets 4.3, 4.4, 4.5) - 1.2.2. Strengthen standardisation and coordination of existing public technical and vocational institutions (SDG Target 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 16.6) - 1.2.3. Promote student industrial attachment, coaching and mentoring programmes (SDG Target 4.4) - 1.2.4. Institute a national tracer survey to evaluate the relevance of education and skill set (graduate employability) in the labour market (SDG Targets 4.4) - Global/regional linkages: - SDG 4, 16 - ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR2 - 1.3 Promote inclusive education - 1.3.1. Ensure inclusive education for PWDs and people with special educational needs (SDG Targets 4.1, 4.2, 4.5, 4.a) - 1.3.2. Provide facilities in all learning centres to improve access for PWDs and people with special needs (SDG Targets 4.1, 4.2, 4.5, 4.a) - 1.3.3. Ensure the provision of support measures to learners with disabilities in environments that maximize academic and social development (SDG Target 4.5, 4.a) - 1.3.4. Recruit more teachers and professional staff (including sign language interpreters and braille transcribers) at all levels of education and enhance scholarships for PWDs (SDG Target 4.b) - 1.3.5. Facilitate the provision of resource persons such as sign language interpreters and braille transcribers at all levels (SDG Target 4.5, 4.a) - 1.3.6. Ensure participation of persons with visual impairments in the study of Mathematics and Science at the Senior High School level and above - 1.3.7. Strengthen the data collection system for improved planning for learners with special educational needs - Global/regional linkages: - SDG 4 - ECOWAS–P5/ SOB5/SOR3 - 1.4 Ensure a safe and supportive environment to facilitate re-entry into school - 1.4.1. Facilitate the re-entry of dropout boys and girls including adolescent mothers back into school (SDG Target 4.1, 4.2, 5.1) - 1.4.2. Strengthen partnerships and financing among NGOs and Government in the re-entry of school dropouts (SDG Target 4.1, 4.a, 4.b) - 1.4.3. Promote and invest in a safe and supportive school/community environments for pregnant schoolgirls and young mothers (SDG Target 4.1, 4.a, 4.b, 5.1) - 1.4.4. Strengthen the delivery of counselling services in schools (SDG Target 4.7, 4.a) - 1.4.5. Promote social education and acceptance of re-entry policy among stakeholders in schools and communities (SDG Target 4.1, 4.7, 4.a, 5.1) - 1.4.6. Promote research and collection of adequate data on re-entry of dropouts back into mainstream education (SDG Target 4.1, 4.7, 4.a) - Implementing and collaborating agencies: - Education Unions, MMDAs, Academia, FBOs, Traditional Authorities, Media - Global/regional linkages: - ECOWAS–P5/ SOB5/SOR3 - 1.5 Promote equitable access to e-learning - 1.5.1. Ensure adequate and accessible infrastructure, tools and skills to facilitate e-learning and teaching (SDG Targets 4.7,4. a, 4.b, 9.c) - 1.5.2. Improve research and innovation on e-learning (SDG Target 4.7, 4.b) - 1.5.3. Promote dialogues and public engagement on e-learning (SDG Target 4.7, 4.b, 9.c) - 1.5.4. Ensure adequate provision of e-learning tools for persons with disabilities (SDG Target 4.a, 4.b) - Global/regional linkages: - SDG 4, 9 - ECOWAS–P5/ SOB5/SOR3 - 1.6 Strengthen school management systems - 1.6.1. Review and improve school management systems and protocols (SDG Target 4.b, 16.6) - 1.6.2. Continue Implementation of the programme for teacher development, actualization and professionalisation (SDG Target 4.c) - 1.6.3. Ensure full implementation of the decentralised management of education service delivery (SDG Target 4.2, 16.6) - 1.6.4. Implement reforms and strengthen education regulatory agencies (SDG Target 4.1, 16.6) - 1.6.5. Ensure adequate supply of teaching and learning materials (SDG Target 4.2, 4.c) - 1.6.6. Promote quality EMIS data collection and use at the community and district levels (SDG Target 16.16) - 1.6.7. Strengthen PTA, School Management Committees (SMC) and Board of Governors (BOG) in public schools (SDG Target 16.6) - 1.6.8. Strengthen the payroll validation process (SDG Target 16.6) - 1.6.9. Strengthen supervision, management, and accountability at all levels of the educational system (SDG Target 16.6) - Global/regional linkages: - SDG 4,16 - ECOWAS–P5/ SOB5/SOR3 - 1.7 Ensure sustainable financing of education - 1.7.1. Explore resource mobilisation for non-formal education at all levels (SDG Target 4.b, 17.3) - 1.7.2. Enhance accountability for utilisation of earmarked education resources in tandem with regulations in the Public Financial Management Act, 2016 (Act 926) (SDG Target 4.b, 16.5) - 1.7.3. Ensure adequate allocation of funds to implement the inclusive education policy (SDG Target 4.b, 16.5) - Global/regional linkages: - SDG 4, 16, 17 - ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR4 - 1.8 Promote literacy and lifelong learning - 1.8.1. Strengthen inter-sectoral links to ensure lifelong learning opportunities for non-formal graduates (SDG Target 4.4, 4.6) - 1.8.2. Improve opportunities for non-literate youth and adults to have free access to meaningful quality education and training. (SDG Target 4.4, 4.6) - 1.8.3. Promote the application of acquired functional skills of learners to create wealth and reduce poverty (SDG Target 4.4, 4.6, 4.7) - 1.8.4. Sustain learning interest and literacy skills of neo-literates through the creation of a literate environment in the local language and in English (SDG Target 4.4, 4.6, 4.7) - 1.8.5. Increase access to school and public library facilities (SDG Target 4.6, 4.a) - 1.8.6. Build capacity of librarians to improve service delivery (SDG Target 4.6, 4.a) - 1.8.7. Ensure sustainable funding sources for public library service delivery (SDG Target 4.6, 4.a) - 1.8.8. Expand access to functional literacy and community education programmes among adults (SDG Target 4.6) - 1.8.9. Create a repository for national literary output and the preservation of national cultural heritage for public access (SDG Target 4.6, 11.4) - 1.8.10. Develop a National Book and Reading Policy - Implementing and collaborating agencies: - Ghana Library Authority, MOE, GES, MMDAs, The Media, CSOs, NGOs, Academia - Global/regional linkages: - SDG 4, 11 - ECOWAS–P5/ SOB5/SOR3 *APPENDIX I* ### 2.1 Ensure ### 2.1 Ensure accessible, and quality Universal Health Coverage (UHC) for all ### Key issues in the health sector - Inaccessible health facilities to PWDs - Limited supply of personal protective equipment - Limited supply of assistive devices for PWDs - Inequitable use of technology in health delivery services - Limited access to communication by the deaf, blind and persons with psychosocial and intellectual disabilities - Inadequate financing of essential nutrition commodities - Inadequate proportion of regional and district hospitals practising traditional medicine - Rising burden of mental health - Inadequate mental health facilities at regional and district level - Inadequate financial and human resources for mental health delivery - Stigmatisation and societal neglect of mental health patients - Delay in the establishment of Mental Health Fund - Limited use of M&E results of the health sector - Inadequate and inequitable distribution of critical staff mix - Wide gaps in health service data - Inadequate ambulance fleet - Limited health and nutrition data on school-age children and the aged - Increasing morbidity, mortality, and disability - Limited testing capacity and delay in diagnosis, particularly in remote areas - Limited access for persons with disabilities to health services - Increasing burden of NCDs on national expenditure - Increased NCDs related deaths - Rapid increase in the use of tobacco, alcohol, and other unhealthy food products - High incidence of HIV and AIDS among young persons - Limited knowledge of STIs, HIV and AIDS, especially among vulnerable groups - Periodic shortages of HIV and AIDS commodities (ARVs, test kits, condoms) among vulnerable groups ### Policy objectives and recommended actions for UHC (2.1) - 2.1.1 Accelerate equity-focused implementation of Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) policy (SDG Targets 3.8, 3.c, 16.6) - 2.1.2 Build Planning and monitoring capacity among health sector workers (SDG Targets 3.8, 3.c, 16.6) - 2.1.3 Expand, upgrade and equip health facilities with private sector involvement (SDG Targets 3.8, 3.c) - 2.1.4 Revamp emergency medical preparedness and response services across the country (SDG Target 3.7, 3.8, 3.c, 3.d) - 2.1.5 Strengthen capacity and develop partnerships for local production of pharmaceutical diagnostics, reagents and PPEs among others (SDG) - 2.1.6 Strengthen health referral system (SDG Targets 3.1, 3.6, 16.6) - 2.1.7 Strengthen the district and sub-district health systems as the bedrock of the national primary healthcare strategy (Agenda 111) (SDG Targets 3.8, 16.6) - 2.1.8 Integrate traditional and alternate medicine in the health service delivery system (SDG Targets 3.4, 3.b, 16.6) - 2.1.9 Improve medical supply chain management system (SDG Targets 3.8, 3.b, 16.6) - 2.1.10 Mainstream gender and disability in the provision of healthcare services (SDG Target 3.8) - 2.1.11 Redefine the scope of primary healthcare services and medications to include specific essential healthcare needs required by PWDs - 2.1.12 Promote use of ICT and e-health strategies in healthcare delivery and improve quality and coverage of healthcare data (SDG Targets 3.8, 3.d) - 2.1.13 Expand specialist and allied health services (e.g., diagnostics, ENT, physiotherapy, paramedic etc.) (SDG Target 3.8, 3.c) - 2.1.14 Strengthen the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) (SDG Targets 3.8, 3.c) - 2.1.15 Scale up disease prevention strategies and nutrition counselling (SDG Targets 2.1, 3.8, 3.c, 3.d) - 2.1.16 Facilitate the provision of resource persons such as sign language interpreters in healthcare delivery (SDG Target 3.8,) - 2.1.17 Sustain the public health emergency response fund (SDG Targets 3.8, 3.c) - 2.1.18 Accelerate reconstruction of the central medical store for contingency stocking of critical supplies (SDG Targets 3.8, 3.c) - 2.1.19 Promote appropriate testing, processing, storage and distribution of blood and blood components (SDG Target 3.b) - 2.1.20 Review and implement the health financing strategy taking into account the COVID-19 pandemic (SDG Targets 3c, 16.6) - 2.1.21 Increase resources towards essential nutrition commodities (SDG targets 2.1, 2.2) ### Implementing and collaborating agencies (as listed) - MOH, GHS, National Council on Persons with Disability, DHS, Narcotics Control Board, FDA, NPC, NHIS, Ghana AIDS Commission, PPAG, NMC - GHS, DHS, MOH, NHIS, Narcotics Control Board, CSOs - GHS, DHS, MOH, NHIS, Narcotics Control Board, FDA, NPC, NHIS - MOH, GHS/Health Promotion, FDA, MOF, NDPC, CSOs - GAC, GHS, DHS, MoH, NHIS, Narcotics Control Board, FDA, NPC, NHIS, PPAG, N&MC, MMDAs ### Mental health administration and service delivery (2.2) - 2.2.1 Accelerate implementation of the Mental Health Strategy (SDG Targets 3.4, 3.5, 3,8) - 2.2.2 Ensure enactment and implementation of legislative Instrument for the Mental Health Act. (SDG Targets 3.4, 3.8, 3c, 16.6) - 2.2.3 Increase public education and campaigns on mental health (SDG Target 3.4, 3.5) ### Strengthen healthcare delivery management system (2.3) - 2.3.1 Enhance efficiency in governance and management of the health system (SDG Target 3.8, 3.c, 16.6) - 2.3.2 Strengthen and improve coverage and quality of healthcare data capturing system and research in both public and private sectors (SDG Targets 3.8, 3.c 17.18) - 2.3.3 Formulate and implement health sector capital investment policy and plan (SDG Target 3.c) - 2.3.4 Improve production, training and equitably distribution of various categories of critical health staff (SDG Target 3.8, 3.c) - 2.3.5 Strengthen the capacity of health regulatory bodies to enforce medico-legal issues (SDGs Target 3.c, 3.d) - 2.3.6 Finalise and implement health sector decentralisation policy and strategy (SDG Target 3.8, 3.c, 16.6) - 2.3.7 Strengthen partnership with the private sector and community in provision of health services (SDG Targets 3.8, 17.17) - 2.3.8 Build capacity for monitoring and evaluation in the health sector (SDG Target 3.c, 16.6) - 2.3.9 Expand access to and equip medical training facilities (SDG Target 3.8, 3.c) - 2.3.10 Increase the strength of support staff to health facilities (SDG Target 3.8, 3.c) - 2.3.11 Provide Incentives to health personnel who accept posting to remote areas (SDG Target 3.8, 3.c) - 2.3.12 Strengthen District Health Management and Human Resource systems (SDG Target 3.c, 16.6) - 2.3.13 Promote Telemedicine to enhance health delivery (SDG Target 3.8, 3.c) - 2.3.14 Train more personnel in domiciliary and palliative care for the elderly and the sick (SDG Target 3.8, 3.c) - 2.3.15 Establish a Patients’ Protection Council to fully implement the Patient’s Rights Charter (SDG Targets 3.8, 3.c) - 2.3.16 Establish early-warning system for laboratory-confirmed infections (SDG Targets 3.8, 3.d) - 2.3.17 Develop interoperability between health and birth registration systems (SDG Target 16.9) - 2.3.18 Integrate health and nutrition indicators of school-age children in the national information management systems and surveys (SDG Target 2.2, 3.d) - 2.3.19 (listed context) Expand access to and equip medical training facilities (SDG Target 3.8, 3.c) - 2.3.20 Increase the strength of support staff to health facilities (SDG Target 3.8, 3.c) - 2.3.21 Provide Incentives to health personnel who accept posting to remote areas (SDG Target 3.8, 3.c) ### Reduce disability, morbidity, and mortality (2.4) - 2.4.1 Strengthen maternal, new-born care, child and adolescent services (SDG Targets 3.1, 3.2) - 2.4.2 Strengthen prevention and management of malaria cases (SDGs Targets 3.3, 16.6) - 2.4.3 Improve diagnosis, patient education, and counselling services for TB - 2.4.4 Scale up community-based hypertension management project (SDG Target 3.4) - 2.4.5 Intensify and sustain immunisation for all children under 2 (SDG Target 3.2) - 2.4.6 Accelerate implementation of the national strategy for elimination of neglected tropical diseases and other diseases earmarked for elimination (SDG Target 3.3, 3.4) - 2.4.7 Formulate National Disability Health Strategy to ensure highest standard of health services to persons with disabilities (SDG Target 3.3, 3.8) - 2.4.8 Formulate health strategies for vulnerable populations, including PWDs and the aged - 2.4.9 Strengthen Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDRS) at all levels (SDG Target 3.8, 16.6) - 2.4.10 Increase testing facilities and capacities - 2.4.11 Establish a Cancer and Kidney Disease Trust Fund - 2.4.12 Focus health delivery services on primary prevention and early detection of chronic disease conditions (SDG Targets 3.8, 3.d) - 2.4.13 Establish disability assessment centres in all health facilities (SDG 3.4, 3.b) - 2.4.14 Develop and implement a Quality Disability Life Index ### Reduce non-communicable diseases (2.5) - 2.5.1 Implement the non-communicable diseases (NCDs) control strategy (SDG Targets 3.4, 3.5) - 2.5.2 Review and scale-up Regenerative Health and Nutrition Programme (RHNP) (SDG Target 2.2) - 2.5.3 Increase taxes on tobacco, alcohol, and other unhealthy food products (SDG Targets 3.4,3.5) - 2.5.4 Increase health promotion to reduce poor health choices and exposure especially among vulnerable groups (SDG Targets 3.4, 3.5) - 2.5.5 Strengthen the effective implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) and its protocols (SDG Targets 3.4, 3.5, 3.a) - 2.5.6 Implement the WHO recommendations on the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children (SDG Targets 3.4, 3.5, 3.a) - 2.5.7 Accelerate the implementation of the global strategy on diet, physical activity, and health (SDGs Target 3.4, 3.5, 3.d) ### Reduce the incidence of new STIs, HIV and AIDS and other infections (2.6) - 2.6.1 Expand and intensify HIV Counselling and Testing (HTC) programmes (SDG Targets 3.3, 3.7) - 2.6.2 Intensify comprehensive education on HIV/AIDS and STIs, including reduction of stigmatisation (SDG Target 3.3, 3.7) - 2.6.3 Intensify behavioural change strategies, especially for high-risk groups for HIV/AIDS and TB (SDG Targets 3.3, 3.7) - 2.6.4 Strengthen collaboration among HIV/AIDS, TB and sexual and reproductive health programmes (SDG Targets 3.3, 3.7) - 2.6.5 Intensify efforts to eliminate Mother-To-Child Transmission of HIV (MTCTHIV) (SDG Targets 3.3, 3.7) - 2.6.6 Improve access to ART (SDG Targets 3.3, 3.7, 3.8) - 2.6.7 Support local production of ART commodities (SDG Target 3.3, 3.b) *Source: 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf - 2.1 Ensure* ### 3.4 Ensure food ### 3.4 Ensure food availability and accessibility ### 3.4 Improve the food distribution system and food access - Policy actions: - 3.4.1 Improve the food distribution system - 3.4.2 Promote farmers’ markets along major trunk roads and designated places in all districts and municipalities. - 3.4.3 Promote public private partnership in cold chain systems for perishable produce - 3.4.4 Ensure the development of sustainable food maintenance systems (SDGs Target 2.5) - 3.4.5 Reduce taxes and increase subsidies on healthy foods - 3.4.6 Facilitate/ensure/augment livelihood diversification in fishing communities especially during “closed seasons”. - 3.4.7 Facilitate access to social protection programmes by moderately and severely food insecure households to (SDG Target 2.1, 2.2) (AU A1, G1, P2, T4, T5) - 3.4.8 Ensure the implementation of the zero-hunger strategy (SDG Target 2.1, 2.2) (AU A1, G1, P2, T4, T5) - Implementing and collaborating agencies: - MOFA, MOTI, MESTI/CSIR, MOH/FDA/GHS, academia, CSOs, DPs, NMIMR, GSA, FBOs, MLGDRD, MMDAs - Private Sector, MOF, MoFAD, Fisheries Commission, MMDAs - ECOWAS–P3/ SOB3/SOR1 - Noted challenge from source text: - Rampant advertisement and availability of cheap ultra-processed energy dens e --- ### 3.5 Promote healthy and sustainable food ### 3.5 Regulatory, informational, and system actions to improve diets and food environments - Policy actions: - 3.5.1 Enhance or reform food composition, marketing, retail, labelling and fiscal policies and laws (SDG Target 2.4, 3.9) - 3.5.2 Regulate unhealthy food and beverage promotion, sponsorship, and advertisement in schools and in the media (SDG Target 2.4, 2.9) - 3.5.3 Update and consolidate local food composition databases, and develop a nutrient profiling system to facilitate implementation of food-based policies (SDG Target 2.2, 2.4, 2.9) (AU A1, G1, P2, T4, T5) - 3.5.4 Establish regular surveillance and monitoring of the food environment, including overweight and obesity in the population across all age groups (SDG Target 2.4) (AU A1, G1, P2, T4, T5) - 3.5.5 Ensure the formulation of a well-planned awareness creation and advocacy strategy against poor food consumption habits and the consumption of unwholesome foods, especially by children (SDG Target 2.1, 2.2) (AU A1, G1, P2, T4, T5) - 3.5.6 Develop and disseminate dietary guidelines (SDG Targets 2.1, 2.2, 2.4.c, 12.3) - 3.5.7 Include fish consumption as a major component of the School Feeding Programme nation-wide (SDG Target 2.1, 2.2) - 3.5.8 Institute mechanisms including trade policy to promote sustainable food system and healthy diets (SDG Target 2.3,) - 3.5.9 Ensure stable and sustainable availability, access and utilisation of food within the framework of climate change (SDG Targets 2.4, 2.5) - 3.5.10 Develop food provisioning policies to instruct implementation of healthy food services in Government-funded settings, especially the School Feeding Programme (SDG Target 2.1, 2.2) (AU A1, G1, P2, T4, T5) - Implementing and collaborating agencies: - MOFA, MoFAD, Fisheries Commission, MoTI, GSA, MOE/SHEP, MoGCSP, ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR1 - MESTI/CSIR, MOH/FDA, MSWR, Academia, CSOs, DPs, NMIMR, FBOs, MLGDRD, MMDAs, Private Sector, MoF - Identified problems from source: - Increase in the consumption of ultra-processed and convenience foods - Triple burden of malnutrition - Infant, adolescent and adult malnutrition - Declining rate of exclusive breastfeeding - Inadequate food and nutrition education - Prevalence of hunger - High level of micro-nutrient deficiencies in women of reproductive ages - Increase in obesity and diet related NCDs --- ### 3.6 Promote nutrition specific and sensitive programmes and interventions ### 3.6 Nutrition interventions, breastfeeding, fortification, and legal measures - Policy actions: - 3.6.1 Promote the consumption of indigenous varieties of plant and animal source foods (SDG Target 2.1, 2.2) (AU A1, G1, P2, T4, T5) - 3.6.2 Sensitize and educate the public on health benefits of farmed fish consumption (SDG Target 2.2) (AU A1, G1, P2, T4, T5) - 3.6.3 Adopt strategies to reduce infant and adult malnutrition including scaling up proven, high-impact cost-effective, nutrition-sensitive, and nutrition-specific interventions (SDG Target 2.1, 2.2) (AU A1, G1, P2, T4, T5) - 3.6.4 Promote the first 1000 days concept (SDG Target 2.1, 2.2) (AU A1, G1, P2, T4, T5) - 3.6.5 Ensure strong and sustained environment and resources for breastfeeding promotion and protection and promote Infant and Young Child Feeding including early initiation, exclusive and two years of breastfeeding; enforce legislation on breast milk substitutes promotion and the fortification of foods rich in iron and vitamin A (SDGs Targets 2.2, 3.1, 3.2) (AU A1, G1, P2, T4, T5) - 3.6.6 Implement comprehensive strategies for addressing anaemia, wasting and stunting (SDGs Targets 2.2, 3.1, 3.2) (AU A1, G1, P2, T4, T5) - 3.6.7 Improve nutrition outcomes among adolescent girls and women in their reproductive age (SDG Target, 2.1, 2.2) - 3.6.8 Promote iodisation and appropriate fortification of selected foods with micronutrients and address related bottlenecks (SDGs Targets 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2) (AU A1, G1, P2, T4, T5) - 3.6.9 Promote healthy diets and lifestyles for all including workplace fitness (SDG Target 2.1, 2.2, 3.4) (AU A1, G1, P2, T4, T5) - 3.6.10 Integrate school-based food systems transformation and nutrition security education in the basic and senior school curriculum (SDG Targets 2.1, 2.2) (AU A1, G1, P2, T4, T5) - 3.6.11 Promote nutrition education and sensitization (SDG 2.1, 2.2) (AU A1, G1, P2, T4, T5) - 3.6.12 Revise existing national labour law to ensure that workplaces are provided with facilities that support breastfeeding (SDG 2.1, 2.2) (AU A1, G1-P2-T4, T5; G3 -P1-T3) - 3.6.13 Amend existing Labour Law to extend maternity leave to be in line with ILO recommendations (Maternity Protection Convention, 2000 (No.183)) of at least 18 weeks (SDGs Target 2.1, 3.1, 3.2) (AU A1- G1-P2-T4, T5; G3 -P1-T3) - 3.6.14 Provide funding for nationally relevant research on nutrition and NCDs including food borne diseases (SDG Target 2.2, 3.4, 3.d) - 3.6.15 Support complementary feeding programmes and enhance quality of children’s diets (SDGs Targets 2.2,3.1, 3.2) - 3.6.16 Strengthen early-warning and emergency preparedness systems and processes for food systems and nutrition security (SDGs Targets 3.d) (AU-A1-G3 -P1-T7) - 3.6.17 Strengthen national and local capacities for the formulation and implementation of nutrition specific and sensitive interventions (SDG Target 2.4, 16.6) (AU-A1-G3 -P1-T7) - 3.6.18 Ensure responsible investments and action by the private sector in promoting nutritious foods (SDG Target 2.d) (AU-A1-G3 -P1-T7) - 3.6.19 Sensitize fishers on the country’s fisheries laws and enforce the laws (SDGs 14.4) - 3.6.20 Establish and promote well-functioning farmer-based organizations (FBOs) by fishers and fish farmers (SDG Target 14.4) - Implementing and collaborating agencies: - MoFA, GSA, MELR - MOH/GHS/FDA, MOE, MLGDRD, MOGCSP, NADMO, MoFAD, Fisheries Commission, MoTI, MSWR - ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR1 - Noted systemic constraint: - Inadequate mainstreaming of nutrition into the health sector --- ### 3.7 Integrate nutrition into Universal Health Coverage ### 3.7 Strengthening health system delivery of nutrition services - Policy actions: - 3.7.1 Scale up and strengthen integration and implementation of Essential Nutrition Actions (ENAs) into the primary health care (PHC) system including preventive, promotion and palliative services (rehabilitative services; growth monitoring; dietary supplementation; immunization; control of use of alcohol, tobacco and harmful substances) - 3.7.2 Equip all district hospitals and CHPS compounds with anthropometric equipment and therapeutic foods to detect early and manage severe and moderate acute malnutrition (SDGs Target 2.1, 3.8, 3.c) - 3.7.3 Build capacities for nutrition service delivery especially in rural areas by equipping all district hospitals and CHPS compounds to provide clinical and non-clinical nutrition services (SDGs Target 2.1, 2.1, 2.2, 16.6, 3.8, 3.c) (AU A1, G3, P1, T1, T7) - 3.7.4 Strengthen and address operational bottlenecks, commodity security and integration to support expansion of the Girls’ Iron and Folic Acid Tablets Supplementation (GIFTS) program (SDG Target 2.2,) (AU A1, G3, P1, T1, T7) - 3.7.5 Transition from iron and folic acid to multiple micronutrient supplementation for pregnant women (SDG Target 2.2, 3.1) (AU A1--G3-P1-T1, T7) - 3.7.6 Strengthen and expand the Micronutrient Powder Initiative (SDG Target 2.2, 3.1) (AU-A1-G3-P1-T1, T7) - 3.7.7 Implement actions to strengthen routine vitamin A supplementation of children and improve data capture and reporting (SDG Target 2.2, 3.2) (AU A1, G3, P1, T1, T7) - Implementing and collaborating agencies: - MOH/GHS, MOTI, GSS, Academia, MoH, MOFA, MESTI/CSIR, MoF - ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR1 - Identified systemic weaknesses in source: - Weak nutrition-sensitive planning and programming - Weak food systems and nutrition institutional framework and coordination - Weak M&E of food systems transformation and nutrition security - Inadequate funding of the food systems and nutrition sector - Inadequate food systems and security research, data and information Systems - Gaps in coordination among sectors that address the underlying causes of malnutrition - Weak enforcement of fishery laws - Poor access to land and water by fisherfolks (land given out to property developers) --- ### 3.8 Improve Food Systems and Nutrition Governance ### 3.8 Governance, financing, data, and accountability actions - Policy actions: - 3.8.1 Sensitize policy makers and politicians to strengthen high-level political will and commitment for resilient and sustainable food systems transformation (SDG Target 2.2, 16.6) (AU A1, G3, P1, T7) - 3.8.2 Develop and implement a strategy and legal framework for food systems and nutrition governance (SDG Target 2.2, 16.6) (AU A1, G3, P1, T7) - 3.8.3 Strengthen Food Systems Transformation and Nutrition Security multi-sectoral platform and actions at all levels (SDG Target 2.2, 16.6) (AU A1, G3, P1, T7) - 3.8.4 Institute sustainable mechanisms for funding food systems transformation and nutrition at all levels (SDG Target 2.2, 16.6) (AU A1, G3, P1, T7) - 3.8.5 Provide adequate funding for food systems transformation and nutrition security research including food safety and integrate sector information management systems (SDG Target 17.18) (AU A1, G3, P1, T7) - 3.8.6 Improve knowledge management to support the development, financing, implementation and tracking of country action plans (SDG Target 16.6, 17.18) (AU A1, G3, P1, T7) - 3.8.7 Conduct data needs assessment on food systems and nutrition security and fill the gaps to strengthen accountability (SDG Target 16.6, 17.18) (AU A1, G3, P1, T7) - 3.8.8 Strengthen M&E and accountability systems including budget tracking for food systems and nutrition (SDG Target 16.6, 17.18) (AU A1, G3, P1, T7) - 3.8.9 Strengthen partnerships for nutrition action (SDG Target 16.6, 17.18) (AU A1, G3, P1, T7) - Implementing and collaborating agencies: - GSS, Academia, MoH, MOFA, NDPC, MESTI/CSIR, MoF - ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR4 *Source: 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf - 3.4 Ensure food (from the provided IMF content).* ### APPENDIX I ### APPENDIX I ### Migration (Focus area within Goal: Create Opportunities for All) - Key issues: - and limited coherence in migration-related laws - Increased influx of immigrants - Weak diaspora engagement - Insufficient structures for reintegration of return migrants - Inadequate comprehensive, accurate and timely migration data - Strategies / Policy objectives: - 4.7.6 Promote reciprocal relationships with the diaspora for socio-economic development (SDG Targets 10.7, 17.16) - 4.7.7 Create enabling environment for return and reintegration of Ghanaian migrants (SDG Target 10.7) - 4.7.8 Develop and enforce legal and regulatory framework for migration (SDG Targets 8.8, 10.7) - 4.7.9 Regulate and monitor the entry, residence, employment and exit of immigrants (SDGs Target 10.7) - 4.8 Strengthen migration data and information management systems (SDG Target 17.18) ### Focus Area 5: Reducing Poverty and Inequality - Key issues: - Slow rate of decline poverty across geographical areas and among different population groups - Slow rate of decline in monetary poverty - High incidence of multi-dimensional poverty - High poverty among vulnerable households including those with disabilities - Persistent income disparity across socio-economic groups and geographical areas (regions and ecological zones) - Strategic objectives and actions: - 5.1 Eradicate poverty and address vulnerability to poverty in all forms and dimensions - 5.1.1. Promote fair and balanced allocation of national resources to ensure balanced development across geographical areas and socio-economic groups (SDG Targets 1.4, 10.2, 10.3) - 5.1.2. Strengthen the institutional capacity to reduce poverty and mitigate vulnerability to shocks (SDG Target 16.6) - 5.1.3. Enforce the complementarity of existing social protection interventions through effective referral systems (SDGs Target 1.3, 1.5, 10.2) - 5.1.4. Implement active labour market policies to mitigate job and income losses (SDGs Targets 1.3, 8.8) - 5.1.5. Strengthen income support schemes to workers affected by health and non-health shocks (natural and man-made) (SDGs Targets 1.3, 8.8) - 5.1.6. Establish an emergency fund to support vulnerable groups (SDGs Targets 1.3) - 5.1.7. Implement the recommendations of the National Multidimensional Poverty Report for Ghana (SDGs 1.2, 17.15) - 5.1.8. Implement active labour market policies to mitigate job and income losses (SDGs Targets 1.3, 8.8) - 5.1.9. Strengthen income support schemes to workers affected by health and non-health shocks (natural and man-made) (SDGs Targets 1.3, 8.8) - 5.1.10. Strengthen institutional capacity to mitigate vulnerability to shocks (SDGs Targets 1.3, 8.8, 16.6) - 5.1.11. Promote a sustained emergency funds to support vulnerable groups (SDGs Targets 1.3, 8.8) - 5.2 Reduce income disparities within and across socio-economic groups and geographical areas - 5.2.1. Expand economic opportunities and infrastructural development in rural areas, deprived zones and regions (SDG Targets 9.1, 11.a) - 5.2.2. Accelerate the implementation of the Ghana local economic development (LED) policy and private sector participation across the country (SDG Targets 17.5, 17.17) - 5.2.3. Strengthen development authorities to promote equitable distribution of growth (SDGs Target 16.6) - 5.2.4. Encourage inclusive tax policies to protect the poor (SDGs Targets 1.3, 11.a) - Implementing / collaborating agencies (selected): - GSS, GHS, MOGCSP, MOF, MLGDRD, Dept. Of Social Welfare, Parliamentary Select Committee on Poverty, MELR, NCPD, Development Authorities, NADMO - Global/regional linkages: - ECOWAS–P5/ SOB5/SOR3 ### Focus Area 6: Water and Environmental Sanitation - Key issues: - High default rate in payment of water bills - Inadequate maintenance of facilities - High distribution losses - Inadequate access to water services - Physical barriers to accessing water supply points by PWDs - Increasing demand for household water supply - Damage of routes - Weak planning and M & E for water service delivery at the MMDAs - Weak institutional coordination and harmonisation in water service delivery - Inconsistencies and conflicts in implementation of legislation regulating decentralised water systems - Poor quality of drinking water - Inadequate financing and investments of water sector institutions - Strategic objectives and actions: - 6.1 Improve access to safe, reliable and sustainable water supply services for all - 6.1.1. Implement measures to prevent and eliminate system and commercial losses (SDG Targets 6.4, 6.b) - 6.1.2. Develop and implement District Water and Sanitation Plans (DWSPs) within MMDAs (SDG Targets 6.1, 16.6) - 6.1.3. Ensure the provision of disability friendly water supply system (SDGs Target 6.1, Target 6.1) - 6.1.4. Provide mechanised boreholes and small-town water systems to unserved areas (SDGs Target 6.1, Target 6.1) - 6.1.5. Expand safe water production and distribution systems (SDG Targets 6.1, 6.4, 6.5) - 6.1.6. Strengthen the implementation of cluster support programme for water and sanitation point Management (SDGs Target 6.1, Target 6.1) - 6.1.7. Harmonise the implementation of legislation regulating decentralised systems (SDG Targets 6.1, 16.6, 17.14) - 6.1.8. Accelerate the implementation of the Ghana Drinking Water Quality Management Framework (SDG Target 6.3, 6.5, 6.a) - 6.1.9. Promote Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage (HWTS (SDG Targets 6.3, 6.5) - 6.1.10. Accelerate the implementation of the Water for All Programme (SDG Target 6.1) - 6.1.11. Set up mechanisms and measures to support, encourage and promote water harvesting (SDG Target 6.a) - 6.1.12. Institute sustainable financing arrangements for operations and maintenance of water supply systems (SDG Targets 6.a, 17.3) - 6.1.13. Promote public-private partnership in water service delivery. (SDG Targets 6.a, 17.17) - 6.2 Enhance access to improved and sustainable environmental sanitation services - 6.2.1. Scale-up sensitization campaigns to promote proper handwashing and hygiene practices particularly among children (SDGs Target 6.2) - 6.2.2. Use health, education, nutrition platforms to promote optimal WASH practices (SDG Targets 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2) - 6.2.3. Enforce building regulation (including accessibility standards for PWDs) on the provision of toilet facilities in all homes - 6.2.4. Develop innovative financing mechanisms and scale up private sector participation and investments in the sanitation sector (SDG Targets 6.2, 17.3, 17.5) - 6.2.5. Promote National Total Sanitation Campaign (SDG Target 6.2) - 6.2.6. Accelerate the implementation of the “Toilet for All” programme (SDG Targets 6.1, 6.2) - 6.2.7. Monitor and evaluate implementation of sanitation plan (SDG Target 16.6) - 6.2.8. Operationalize the sector information system (SIS) across all MMDAs (SDGs Target 6.a, 6.b) - 6.2.9. Establish a National Sanitation Authority and Sanitation Fund (SDGs Target 6.a, 6.b) - 6.2.10. Effectively enforce legislation on zoning of sanitation facilities (SDGs Target 6.a, 6.b) - 6.3 Promote efficient and sustainable waste water management - 6.3.1. Develop and implement sewerage masterplans, including faecal sludge management and waste treatment facilities (SDG Targets 6.2, 6.3, 16.6) - 6.3.2. Promote recycling and safe re-use of wastewater (SDG Targets 6.3, 6.a, 12.5) - 6.3.3. Promote the use of efficient waste-to-energy technologies (SDG Targets 6.3, 7.1, 12.5) - 6.3.4. Attract private sector investment in wastewater management (SDG Target 17.17) - 6.3.5. Improve liquid waste management (SDG Targets 6.3, 6.a, 6.b) - Implementing / collaborating agencies (selected): - MSWR, Water and Sanitation Directorate, CWSA, CONIWAS, MMDAs, Ghana Water Company, Water Resources Commission, FDA, PURC, MLGRD, OHLGS, NCPD - Ministry of Sanitation and Water Resources, GWCL, Water Resources Commission, MLGRD, CWSA - Ministry of Sanitation and Water Resources, Water Resources Commission, Water Research Institute, MMDAs, CERSGIS, SADA, EPA, LUSPA, MESTI, MLGRD, CWSA, GIPC, PEF - Global/regional linkages: - ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR4; ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR3; AU 3 ### Focus Area 7: Child Protection and Development - Key issues: - Policy gaps in addressing pertinent child protection issues (e.g., streetism, kayayei and child online safety) - Limited access to justice for children in conflict with the law - Limited number of child protection committees in local communities - Prevalence of child abuse and child labour - Increasing child rights violations - Limited awareness on children rights and development issues - Inadequate alternative care services for children - Inadequate coverage and targeting of social protection programmes for children - Lack of emergency response framework for children - Institutional and structural deficiencies - Weak information management of children’s issues - Uncoordinated methods in adequately targeting children for social protection interventions - Weak enforcement of laws, child related regulations and rights of children - Weak implementation of policies on children - Strategic objectives and actions: - 7.1 Prevent and protect children from all forms of violence, abuse, neglect and exploitation - 7.1.1. Develop and implement multi-sectoral plans of action to address issues of “streetism”, kayayei and other neglected conditions (SDG Targets 8.7, 16.2) - 7.1.2. Implement and enforce comprehensive support mechanisms, including counselling, for victims of domestic violence including child victims (SDGs Target 1.3) - 7.1.3. Improve online protection for children (SDGs Target 1.3) - 7.1.4. Increase awareness on the effects of child labour (SDGs Target 8.7) - 7.1.5. Review and implement the National Plan of Action for the Elimination of Worst forms of Child Labour (SDG Targets 5.3, 16.2, 16.3) - 7.1.6. Operationalize the Ghana Child Labour Monitoring System (GCLMS) (SDGs Target 8.7) - 7.1.7. Institute child protection committees in all communities (SDGs Target 1.3, 16.2) - 7.1.8. Establish, refurbish and resource juvenile and family courts (SDGs Target 1.3) - 7.1.9. Develop standard operating procedures for correctional centers and existing remand homes and enforce compliance (SDGs Target 8.7) - 7.1.10. Train State Attorneys, Police Prosecutors, Judges and relevant institutions mandated to prosecute child protection issues (SDGs Target 8.7) - 7.1.11. Establish child friendly centres in all communities (SDGs Target 1.3) - 7.2 Promote the rights and welfare of children - 7.2.1. Promote positive cultural systems, traditions and gender-sensitive practices. - 7.2.2. Promote positive parenting and gender socialisation (SDGs Target 1.b) - 7.2.3. Promote public-private partnerships in the provision of alternative care services such as foster and kinship care (SDGs Target 1.b) - 7.2.4. Build capacity of the Adoption Authority and other key stakeholders to coordinate in-country and inter-country adoption of children in Ghana (SDGs Target 1.3) - 7.2.5. Enhance the inclusion of children with disability and special needs in all spheres of child development (SDG Targets 4.5, 4.a, 10.2, 11.2) - 7.2.6. Scale up District Integrated Social Services Programmes for children (especially multi-dimensionally poor), families and vulnerable adults (SDG Target 10.2) - 7.2.7. Update and accelerate the implementation of the Early Childhood Care and Development Policy (SDGs Target 1.2, 4.2) - 7.2.8. Develop and implement policies and legislation for child survival, development and protection. - 7.2.9. Develop and implement a comprehensive framework for children and adolescents in emergency situations (SDGs Target 1.2, 4.2) - 7.3 Improve and strengthen the policy and legal environment, institutions and systems for child and family welfare - 7.3.1. Strengthen regulatory, multi-sectoral coordination and M&E systems (SDG Targets 5.c, 16.2) - 7.3.2. Strengthen the Department of Social Welfare and Community Development to implement child related policies and regulations (SDG Targets 16.2, 16.6) - 7.3.3. Strengthen mainstreaming of child development and protection issues into development plans and budgets of MDAs and MMDAs (SDG Targets 5.c, 16.2) - 7.3.4. Facilitate children’s participation in development planning processes - 7.3.5. Expand coverage of the Social Welfare Information Management System (SWIMS) to all districts (SDG Target 17.18) - 7.3.6. Strengthen growth monitoring, promotion, support and referral of children with developmental needs (SDG Targets 5.c, 16.2) - Implementing / collaborating agencies (selected): - MOGCSP, DOC, MOC, MOE, NCPD, MLGRD, MMDAs, LGS, NDPC, DSW, DOVVSU, Academia, CSOs, MOF, DCD, Traditional Authorities, Religious Institutions, NCCE, Ghana Police Service, Ghana Prisons Service, Judicial Service, Legal Aid Scheme, FBOs, media - Global/regional linkages: - UNCRPD, SDG 1, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 17; AU 1,18; ECOWAS–P2/ SOB2/SOR3; ECOWAS–P5/ SOB5/SOR3 ### Focus Area 8: Support for the Aged - Key issues: - Unexplored opportunities to harness the experiences of the aged to contribute to national development - Inadequate care for the aged - Low gender sensitivity in addressing the needs of the aged - Abuse of the aged particularly women - Lack of regulation on aged home operations - Increasing abuse and neglect of older persons - High incidence of poverty among the aged - Chronic age-related health conditions - Poor geriatric care - Lack of coverage of population aged 60 - 69 in the exempt category of the NHIS - Strategic objectives and actions: - 8.1 Enhance the wellbeing and inclusion of the aged in national development - 8.1.1. Facilitate the passage and implementation of the National Ageing Bill (SDG Target 16.6) - 8.1.2. Establish a Senior expert service to harness the experiences of the aged to contribute to national development - 8.1.3. Create a database on the aged to support policy making, planning, monitoring and evaluation (SDG Target 17.18) - 8.1.4. Implement measures to ensure economic well-being of the aged (SDG Targets 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.b, 10.2, 16.6) - 8.1.5. Promote socially supportive community care systems for the aged (SDG Targets 1.3, 1.b, 5.4) - 8.1.6. Promote the establishment of safe spaces, day care centres and homes for the elderly and effectively regulate their operations (SDG Target 11.7) - 8.1.7. Pay adequate attention to gender variations in ageing (SDG Targets 5.1, 5.c) - 8.1.8. Strengthen the quality of the geriatric healthcare system (SDG Targets 3.4, 3.7, 3.8, 3.a, 4.2, 5.6) - 8.1.9. Promote quality geriatric healthcare for the aged (SDG Targets 3.4, 3.7, 3.8, 3.a, 4.2, 5.6) - 8.1.10. Review NHIS policy aged 60-69 (SDG Targets 5.3) - Implementing / collaborating agencies (selected): - MOGCSP, NCPD, MOH/GHS, MLGDRD, MMDAs, NDPC, NGOs, CSOs, Private Aged Homes, NPRA, SSNIT, Parliament, NHIA, CHAG, NCCE, TAs, DSW, Media - Global/regional linkages: - SDG 3; ECOWAS–P5/ SOB5/SOR3 ### Focus Area 9: Gender Equality - Key issues: - Weak institutional infrastructure for gender equality - Negative discriminatory socio-cultural, traditional beliefs and customary practices - Sexual and gender-based violence - Poor coordination of support services for Sexual-Based Gender Violence (SGBV) - Low participation of women in public and political offices - High Unpaid Care Work (UCW) burden on women and girls - Inadequate attention to the peculiar needs of women with disabilities - Poor legal aid services and limited knowledge of service delivery points - Inadequate strategic gender partnerships - Low labour earnings by females - Limited access to land, credit and other productive resources by women - Disparities in asset ownership among men and women - Strategic objectives and actions: - 9.1 Attain gender equality and equity in political and social development - 9.1.1. Expedite the passage and implementation of the Affirmative Action (Gender Equality) Bill (SDG Target 5.c) - 9.1.2. Review and update the National Gender Policy and implementation plan (SDG Target 5.c) - 9.1.3. Enforce gender related laws (SDG 5.2) - 9.1.4. Implement measures to promote reform in socio-cultural norms and values inhibiting gender equality (SDG Targets 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 10.2) - 9.1.5. Increase education and advocacy on SGBV and other harmful cultural practices (SDG Targets 4.5, 4.7, 5.c) - 9.1.6. Develop and enforce an Anti-Sexual Harassment law (SDG Targets 5.2) - 9.1.7. Institute measures to sensitise, empower and build capacities of women to participate in leadership and decision making at all levels (SDG 5.5) - 9.1.8. Promote gender balance on all Government-appointed committees, statutory boards and other bodies (SDG Targets 5.1, 5.5, 5.c) - 9.1.9. Expand programmes to mentor girls and create a pool of potential female leaders (SDG Targets 5.1, 5.c) - 9.1.10. Enforce the Labour (Domestic Workers) Regulations 2020 (L.I. 2408) (SDG Target 5.4) - 9.1.11. Provide adequate social services and public facilities to support care work. (SDG Targets 5.4, 11.7) - 9.1.12. Develop and implement a National Care Policy (SDG Targets 5.6) - 9.1.13. Institutionalise the measurement of Unpaid Care Work and include its contributions in national accounts (SDG Targets 5.4) - 9.1.14. Address special issues and concerns of women with disability (WWDs) (SDG Targets 5.c, 10.2) - 9.1.15. Enhance and create awareness of legal aid services (SDG Targets 5.1, 5.a) - 9.1.16. Strengthen existing and advocate for the creation of more gender partnerships and coordination among gender-based service providers (SDG Targets 5.c, 17.18) - 9.1.17. Improve access to education, health, and skills training in income-generating activities for vulnerable women including head porters (kayayei) (SDG Targets 3.8, 4.5) - 9.1.18. Empower Girls and Women with disabilities to prevent and respond to gender-based violence - Implementing / collaborating agencies (selected): - Ministry of Chieftaincy and Religious Affairs (MCRA), National House of Chiefs, MOJAGD, MOGCSP, MELR, Parliament, MOE, GES, National Council on Persons with Disability, MLGDRD, Labour Department, Media, NCCE, DSW - Global/regional linkages: - Target 3.4; ECOWAS–P5/ SOB5/SOR3 *Source: APPENDIX I.* ### 9.2 Promote ### 9.2 Promote economic empowerment of women ### Measures and objectives - 9.2.1. Institute measures to protect women’s access, participation and benefits in all labour-related issues (SDG Targets 1.4, 5.a, 8.5, 8.8) - 9.2.2. Enforce legislation to ensure fair pay, conditions of service, and promotions in both formal and informal economy among men and women (SDG Targets 8.8, 10.4) - 9.2.3. Support the skilling of young women’s pathways into conventional trades (SDGs Target 4.4, 4.7) - 9.2.4. Promote services that contribute to increasing income, women's empowerment, and the transformation of gender relations in the extractive industry (SDGs Target 1.a, 2.3, 5.b, 5.c, 10.1, 10.2) - 9.2.5. Increase technical and financial support to women-owned businesses and start-ups (SDGs Target 2.3, 5.a, 8.3, 8.10, 9.3) - 9.2.6. Introduce interventions to ensure women have equal access to land and other assets (SDG Targets 1.4, 5.a) - 9.2.7. Encourage women in all forms of trades/professions to participate in associations to facilitate their access to information and other support services (SDG Targets 1.4, 5.c) ### Implementation and responsible actors - MLNR, MLGRD, MoF, MASLOC, MOTI, MELR, MOJAGD, Parliament, Lands Commission, Ministry of Chieftaincy and Religious Affairs, MoGCSP, private sector, NGOs - GEA, AGI, Labour Department ### Identified constraints and cross-cutting issues - Low participation of women in the extractive industry - Inadequate generation and use of gender statistics - Inadequate coordination, monitoring and evaluation of gender mainstreaming - Inadequate training for Gender Desk Officers - Inadequate gender budgeting at all levels of governance - Inadequate Government funding --- ### 9.3 Strengthen gender mainstreaming, coordination and implementation of gender related interventions in all sectors. ### Strategic actions - 9.3.1. Intensify an effective system for gender research, generation and use of gender statistics for planning, budgeting, monitoring and evaluation (SDGs Target 17.8) - 9.3.2. Develop capacities of relevant stakeholders for effective gender mainstreaming (SDGs 5.a,5.c) - 9.3.3. Establish effective coordination and monitoring mechanisms for gender mainstreaming (SDGs Target 1.b, 5.5, 5.c) - 9.3.4. Strengthen social accountability for gender equality (SDGs Target 5.c) - 9.3.5. Ensure proper decentralisation of the functions of the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection (MoGCSP). - 9.3.6. Institute a framework for establishing and resourcing Gender Desk Officers at all levels - 9.3.7. Strengthen gender-responsive budgeting and (SDG Target 5.c) ### Implementation and responsible actors - MOGCSP, DSW, MLGRD, NDPC, MOF, NCPD, Academia, CSOs, MDAs, OHLGS *Source: 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf - 9.2 Promote* ### 13.2 Eliminate ### 13.2 Eliminate ### Policy objectives and specific measures for Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) - 13.2.1. Facilitate the enactment and effective implementation of disability-based non-discriminatory laws (SDG Targets 10.3, 16.3, 16.b, 16.6) - 13.2.2. Build the capacity of law enforcement agencies on the protection of rights and entitlement of PWDs (SDG Targets 10.3, 16.3, 16.6) - 13.2.3. Amend the Legal Aid Act and facilitate access to justice by persons with disability (SDG Targets 10.3, 16.3, 16.b, 16.6) - 13.2.4. Sensitize the general public on the rights and entitlements of persons with disabilities and build the capacity of parents and caregivers of children with disabilities (CRPD Article 23) - 13.2.5. Comprehensive harmonization of existing policies and legislations of Ghana in line with the CRPD - 13.2.6. The signing and ratification of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Africa ### Implementing and collaborating agencies (as listed) - MoGCSP, DSW, traditional authorities, NCCE, MoI, MoH, GHS, NMC, NYA, MOJAGD, Parliament, GES, MoF, MDAs, MMDAs, TAs, NGOs, DCD, media and other stakeholders, NPRA, SSNIT ### Global/regional linkages and normative frameworks - SDG links: SDG 1, 4, 8, 10; specific SDG Targets cited per measure (e.g., 10.3, 16.3, 16.b, 16.6) - CRPD references: CRPD Article 23 - Regional/organizational references: ECOWAS–P5/SOB5/SOR3 (as presented) ### Key issues identified (excerpted) - Limited understanding of disability issues - Limited access of Persons with Disabilities to justice - Limited and unstructured consultation and involvement of PWDs in decision making - Inadequate representation of PWDs in public and political leadership - Inadequate accessible, user-friendly facilities and materials, and disability-friendly voting procedures - Limited provision of inclusive services by sectors --- ### 13.3 Promote participation of Persons with Disabilities in politics, electoral democracy, governance and leadership ### Policy objectives and specific measures - 13.3.1. Provide an enabling environment for PWDs to effectively and fully participate in national development. (SDG Targets 10.2, 16.7; CRPD Art 29(2)) - 13.3.2. Institute measures to strengthen political inclusion of persons with disabilities in national governance systems (SDG Targets 10.2, 16.7) - 13.3.3. Enforce the affirmative action directive to appoint at least one PWD to all Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies (MMDAs) - 13.3.4. Increase the participation of persons with disabilities in the decision-making process including women and girls with disabilities - 13.3.5. Build the capacity of PWDs to participate effectively in governance and democracy including politics and electoral processes (SDG Targets 10.2, 16.7; CRPD Art 29(1)) - 13.3.6. Enable all categories of PWDs to vote by secret ballot in elections and public referendums without intimidation and using assistive and new technologies where appropriate (CRPD Article 29a (ii.)) ### Implementing and collaborating agencies (as listed) - EC, NCCE, NCPD, GFD, GPS ### Global/regional linkages and normative frameworks - SDG links: SDG Targets 10.2, 16.7 (explicit); general references to SDG 11, 16, 17 in table context - CRPD references: CRPD Art 29(1), CRPD Art 29(2), CRPD Article 29a (ii.) - Regional reference: ECOWAS–P1/SOB1/SOR1 ### Key issues identified (excerpted) - Implementation and enforcement of legislation on PWDs - Limited disaggregated data on PWDs for formulation, profiling, targeting, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and plans - Inadequate resources for the National Council on Persons with Disability to carry out its mandate - Inadequate provision of inclusive services by sectors --- ### 13.4 Strengthen institutions and systems that ensure the protection, inclusion and capacity building of Persons with Disabilities ### Policy objectives and specific measures - 13.4.1. Expedite action on the amendment and implementation of the Persons with Disability Act 2006 (Act 715) (SDG Targets 1.3, 1.4, 16.3, 16.b) - 13.4.2. Update and migrate data on PWDs into a disaggregated database to facilitate planning, implementation and M&E of all policies, programmes and projects (SDG Target 17.18) - 13.4.3. Assess and resource the National Council on Persons with Disability (NCPD) with adequate and skilled staff and other requirements to perform its functions effectively (SDG Target 16.6) - 13.4.4. Decentralise the National Council on Persons with Disability to coordinate issues of disability (SDG Target 16.6) - 13.4.5. Facilitate the provision of inclusive services by all sectors (SDG Targets 4.a) - 13.4.6. Develop, adopt and effectively implement a protocol for targeting and handling Persons with Disabilities during crises and conflicts - 13.4.7. Build the capacity of Organizations of Persons with Disabilities ### Implementing and collaborating agencies (as listed) - National Council on Persons with Disability (NCPD) (explicitly mentioned), AU 1, 2, 13, 17, 20; ECOWAS–P5/SOB5/SOR3 (as presented) ### Global/regional linkages and normative frameworks - SDG links: SDG Targets 1.3, 1.4, 4.a, 16.3, 16.6, 17.18 (explicit) - AU and ECOWAS references as listed in table ### Key issues identified (excerpted) - Limited provision of inclusive services by sectors - Low levels of technical and vocational skills in related labour sections (contextual linkage in adjacent focus areas) - Inadequate resources and capacity constraints at NCPD --- ### Cross-cutting employment and inclusion measures (selected items linked to PWDs in adjacent sections 14.x) - 14.1.1 Strengthen and promote schemes that support skills training, internship and modern apprenticeship (SDG Targets 8.3, 8.6) - 14.2.8 Promote entrepreneurship and financial support for persons with disabilities (SDG Target 8.3) - 14.2.9 Facilitate equal opportunities for men, women and persons with disability (SDG Target 8.5) - 14.2.10 Adopt and implement an employment equity policy for PWDs (SDG Target 8.5) - 14.2.15 Enhance the employability of persons with disability by facilitating their full inclusion in the digital space ### Implementing agencies and linkages for employment measures (as listed) - MELR, Labour Department, Department of Factories Inspectorate, FWSC, MDPI, NVTI, YEA, ICCS, OIC, NPRA, COTVET, NDPC; GEA, NDPC (for specific PWD employment measures) - UNCRPD, Agenda 2030, AU 2063, SDG 3, 5, 16, 17; ECOWAS–P4/SOB4 referenced in table context --- *Agenda for Jobs II: Creating Prosperity and Equal Opportunity for All | 2022-2025 — Appendix I (sections 13.2–13.4 and adjacent employment links as presented in the source)* ### 3.1 Promote ### 3.1 Promote sustainable water resources development and management ### Strategic actions and policy measures - 3.1.1 Harmonise and enforce legal and regulatory instruments for strategic development and use of water resources (SDG Targets 6.5, 17.14) (AU Target A1 G7 P4 T2) - 3.1.2 Implement protocols for developing and sharing transboundary water resources (SDG Targets 6.5, 16.8) (AU Target A1 G7 P4 T2) - 3.1.3 Promote efficient water use (SDG Targets 6.4, 6.5, 6.a) (AU Target A1 G7 P4 T2) - 3.1.4 Integrate water resources planning in national and sub-national development planning (SDG Targets 6.5, 15.9) (AU Target A1 G7 P4 T2) - 3.1.5 Strengthen regulatory regime for small-scale miners to protect water bodies (SDG Targets 6.3, 6.5, 6.6) (AU Target A1 G7 P4 T2) - 3.1.6 Implement the Clean Rivers Programme (CRP) nation-wide in collaboration with voluntary organisations and traditional leaders (SDG Targets 6.b, 16.6) (AU Target A1 G7 P4 T2) - 3.1.7 Intensify the protection of all major water bodies, tributaries and major treatment plants (SDG Targets 6.5, 6.6) (AU Target A1 G7 P4 T2) - 3.1.8 Explore and develop hydrogeological and groundwater base maps (SDG Targets 6.5, 6.6, 6.a, 6.b) (AU Target A1 G7 P4 T2) - 3.1.9 Enforce appropriate legislation to protect wetlands (SDG Targets 6.6, 15.1) (AU Target A1 G7 P2 T2) - 3.1.10 Regulate harvesting of wetland resources (SDG Targets 14.4, 14.6) (AU Target A1 G7 P2 T2) - 3.1.11 Strengthen involvement of local communities in management of wetlands (SDG Targets 6.b) (AU Target A1 G7 P2 T2) - 3.1.12 Increase investment in both hard and soft engineering control structures (SDG Targets 16.6, 17.17) (AU Target A1 G7 P1 T2) ### Implementation arrangements and institutional roles - Lead and collaborating institutions: MSWR, WRC, WRI, MMDAs, LUSPA, MESTI, Meteorological Authority, Hydrological Services Department, Energy Commission - Targeted Sustainable Development Goals: SDG 6, 14, 15, 16, 17 - African Union alignment: AU 1,3 - Regional linkage: ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR3 *Source: 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf - 3.1 Promote* ### APPENDIX I ### APPENDIX I ### Goal: Safeguard the Natural and Built Environment — Transport sector: Roads, Safety, Ports, Inland Water, Aviation, Rail - Key problems identified: - Rising road fatalities and injuries - Weak enforcement of road traffic regulations - High incidence of road accidents - Inadequate road furniture - Unauthorized construction/installation of speed ramps and rumble strips - Leakages in revenue collection systems - Slow response to road accidents and emergencies - Inadequate acute emergency care services - Inadequate infrastructure for emergency response - Limited Institutional Capacities - Road infrastructure and safety strategies and policy objectives (preserve numbering and targets): - 8.1.16 Develop and maintain secure online database for all categories of transport infrastructure (SDG Target 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T1 & 2) - 8.1.17 Promote the introduction of appropriate technology and innovations in public transport services (SDG Target 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T1 & 2) - 8.1.18 Enforce planning regulations, the Ghana Building Code GS1207 and bye laws of MMDAs (SDG Target 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T1 & 2) - 8.2 Enhance safety and security for all categories of road users - 8.2.1 Incorporate pedestrian safety facilities in planning, design, construction and maintenance of road infrastructure (SDG Targets 3.6, 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T1 & 2) - 8.2.2 Ensure an effective and efficient system to reduce fraudulent practices, revenue leakage, and guarantee efficient and speedy service delivery (SDG Targets 3.6, 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T1 & 2) - 8.2.3 Develop adequate technical know-how to efficiently and effectively manage road transport service delivery (SDG Targets 3.6, 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T1 & 2) - 8.2.4 Promote dedicated safe, reliable and appropriate facilities for Non-Motorised Transport (NMT) users (SDG Targets 3.6, 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T1 & 2) - 8.2.5 Maintain and free-up all existing NMT facilities from encroachment (SDG Targets 3.6, 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T1 & 2) - 8.2.6 Establish emergency facilities for accident victims along major transport corridors (SDG Targets 3.6, 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T1 & 2) - 8.2.7 Strengthen acute emergency care services involving pre-hospital (e.g., ambulance services) and hospital emergency services (SDG Targets 3.6, 3.d 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T1 & 2) - 8.2.8 Enhance capacity for prompt removal of accident and broken-down vehicles (SDG Targets 3.6, 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T1 & 2) - 8.2.9 Improve road furniture (street lighting, road markings and road signage etc.) (SDG Targets 3.6, 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T1 & 2) - 8.2.10 Enhance institutional capacity and coordination for effective emergency response (SDG Targets 3.6, 9.1, 11.2, 16.6) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T1 & 2) - 8.2.11 Establish a well-resourced emergency centre in each district (SDG Targets 3.6, 3.6, 3.d 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T1 & 2) - 8.2.12 Review road regulations to meet international environmental, security and safety standards, and codes of practice (SDG Targets 3.6, 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T1 & 2) - 8.2.13 Enforce national road traffic laws and regulations (SDG Targets 3.6, 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T1 & 2) - 8.2.14 Ensure the provision of Intelligent traffic management systems (SDG Targets 3.6, 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T1 & 2) - Ports and maritime sector: problems and strategies - Problems: - Inadequate infrastructure and facilities at existing sea ports - Congestion at the ports - Inadequate institutional capacity in the maritime industry - Strategies: - 8.3 Improve capacity and efficiency of port operations - 8.3.1 Ensure full compliance with Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Code (SDG Targets 3.6, 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A1 G6 P2 T2) - 8.3.2 Accelerate implementation of existing ports and harbours master plans (SDG Targets 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A1 G6 P2 T2) - 8.3.3 Ensure efficiency and competitiveness in seaport operations (SDG Targets 9.1, 9.a, 11.2) (AU Target A1 G6 P2 T2) - 8.3.4 Promote private sector participation in the development and management of seaport facilities (SDG Targets 9.1, 9.a, 11.2, 17.17) (AU Target A1 G6 P2 T2) - 8.3.5 Strengthen institutional capacity to regulate the maritime industry (SDG Targets 9.1, 9.a, 11.2, 16.6) (AU Target A1 G6 P2 T2) - 8.3.6 Expand berthing facilities at the seaports to support sub-regional coastal marine transport (SDG Targets 3.6, 9.1, 9.a, 11.2) (AU Target A1 G6 P2 T2) - 8.3.7 Develop integrated truck staging and management systems (SDG Targets 9.1, 9.a, 11.2) (AU Target A1 G6 P2 T2) - 8.3.8 Promote containerization, especially for supporting intermodal logistics (SDG Targets 9.1, 9.a, 11.2) (AU Target A1 G6 P2 T2) - 8.3.9 Expedite the development of Boankra Inland Port (SDG Targets 9.1, 9.a, 11.2) (AU Target A1 G6 P2 T2) - 8.3.10 Provide modern port reception facilities to promote cruise tourism (SDG Targets 8.9, 9.1, 9.a, 11.2) (AU Target A1 G6 P2 T2) - Inland water transport (Volta Lake) - Problem highlights: - Under-utilisation of Lake Volta’s potential transportation services - Limited safety facilities - Unsafe inland water transport services - Insufficient institutional and capacity and logistics to effectively regulate waterways - Low quality of local informal transport service on the Volta Lake - Strategies: - 8.4 Develop and promote inland water transport system - 8.4.1 Develop Volta Lake into a major transportation artery (SDG Targets 9.1, 9.a, 11.2) (AU Target A1 G6 P2 T2) - 8.4.2 Develop and ensure strict enforcement of regulations and standards for operation on inland waterways (SDG Targets 3.6, 9.1, 9.a, 11.2) (AU Target A1 G6 P2 T2) - 8.4.3 Establish an efficient multimodal logistics system (SDG Targets 9.1, 9.a, 11.2) (AU Target A1 G6 P2 T2) - 8.4.4 Implement Government policy to transport bulk cargo via the Volta Lake (SDG Targets 9.1, 9.a, 11.2) (AU Target A1 G6 P2 T2) - 8.4.5 Develop safe and navigable routes along the Volta Lake and all identified inland water transport systems (SDG Targets 3.6, 9.1, 9.a, 11.2) (AU Target A1 G6 P2 T2) - 8.4.6 Improve landing, terminal and warehousing facilities along the lake (SDG Targets 9.1, 9.a, 11.2) (AU Target A1 G6 P2 T2) - 8.4.7 Promote the use of modern, safe, sustainable materials and technology in the construction of local boats and vessels (SDG Targets 3.6, 9.1, 9.a, 11.2) (AU Target A1 G6 P2 T2) - Aviation sector: problems and strategies - Problems: - Absence of a national carrier - Inadequate infrastructure at regional airports - Inadequate inter-modal facilities and aviation support services - Absence of Aviation Master Plan - High fees and charges - Strategies: - 8.5 Position Ghana as the aviation hub for West African sub-region - 8.5.1 Re-establish a Home-Based Carrier (SDG Targets 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T3) - 8.5.2 Enhance compliance, safety and security of air transport services (SDG Targets 11.2, 17.9) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T3) - 8.5.3 Accelerate the development of an integrated transport system (SDG Targets 11.2, 16.6) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T3) - 8.5.4 Update the Aviation Policy and develop an Aviation Master Plan (SDG Targets 9.1, 11.2, 16.6) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T3) - 8.5.5 Collaborate with the private sector to develop and upgrade airport infrastructure in the regions (SDG Targets 11.2, 17.17) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T3) - 8.5.6 Create an enabling environment for foreign and domestic private airlines to make full use of the nation’s route rights (SDG Targets 17.16, 17.17) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T3) - 8.5.7 Promote programmes to restore passenger confidence and reliefs for airlines and commercial stakeholders in the aviation industry (SDG Targets 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T3) - 8.5.8 Build an aviation maintenance hub in Kumasi (SDG Targets 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T3) - Rail sector: problems and strategies - Problems: - Limited and poor rail network - Poor and unreliable services - Limited implementation of railway master plan - Ineffective regulatory regime - Low integration of rail network with other modes of transport - Strategies: - 8.6 Modernise and extend railway network - 8.6.1 Revamp and expand rail network to northern Ghana (SDG Targets 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T2) - 8.6.2 Accelerate implementation of the railway master plan (SDG Targets 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T2) - 8.6.3 Integrate railways in the Tema-Mpakadan-Buipe multi-modal transport system to the north (SDG Targets 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T2) - 8.6.4 Improve passenger and freight transport and logistics Chain on the Ghana-Burkina Railway corridor (SDG Targets 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T2) - 8.6.5 Develop integrated light rail transit system in major urban areas to improve public transportation. (SDG Targets 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T2) - 8.6.6 Integrate rail transport with other modes to ensure a sustainable transport system (SDG Targets 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T2) - 8.6.7 Develop associated infrastructure for improved railway services (SDG Targets 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T2) - 8.6.8 Create a well-functioning and self-financed regulatory body for the railway sector (SDG Targets 9.1, 11.2, 16.6) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T2) - 8.6.9 Develop the Ghana-Burkina Faso Railway Interconnectivity project to improve the Passenger and freight transport and logistics Chain on the corridor (SDG Targets 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T2) - 8.6.10 Develop Ghana’s section of the Trans-ECOWAS Railway line from Aflao to Elubo to boost trade and facilitate economic growth in West Africa (SDG Targets 9.1, 11.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T2) --- ### Focus Area 9: Information Communication Technology Development - Key problems identified: - Poor access to broadband services - Poor Quality of Services (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) in ICT - Limited use of ICT in businesses and provision of public services - Weak online data protection - Low promotional drive on ICT policies - Difficulty with maintenance of imported technologies - Inadequate local content online and in the deployment of ICT solutions - Inadequate local capacity - Inadequate ICT infrastructure across the country - Inability to catch up with technological changes in the ICT domain - Low number and competence in ICT skills across the public sector - High cost of ICT infrastructure development and service - Inadequate resources for implementing Girls-in-ICT Initiative - Inadequate infrastructure to support localized services - Objectives and strategies (preserve numbering and targets): - 9.1 Enhance application of ICT in national development - 9.1.1 Position the country as a regional ICT hub (SDG Target 9.c) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T5) - 9.1.2 Mainstream ICT in public sector operations (SDG Target 17.8) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T5) - 9.1.3 Improve telecommunications affordability and accessibility (SDG Targets 9.c, 17.8) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T5) - 9.1.4 Create opportunities for entrepreneurship in ICT (SDG Targets 9.c, 17.8) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T5) - 9.1.5 Increase citizens’ access to data platforms (SDG Targets 9.c, 17.18) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T5) - 9.1.6 Collaborate with the private sector to increase the broadband, bandwidth and speed of connections nationwide (SDG Target 17.17) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T5) - 9.1.7 Accelerate investment in development of ICT infrastructure (SDG Target 17.17) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T5) - 9.1.8 Improve the quality of ICT services, especially internet and telephony (SDG Target 9.c) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T5) - 9.1.9 Accelerate implementation of identification coding schemes for landed properties and online tracking services for registered properties (SDG Target 16.10) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T5) - 9.1.10 Improve security of access and use of ICT infrastructure and services (SDG Target 9.c) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T5) - 9.1.11 Enhance the implementation of the Data Protection Act, 2012 (Act 843) (SDG Target 9.c) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T5) - 9.1.12 Enhance technology transfer, in-service training and capacity building for local ICT personnel (SDG Target 9.c) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T5) - 9.2 Expand the digital landscape - 9.2.1 Build an integrated national ICT digital infrastructure (SDG Target 9.c, 10.2.2) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T5) - 9.2.2 Provide regulatory framework to use national ICT infrastructure as a platform for e-Government services (SDG Targets 9.c, 17.14) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T5) - 9.2.3 Create a favourable environment to promote e-commerce and offline cashless payments (SDG Target 10.5) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T5) - 9.2.4 Deepen internet availability and accessibility nationwide (SDG Target 9.c, 16.10) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T5) - 9.2.5 Promote business process outsourcing and IT enabled services including innovation hubs and software applications’ development (SDG Targets 9.c, 16.10) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T5) - 9.2.6 Ensure adequate digital capability to support production and use of ICTs for development (SDG Targets 9.c, 16.10) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T5) - 9.2.7 Promote the establishment of ICT parks across the country (SDG Targets 9.c, 17.8) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T5) - Implementing institutions listed in the source for 9.1: MoCD, NITA, NCA, GIFEC, NIA, MMDAs, MoTI, CERSGIS, MESTI, Data Protection Authority, National Cyber Security Centre --- ### Focus Area 10: Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) - Key problems: - Limited utilization of relevant research outputs - Limited collaboration between public research institutions and businesses on product, service and process innovation - Inadequate funding for research and development - Inadequate large-scale modern foundry-based manufacturing - Inadequate knowledge and skills in precision engineering - Objectives and strategies: - 10.1 Mainstream science, technology and innovation in all socio-economic activities - 10.1.1 Apply science, technology and innovation in the implementation of policies, programmes and projects (SDG Target 17.8) (AU Target A1 G2 P1 T1-4) - 10.1.2 Scale up investments in research and development to find local solution to challenges (SDG Targets 9.5, 9.b, 17.17) (AU Target A1 G2 P1 T1-4) - 10.1.3 Promote an enabling environment for strong partnership with research institutions, academia and industry (SDG Targets 17.16, 17.17) (AU Target A1 G2 P1 T1-4) - 10.1.4 Promote the establishment of foundry-based manufacturing and precision machine tooling, using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer numerical control (CNC) systems (SDG Targets 9.4, 9.5. 9.c) (AU Target A1 G2 P1 T1-4) - 10.1.5 Ensure transfer of knowledge and technology between foreign and local companies (SDG Target 17.8) (AU Target A1 G2 P1 T1-4) - 10.1.6 Adopt and master technologies such as Nanotechnology and Fibre optics (SDG Target 17.8) (AU Target A1 G2 P1 T1-4) - Implementing institutions listed in the source for 10.1: MDAs, MMDAs, MESTI, CSIR, MoE, GES, NCTE --- ### Focus Area 11: Energy and Petroleum - Key problems: - Limited financial viability of the energy sector - High cost of electricity generation - Weak regulatory enforcement - Unreliable power supply - Low involvement of private capital in the power sector - Low contribution of renewable energy in power generation mix - Low utilisation of biofuels for energy - High generation cost of renewable energy - High dependence on wood fuel - Inadequate infrastructure for energy delivery - Inadequate and obsolete grid network - Poor energy utilization - Inadequate supply of gas - Management, technical and financial challenges - Limited grid network to island communities - Objectives and strategies: - 11.1 Ensure availability of clean, affordable and accessible energy - 11.1.1 Restructure and strengthen the management of hydro plants (SDG Target 7.b) (AU Target A1 G7 P6 T2) - 11.1.2 Develop a thermal Insulation Market (SDG Target 9.1) (AU Target A1 G7 P6 T2) - 11.1.3 Strengthen independent power producers (IPPs) and other private sector institutions involvement in the generation and distribution of power (SDG Target 17.17) (AU Target A1 G7 P6 T2) - 11.1.4 Promote the production and use of renewable energy (SDG Targets 7.2, 7.a) (AU Target A1 G7 P6 T2) - 11.1.5 Promote the use of solar energy for all public and private buildings (SDG Targets 7.2, 7.3, 7.a) (AU Target A1 G7 P6 T2) - 11.1.6 Accelerate replacement of kerosene lanterns with solar lanterns (SDG Targets 7.2, 7.a) (AU Target A1 G7 P6 T2) - 11.1.7 Develop, implement and maintain a safe, secure and sustainable nuclear power programme (SDG Targets 7.3, 7.a) (AU Target A1 G7 P6 T2) - 11.1.8 Review the self-help electrification project (SHEP) and use means testing approaches to enable the poor to connect to the national grid (SDG Targets 1.4, 7.1) (AU Target A1 G7 P6 T2) - 11.2 Promote an efficient transmission and distribution system - 11.2.1 Modernise transmission and distribution networks to reduce operational inefficiencies in energy supply and distribution (SDG Targets 7.3, 7.a, 7.b) (AU Target A1 G7 P6 T2) - 11.2.2 Expand the distribution and transmission networks (SDG Target 7.b) (AU Target A1 G7 P6 T2) - 11.2.3 Support and intensify sub-regional power interconnectivity under West African Power Pool (WAPP) (SDG Targets 7.a, 7.b) (AU Target A1 G7 P6 T2) - 11.2.4 Expand the provision of mini-grids to lakeside and island communities (SDG Targets 7.a, 7.b) (AU Target A1 G7 P6 T2) - Implementing institutions and cross-cutting SDG/AU linkages are listed in the source for energy: MoEn, EC, TOR, PURC, GRIDCo, ECG, NED, VRA, BPA, GNPC, PEF, NPA, PC; SDG 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17; AU1, 6, 7, 9, 10, 20; ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR3 *APPENDIX I — AGENDA FOR JOBS II: CREATING PROSPERITY AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR ALL | 2022-2025* ### 11.3 Improve financial ### 11.3 Improve financial capacity and sustainability of utility companies ### Energy sector financial restructuring and procurement - 11.3.1 Implement an energy sector financial restructuring and recovery plan. (SDG Target 7.a) (AU Target A1 G7 P6 T2) - 11.3.2 Institute mechanism to ensure that all added capacities are acquired through open and competitive tender processes (SDG Targets 16.5, 16.6) (AU Target A1 G7 P6 T2) - ECOWAS–P3/ SOB3/SOR2 ### Ensure efficient utilisation of energy - 11.4.1 Promote demand-side management in energy utilization (SDG Targets 7.3, 7) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T4) - 11.4.2 Promote the use and design of energy efficient technologies in public and private buildings (SDG Targets 7.3, 7.a) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T4) - ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR4 ### Promote petroleum exploration — governance, legislation, and investment - 11.5.1 Improve infrastructure, governance, legislative and investment conditions in the petroleum sector (SDG Targets7.a, 7.b) - 11.5.2 Promote Ghana as a hub for petroleum operations in West Africa sub-region (SDG Targets 7.a, 8.9) - ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR4 - 11.5.3 Accelerate the development of a legislative instrument for Petroleum Exploration and Production Act, 2016 (Act 919) (SDG Target 9.b) - 11.5.4 Strengthen the bidding process in the award of petroleum blocks for exploration and production to make it more competitive (SDG Targets 16.5, 17.17) - 11.5.5 Accelerate the reconnaissance exploration programme in the Voltaian basin (SDG Target 9.b) - 11.5.6 Enhance collaboration and coordination among petroleum sector institutions (SDG Target 16.6) - 11.5.7 Ensure adherence to the Petroleum Revenue Management Act, 2011 (Act 815) (SDG Target 9.b) ### Develop and use indigenous capabilities; financial sector support - 11.6.1 Develop local capability in all aspects of the oil and gas value chain (SDG Target 8.3) - 11.6.2 Enforce the Petroleum (Local Content and Local Participation) Regulations, 2013 (LI 2204) especially, the Financial Services Guidelines (SDG Targets 8.3, 10.5,16.6) - 11.6.3 Promote education and skills enhancement initiatives to manage the petroleum sector (SDG Target 16.6) - 11.6.4 Expand capital and risk capacity of financial system to support energy-driven based industries (SDG Targets 8.10, 10.b, 17.3, 17.16) - ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR4 ### Leverage oil and gas industry for national development and access - 11.7.1 Promote the use of gas in strategic industries and public transportation (SDG Target 9.4) - 11.7.2 Mobilise domestic capital to invest in petroleum products storage capacity and operations (SDG Targets 7.a, 8.10, 17.3, 17.17) - 11.7.3 Extend petroleum bulk transportation and distribution infrastructure nationwide (SDG Target 7.b) - 11.7.4 Facilitate universal access to adequate, reliable and cost-effective petroleum products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (SDG Target 7.1) - 11.7.5 Promote value addition in the oil and gas industry (SDG Target 8.2) - 11.7.6 Ensure efficient management and utilisation of oil and gas revenue (SDG Targets 10.5, 16.5, 16.6) - ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR4 ### Minimise potential environmental impact of the oil and gas industry - 11.8.1 Ensure compliance with applicable laws and international standards for environment, health and safety in the oil and gas sector (SDG Targets 11.6, 12.4, 12.6) - 11.8.2 Implement key recommendations from strategic environmental assessment for both onshore and offshore oil and gas developments (SDG Targets 14.2, 14.3) - 11.8.3 Intensify community education on co-existence of oil and gas with fishing industries (SDG Targets 12.8, 14.a) - ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR3 *Source: 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf - 11.3 Improve financial* ### 1.1 Deepen ### 1.1 Deepen Democratic Governance ### Major policy objectives and strategies - 1.1.1 Strengthen the three arms of Government and promote the effective separation of powers (SDG Target 16.6; AU A3-G12-P1-T1, A4-G15-P1-T1) - 1.1.2 Strengthen independent governance institutions to perform their functions effectively (SDG Target 16.6; AU A3-G12-P1-T1; ECOWAS Protocol Art. 23) - 1.1.3 Accelerate the implementation of the Constitutional Review Committee’s recommendations (SDG Target 16.6; AU A3-G11-P1-T2) - 1.1.4 Accelerate the implementation of electoral reforms (SDG Targets 16.6, 16.7; AU A3-G11-P1-T2; ECOWAS supplementary protocol Art.1) - 1.1.5 Orient the security services to make them more responsive to the demands of democratic processes (SDG Targets 16.6, 16.10; ECOWAS supplementary protocol Art. 17,19) - 1.1.6 Intensify public education on electoral laws and processes (SDG Target (SDG Target 16.10; AU A3-G12-P1-T1) - 1.1.7 Promote the ownership of development processes and transparency at the local level (SDG Target 16.6,7; AU A3-G12-P1-T1) - 1.1.8 Strengthen the capacity of Parliament to exercise oversight on Government finances and implementation of policies and programmes (SDG Targets 16.a, 16.6;) - Implementing/Collaborating agencies: Parliament, NDPC, CHRAJ; Parliament, CHRAJ, NCCE, NMC, EC, NALAG, MLGDRD, ILGS, RCC, MMDAs, DACF, MoF - Global/regional linkages: SDG 16; AU 11, 12,15; ECOWAS–P2/ SOB2/SOR1 ### Focus Area 2: Local Governance and Decentralisation — Key issues - Inadequate consultations on election of MMDCEs - Weak implementation of political and administrative decentralisation - Poor service delivery at the local level - Weak capacity of local Government staff - Ineffective sub-district structures - Weak coordination of administrative functions - Poor coordination in preparation and implementation of development plans - Deepening and widening participation on development and MMDAs activities at the grassroots - Poor linkage between planning and budgeting at national, regional and district levels - Weak spatial planning capacity at the local level - Inadequate exploitation of local opportunities for economic growth and job creation - Limited capacity and opportunities for revenue mobilization - Inadequacy of and delays in central Government transfers - Weak revenue generating capacity of MMDAs - Significant decrease in capital expenditure - Poor coordination in preparation and implementation of development plans - Limited involvement of the public in expenditure tracking ### 2.1 Deepen political and administrative decentralization — strategies and agencies - 2.1.1 Ensure the election of District Chief Executives (DCEs) and formalise performance appraisals of MMDCEs (SDG Targets 16.7, 16.8, 16.a; ECOWAS Protocol Art. Art. 23) - 2.1.2 Resolve discrepancies in inter-district boundary demarcation (SDG Target 16.1; AU A4-G13-P1-T1; ECOWAS Protocol Art. 13,14,15,16) - 2.1.3 Strengthen sub-district structures (SDG Targets 16.6; AU A4-G13-P1-T1) - 2.1.4 Institute mechanism for effective inter-service/inter-sectoral collaboration and cooperation at district, regional and national levels (SDG Targets 16.6, 16.7; AU A3-G12-P1-T1) - 2.1.5 Strengthen capacity of the Institute of Local Government Studies to deliver on its mandate (SDG Targets 16.6; AU A3-G12-P1-T1) - 2.1.6 Accelerate the implementation of the Local Government (Departments of District Assemblies) (Commencement) Instrument, 2009 (LI 1961) (SDG Targets 16.6, 16.7) - 2.1.7 Strengthen regional structures in support of devolution of powers (SDG Targets 16.6, 16.a; ECOWAS Protocol Art. Art. 23) - 2.1.8 Improve service delivery at MMDA level (SDG Targets 16.6, 16.a; ECOWAS Protocol Art. Art. 23) - Implementing/Collaborating agencies: MLGRD, NALAG Institute of Local Government Studies Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Regional Integration District Assemblies Common Fund, Local Government Service, NCCE - Global/regional linkages: SDG 16,17; AU 11, 12,13; ECOWAS–P2/ SOB2/SOR1 ### 2.2 Improve decentralised planning — strategies and agencies - 2.2.1 Strengthen local capacity for spatial planning (SDG Targets 16.7, 17.9; AU A3-G12-P1-T1) - 2.2.2 Create enabling environment for implementation of Local Economic Development (LED) and Public-Private Partnership (PPP) policies at the district level (SDG Targets 17.14, 17.17; AU A3-G11-P1-T1; ECOWAS Protocol Art. Art. 23) - 2.2.3 Strengthen the implementation of planning and budgeting provisions in LI 2232 and the Public Financial Management Act 2016 (Act 921) (SDG Targets 16.5, 16.6, 16.a; AU A3-G11-P1-T1) - Implementing/Collaborating agencies: NDPC, MLGRD, NALAG Institute of Local Government Studies MMDAs, RCCs, District Assemblies Common Fund, Local Government Service, NCCE - Global/regional linkages: SDG 16,17; AU 11,12; ECOWAS–P2/ SOB2/SOR1 ### 2.3 Strengthen fiscal decentralization — strategies and agencies - 2.3.1 Enhance revenue mobilisation capacity of MMDAs (SDG Targets 16.6, 17.1; AU A1-G4-P1-T1) - 2.3.2 Strengthen PPPs in IGF mobilisation (SDG Targets 17.16, 17.17) - 2.3.3 Implement the Inter-Governmental Fiscal Framework (IGFF) and Inter-Governmental Fiscal Transfers (IGFT) (SDG Targets 16.5, 16.6, 16.a) - 2.3.4 Pass the Municipal Finance Bill (SDG Target 17.3) - 2.3.5 Enhance financial capacities of regional and district administrations (SDG Targets 16.6, 16.a, 17.3) - Implementing/Collaborating agencies: MoF, MLGRD, IAA, MDAs, NALAG, Institute of Local Government Studies, MMDAs, RCCs, District Assemblies Common Fund, Local Government Service, NCCE - Global/regional linkages: SDG 16, 17; AU 11,12, 20; ECOWAS–P3/ SOB3/SOR2 ### 2.4 Improve popular participation — strategies and agencies - 2.4.1 Promote effective stakeholder involvement in development planning process, local democracy and accountability (SDG Target 16.7, 11.3; ECOWAS Protocol Art. Art. 23) - 2.4.2 Promote ownership of development process and transparency at the local level SDG Target 16.6,7 - 2.4.3 Build the capacity of civil society organisations (SDG Targets 16.7, 17.17) - 2.4.4 Strengthen the People’s Assembly concept to encourage citizens to participate in governance (SDG Target 16.7) - Implementing/Collaborating agencies: MLGRD, MMDAs, CSOs, NGOs and related institutions - Global/regional linkages: SDG 16, 17; AU 11, 12; ECOWAS–P1/ SOB1/SOR1 ### Focus Area 3: Public Accountability — key issues - Weak coordination and commitment to the implementation of NACAP - Weak sanctions regime inherent within the PAC - Low public interest in public institutions - Limited demand for accountability at the local level - Limited involvement of the public in expenditure tracking ### 3.1 Deepen transparency and public accountability — strategies and agencies - 3.1.1 Strengthen systems and structures for ensuring transparency and accountability in the management of public funds (SDG Targets 16.5, 16.6, 16.a) - 3.1.2 Strengthen the sanctions regime inherent in public accountability mechanisms (SDG Targets 16.5, 16.6, 16.a; AU A4-G13-P1-T1) - 3.1.3 Promote public interest in performance monitoring reports of public institutions (SDG Targets 16.6, 16.7; AU A3-G11-P1-T2) - 3.1.4 Expand opportunities for public information and initiatives in accountability (SDG Targets 16.6, 16.7; ECOWAS Protocol Art. 13,14,15,16; Convention A/P. 1/7/92 of 29 July 1992 and Convention A/P. 1/8/94 of 06 August 1994) - 3.1.5 Enhance participatory budgeting, revenue and expenditure tracking at all levels (SDG Targets 16.6, 16.7; AU A3-G12-P1-T1) - 3.1.6 Strengthen feedback mechanisms in public service delivery (SDG Targets 16.6, 16.7; ECOWAS Protocol Art. Art. 23) - 3.1.7 Accelerate enactment of the broadcasting law (SDG Target 16.10) - 3.1.8 Strengthen partnership with the media to enhance cohesion on national issues (SDG Targets 16.10, 17.14, 17.17; AU A3-G11-P1-T2; ECOWAS supplementary protocol Art.1) - Implementing/Collaborating agencies: Public Accounts Committee, IAA, NCCE, CHRAJ; Ministry of Information, Council of State, Peace Council, NMC, GJA, media houses, PRINPAG - Global/regional linkages: SDG 16, 17; AU 11, 12, 13; ECOWAS–P1/ SOB1/SOR1 ### Focus Area 4: Public Institutional Reform — key issues - Overlapping functions among public sector institutions - weak enforcement and low compliance with PSC legislations by public sector agencies - Limited modernisation and use of technology in public sector - Significant decreases in capital expenditure overtime - Undue interference in the functioning of public sector institutions - Inefficiencies in public service delivery - Weak linkage between performance and pay administration in the public service - Poor human resource planning - Poor record keeping ### 4.1 Build an effective and efficient Government machinery that support citizens’ participation — strategies and agencies - 4.1.1 Improve coordination to address conflicting mandates of public sector institutions (SDG Targets 16.a, 17.14; AU A4-G13-P1-T1) - 4.1.2 Implement a Client Service Charter for public institutions (SDG Targets 16.7, 16.a) - 4.1.3 Modernise public service institutions to improve leadership, efficiency productivity and delivery (SDG Targets 16.6, 16.a, ECOWAS supplementary protocol Art.1) - 4.1.4 Empower citizens to demand quality public services (SDG Targets 16.6, 16.7; AU Target A3-G12-P1-T1) - 4.1.5 Ensure implementation of the Public Sector Reform Strategy (SDG Target 16.b; ECOWAS Protocol Art. Art. 23) - 4.1.6 Implement comprehensive HR payroll system and database (SDG Targets 16.5, 16.6; AU A3-G12-P1-T1) - 4.1.7 Improve documentation within the public sector (SDG Targets 16.6, 16.10, 16.a; AU A3-G12-P1-T1) - 4.1.8 Develop and implement a comprehensive human resource strategy (SDG Target 8.3; AU A3-G11-P1-T1) - Implementing/Collaborating agencies: PSC, PSRS OHCS, FWSC, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Regional Integration, PRAAD, MoC, NITA/AITI - Global/regional linkages: SDG 8, 16,17; AU 11,12,13; ECOWAS–P1/ SOB1/SOR1 ### Focus Area 5: Public Policy Management — key issues - Limited involvement of non-state actors in public policy formulation process - Weak coordination of the development planning system - Lack of a comprehensive database on public policies - Ineffective M&E on implementation of development policies and plans - Inadequate financial resources - Inconsistencies in the format and content of policies formulated - Weak research capacity of MDAs and MMDAs - weak capacity in development policy formulation ### 5.1 Enhance capacity for policy formulation and promote coordination of the development process — strategies and agencies - 5.1.1 Implement national policy guidelines to streamline public policy formulation (SDG Target 17.14, ECOWAS supplementary protocol Art.1) - 5.1.2 Strengthen the implementation of development plans (SDG Targets 16.6, 17.9; ECOWAS supplementary protocol Art.1; ECOWAS Protocol Art. Art. 23) - 5.1.3 Strengthen the capacity of public institutions to undertake policy analysis, development planning, monitoring and evaluation, macro-econometric modelling and forecasting (SDG Target 17.9; AU A3-G12-P1-T1; ECOWAS supplementary protocol Art.1; ECOWAS Protocol Art. Art. 23) - 5.1.4 Strengthen capacity of research and statistical information management systems of MDAs and MMDAs (SDG Targets 16.6, 17.19) - 5.1.5 Intensify the use of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) in public policy processes, plans and programmes (SDG Targets 11.6, 16.6; AU A1-G6-P1-T1) - 5.1.6 Deepen political party participation in national development (SDG Targets 16.7) - Implementing/Collaborating agencies: PSC, OHCS, FWSC, MFARI, PRAAD, MoC, NITA/AITI - Global/regional linkages: SDG 1, 11, 16, 17; AU 6,12; ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR1 ### 5.2 Additional policy actions - 5.2.1 Expedite hosting of the legislative and policy almanac (SDG Target 17.14; AU A3-G13-P1-T1) - 5.2.2 Ensure the implementation of Long-Term Development Frameworks (SDG Target 1.b; ECOWAS supplementary protocol Art.1; ECOWAS Protocol Art. Art. 23) - 5.2.3 Strengthen the relationship between the national development planning system and budgeting processes (SDG Target 17.14; ECOWAS supplementary protocol Art.1; ECOWAS Protocol Art. Art. 23) ### Focus Area 6: Human Security and Public Safety — key issues - Inadequate equipment and infrastructure - Politicisation of the security services - Weak professionalism - Inadequate capacity to combat emerging crimes - Incidence of Cybercrime and cyber-insecurity - Weak collaboration among security agencies - Weak relations between citizens and law enforcement agencies - Inadequate personnel - Overcrowding in custodial facilities and inadequate rehabilitation centres - Poor prison conditions - Abuse of human rights by security personnel - High rate of recidivism - Growing youthful population - Rising general inequality - Increasing levels of crime (including drug related crimes) - Inadequate community and citizen involvement in public safety - Weak monitoring and regulation of private security firms - Proliferation of small arms - Incidence of ethnic clashes, violent demonstrations, armed robberies and sexual and gender-based violence - Threat of terrorist and violent extremist attacks, succession - Threat of activities of vigilante groups and kidnappings ### 6.1 Enhance security service delivery — strategies and agencies - 6.1.1 Promote world-class security services with modern infrastructure and equipment (SDG Targets 16.6, 16.a; AU A4-G13-P1-T1) - 6.1.2 Build capacity for surveillance and intelligence sharing within the security service (SDG Target 16.7) - 6.1.3 Develop a comprehensive framework to enhance professionalism within the security services (SDG Target 16.6) - 6.1.4 Ensure increased technical and financial support to institutions that manage gender-based violence cases (SDG Target 5.a) - 6.1.5 Enhance community-based approaches to safety and security, especially in border areas (SDG Target 16.a) - 6.1.6 Promote competitive remuneration to enable the security services to attract the best personnel (SDG Targets 16.6, 16.a) - 6.1.7 Ensure efficiency and transparency in recruitment processes of the security services (SDG Targets 16.6, 16.a; AU A3-G12-P1-T1) - 6.1.8 Improve maritime surveillance and security by strengthening partnership between maritime, police and the Navy to tighten security in Ghana’s inland and territorial waters (SDG Targets 16.1, 16.2, 16.4, 16.6) - 6.1.9 Improve relations between law enforcement agencies and the citizenry (SDG Targets 16.7, 16.10) - 6.1.10 Increase the proportion of security personnel on frontline duties (SDG Targets 16.6, 16.a) - 6.1.11 Introduce non-custodial sentences, and enhance custodial facilities and rehabilitation centres (SDG Targets 16.1, 16.3, 16.10, 16.b; AU A4-G13-P1-T1) - Implementing/Collaborating agencies: Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Interior, National Security, Judiciary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Regional Integration, Office of the President, NCCE, GAF, GNFS, GPS, PS, GIS, NACOB, National Peace Council, National Commission for Small Arms, Parliament, MMDAs, traditional authorities, religious bodies, Prisons Service - Global/regional linkages: SDG 16, 5; AU 11,12, 13; ECOWAS–P1/ SOB1/SOR2 ### 6.2 Enhance public safety — strategies and agencies - 6.2.1 Promote effective re-integration of ex-convicts (SDG Target 3.5, 16.1, 16.3, 16.10) - 6.2.2 Implement a robust and comprehensive anti-narcotics and crime policy (SDG Target 3.5, Convention A/P. 1/7/92 of 29 July 1992 and Convention A/P. 1/8/94 of 06 August 1994, ECOWAS Protocol Art.22 (3), ECOWAS supplementary protocol Art.1) - 6.2.3 Strengthen and coordinate institutions dealing with drug trafficking (SDG Targets 16.6, 16.a; AU A4-G13-P1-T1; ECOWAS supplementary Protocol Art.1-supplementary Act /SA.1/07/13) - 6.2.4 Promote security awareness of the various communities (SDG Targets 16.1, 16.7, ECOWAS Protocol Art.22 (1) (2)) - 6.2.5 Enhance border management technology, infrastructure and institutional inspections (SDG Targets 9.1, 16.4, ECOWAS supplementary Protocol Art.1-supplementary Act /SA.1/07/13; ECOWAS Protocol Art.22 (1) (2)) - 6.2.6 Enhance national capacity for fire prevention, protection and fighting (SDG Targets 16.6, 16.a, ECOWAS protocol Art.22) - 6.2.7 Intensify regulation and monitoring of private sector involvement in the provision of internal security (SDG Targets 16.6, 16.a; ECOWAS Protocol Art.22) - 6.2.8 Facilitate marking of state and individual arms to enhance tracing of arms (SDG Target 16.4; AU A4-G13-P1-T1; ECOWAS Protocol Art.22) - 6.2.9 Develop and implement national policy on refugee management (SDG Targets 8.8, 10.7; ECOWAS Protocol Art.22 (1) (2)) - 6.2.10 Preserve the territorial integrity of Ghana and forestall external aggression (SDG Target 16.1) - 6.2.11 Strengthen multi-lateral cooperation and intelligence sharing with neighbouring countries to counter and prevent the threats of terrorism and violent extremism (SDG Target 16.a) - 6.2.12 Develop a national counter terrorism strategy in line with that of ECOWAS to enhance harmonization and synergy in prevention and mitigation of terrorists and violent extremist threats (SDG 16.a) - 6.2.13 Improve the capacity of security services in external peacekeeping operations (SDG Targets 16.1, 16.a; ECOWAS Protocol Art. Art. 22) - Global/regional linkages: SDG 3, 9, 8, 10, 16; AU 13; ECOWAS–P1/ SOB1/SOR1 ### Focus Area 7: Corruption and Economic Crimes — key issues (partial list) - Limited support for the implementation of anti-corruption strategies - High perception of corruption among public office holders and citizenry - Low transparency and accountability of public institutions - Misappropriation of funds by public office holders - Abuse of discretionary powers - Increase in and diversification of economic crimes including money laundering, tax evasion, cyber-crime *Source: 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf - 1.1 Deepen* ### 7.1 Promote the ### 7.1 Promote the fight against corruption and economic crimes ### Policy objectives and priority actions - 7.1.1 Ensure continued implementation of the National Anti-Corruption Action Plan (NACAP) (SDG Targets 16.5, 16.b; ECOWAS Protocol Art. 23) - 7.1.2 Undertake comprehensive institutional and legislative reforms including laws on appointments and confirmation of officers in acting capacity/positions (SDG Targets 16.6, 16. a; ECOWAS Protocol Art. 13,14,15,16; Convention A/P. 1/7/92 of 29 July 1992 and Convention A/P. 1/8/94 of 06 August 1994) - 7.1.3 Strengthen the Judiciary, Parliament, security services and other anti-corruption institutions to perform their functions effectively (SDG Targets 16.5, 16.a; AU A3-G12-P1-T1; ECOWAS Protocol Art. 23) - 7.1.4 Streamline delegated prosecutorial powers of the police and other agencies in the fight against corruption (SDG Target 16.a, 16.b; AU A4-G13-P1-T1) - 7.1.5 Develop effective systems to combat corruption and organised crimes (SDG Targets 16.5, 16.b; ECOWAS Protocol Art. 23) - 7.1.6 Implement an effective assets declaration regime (SDG Target 16.5; ECOWAS Protocol Art. 23) - 7.1.7 Undertake relevant legal amendments to make corruption a felony (SDG Targets 16.5, 16.b; ECOWAS Protocol Art. 23) - Continue operationalization of RTI Law (SDG Targets 16.5, 16.10; ECOWAS Protocol Art. 23) ### Identified challenges motivating the measures - Weak coordination and implementation of recommendations of Public Accounts Committee and other relevant institutions - High levels of alleged bribery scandals and corruption - Lack of effective cooperation among anti-corruption agencies to fight corruption - Lack of effective and sustained coordination - Low public sector wages - Increasing incidence and diversity of economic crimes ### Institutional and normative linkages - SDG alignment: SDG 12, 16 (specific targets cited in actions above) - African Union: AU 11, 12, 13 (referenced through AU action codes such as A3-G12-P1-T1, A4-G13-P1-T1) - ECOWAS: ECOWAS–P2/ SOB2/SOR2; multiple ECOWAS Protocol Articles cited including Art. 13, 14, 15, 16, 23, 28 and supplementary acts referenced in related sections *Source: 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf - 7.1 Promote the fight against corruption and economic crimes* ### APPENDIX I ### APPENDIX I ### Key issue: Diaspora engagement (Section 13.4) - Objective: Reposition the diaspora to contribute to national development for mutual benefit (13.4) - Findings / challenges: - Limited diaspora engagement and participation in national development - Policy objectives and strategies: - 13.4.1 Extend political, economic and social right of the diaspora (SDG Target 16.a) - 13.4.2 Ensure participation of Ghanaians abroad in national development (SDG Target 16.7; ECOWAS Protocol Art. 23) - 13.4.3 Implement the Diaspora Engagement Policy (SDG Target 16.7; AU A5-G16-P1-T1; ECOWAS Protocol Art. 23) - 13.4.4 Reposition Diaspora Affairs Bureau to effectively support the diaspora (SDG Target 16.6; AU A7-G19-P1-T1; ECOWAS Protocol Art. 23) - 13.4.5 Promote and protect the welfare of Ghanaians abroad (SDG Targets 17.6, 17.12, AU A3-G11-P1-T1; ECOWAS Protocol Art. 23) - 13.4.6 Attract and retain mutually beneficial and sustainable partnerships with Ghanaians in the Diaspora (SDG Targets 17.16, 17.17; ECOWAS Protocol Art. 23) - 13.4.7 Implement Representation of the People Amendment Act (ROPAA) (SDG Target 17.6, ECOWAS Protocol Arts. 13,14,15,16, 23) - 13.4.8 Create database of all Ghanaians outside Ghana linked to the national identification system (SDG Target 16.9, ECOWAS supplementary protocol Art.1) - 13.4.9 Enhance advocacy on implementation of the Dual Citizenship Law (SDG Targets 16.9, 16.3, 16.b, ECOWAS Protocol Arts. 13,14,15,16, 23) - 13.4.10 Create conducive environment for return and reintegration of Ghanaian emigrants into society (SDG Targets 16.9, 16.b; AU A7-G19-P1-T1; ECOWAS Protocol Art.28, Protocol A/P2/7/87 of 9 July 1987, Art.59) - Implementing / collaborating agencies: - MFARI, GIS, OoP, MINT, MoTAC, MoTI - Global / regional linkages: - SDG 16, 17 - AU 16,19 - ECOWAS–P3/ SOB3/SOR2 ### APPENDIX 1.5: Emergency planning and COVID-19 response — Focus Area 1: Hydrometeorological threats - Goal: Build resilience to withstand threats of different dimensions, including COVID-19 - Key findings / risks: - Incidence of natural disasters - Human induced disasters - Violation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) legislations - Inadequate knowledge on disasters - Weak legal and policy frameworks for disaster prevention, preparedness and response - Poor early warning systems - Poor physical planning - Poor drainage systems - Poor waste disposal practices - Unapproved and haphazard development - Delay in honouring payment certificates and non-payment of advance mobilization for the execution of flood control works. - Poor coordination among key institutions - Objective: Promote proactive planning and implementation for disaster prevention and mitigation (1.1) - Strategies: - 1.1.1 Strengthen early warning and response mechanisms for disasters (SDGs Target 3.d, 13.3) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 1.1.2 Support data gathering, preparation of hazards/ risk maps and sensitization on natural hazards and human induced disasters (SDGs Target 11.5) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 1.1.3 Promote construction of storm drains in cities and towns (SDG Targets 9.a, 11.3) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 1.1.4 Set up National Hydrology Authority to develop long-term solutions to flooding and the protection of inland and sea coastlines (SDGs Target 11.5, 11.b) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 1.1.5 Support the development and Implementation of national and local drainage plans to make cities and communities resilient (SDGs Target 11.5, 11.b) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 1.1.6 Develop monitoring mechanism for disaster prevention and mitigation plan (SDGs Target 11.5, 11.b) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 1.1.7 Ensure regular desilting of storm drains and rivers (SDGs Target 11.5, 11.b) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 1.1.8 Strengthen capacity of the National Disaster Management Organisation (NADMO) and other related institutions to perform functions more effectively (SDGs Target 11.5, 11.b, 16.6) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 1.1.9 Ensure synergies between post disaster support and mitigation plan (SDGs Target 11.5, 11.b) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 1.1.10 Promote construction of green buildings especially in cities (SDGs Target 11.5, 11.b) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 1.1.11 Monitor and regulate the activities of sand miners (SDGs Target 11.5, 11.b) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 1.1.12 Enforce legislation related to disaster risk reduction (DRR) (SDGs Target 11.5, 11.b) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 1.1.13 Mainstream disaster planning into development plans (SDGs Target 11.5, 11.b) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - Implementing / collaborating agencies: - GMA, NADMO, Earth Observation Research and Innovation Centre MWH, Parliament, Office of President, Research Institutions, MMDAs, Security Agencies, Traditional Authorities, Media, NCCE, ISD, MDAs, NDPC, EPA, MESTI, MLGDRD, CSOs, MOI, MMDAs - Global / regional linkages: - Priority 1, 2 and 4 of Sendai Framework DRR and SDGs - ECOWAS–P3/ SOB3/SOR3 ### Focus Area 2: Geological threats - Key findings / risks: - Limited awareness and education on earthquakes and their associated risks - Limited seismic hazard monitoring stations - Non-functioning seismic monitoring equipment - Weak enforcement of building and seismic codes - Limited knowledge in the design and construction of earthquake-resistant structures - Inadequate maps for earthquake prone zones/areas - Limited presence of assessment monitoring stations at the local level - Objective: Minimize Ghana’s geological threats (2.1) - Strategies: - 2.1.1 Intensify public education on earthquake awareness and pre-disaster drills and building codes (SDGs Target 3.d, 11.5, 11.b, 13.1, 13.3) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 2.1.2 Improve capacity of engineers, architects and other stakeholders on earthquake-resistant construction (SDGs Target 3.d, 11.5, 11.b, 13.1, 13.3) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 2.1.3 Modernise network of seismic hazard monitoring stations. (SDGs Target 3.d, 11.5, 11.b, 13.1, 13.3) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 2.1.4 Support research to catalyse interest in disaster risk reduction (SDGs Target 3.d, 11.5, 11.b, 13.1, 13.3) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 2.1.5 Enforce laws on haphazard siting of buildings (SDGs Target 3.d, 11.5, 11.b, 13.1, 11.b, 13.3) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 2.1.6 Develop and enforce legislative instrument for Ghana Geological Survey Authority Act 2016 (Act 928) (SDGs Target 3.d, 11.5, 11.b, 13.1, 13.3) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 2.1.7 Develop maps for earthquake prone areas or zones to inform land use (SDGs Target 3.d, 11.5, 11.b, 13.1, 13.3) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 2.1.8 Decentralize the Geological Survey Authority (SDGs Target 3.d, 11.5, 11.b, 13.1, 13.3, 16.6) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 2.1.9 Develop capacity to design resilient drainage system and mitigate landslide risks (SDGs Target 3.d, 11.5, 11.b, 13.1, 13.3) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 2.1.10 Create safety buffer zones and rock support techniques for uplands (SDGs Target 3.d, 11.5, 11.b, 13.1, 13.3) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 2.1.11 Ensure the protection of earthquake zones (SDGs Target 3.d, 11.5, 11.b, 13.1, 13.3) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - Implementing / collaborating agencies: - NADMO, GGSA, Ghana Institution of Geoscientists, MWH, MRH, MMDAs, GSA, Academia/Research Institutions, Traditional Authorities, MMDAs - Global / regional linkages: - SDG 11 - ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR3 ### Focus Area 3: Biological threats (epidemics and pandemics) - Key findings / risks: - Weak surveillance system - Weak institutional capacities - Non-compliance of Health Regulations - Unapproved health emergency preparedness and response plans - Lack of Emergency funds - Weak inter-sectoral collaboration - Inadequate Health Infrastructure and personnel - Objective: Enhance capacity for surveillance and management of epidemics and pandemics (3.1) - Strategies: - 3.1.1 Ensure implementation of the health emergency preparedness and response plan (SDGs Target 3.d, 11.5, 11.b, 13.1, 13.3) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 3.1.2 Improve surveillance, monitoring and evaluation of Health threats and epidemics and pandemics (SDGs Target 3.d, 11.5, 11.b, 13.1, 13.3) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 3.1.3 Enforce the Public Health Act (SDGs Target 3.d, 11.5, 11.b, 13.1, 13.3) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 3.1.4 Ensure the establishment of a Health Emergency Fund (SDGs Target 3.d, 11.5, 11.b, 13.1, 13.3) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 3.1.5 Strengthen the Ghana Centre for Diseases Control and other disease control centres across the country (SDGs Target 3.d, 11.5, 11.b, 13.1, 13.3) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - Implementing / collaborating agencies: - MoH, GHS, CHAG, MoF, Noguchi Memorial, kCCR, MMDAs - Global / regional linkages: - SDG 3,8 &17 - ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR4 ### Focus Area 4: Anthropogenic threats - Key findings / risks: - Absence of emergency plan for Hazardous substances pollution (HSP) - High levels of pollution in different forms (air, noise, water) - Incidences of gas explosion - Increased e-waste in the environment (offices, residential areas and commercial centres) - Objective: Minimise anthropogenic threats (4.1) - Strategies: - 4.1.1 Develop and implement contingency plan for Hazardous substances pollution (HSP) at all levels (SDGs Target 3.d, 11.5, 11.b, 13.1, 13.3) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 4.1.2 Enforce the Standard Operating Procedures of Gas Station facilities (SDGs Target 3.d, 11.5, 11.b, 13.1, 13.3) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 4.1.3 Operationalise Hazardous and Electronic Waste Control and Management Act, 2016 (Act 917) (SDGs Target 3.d, 11.5, 11.b, 13.1, 13.3) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - 4.1.4 Enforce regulations and standards on water, noise and air pollution (SDGs Target 3.d, 11.5, 11.b, 13.1, 13.3) (AU Target A1 G7 P5 T1) - Implementing / collaborating agencies: - EPA, MMDA, GES, NCCE, GSA, FDA, GHS and Ghana Health Service, MOH, GES, GIS, NCCE, MOH, National Security, MMDAs, GES, FDA, GHS, MESTI - Global / regional linkages: - SDG 6,13, 14 & 15 - ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR4 ### Focus Area 5: Technology and security threats; Organised crime; Public safety - Key findings / risks (technology and security): - High cost and time lag in adopting new technology - Disruption to existing technology - Sim box crimes, mobile money fraud - Cyber-attacks and risk of terrorism - Hacking of bank account and credit cards - Bitcoin fraud and phishing scams - Identity theft, cyberstalking and distribution of pornography - Weak protection of key national infrastructure - Weak border infrastructure - Vulnerability from geo-location - Poor awareness of public on suspicions acts of terrorism - Objective: Strengthen National Preparedness against cybercrime and terrorism (5.1) - Strategies: - 5.1.1 Strengthen existing laws on cybercrime (SDGs Target 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - 5.1.2 Enhance capacity for detection of cybercrime and terrorism among Stakeholders (SDGs Target 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - 5.1.3 Implement the Ghana National Cyber Security Policy & Strategy (SDGs Target 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - 5.1.4 Invest in modern surveillance technologies for border patrols (SDGs Target 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - 5.1.5 Establish Inter-Agency task force for Counter-Terrorism (SDGs Target 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - 5.1.6 Develop inventory of targets and installations for potential attacks by terrorist groups (SDGs Target 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - 5.1.7 Enforce the Whistle Blowers Act, 2006 (Act 720) (SDGs Target 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - Implementing / collaborating agencies (technology/security): - MoCD, NCSC, NCA, NITA, OAJ & MOJ, GPS, NIB, EOCO, JS, BOG, MINT, MoD - Global / regional linkages: - ECOWAS–P1/ SOB1/SOR2 - Key findings / risks (organised crime): - Contract killing and extortion - Bank/Bullion Heist - Kidnap for ransom - Robberies and assaults - Stock manipulation - Home Invasion - illegal manufacture of small arms and light weapons - White collar crimes - Existence of illegal private security companies - Increasing trafficking among children and women for prostitution - Wildlife and cultural property smuggling - Smuggling of counterfeit currency, goods and Cargo - Narcotics smuggling and distribution - Objective: Minimise the incidence of organised crime (5.2) - Strategies: - 5.2.1 Improve operational response to organised crime at home and abroad (SDGs Target 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - 5.2.2 Strengthen multilateral cooperation and public-private partnerships to defeat transnational organised crime (SDGs Target 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - 5.2.3 Enhance monitoring of stock trading activities beyond the Ghana Stock Exchange (SDGs Target 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - 5.2.4 Strengthen border management (SDGs Target 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - 5.2.5 Monitor and conduct sporadic searches of flagged facilities (SDGs Target 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - 5.2.6 Operationalize national legal framework on narcotics trafficking (SDGs Target 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - 5.2.7 Ensure the economic empowerment of women and children (SDGs Target 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - 5.2.8 Implement FATF recommendations on anti-money laundering systems (SDGs Target 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - 5.2.9 Intensify monitoring of financial transactions to combat money laundering (SDGs Target 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - 5.2.10 Strengthen inspection systems at airports and ports (SDGs Target 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - 5.2.11 Sensitise the public on pyramid and other fraudulent schemes (SDGs Target 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - Implementing / collaborating agencies (organised crime): - MINT, Social Welfare, CSOs, NGOs, Judiciary, Criminal Justice System, Police, GPHA, GCCA, Transport Unions, GRA-CEPS, Banks, Immigration, Police, Ghana Shippers Authority, Banks, Companies, Audit Firms, Exporters, GPHA, GIS, MOF, EOCO, BNI, Police, GRA, SEC - Global / regional linkages: - ECOWAS–P1/ SOB1/SOR1 - Key findings / risks (safety of life, property and social wellbeing): - Community agitations - Inter-tribal upheavals - Chieftaincy disputes - Political party vigilantism - Election violence - Multiple sale/claimants of Land - Clashes between nomadic herdsmen and farmers - Landguardism - Objective: Ensure safety of life, property and social wellbeing (5.3) - Strategies: - 5.3.1 Establish more alternative dispute resolution centres (SDGs Target 16.3 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - 5.3.2 Strengthen criminal investigations (SDGs Target 16.3, 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - 5.3.3 Enforce the Vigilantism and Other Offences Act, 2019 (Act 999) (SDGs Target 16.3, 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - 5.3.4 Develop a pastoral policy to drive the formulation of a cattle ranching law (SDGs Target 16.3, 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - 5.3.5 Strengthen land administration systems (SDGs Target 16.3, 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - 5.3.6 Strengthen dispute resolution mechanisms (SDGs Target 16.3, 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - 5.3.7 Create awareness on the consequences of ethnic and chieftaincy conflicts (SDGs Target 16.3, 16.4, 16.a) (AU Target A4 G13 P1 T1) - Implementing / collaborating agencies (safety): - MINT, MOF, MOD, MDAs, MMDAss - Global / regional linkages: - ECOWAS–P1/ SOB1/SOR3 ### Focus Area 6: Relief operations and humanitarian assistance to disaster victims - Key findings / risks: - Poor coordination and collaboration among relief assistance agencies - Logistical management challenges - Weak social protection system for victims of disaster - limited psychosocial support for victims of disaster _Italic: Source: 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf - APPENDIX I_ ### 6.1 Enhance relief ### 6.1 Enhance relief operations and humanitarian welfare ### Objectives and strategies (6.1) - 6.1.1 Design and implement post disaster social protection programmes (SDGs Target 1.3) (AU Target A1 G1 P3 T1) - 6.1.2 Adopt innovative and responsive mechanisms in humanitarian relief operations (SDGs Target 1.3) (AU Target A1 G1 P3 T1) - 6.1.3 Enhance resilience of communities (SDGs Target 1.3) (AU Target A1 G1 P3 T1) ### Implementing and collaborating agencies - NADMO, MOF, MMDAs - ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR4 ### COVID-19 response focus area: impacts and vulnerabilities - Shutdown of businesses and collapse of vulnerable industries - Decreased demand for non-essential commodities - Decrease in foreign investments - Inaccessibility to larger markets for essential inputs and machinery --- ### 7.1–7.13 Build resilience to COVID-19 and other shocks (selected goals and strategies) ### 7.1 Enhance industry resilience to shocks - 7.1.1 Reduce regulatory constraints and institutional bureaucracies of doing business (SDGs Target 1.3, 9.3) (AU Target A1 G4 P3 T3) - 7.1.2 Enhance access to affordable and long-term financing (SDGs Target 1.3, 9.3) (AU Target A1 G4 P3 T3) - 7.1.3 Enhance public-private partnership on demand driven research and development (SDGs Target 1.3, 9.3, 17.17) (AU Target A1 G4 P3 T3) - 7.1.4 Provide incentives for strategic industries and innovative SMEs (SDGs Target 1.3, 9.3) (AU Target A1 G4 P3 T3) - 7.1.5 Develop a functional recovery plan for industries (SDGs Target 1.3, 9.3) (AU Target A1 G4 P3 T3) - 7.1.6 Accelerate investment in industries such as pharmaceutical, garment and textiles and promote import substitution to take advantage of opportunities opened up by the COVID-19 pandemic (SDGs Target 1.3, 9.3, 17.17) (AU Target A1 G4 P3 T3) - 7.1.7 Ensure implementation of Corporate Restructuring and Insolvency Act, 2020 (Act 1015) (SDGs Target 1.3, 9.3, 17.17) (AU Target A1 G4 P3 T3) - 7.1.8 Review Ghana’s Trade Policy to respond to local conditions, internal and external shocks (SDGs Target 1.3, 9.3, 17.17) (AU Target A1 G4 P3 T3) - 7.1.9 Improve the technology ecosystem through the use of machine tools (SDGs Target 1.3, 9.3, 17.17) (AU Target A1 G4 P3 T3) Implementing partners: MMDAs, traditional Authority, GHS, NGOs, Youth Groups, Private Sector, NCCE Global/regional linkages: ECOWAS–P3/ SOB3/SOR2 Operational issues noted: - Delay in manufacturing of materials for the Self-Help Electrification Project (SHEP) due to closures of shipping lines - Disruptions in procurement processes and implementation of projects - Reduced revenues in the sector due to reduced electricity demand by industry ### 7.2 Mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on the implementation of projects - 7.2.1 Complete the reprioritization and review of timelines for the implementation of projects (SDGs Target 17.17) (AU Target A7 G20 P3 T2) - 7.2.2 Strengthen the adoption of cost control measures including the downward review of expenditure projections without compromising service delivery and operations for non-flagship programmes (SDGs Target 17.17) (AU Target A7 G20 P3 T2) - 7.2.3 Explore other revenue options as contingency plans for funding of key programmes (SDGs Target 17.17) (AU Target A7 G20 P3 T2) Implementing partners: MoEn, MDAs, MMDAs, PPA Global/regional linkages: ECOWAS–P3/ SOB3/SOR2 Sector impacts listed: - Shutdown of businesses - Low patronage of restaurants - Heightened hygiene management in tourism facilities - Cancelation and postponement of events (Business tourism, Sport, Cinemas, heritage sites, etc.) - Revenue losses by businesses in the sector ### 7.3 Ensure resilient and innovative tourism and arts industry - 7.3.1 Improve tourism database, monitoring, evaluation and learning (SDGs Target 8.9, 12.6) (AU Target A1 G4 P4 T1) - 7.3.2 Promote a coordinated policy response (SDGs Target 8.9, 12.6) (AU Target A1 G4 P4 T1) - 7.3.3 Ensure enterprise credit schemes to support the tourism industry (SDGs Target 8.9, 12.6, 17.17) (AU Target A1 G4 P4 T1) - 7.3.4 Identify and support small and vulnerable businesses in the industry (SDGs Target 8.9, 12.6) (AU Target A1 G4 P4 T1) - 7.3.5 Strengthen and institutionalise hygiene management as part of MoTAC, NCC, Creative Arts Culture, MoI, MMDAs - 7.3.6 Strengthen safety and security measures in the sector (SDGs Target 8.9, 12.6) (AU Target A1 G4 P4 T1) - 7.3.7 Encourage the consumption of Made in Ghana goods (SDGs Target 8.9, 12.6) (AU Target A1 G4 P4 T1) - Encourage Public-Private Partnership (PPP) (SDGs Target 8.9, 12.6, 17.17) (AU Target A1 G4 P4 T1) Global/regional linkages: ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR4 ### 7.4 Sustain agriculture and rural development - 7.4.1 Enhance extension service delivery (E-extension; extension information; logistics) (SDGs Target 2.3) (AU Target A1 G4 P3 T1) - 7.4.2 Roll-out a comprehensive programme for primary commodities to be processed (SDGs Target 2.3) (AU Target A1 G4 P3 T1) - 7.4.3 Revamp and boost farming through R&D and innovation (SDGs Target 2.3) (AU Target A1 G4 P3 T1) - 7.4.4 Ensure enabling environment to boost domestic consumption (SDGs Target 2.3) (AU Target A1 G4 P3 T1) - 7.4.5 Improve food storage facilities (SDGs Target 2.3) (AU Target A1 G4 P3 T1) - 7.4.6 Promote youth involvement in the agricultural food chain (SDGs Target 2.3, 4.4) (AU Target A1 G4 P3 T1) - 7.4.7 Enhance market access and food distribution using improved technology (mapping, remote sensing and digitization) (SDGs Target 2.3) (AU Target A1 G4 P3 T1) - 7.4.8 Expand domestic production to meet the food supply gap (SDGs Target 2.3) (AU Target A1 G4 P3 T1) - 7.4.9 Strengthen geo-processing and agribusiness (SDGs Target 2.3) (AU Target A1 G4 P3 T1) - 7.4.10 Encourage diversification of farmers’ income (SDGs Target 2.3) (AU Target A1 G4 P3 T1) Global/regional linkages: ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR4 Operational disruptions in agriculture noted: - Disruptions in agriculture and food supply chains - Limited access to inputs such as labour and machinery - Limited availability and supply of staple foods - Low production and demand for agribusiness products - Decline in international trade - Reduced incomes for Ghanaians along the agriculture value chain ### 7.5–7.6 Promote innovative and alternative learning - 7.6.1 Enhance alternative ways of teaching and learning (SDGs Target 4.1, 4.2, 4.a) (AU Target A1 G2 P1 T1) - 7.6.2 Enhance capacity of teachers for effective remote learning (SDGs Target 4.1, 4.2, 4.a, 4.c) (AU Target A1 G2 P1 T1) - 7.6.3 Improve infrastructure for remote or distance learning (SDGs Target 4.1, 4.2, 4.a, 4.c) (AU Target A1 G2 P1 T1) - 7.6.4 Ensure equity in remote learning (SDGs Target 4.1, 4.2, 4.a, 4.c) (AU Target A1 G2 P1 T1) - 7.6.5 Provide tax breaks to private business that support alternative learning (SDGs Target 4.1, 4.2, 4.a, 4.c) (AU Target A1 G2 P1 T1) - 7.6.6 Ensure the provision of enhanced equitable and accessible (disability-friendly) alternative teaching and learning methods (SDGs Target 4.1, 4.2, 4.a, 4.c) (AU Target A1 G2 P1 T1) Implementing partners: MOE, GES, MMDAs, NAGRAT, NaCCA Global/regional linkages: ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR1 Education access issues noted: - Platforms for education - Accessibility challenges in virtual education for students with disabilities - Inadequate expertise for the utilization of distant learning platforms - Absence of alternative approaches to learning ### 7.7 Ensure secured health systems - 7.7.1 Maintain continuity of essential health services through innovative approaches (SDGs Target 3.3, 3.8, 3.d) (AU Target A1 G3 P1 T3) - 7.7.2 Ensure safety and protection of frontline health workers (SDGs Target 3.8, 3.d) (AU Target A1 G3 P1 T3) - 7.7.3 Anticipate and address mental health needs of the health workforce and general public (SDGs Target 3.3, 3.8, 3.d) (AU Target A1 G3 P1 T3) - 7.7.4 Strengthen social and psychosocial care system - 7.7.5 Mobilise financial support and ease logistical and operational barriers - 7.7.6 Boost capacity of essential public health services to enable emergency response (SDGs Target 3.3, 3.4) (AU Target A1 G3 P1 T3) - 7.7.7 Ensure full implementation of the Health Sector Emergency Response Policy (SDGs Target 3.3, 3.8, 3.d) (AU Target A1 G3 P1 T3) - 7.7.8 Enhance capacity for vaccine development (SDGs Target 3.7, 3.8, 3.d) (AU Target A1 G3 P1 T3) - 7.7.9 Decentralize the sensitization on COVID-19 and general health and wellbeing (SDGs Target 3.3, 3.8, 3.d) (AU Target A1 G3 P1 T3) - 7.7.10 Intensify Information, Education and Communications (IECs) on COVID prevention and response (SDGs Target 3.3, 3.8, 3.d) (AU Target A1 G3 P1 T3) - 7.7.11 Enhance the use of whole-of-Government and whole-of society approach to provide a resilient health system (SDGs Target 3.3, 3.8, 3.d) (AU Target A1 G3 P1 T3) Implementing partners: MOH, GHS, MMDAs, GSA, FDA, Pharmaceutical Council, PMAG Global/regional linkages: ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR1 Health system vulnerabilities noted: - Increase in psycho-social condition and mental health needs of the population, especially of health workers - Exposure of the fragility of the health system - Decrease in hospital attendance due to fear of contracting COVID-19 - Inadequate sensitization of the public on COVID-19 - Weak observation of social distancing protocols - Non-utilization of PPEs, including face masks and hand sanitizers - Stigmatization of recovered persons (COVID-19) - Misinformation/Misconception/inadequate information on COVID-19 ### 7.8 Sustain food and nutrition security - 7.8.1 Support and promote optimal nutrition in the general public and among COVID-19 patients and vulnerable groups including older persons and those with underlying vulnerabilities such as NCDs (SDGs Target 2.1, 2.4) (AU Target A1 G3 P1 T3) - 7.8.2 Ensure continuity of essential nutrition services and provision of nutrition support to vulnerable groups (SDGs Target 2.1, 2.4) (AU Target A1 G3 P1 T3) - 7.8.3 Systematically assess and monitor effects of the outbreak and containment measures on the food and nutrition security of the population, with a focus on the most vulnerable groups (SDGs Target 2.1, 2.c) (AU Target A1 G3 P1 T3) Implementing partners: MOH, GHS, MMDAs, MoGCSP, DoC Global/regional linkages: ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR1 Food and nutrition risks noted: - Reduced access to nutritious foods due to reduced incomes - Weakened immune systems due to reduced exposure - Increasing food price inflation ### 7.9 Reduce business and workers’ vulnerability to internal and external shocks - 7.9.1 Sustain the current flexible working arrangements for workers (SDGs Target 8.8) (AU Target A1 G1 P1 T1) - 7.9.2 Institute mechanisms to support vulnerable businesses, workers and their households (Target 8.8) (AU Target A1 G1 P1 T1) - 7.9.3 Develop a nationwide database for all businesses and workers (Target 8.8) (AU Target A1 G1 P1 T1) - 7.9.4 Establish a long-term fund to relief distressed businesses (Target 8.8) (AU Target A1 G1 P1 T1) - 7.9.5 Strengthen capacity for business diversification (SDGs Target 8.8) (AU Target A1 G1 P1 T1) - 7.9.6 Promote unemployment insurance/benefit for the unemployed, lay-offs and pay-cuts (SDGs Target 8.8) (AU Target A1 G1 P1 T1) Implementing partners: MoTI, AGI, MoF, NIC Global/regional linkages: ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR4 Socioeconomic issues noted: - Lay-offs and closure of businesses - Loss of earnings - Informality and weak database system - Disparity in impacts of COVID-19 on welfare across geographical areas and groups - Increased vulnerability due to reduced incomes ### 7.10 Strengthen the social protection system to include emergency preparedness and response - 7.10.1 Sustain the policy of free utility services provision, including water and electricity for vulnerable populations (SDGs Target 1.3) (AU Target A1 G1 P3 T1) - 7.10.2 Expand existing social interventions including Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) programme populations (SDGs Target 1.3, 10.4) (AU Target A1 G1 P3 T1) Implementing partners: MoGCSP, DSW, MMDAs Global/regional linkages: ECOWAS–P5/ SOB5/SOR3 ### 7.11 Improve water and sanitation services - 7.11.1 Sustain good hygiene practices (i.e., hand washing with soap and water, etc.) (SDGs Target 6.2) (AU Target A1 G1 P4 T1) - 7.11.2 Increase awareness creation on attitudinal change (SDGs Target 6.2, 12.8) (AU Target A1 G1 P4 T1) - 7.11.3 Institute punitive actions to stop open defecation (SDGs Target 6.2) (AU Target A1 G1 P4 T1) - 7.11.4 Strengthen the capacity of GWCL and CWSA to deliver drinking water services (SDGs Target 6.2, 16.6) (AU Target A1 G1 P4 T1) - 7.11.5 Develop and implement sustainable financial mechanism for WASH infrastructure and services (SDGs Target 6.2) (AU Target A1 G1 P4 T1) Implementing partners: MSWR, MMDAs, CWSA, GWCL Global/regional linkages: ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR4 Constraints noted: - Limited capacity for water delivery - Open defecation ### 7.12 Enhance environmental protection services - 7.12.1 Introduce innovative technology to enhance monitoring of environmental protection activities (SDGs Target 11.6) (AU Target A1 G7 P1 T2) - 7.12.2 Expedite the implementation of EPA’s online services system (SDGs Target 11.6, 11.A) (AU Target A1 G7 P1 T2) Implementing partners: MESTI, EPA, MMDAs Global/regional linkages: ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR3 Operational constraint: - Low effectiveness of environmental compliance and enforcement due to the observance of COVID-19 social distancing protocols ### 7.13 Promote shock-resilient construction in the road and rail sectors - 7.13.1 Review processes in the road and rail construction sectors to account for risk management (SDGs Target 9.a) (AU Target A2 G10 P1 T2) - 7.13.2 Enhance the capacity of local personnel in the sectors and employ the use of ICT in construction, supervision and monitoring of projects and management processes (SDGs Target 9.C) (AU Target A1 G2 P1 T2) Implementing partners: MRH, MoRD, MMDAs, MoCD Global/regional linkages: ECOWAS–P3/ SOB3/SOR3 Constraint noted: - Slow progress of implementation, supervision and monitoring of projects in the road and rail construction sectors --- *Source: 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf - 6.1 Enhance relief* ### 2.1 Strengthen ### 2.1 Strengthen monitoring and evaluation systems at all levels ### Objectives and specific actions - 2.1.1 Finalise and Implement the National Monitoring and Evaluation policy (SDG Target 10.5, 16.5, 16.6) (AU Target A3-G12-P1-T1) - 2.1.2 Develop and operationalise an automated national M&E system (SDG Target 10.5, 16.5) (AU Target A3-G12-P1-T1) - 2.1.3 Increase investments in development and use of M&E results (SDG Target 16.6, 16.a) (AU Target A3-G12-P1-T1) - 2.1.4 Strengthen M&E technical and logistical capacities at all levels (SDG Target 16.6, 16.7) (AU Target A1-G1-P2-T1) - 2.1.5 Develop effective participation and communication arrangements for M&E results (SDG Target 12.8,16.7) (AU Target A1-G11-P1-T2) - 2.1.6 Ensure uniform reporting at all levels (SDG Target 16.6) (AU Target A3-G12-P1-T1) Stakeholders: - NDPC, MDAs, RCCs, MMDAs, Private Sector, CSOs, NCPD, TAs, Media - ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR4 ### Identified challenges (as stated) - Limited generation and utilisation of statistics - Inadequate district statisticians --- ### Focus Area 3: Production and Utilisation Of Statistics ### Objective and specific actions - 3.1 Enhance the production and utilisation of statistics - 3.1.1 Institutionalise production and utilisation of statistics at all levels (SDG Target12.6, 12.8, 16.10) (AU Target A3-G11-P1-T2) - 3.1.2 Strengthen relationship between the statistical producers and users including the media. (SDG Target 16.10) (AU Target A3-G11-P1-T2) - 3.1.3 Improve investments in ICT and geographical information systems (GIS) for the production and utilisation of statistics (SDG Target 5.b, 16.6) (AU Target A3-G12-P1-T1) - 3.1.4 Enhance investment in human capacity development and office infrastructure for statistics production. (SDG Target 16.6) (AU Target A3-G12-P1-T1) - 3.1.5 Develop guiding principles and code of ethics in the production and dissemination of statistics (SDG Target 16.10) (AU Target A3-G12-P1-T1) Stakeholders: - NDPC, GSS, MLGRD, OHLGS, OHCS, MMDAs, RCCs, TAs, CSOs - ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR4 ### Identified challenges (as stated) - Delays in the publication of key statistical reports - Inadequate funding for statistics production - Limited technological infrastructure - Lack of manuals, standards, principles or classifications to guide the production and management of data and statistics - Inadequate district statisticians (cross-referenced from M&E section) --- ### Focus Area 4: Development Cooperation and Finance ### Identified constraints (as stated) - Absence of development cooperation policy - Inadequate alignment of development cooperation with national development priorities - Weak formal structures and guidelines and high transaction costs for mobilising and managing development finance - Heterogeneity of donor policies, procedure and guidelines in the development cooperation space - Exchange rate losses effect on cost of financing counterpart projects - Lack of a ready and adequate human resource base - Unsustainable sources of funding for development projects ### Objective and specific actions (4.1 Improve resource mobilization and effectively manage its utilization) - 4.1.1 Finalise and implement the development cooperation policy - 4.1.2 Strengthen implementation of the Paris Declaration (SDG Target 13.1, 13.2) (AU Target A1-G7-P1-T1, T2) - 4.1.3 Harmonise and rationalize aid delivery (SDG Target 10.2) (AU Target A1-G1-P2-T1) - 4.1.4 Undertake comprehensive capacity development to enhance effectiveness and efficiency of public service delivery (SDG Target 16.6) (AU Target A3-G12-P1-T1) - 4.1.5 Improve efficiency in the use of public resources (SDG Target 16.5) (AU Target A3-G12-P1-T1) - 4.1.6 Promote Joint Partner Donor Evaluations to enhance mutual accountability (SDG Target 17.17) - 4.1.7 Promote effective exchange rate management to enhance delivery of counterpart projects (SDG Target 8.3) - 4.1.8 Create enabling private sector environment for domestic businesses and foreign direct investment (SDG Target 8.1, 8.2, 8.3) (AU Target A1-G1-P1-T1) - 4.1.9 Increase Government external resource mobilization (SDG Target 15.a, 17.17) (AU Target A1-G1-P2-T1) - 4.1.10 Enhance the role of civil society organisations in making aid effective (SDG Target 16.7, 17.17) (AU Target A1-G1-P2-T1) Stakeholders: - MoF, MoTI, BoG, MMDAs, Public Enterprises, other MDAs - ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR4 --- ### Focus Area 5: Knowledge Management and Learning ### Identified challenges (as stated) - Poor record keeping and documentation - Inadequate and weak structures for knowledge management and learning - Weak institutional memory in MDAs and MMDAs - Inadequate peer learning among MMDAs and MDAs - Inadequate data and information storage systems ### Objective and specific actions (5.1 Enhance knowledge management and learning) - 5.1.1 Develop platform for effective knowledge management and learning (SDG Target 16.10) - 5.1.2 Encourage exchange visits and peer leaning among MDAs, RCCs and MMDAs (SDG Target 17.17) (AU Target A3-G12-P1-T1) - 5.1.3 Digitize records and retrieval processes (SDG Target 9.c) - 5.1.4 Build capacity for data management at all levels (SDG Target 16.6) Stakeholders: - NDPC, MDAs, MMDAs, Academia/Research institutions, NCPD, TAs, PRAAD, Media - ECOWAS–P4/ SOB4/SOR4 --- ### Selected strategic medium-term national indicators and targets (extract) - Inflation rate ( % change in CPI, annual-end period ) - Outcome 2020 10.4 - Target 2022 8.0 - Target 2023 8±2 - Target 2024 8±2 - Target 2025 8±2 - Data sources: BOG, MOF, GSS - Exchange Rate ( %, annual ) (US$-Cedi) - Outcome 2020 -3.9 - Data source: BOG - Interest rate - MPR (base rate) Outcome 2020 14.50 - 91-day T-Bills Outcome 2020 14.08 - 182-day T-Bills Outcome 2020 14.13 - Weighted interbank market rate Outcome 2020 13.56 - Lending rate Outcome 2020 21.10 - Data source: BOG - Change in Business Credit (%) - Nominal Outcome 2020 13.4 - Real Outcome 2020 3.0 - Data source: BOG - Mobile money penetration rate - Outcome 2020 123.8 - Data sources: BOG, NCA, Ghana Chamber of Telecommunications - Real growth in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (%): Agriculture - Outcome 2020 7.4 - Target 2022 5.3 - Target 2023 5.5 - Target 2024 5.5 - Target 2025 5.5 - Data sources: MOF, GSS - Real growth in GDP (selected sectors) - Industry Outcome 2020 -3.6; Targets 2022 6.3, 2023 5.6, 2024 5.0, 2025 7.1 - Manufacturing Outcome 2020 1.4; Targets 2022 6.5, 2023 6.8, 2024 6.5, 2025 6.3 - Electricity Outcome 2020 7.9; Targets 2022 7.0, 2023 8.7, 2024 8.7, 2025 8.6 - Services Outcome 2020 1.5; Targets 2022 5.6, 2023 5.2, 2024 5.4, 2025 5.5 - Oil Inclusive GDP Outcome 2020 0.4; Targets 2022 5.8, 2023 5.4, 2024 5.3, 2025 6.0 - Non-oil GDP Outcome 2020 0.9; Targets 2022 5.9, 2023 5.7, 2024 5.8, 2025 6.1 - Data sources: MOF, GSS - Sectoral share of GDP (%) - Agriculture Outcome 2020 18.5; Targets 2022 20.6, 2023 20.7, 2024 21.0, 2025 21.2 - Industry Outcome 2020 34.2; Targets 2022 30.7, 2023 31.0, 2024 31.0, 2025 31.5 - Services Outcome 2020 47.2; Targets 2022 49.2, 2023 48.7, 2024 47.9, 2025 47.4 - Data sources: MOF, GSS - Real growth in GDP (overall) — Outcome 2019 / 2020 and targets - Output 2019 (Nominal GDP GH¢ Billions) 349.5 - Targets: 2022 502.4, 2023 568.1, 2024 640.7, 2025 726.0 - Data sources: GSS, MOF - Number of new jobs created (note) - Outcome 2019: data not provided in table (see note) - Footnote: "*= Estimate based on the various editions of GLSS Reports indicate that an average annual new entrant to the labour market is 340,000, excluding discouraged workers. Accounting for discouraged workers will put the estimate at, at least 425,000. This implies a minimum of 500,000 is required annually to at least cater for new entrants and some of the backlog" - Data sources: MELR (Labour Market Information), GSS, SSNIT, AGI - Sectoral share of employment (%) - Agriculture Outcome 2019 29.8; Targets 2022 36.9, 2023 36.1, 2024 35.5, 2025 35.0 - Industry Outcome 2019 21.0; Targets 2022 15.6, 2023 15.8, 2024 16.0, 2025 16.2 - Services Outcome 2019 49.2; Targets 2022 47.5, 2023 48.1, 2024 48.5, 2025 48.9 - Data sources: GSS, MELR (Labour Force Survey), Ghana Employers Association - Government fiscal figures (selected) - Budget deficit as a percentage of GDP Outcome 2020 11.7; Targets 2022 7.4, 2023 5.5, 2024 4.5, 2025 4.2 (MOF) - Government Revenue: Total (Share of GDP) Outcome 2020 14.4; Targets 2022 20.0, 2023 20.0, 2024 20.52, 2025 20.3 (MOF) - Government Revenue: Domestic (Share of GDP) Outcome 2020 14.1; Targets 2022 19.8, 2023 19.8, 2024 0.4, 2025 20.3 (MOF) - Government Revenue: Nominal (GH¢ billion) Outcome 2020 53.9; Targets 2022 99.5, 2023 111.7, 2024 129.6, 2025 144.5 - Government Expenditure: Total (% of GDP) Outcome 2020 26.1; Targets 2022 27.4, 2023 25.5, 2024 25.01, 2025 24.5 (MOF) - Recurrent (% of GDP) Outcome 2020 20.2; Targets 2022 20.7, 2023 19.5, 2024 9.1, 2025 18.7 - Capital (% of GDP) Outcome 2020 4.5; Targets 2022 5.3, 2023 4.7, 2024 4.5, 2025 4.7 - Fiscal Balance: Overall Outcome 2020 -11.7 (MoF, BoG) *Source: Extracted content from the provided PDF chapter.* ### APPENDIX V ### APPENDIX V ### Macroeconomic and Fiscal Indicators - Primary Government budget balance: Outcome 2020 -5.3; targets 2022 0.1, 2023 1.3, 2024 4.52, 2025 2.0. Data source: CAGD. - Wage bill as a percentage of tax revenue: Outcome 2020 56.4; subsequent values 38.5, 37.4, 35.4, 35.2. Data source: MOF. - Total public debt as a percentage of GDP: Outcome 2020 76.1; targets 2022 73.2, 2023 74.4, 2024 74.4, 2025 73.7. Data source: MOF. - Debt-service ratio (debt service as a percentage of total domestic revenue / ratio of debt service to export earnings): Outcome 2020 71.7; targets 2022 45.6, 2023 43.0, 2024 41.0, 2025 45.4. Data source: MOF. - Current Account Balance (% of GDP): Outcome 2020 -3.2; targets 2022 6.8, 2023 4.9, 2024 3.8, 2025 3.1. Data sources: MOF, BOG. - Trade Balance (US$ million) — Outcome 2020: - Merchandise Exports 14,471.5 - Merchandise Imports 2,428.6 - Trade Deficit/Surplus 2,043.0 - Capital account: Outcome 2020 $ 201 mil (definition: inflow/outflow of investments and loans). Data source: BOG. - Financial account: $ 1,350 mil (Outcome year unspecified). Data source: BOG. - Gross international reserves Cover (Months): Outcome 2020 4. Data source: BOG. ### Industrial Transformation (Focus Area 2) - Proportion of MSMEs providing support to commodity value chains (by commodity: Cocoa, Cashew, Coffee, Sheanut, Maize, Yam, Exotic vegetables, Pineapple, Mango, Pawpaw, Banana, Fish and sea food, Rice (milled)): Outcome 2019 — data not provided for listed commodities. Data sources: MoTI, Ghana Enterprise Agency. - Percentage change in expenditure on R&D — Government (Budget Expenditure for Research and Development): Input 2019 0.08%. Data sources: MoTI, AGI, MESTI, GSS. - Number of MSMEs benefitting from earmarked funds (e.g., MASLOC): Output 2020 — no numeric values provided. Data source: MoTI. - Technology export share of manufacturing (%): - High: Outcome 2019 1.1. Data sources: MoTI, Exim Bank. - Medium: Outcome 2019 — not provided. - Low: Outcome 2019 — not provided. - Share of TVET enrolment at Secondary and Vocational institutions: Output 2019 — not provided. Data sources: MOE, NCTE, COTVET. - Completion rate in TVET: Output 2019 — not provided. ### Private Sector Development (Focus Area 3) - Ease of Doing Business Rank: Outcome 2020 118th out of 190 countries; targets 2022 115, 2023 110, 2024 105, 2025 100. Data sources: MoTI, RGD, GIPC, GRA, GEPA, World Bank. - Business Competitiveness Index: Outcome 2020 111 out of 141 countries; targets 2022 90, 2023 90, 2024 90, 2025 90. Data sources: MoTI, RGD, BoG, GIPC, GRA, WEF. - Domestic credit to private sector as a percentage of GDP: Outcome 2020 10.9%. Data source: BOG. - Proportion of MSMEs that have benefited from support (Venture Capital Fund, NEIP support, MASLOC, GEA): Outcome 2019 — no numeric values provided. Data sources: GEA, Venture Capital, MASLOC, NEIP. - Time taken to clear goods from the ports: Outcome 2019 3 days (72hours). Data sources: MOTI, GRA. - Proportion of properties covered by digital address system: Output 2019 — not provided. Data sources: Office of the Vice President, MOC, Ghana Post. - Size of the informal sector: Outcome 2020 90.50%. Data sources: GSS, MELR. - Reported cases of food and drug safety infractions — Cases reported and No. of sanctions: Output 2019 — not provided. Data sources: GSA, FDA, MOH, MOTI. - Proportion of businesses using green/sustainable energy initiatives: Outcome 2019 — not provided. Data sources: Energy Commission, MoEn. ### Agriculture and Rural Development (Focus Area 4) - Percentage change in agro processing industries established: Output 2019 — not provided. Data sources: MoTI, AGI. - Total volume and value of agricultural commodities exported (000’ Kg, US$’ 000) — Outcome 2020 (values presented with volume then value in parenthesis where given): - Cocoa 251,615,152 (217,766,334) - Cashew 258687982 (251377478) - Coffee 44428 (33165) - Sheanut 27613375 (13790950) - Maize 1043774 (86613) - Yam 38566100 (13429328) - Exotic vegetables 549606649 (109280904) - Pineapples 14173798 (8785492) - Mangoes 3649034 (20545410) - Pawpaw 1028419 (723864) - Banana 92974244 (40771305) - Fish and sea food 437781152 (38454833) - Rice (milled): no data provided. Data sources: MOFA, GEPA. - Share of credit to agriculture, forestry and fishing (excluding cocoa) by deposit money banks: Outcome 2019 — not provided. Data sources: BOG, MOFA. - Percentage of cultivated lands under irrigation: Outcome 2020 — no baseline listed; targets 2022 3.21, 2023 3.37, 2024 3.55, 2025 3.73, 2026 3.91. Data source: MOFA. - Total area (formal and non-formal) under irrigation (hectares): baseline and targets: - Total area (formal and non-formal): Outcome 2020 224,933.85; targets 2022 236,433.85, 2023 248,458.85, 2024 261,035.10, 2025 274,190.16. - Formal: Outcome 2020 14,933.85; targets 2022 15,933.85, 2023 16,933.85, 2024 17,933.85, 2025 18,933.85. - Non-formal: Outcome 2020 210,000.00; targets 2022 220,500.00, 2023 231,525.00, 2024 243,101.25, 2025 255,256.31. Data source: MOFA. - Average productivity of selected crops (Mt/Ha) — Outcome 2020 and targets: - Maize: 2.56; targets 2022 2.92, 2023 2.96, 2024 3.12, 2025 3.14. - Rice (milled): 3.17; targets 2022 3.34, 2023 3.39, 2024 3.43, 2025 3.46. - Millet: 1.80; targets 2022 2.36, 2023 2.62, 2024 2.94, 2025 3.23. - Sorghum: 1.87; targets 2022 2.18, 2023 2.38, 2024 2.60, 2025 2.83. - Cassava: 22.66; targets 2022 23.72, 2023 24.19, 2024 24.63, 2025 25.04. - Yam: 16.59; targets 2022 17.31, 2023 17.37, 2024 17.44, 2025 17.49. - Cocoyam: 10.00; targets 2022 10.72, 2023 11.41, 2024 12.09, 2025 12.74. - Plantain: 12.73; targets 2022 14.53, 2023 14.95, 2024 15.36, 2025 15.72. - Groundnut: 1.61; targets 2022 1.91, 2023 2.04, 2024 2.19, 2025 2.34. - Cowpea: 1.53; targets 2022 1.65, 2023 1.61, 2024 1.70, 2025 1.67. - Soya bean: 1.66; targets 2022 1.73, 2023 1.72, 2024 1.74, 2025 1.74. Data source: MOFA. - Percentage post-harvest losses (Outcome 2018 and 2020 where indicated): - Maize: 2018 14. - Rice: 2018 13.5. - Cassava: 2018 33.6. - Yam: 2018 31.4. - Fish (Marine capture): 2020 7. - Fish (Inland capture): 2020 10. Data sources: MOFA, MoFAD. - Size of national buffer stock (metric tonnes) — Outcome 2020 and targets: - Maize (white): Outcome 2020 0; targets 2022 150,000, 2023 180,000, 2024 210,000, 2025 250,000. - Maize (yellow): Outcome 2020 0; targets 2022 50,000, 2023 60,000, 2024 70,000, 2025 85,000. - Rice (milled): Outcome 2020 0; targets 2022 100,000, 2023 120,000, 2024 145,000, 2025 175,000. Data sources: MOFA, NAFCO. - Proportion of farmers using modern agriculture technologies: Outcome 2019 2914700 (count). Data source: MOFA. - Total number of farmers engaged in PFJ programme: Output 2019 — no numeric values provided. Data sources: MOFA, YEA, YES, NYA. - Contribution of crops, livestock and poultry to GDP (%): - Crops: Outcome 2019 4.8%. - Cocoa: Outcome 2020 1.9%. - Livestock: Outcome 2020 5.4%. - Poultry: Outcome 2019 5.7%. Data sources: MOFA, GSS. ### Fisheries and Aquaculture Development (Focus Area 5) - Total Fish Supply (mt): Output 2020 627,864.99; targets 2022 442,000, 2023 459,100, 2024 479,400, 2025 509,600. Data source: MoFAD. - Marine: Outcome 2020 326,867.56; targets 2022 84,000, 2023 86,000, 2024 88,000, 2025 90,000. - Inland Capture fisheries: Outcome 2020 80,923.18; targets 2022 82,000, 2023 90,000, 2024 100,000, 2025 120,000. - Harvesting of ponds/cages/dams/dugouts: Outcome 2020 64,004.08; targets 2022 195,000, 2023 196,100, 2024 197,400, 2025 199,000. - Import: Outcome 2020 193,226.87; targets 2022 81,000, 2023 87,000, 2024 94,000, 2025 100,600. - Quantity of fish produced per hectare of pond per year: Outcome 2020 471,794.82; targets 2022 40Mt, 2023 50Mt, 2024 60Mt, 2025 70Mt. Data source: MoFAD. ### Tourism and Creative Industry (Focus Area 6) - Number of tourist arrivals: Output 2020 335,108; targets 2022 692,531, 2023 969,543, 2024 1,454,315, 2025 1,745,178. Data sources: MoTAC, GTA. - Percent change in tourist arrivals: Outcome 2020 -68.6; targets 2022 68.74, 2023 40.00, 2024 50.00, 2025 20.00. Data sources: MoTAC, GTA. - Percent change in tourist receipts — International: Outcome 2020 (value series) 387.1, targets 2022 755, 2023 1,057, 2024 1,585, 2025 1,902. Data sources: MoTAC, GTA. - Percent change in tourist receipts — Domestic: Outcome 2020 0.315; targets 2022 1.96, 2023 2.058, 2024 2.60, 2025 2.86. - Number of jobs created by the creative industry: Outcome 2020 1,358,152; targets 2022 1,440,863.46, 2023 1,484,089.36, 2024 1,528,612.04, 2025 1,574,470.40. Data source: MoTAC. - Number of tourist sites developed: Output 2020 42; targets 2022 42, 2023 42, 2024 42, 2025 42. Data source: MoTAC. ### Social Development — Education (Appendix 5.2, Focus Area 1) - Net enrolment ratio (Outcome 2020 and targets): - Kindergarten: Outcome 2020 70.0%; targets 2022 95%, 2023 96%, 2024 97%, 2025 98%. Data sources: MOE, GES. - Primary: Outcome 2020 78.9%; targets 2022 92.7%, 2023 93%, 2024 93.3%, 2025 93.5%. - JHS: Outcome 2020 44.9%; targets 2022 56%, 2023 57%, 2024 59%, 2025 60%. - SHS: Outcome 2020 33.3%; target 2025 45% (intermediate years not provided). - Transition Rate: - Prim 6 - JHS1: Outcome 2020 101.9%; targets 2022 99%, 2023 99%, 2024 100%, 2025 100%. Data sources: MOE, GES. - JHS3 - SHS1: Outcome 2020 92.5%; targets 2022 91%, 2023 91%, 2024 92%, 2025 93%. - Completion rate: - KG: Outcome 2020 99.2%; target 2025 99.2%. - Primary6: Outcome 2020 107.5%; targets 2022 100%, 2023 100%, 2024 100%, 2025 100%. - JHS3: Outcome 2020 77.5%; targets 2022 94%, 2023 96%, 2024 97%, 2025 100%. - SHS3: Outcome 2020 64.1%; target 2025 100%. - Gender parity index in enrolment (Outcome 2020 and targets): - Kindergarten: Outcome 2020 1.03; targets 2022 1, 2023 1, 2024 1, 2025 1. - Primary: Outcome 2020 1.02; targets 2022 1, 2023 1, 2024 1, 2025 1. - JHS: Outcome 2020 1.02; targets 2022 1, 2023 1, 2024 1, 2025 1. - SHS: Outcome 2020 0.96; targets 2022 0.99, 2023 0.99, 2024 0.99, 2025 0.99. - Tertiary: Outcome 2020 0.73; targets 2022 1, 2023 1, 2024 1, 2025 1. - Proficiency rate (Outcome 2020 and targets): - English P4: Outcome 2020 25%; targets 2024 45%, 2025 53%. Data sources: MOE, GES, WAEC. - Maths P4: Outcome 2020 19%; targets 2024 30%, 2025 38%. - English P6: Outcome 2020 25%; targets 2024 44%, 2025 52%. *Source: APPENDIX V (extracted data from provided PDF content).* ### APPENDIX V ### APPENDIX V ### Education: competency, access, and outcomes - Maths P6 Primary 4 and Primary 6 levels. 22% - - 32% 40% - Final exam pass rate - JHS: Count of final exams takers who passed a particular exam over a total count of final exam takers in that same exams expressed as a percentage. Outcome 2020 - - - - - MOE, GES, WAEC - SHS: - 36 38 40 42 - Total enrolment in Tertiary institutions (Disaggregation by sex, programme type) - Count of all enrolment in Tertiary institutions (Private and Public) Disaggregated by sex, programme type (Science and Art). 2019 MOE, GES - Female 211,336 - - - - - Male 268,498 - - - - - Males in Sciences 79,580 - - - - - Females in Sciences 46,976 - - - - - Males in Arts 121,022 - - - - - Females in Arts 99,799 - - - - - Percentage of students in public tertiary institutions by type of education (Disaggregation by Universities, Technical Universities, Colleges of Education, Specialised Institutions, Nursing Training institutions, Colleges of Agriculture) - Count of students in public tertiary institutions expressed as a percentage of students of all tertiary institutions. Outcome 2019 85.2% - Strengthen competency-based skill development in technical and vocational education - Total enrolment in TVET institutions: Count of all enrolment in TVET institutions (Private and Public) Disaggregated by sex, programme type. Output 2020 86,479 92,500 95000 97,500 100,000 MoE-EMIS and GES - Promote Inclusive Education - Share of children with special needs in mainstream education: Proportion of children with special needs in mainstream education expressed as a percentage of children with special need. Outcome - - Basic =1.1 SHS =1.1 Basic =1.2 SHS =1.2 Basic =1.3 SHS =1.3 Basic =1.5 SHS =1.5 MoE-EMIS and GES - Ensure a safe and supportive environment for re-entry of dropouts into school - Dropout rate: Proportion of dropouts re-admitted into school. Output - - - - - - MoE-EMIS and GES (male/female entries blank) - Re-entry of dropouts into school: Proportion of dropouts re-admitted into school. Output - - - - - - - Promote equitable access to e-learning - Proportion of schools with access to digital e-learning and teaching platforms: Output - - MoE-EMIS and GES - Primary - 43 45 48 50 - JHS - 62 65 67 70 - SHS - 55 60 63 65 - Tertiary - 93 95 98 100 - Strengthen school management systems - Teacher absenteeism rate: Count of days teachers were absent from the classroom expressed as a proportion of all days teachers are expected to be present in the classroom (i.e., 70 days per teacher for one semester). Output - - 8% 7% 6% 5% for all MOE, GES - Ensure sustainable financing of education - Education expenditure as a percentage of GDP: Total expenditure on education at all levels expressed as a percentage of GDP. Input 2018 24.4% - - - - MOE, MOF - Promote literacy and lifelong learning - Literacy rate: • English • Local language. Outcome - - - - - - GES and MoE (entries blank) - Number of teachers trained • English • Local language. Output - - - - - - GES and MoE (entries blank) ### Health: Universal Health Coverage, service delivery, and outcomes - Ensure accessible and quality Universal Health Coverage (UHC) for all - Percentage of functional Community-based Health Planning Services (CHPS) zones: Outcome 2020 79% 85% 85% 87% 90% MOH, GHS - Number of Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) trained and deployed: Output 2020 900 1019 1156 1200 1200 MOH, National Ambulance Service - Percentage of the population with valid NHIS card: Output 2020 52.6 57% 59% 61% 63% MOH, GHS, NHIA - Number of Out-Patient Department (OPD) visits per capita: Output 2020 0.96 1.0 1.3 1.5 2.0 MOH, GHS - Improve mental health administration and service delivery - Proportion of public hospitals (district and regional) that have functional mental health units. NB: Functional defined as availability of unit, mental health staff and stock of basic psychotropic medications and logistics excluding CHPS. Output 2020 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% MOH, GHS, MHA - Strengthen healthcare delivery management system - Doctor-to-population ratio: Input 2020 1:6,355 1:5000 1:4000 1:3000 1:2,000 MOH, GHS - Nurse-to-population ratio: Input 2020 1:701 1:600 1:500 1:400 1:300 MOH, GHS - Health expenditure as a percentage of GDP: Input 2020 9% 15% 15% 15% 15% GHS (DHIMS 2) - Reduce disability, morbidity, and mortality - Under-five mortality ratio: Impact 2020 60 55 50 45 40 MOH, GHS, GSS - Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel: Outcome 2020 58.67 60 62 64 66 MOH, GHS - Infant mortality ratio: Impact 2020 41 38 35 32 28 MOH, GHS, GSS - Institutional maternal mortality ratio: Outcome 2020 109 105 100 80 70 MOH, GHS, GSS, MHS - Stillbirth rate: Outcome 2020 12.69 12.40 12.20 12.00 11.80 MOH, GHS, GSS, GDHS - Proportion of children immunized (Penta 3): Output 2020 94.2 95 96.5 97 98 MOH, GHS, GSS, MICS - Malaria Incidence per 1000: outcome 2020 186 170 165 160 155 MOH, GHS, NMCP - Under-5 Malaria Case Fatality Rate: Impact 2020 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.07 0.05 MOH, GHS, NMCP, MICS - Reduce non-communicable diseases - Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular diseases or cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases (Probability of dying between the ages of 30 to 70 years): Impact 2020 43.5 40 38 35 30 MOH, GHS - Reduce the incidence of new STIs, HIV and AIDS and other infections, especially among vulnerable groups - HIV prevalence: Outcome 2020 1.68% 1.61% 1.56% 1.51% 1.46% MOH, GHS, Ghana AIDs Commission - Percentage of PLHIV who received ART: Outcome 2020 60.3% 79.4% 83% 86.5% 90.2% MOH, GHS, Ghana AIDs Commission - AIDS-related mortality rate per 100,000 population: Impact 2020 41.2 (12,758) 21.6 (6,974) 17.5 (5,768) 16.1 (5,423) 15.4 (5,282) MOH, GHS, Ghana AIDs Commission ### Food Systems Transformation and Nutrition Security (FS&TN) - Strengthen the food production sub-system - Production diversity (to be computed from Agric focus area): Outcome 2019 82 - - - - MoFA/SRID, GSS, FAO - Proportion of men and women with access to financial services in agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture (Access to credit): Input 2018 20% - - - - MOF, BOG, GSS, MoFA/SRID, MoFAD - Improve food storage, preservation, and safety sub-system - Volume of food storage capacity: Output - - - - - - MoFA, MoH/GHS/ FDA, MESTI/CSIR - Number of food storage facilities in the FDA register: Output 2021 1532 - - - - - Number of Foodborne outbreak incidents - National outbreak: Outcome 2021 5 0 0 0 0 - Institutional (DHIMS): 2 0 0 0 0 - Aflatoxin incidence: Outcome - - - - - - - Promote food transformation (processing and value-addition) - Number of food manufacturing facilities in the FDA register: Output 2021 1570 - - - - FDA, GSA, MoFA, GSS, MoFAD, MOTI - Number of agro-manufacturing/processing facilities: Output - - - - - - MOTI, DA, MoFA, GSA, MoFAD, GSS - Ensure food availability and accessibility - Food inflation: Percentage change in food inflation. Outcome - - - - - - GSS, GSA - Promote healthy and sustainable food environment and choices - Household Dietary Diversity: Outcome MICS/GSS, CFSVA 2020 (entry formatting preserved) - Minimum dietary diversity (children 6–23 months): Outcome 2018 23.0 - - - - MICS/GSS - Minimum dietary diversity for women: Outcome CFSVA 2020 (entry preserved) - Promote nutrition specific and sensitive programmes and interventions - Prevalence of malnutrition - Stunting: Impact 2017 18% - - - - MOH, GHS, MOFA, GSS - Underweight: 13% - - - - - Wasting: 7% - - - - - Prevalence of Anaemia (children under-5 years, women of reproductive age) - Children under-5 years, 35% - - - - - Women of reproductive age (15-49 years) 46.4% - - - - - Pregnant women - - - - - - - Rate of exclusive breastfeeding: Outcome 2017 42.9 - - - - MOH, GHS, GSS - Proportion of population overweight/obese: Outcome 2017 1.4% - - - - MOH, GHS, GSS - Prevalence of micronutrients deficiencies and Prevalence of NCDs: Outcome - - - - - - MOH, GHS, GSS - Improve Food Systems and Nutrition Governance - New policies passed on Food Systems Transformation and Nutrition Security: Output 2021 2 Policies - National Food Safety Policy - National Aflatoxin Control Policy NDPC, MOH, MoTI, MOF, MESTI - Total Government allocations to Food Systems Transformation and Nutrition Security actions: Input 2020 - - - - MoF, NDPC - Active Food Systems Transformation and Nutrition Security platforms at the national and local level (Number of Active Platforms) - 2021 - 3 - 16 - 261 MLGDRD, NDPC, MOFA ### Population Management and Migration for Development - Improve population, civil registration and vital statistics management - Percentage of vital events registered • births • deaths: Output - - - - - - MLGDRD, Births and Deaths Registry, NIA, NPC, GSS - Percentage of population enrolled in the integrated civil register: • Ghanaians • Foreigners: Output - - - - - - MLGRD, Births and Deaths Registry, NIA, NPC - Improve maternal and adolescent reproductive health - Unmet need for Family Planning (SDG Indicator 3.7.1): Outcome 2012 GMHS 25 30 33 35 35 GMHS, NPC - Proportion of adolescents’ population who use health corners for reproductive health services and promotion: 2020 34 40 46 55 65 NYA - Contraceptive Prevalence Rate: Outcome 2012 GHMS 25 27 30 33 35 NPC, GSS - Total Fertility Rate: Outcome 2021 (Provisional Census Data 2021) 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.5 GSS, NPC - Harness the benefits of migration for socioeconomic development - Share of remittances as a percentage of GDP: Outcome - - - - - - BOG, MOF, GSS, Office of the President (Diaspora Unit), MOFARI - Volume of remittances as a percentage of total GDP: - - - - - - (entries blank) - Harness the demographic dividend - Youth Development Index: Outcome 2020 0.515 - - - - Ministry of Youth and Sports, NYA, GSS, NPC - Promote good migration governance - National Migration Commission established: Outcome 2020 Bill for establishment drafted Establishment Act passed Office procured, keys staff employed and given a budget line All divisions established and functional NMC fully functional (multi-sectoral coordination of migration is achieved) MINTER, GIS ### Reducing Poverty and Inequality - Eradicate poverty and address vulnerability to poverty in all forms and dimensions - Poverty rate • National: Impact 2017 23.4% (Upper) 8.2% (Lower) GLSS7 Poverty Profile Report 2005-2017, GSS - Urban 7.8% (Upper) 1.0% (Lower) - Rural 39.5% (Upper) 15.6% (Lower) - Proportion of the population who are multidimensionally poor - National Outcome 2017 45.6% - - - - 2020 Multi-Dimensional Poverty Report, GSS - Urban 27% - - - - - Rural 64.6% - - - - - Male 47.7% - - - - - Female 40.6% - - - - *Source: APPENDIX V (extracted content).* ### APPENDIX V ### APPENDIX V ### Water and Environmental Sanitation - Outcome baseline and targets for access to drinking water services (Basic): - Outcome 2020 baseline: 44.4% - 2022: 49.02% - 2023: 51.32% - 2024: 53.63% - 2025: 55.94% - Data sources: MSWR, GSS, CWSA, GWCL - Outcome baseline and targets for access to drinking water services (Safely managed): - Outcome 2020 baseline: 41.4% - 2022: 52.17% - 2023: 57.55% - 2024: 62.94% - 2025: 68.32% - Data sources: MSWR, GSS, CWSA, GWCL - Percentage of distribution losses (Urban): - Outcome 2019 baseline: 49.98% - 2022: 48% - 2023: 47 % - 2024: 46% - 2025: 45% - Data sources: MSWR, GWCL, CWSA - Percentage of distribution losses (Rural): - Outcome 2020 baseline: 29.06% - 2022: 25% - 2023: 22% - 2024: 20% - 2025: 20% - Data sources: MSWR, GWCL, CWSA - Proportion of population with access to basic sanitation services (National): - Outcome 2020 baseline: 23.7% - 2022: 38.96% - 2023: 46.59% - 2024: 54.22% - 2025: 61.85% - Data sources: MSWR, MLGRD, GSS - Proportion with access to basic sanitation services (Rural): - Outcome 2020 baseline: 17.4% - 2022: 33.92% - 2023: 42.18% - 2024: 50.44% - 2025: 58.70% - Data sources: MSWR, MLGRD, GSS - Proportion of communities achieving open defecation-free (ODF) status: - Outcome 2020 baseline: 19.93% - 2022: 25% - 2023: 30% - 2024: 35% - 2025: 40% - Data sources: MSWR, GSS, MMDAs - Proportion of solid waste properly disposed of (major towns/cities): - Outcome 2020 baseline: 85% - 2022: 89% - 2023: 91% - 2024: 93% - 2025: 95% - Data sources: MSWR, GSS - Proportion of population whose liquid waste (faecal matter) is safely managed: - Outcome 2020 baseline: 13.3% - 2022: 25.98% - 2023: 32.32% - 2024: 38.66% - 2025: 45% - Data sources: MSWR, MWH, Hydrological Services Department ### Child Protection and Development - Proportion of children (5-17 years) engaged in hazardous work: - Outcome 2017 baseline: 14% (2017 GLSS, GSS; MOGCSP; MELR) - Percentage of children engaged in child labour: - Outcome 2017 baseline: 21.8% (2017 GLSS, GSS; MOGCSP; MELR) - Incidence of child abuse cases (number reported): - Outcome 2019 baseline: 3,540 (MOGCSP, GSS, DOVVSU) - Percentage change in child abuse cases: - Outcome 2017 baseline: 94% - Target: Reduced by 2% - Percentage of children age 2-4 years who are engaged in learning and reading activities by adult household members: - Father reading activities: Outcome 2017 baseline: - (no value displayed) - Mother reading activities: Outcome 2017 baseline: 11%; target (2025): 20% (GSS (MICS), MoGCSP) - Any adult household member: Outcome 2017 baseline: 34%; target (2025): 40% (GSS (MICS), MoGCSP) - Early Childhood Development index (ECDI) — children age 3-4 years on track: - Literacy numeracy: Outcome 2020 baseline: 44%; target (2025): 50% (GSS (MICS), MoGCSP) - Learning: Outcome 2020 baseline: 85%; target (2025): 90% (GSS (MICS), MoGCSP) - Physical: Outcome 2020 baseline: 93%; target (2025): 98% (GSS (MICS), MoGCSP) - Social Emotional: Outcome 2020 baseline: 67%; target (2025): 74% (GSS (MICS), MoGCSP) - Percentage of districts implementing Integrated Social Services (ISS): - Output 2020 baseline: 38.5% - 2022: 54% - 2023: 69% - 2024: 84.6% - 2025: 100% - Data sources: MoGCSP, MLGRD, OHLGS, GHS, NHIA - Percentage of districts mainstreaming child protection issues into work plans/budgets: - Output 2020 baseline: 23% - 2022: 50% - 2023: 65% - 2024: 70% - 2025: 75% - Data sources: MoGCSP, MLGRD, NDPC, OHLGS, GHS, NHIA ### Support for the Aged - Ageing Bill passed/enacted into law (Existence of legal framework): - Output 2021 baseline: Availability of Draft Ageing Bill - Targets: Ageing Law Available; Implementation Action Plan (IAP) for the Ageing Law available; IAP of the Ageing Law rolled out; Ageing Law being implemented - Data source: MOGCSP - Percentage of aged benefiting from social protection interventions (LEAP, EBAN welfare, NHIS): - Output baseline: LEAP 27.07% (other categories not populated) - Data sources: MOGCSP, NHIS - Percentage of population 70 years and above registered under the NHIS: - Output baseline: - (no value displayed) - Data sources: MOGCSP, NHIA ### Gender Equality - Percentage of women in public life (Outcome 2020 baseline and targets): - Ministers: Outcome 2020 baseline: 25%; targets: 26%, 27%, 35%, 35% (MOGCSP) - Dep. Ministers: 14% baseline; targets: 15%, 16%, 35%, 35% - MPs: 13.8% baseline; targets: 14.5%, 14.5%, 14.5%, 20% - MMDCEs: 14% baseline; targets: 40%, 41%%, 42%, 42% (note: "41%%" appears in source) - Judiciary: 39% baseline; targets: 15%, 16%, 20%, 20% - District Assembly Appointees elected: 31% baseline; targets: 32%, 33%, 35%, 35% - Data source: MOGCSP - Reported cases of sexual and gender-based violence (Women, Girls, Men, Boys, PWDs): - Output: - (no numeric values displayed) - Data sources: MOGCSP, DOVVSU - Proportion of institutional credit allocated to women (Banking and Non-banking financial institutions): - Outcome: - (no numeric values displayed) - Data sources: MASLOC, MOGCSP, GHAMFIN, GEA - Proportion of sectors and Districts with gender responsive plans and budgets: - Output: - (no numeric values displayed) - Data sources: OHLGS, MOGCSP, NDPC ### Sports and Recreation - Number of sporting facilities and infrastructure rehabilitated/constructed (Output 2021 baseline and targets): - Baseline 2021: 72 total (3 Rehabilitated; 4 Constructed) - Targets: - 2022: 2 Rehabilitated; 2 Constructed - 2023: 2 Rehabilitated; 3 Constructed - 2024: 2 Rehabilitated; 2 Constructed - Data sources: Ministry of Youths and Sports, NSA - Number of competitions organised/participated in: - Output 2021 baseline: 113 - 2022: 203 - 2023: 212 - 2024: 222 - 2025: 232 - Data sources: Ministry of Youths and Sports, NSA - Contribution of sports to GDP (%): - Outcome: - (Data on GDP to sports collected; research process to continue) ### Youth Development - Number of coordinating meetings held: - National: Output 2020 baseline: 4; targets: 4, 4, 4, 4 - Regional: Output 2020 baseline: 64; targets: 64, 64, 64, 64 - District: Output 2020 baseline: 1080; targets: 1080, 1080, 1080, 1080 - Data source: MOYS - Number of youths provided with employable skills (by agency; noted NYA figures): - Output 2020 / 2021 baseline: 1,754 (2021) - NYA figures: 4247 (2021), target 3,000; subsequent NYA entries: 5000 repeated across 2023-2025 with overall totals: - 2022: 3,000 (NYA - 4247) - 2023: 3,100 (NYA - 5000) - 2024: 3,200 (NYA - 5000) - 2025: 3,300 (NYA - 5000) - Data sources: Ministry of Youths and Sports, NYA, YEA, YES, NVTI, Private sector - Proportion of young people in political life (Ministers of State, MPs, MMDCEs, Members of District Assemblies, CEOs of public institutions): - Outcome/targets: - (no numeric values displayed) - Data sources: MLGRD, NYA ### Social Protection - Number of extremely poor households benefiting from LEAP: - Output 2021 baseline: 334,023 - Targets: 350,000 (2022), 350,000 (2023), 350,000 (2024), 350,000 (2025) - Data source: MOGCSP - Proportion of LEAP beneficiaries that have exited the cash transfer programme: - Outcome 2021 baseline: 0 - Targets: - 1000 1000 1000 (presented in source as "0 - 1000 1000 1000") - Data source: MOGCSP - Proportion of females on LEAP: - Output 2021 baseline: 54.8% - Data source: MOGCSP ### Pensions and Informal Sector Coverage - Number of persons who receive regular pension payments under SSNIT and CAP 30 (Outcome 2020): - 60 years: Proportion of persons who receive pension payments under SSNIT scheme and CAP 30: 7.2 % representing 2,044,800 - 55 years: 227,407 - Data sources: SSNIT; 2020 NPRA Annual Report, NPRA; GLSS 7, GSS - Coverage of informal sector Pension Schemes: - Informal Sector Coverage: 4% - Coverage: 315, 890 - Informal Sector Workers: 7.9 million - Informal Sector Schemes established: 29 - Data sources: NPRA, Office of the Vice President ### Disability-Inclusive Development - Beneficiary persons with disabilities of the Common Fund: - Output 2021 baseline: - ; targets: 8,000 (2022), 12,000 (2023), 15,000 (2024), 30,000 (2025) - Data sources: Office of the Common Fund Administrator, DACF, MoGCSP, NCPD, GFD - Employment rate of persons with disabilities: - Outcome 2021 baseline: - ; targets: 15% (2022), 30% (2023), 45% (2024), 55% (2025) - Data source: NCPD - Inclusive services provided by sectors (Number of MDAs that provide inclusive services): - Outcome 2021 baseline: - ; targets: 35 (2022), 70 (2023), 105 (2024), 142 (2025) - Data source: NCPD - Sign language interpreters employed: - Output 2021 baseline: - ; targets: 30 (2022), 60 (2023), 100 (2024), 150 (2025) - Data source: NCPD - Peer support groups established: - Output 2021 baseline: N/A; targets: 4 (2022), 8 (2023), 16 (2024), 20 (2025) - Data sources: MoGCSP, NCPD, GFD, CHRAJ, Legal Aid - Political participation of persons with disabilities (National appointments/elections): - Output 2021 baseline: 2; target: 15 (2022); subsequent: - 30 - (format as in source) - Data sources: MOGCSP, NCPD, GFD - Percentage of MDAs and MMDAs with disability-inclusive plans and budgets: - Output 2021 baseline: 3 Ministries (MoGCSP, MOH, MLGRD) and 4 Agencies (NCPD, GHS, NHIS, Department of Social Welfare and Community Development) - Additional baseline: 2% MMDAs expressed as a percentage of 260 MMDAs - Data sources: MoGCSP, NCPD, NDPC ### Employment and Decent Work - Share of waged and salaried workers: - Outcome 2017 baseline: 23.5% - Targets: 25% (2022), 26% (2023), 28% (2024), 30% (2025) - Data sources: MELR, GSS - Proportion of workers in vulnerable employment (%): - Outcome 2017 baseline: 66.2% - Data sources: DSW, GSS, MELR, MMDAs - Annual labour productivity growth (%): - Outcome 2018 baseline: 3% - Data sources: MELR, GSS, MDPI - Proportion of industrial labour disputes settled: - Output 2019 baseline: 95% - Targets: 95% (2022), 95% (2023), 95% (2024), 95% (2025) - Data sources: MELR, NLC ### Environment, Infrastructure and Human Settlements — Protected Areas and Minerals - Coverage of protected areas (SDG 14.5.1) — Proportion of total land area designated as protected areas: - Outcome 2020 baseline: 15.17 - Targets for 2022–2025: 15.17, 15.17, 15.17, 15.17 - Data sources: MLNR, FC, CSIR-Forestry Research - Percentage of degraded areas within forest reserves: - Outcome 2020 baseline: 32.50 - 2022: 34.79 - 2023: 35.88 - 2024: 36.97 - 2025: 38.06 - Data sources: MLNR, FC, CSIR-Forestry Research - Mineral rights granted (count): - Output 2020 baseline: 839 - Targets: 850 (2022), 860 (2023), 900 (2024), 900 (2025) - Data sources: MLNR, MC - Mineral production (quantity per annum) — Gold, Diamonds, Bauxite, Manganese: - Gold: - Baseline: 4,094,071 - 2022: 3,788,551 - 2023: 3,975,552 - 2024: 4,567,763 - 2025: 5,194,807 - Diamonds: - Baseline: 25, 292 - 2022: 25,000 - 2023: 25,000 - 2024: 25,000 - 2025: 25,000 - Bauxite: - Baseline: 1,162,086 - 2022: 1,831,190 - 2023: 1,098,714 - 2024: 1,098,714 - 2025: 1,098,714 - Manganese: - Baseline: 2,597,678 - 2022: 2,359,546 - 2023: 2,359,546 - 2024: 2,359,546 - 2025: 2,359,546 - Data sources: MLNR, MC - Value of minerals produced: - Gold, Diamonds, Bauxite, Manganese: - (no numeric values displayed) - Proportion of land areas (Count of districts reported): - Outcome: - (no numeric values displayed) - Data sources: MLNR, MC *Source: APPENDIX V, AGENDA FOR JOBS II: CREATING PROSPERITY AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR ALL | 2022-2025* ### APPENDIX V ### APPENDIX V ### Extractive industry linkage and mineral sector - Policy objective: Ensure effective linkage of extractive industry to the rest of the economy. - Indicators and targets: - Number of Jobs created by the extractive industry (Count of persons employed in large- and small-scale mining, both expatriate and local) — Outcome 2020: - Large scale (expatriate and local); male and female: 30,944; 31,253; 31,566; 31,882; 32,201 (years 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 shown in table) - Small scale (legal and illegal): 110,000; 1,200,000; 1,200,000; 1,300,000; 1,300,000 - Data source: MLNR, MC - Foreign direct investment (in US$) (Ratio of FDI to GDP, expressed in percentage) — Outcome 2020: - 1,050.87; 1,103.41; 1,114.45; 1,125.59; 1,136.85 - Data source: MLNR, MC - Mineral revenues (GH¢) — Total amount of mineral revenues received through taxes, royalties, corporate social responsibility and export of mineral resources in Ghana Cedis — Outcome 2020: - Total: 1,426.14; 1,617.71; 1,697.56; 1,950.43; 2,218.18 - Royalties / Taxes / Corporate social responsibility (components): - Taxes: 1,426.14; 1,476.76; 1,491.53; 1,506.45; 1,521.51 - Corporate social responsibility: 27.84; 30.62; 35.0; 38.50; 42.35 - Contribution to total merchandise exports: 6,998.43; 6,629.96; 6,957.22; 7,993.59; 9,090.91 - Data source: MLNR, MC - Repatriation of mineral revenue (% of mineral revenue returned to the Ghanaian economy (Commercial banks)) — Outcome 2020: - 71%; 71%; 74%; 74%; 74% - % of mineral revenue spent on local goods: 82.25%; 83.0%; 84.0%; 84.0%; 84.0% - Data source: MLNR, MC - Proportion of mineral production processed locally — Outcome 2020: N/A; N/A; N/A; N/A; N/A - Data source: MLNR, MC ### Water resources management - Policy objective: Promote sustainable water resources development and management. - Indicators and targets: - Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality (Water quality index) (SDG 6.3.2) — Outcome 2020: - 56.6%; 65%; 70%; 75%; - - Data source: MSWR, WRC, GSS - Water availability per capita (Total available freshwater resources divided by the population) — Outcome 2020: - 1916; 1910; 1905; 1900; - - Data source: MSWR, WRC, HSD ### Coastal and marine management - Policy objective: Reduce coastal and marine erosion. - Indicator and target: - Proportion of coastline protected (Length (kilometres) of coastline protected expressed as a percentage of total coastline requiring protection) — Outcome 2020: - 377Km; -; -; -; - - Data source: MWH, Hydrological Services Department ### Environmental pollution - Policy objective: Reduce environmental pollution. - Indicators and targets: - Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter in selected locations (SDG 11.6.2) — Average level of particulate matter (PM10) in the air at selected locations in Accra: - North Industrial Area Annual Mean: 81.8 μg/m3; 80μg/m3; 78 μg/m3; 76 μg/m3; 74 μg/m3 - First Light Annual Mean: 165.1 μg/m3; 160μg/m3; 158μg/m3; 156μg/m3; 154 μg/m3 - Shangri La Annual Mean: 150.8 μg/m3; 145μg/m3; 143μg/m3; 141μg/m3; 139 μg/m3 - Achimota Annual Mean: 108.3 μg/m3; 103μg/m3; 101μg/m3; 98μg/m3; 96 μg/m3 - La Palm Annual Mean: -; -; -; -; - - Graphic Road Annual Mean: 174.3 μg/m3; 170μg/m3; 169μg/m3; 167μg/m3; 165μg/m3 - Kasoa Annual Mean: 110.7 μg/m3; 105μg/m3; 103μg/m3; 101 μg/m3; 99 μg/m3 - Amasaman Annual Mean: 97 μg/m3; 92 μg/m3; 90 μg/m3; 88 μg/m3; 86 μg/m3 - Data source: MESTI, EPA - Number of companies compliant with Environmental Assessments (EA) (Count of companies that adhere to permitting conditions) — Output 2020: - 11,773; 12,000; 12,200; 12,400; 12,600 - Data source: MESTI, EPA - Number of E-waste recycling facilities audited nationwide (The number of e-waste recycling facilities adhering to permitting conditions in line Act 917 and L.I. 2250) — Output 2020: - 20; 25; 30; 35; 40 - Data source: MESTI, EPA - Number of e-waste collection and dismantling points set up — Output 2021: - 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 - Data source: MSWR - Compliance to international safety standards in the use of modern biotechnology (Percentage of applicants complying with biotechnology safety standard) — Outcome 2021: - 95%; 95%; 96%; 97%; 98% - Data source: MESTI, NBA - Percentage of authorised persons complying with licensing conditions of Nuclear Regulatory Act, 2015 (Act 895) — Outcome 2021: - 90%; 100%; 100%; 100%; 100% - Data source: MESTI, NRA ### Deforestation, desertification and soil erosion; forest and wildlife resources - Policy objectives: Combat deforestation, desertification and soil erosion; Promote sustainable use of forest and wildlife resources. - Indicators and targets: - Rate of deforestation (The changes in the forest cover arising out of conversion of forested land to other uses, expressed as a percentage of total forested area of the previous year) — Outcome 2020: - 0.09; -0.17; 0.10; 0.10; 0.10 - Data source: MLNR, FC - Hectares of degraded forest, mining areas, dry and wet lands restored/ rehabilitated within forest reserves — Total area in hectares of lost forest reserves and protected areas restored — Outcome 2020: - 4,293.61; -; 5,000; -; 5,000; -; 5,000; -; 5,000; - (table shows repeated target 5,000) - Data source: MLNR, FC, MC - Hectares of degraded forest, mining areas, dry and wet lands restored/ rehabilitated outside forest reserves (Mining; Wetlands and mangroves) — Total area in hectares of lost mining areas, wetland and mangrove areas restored — (no numeric values provided in table) - Percentage of compliance to the Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) — Outcome 2020: - Natural Forest: 1,226,678.34 m3; 1 million m3; 1 million m3; 1 million m3; 1 million m3 - Plantation Forest: 214958 m3; 200,000 m3; 200,000 m3; 200,000 m3; 200,000 m3 - Data source: MLNR, FC ### Climate variability and change - Policy objectives: Enhance institutional capacity and coordination for effective climate action; Enhance climate change resilience; Reduce greenhouse gases. - Indicators and targets: - Number of MDAs and MMDAs capacity built for effective climate action (Count of sectors and MMDAs with capacity built in climate change issues) — output 2021: - 5 sectors 57- MMDAs; 2 sectors 10 MMDAs; 1 sector 10 MMDAs; 1 sector 10 MMDAs; 1 sector 10 MMDAs - Data source: EPA/MESTI - Percentage of sectors with climate change adaptation strategies — Output 2020: - 54%; 60%; 65%; 70%; 80% - Data source: MESTI, EPA, NDPC - Level of Greenhouse gas emissions (Emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and several fluorinated gases in Ghana, expressed in million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent) — Outcome 2021: - 51.3MTCO2e; 51.2 MTCO2e; 53.4MTCO2e; 55.5 MTCO2e; 57.6MTCO2e - Data source: MESTI, EPA - Global Green Economy Index (GGEI) — Outcome 2021: - 46 (78th); 78th; -; 76th; - - Data source: MESTI, EPA ### Transport (Road, Rail, Air, Water) - Policy objectives: Improve efficiency and effectiveness of road transport infrastructure and services; Enhance safety and security for all categories of road users; Improve capacity and efficiency of port operations; Develop and promote inland water transport system; Position Ghana as the aviation hub for West African sub-region; Modernise and extend railway network. - Road network and condition: - Road condition mix (Proportion of classified road network by condition) — Outcome 2020: - Good: 44%; 46%; 48%; 55%; 60% - Fair: 34%; 34%; 32%; 25%; 20% - Poor: 22%; 20%; 20%; 20%; 20% - Data source: MRH - Total Road network (Total length (km) of classified road network by type) — Output 2020: - Total: 78,401.20; 78,401.20; 78,401.20; 78,401.20; 78,401.20 - Trunk roads: 14,582.62; 14,582.62; 14,582.62; 14,582.62; 14,582.62 - Urban roads: 15,461.77; 15,461.77; 15,461.77; 15,461.77; 15,461.77 - Feeder roads: 48,356.81; 48,356.81; 48,356.81; 48,356.81; 48,356.81 - Data source: MRH - Proportion of classified road network maintained (Roads maintained as a percentage of the classified road network) — Output 2020: - 56%; 60%; 65%; 65%; 70% - Data source: MRH - Safety and accidents: - Road crashes — Outcome 2020: - 12,484; 11,595; 11,016; 10,465; 9,942 - Maritime accidents — Outcome 2020: - 7; 9; 7; 5; 3 - Train incidents — Outcome 2020: - Minor = 29; Major= 48; subsequent years: 0;0;0;0;0;0 (table shows zeros) - Number of road traffic fatalities (Impact 2020): - 2,528; 1,575; 1,544; 1,513; 1,483 - Number of serious injuries (Outcome 2020): - 7,421; 3,638; 3,538; 3,397; 3,261 - Data sources for accidents and safety: MoT, AIB, GCAA, MORD, NRSA, GPS (MTTD), VLTC, GMA, GRDA - Port operations: - Turn-around time of vessels (Average time spent for a vessel to unload goods) — Outcome 2020: - Tema port: 85.29; 76.19; 67.72; 60.95; 54.85 - Takoradi port: 110.98; 93.50; 84.15; 75.74; 68.16 - Data source: MoT, GPHA - Maritime traffic: - Container traffic (TEUs) — Outcome 2020: - 1,287,083; 1,349,115; 1,516,803; 38,199,882; 1,843,967 - Cargo traffic (tonnes) — Outcome 2020: - 26,385,923; 31,742,120; 34,614,367; 38,199,882; 40,321,412 - Data source: MoT, GMA - Inland water transport (Volta Lake): - Freight (Tonnes) — Outcome 2020: - 38,771.28; 118,190; 141,828; 170,194; 204,233 - Number of Vehicles (No.) — Outcome 2020: - 105,045; 122,634; 147,161; 176,593; 211,912 - Passenger (No.) — Outcome 2020: - 871,144; 1,081,518; 1,297,322; 1,556,286; 1,867,044 - Data source: MoT, VLTC - Aviation and air transport: - Total air freight and number of transit passengers: - Domestic aircraft movement (Outcome 2020): 11,359; 15,264; 16,917; 20,300; 26,391 - International aircraft movement: 13,824; 27,681; 29,704; 35,645; 46,338 - Domestic passengers: 423,718; 862,045; 1,065,919; 1,279,103; 1,662,834 - International passengers: 702,651; 1,777,084; 1,947,862; 2,337,434; 3,038,665 - Freight movement (tonnes): 43,428; 53,179; 53,636; 64,363; 83,672 - Data source: MoT, Ghana Airports Company Limited, Ghana Civil Aviation Authority - Rail: - Passenger traffic (1,000 passengers-km) — Outcome 2020: - 980; 37,067.41; 38,920.77; 40,866.80; 42,910.13 - Goods traffic (1,000 tonnes-km) — Outcome 2020: - 29,613.27; 61,772.00; 64,860.64; 68,103.63; 71,508.84 - Data source: MORD, GRDA ### Information and Communication Technology (ICT) - Policy objective: Enhance application of ICT in national development; Expand the digital landscape. - Indicators and targets: - Total broadband capacity of the country — Output 2020: - Available for ICT development: 2,675.37Gb; -; -; -; - - In use for ICT development: 759.29Gb; -; -; -; - - Data source: MOC, NCA, NITA - Internet penetration rate (Proportion of population using internet expressed as a percentage) — Outcome 2020: - -; -; -; -; - - Data source: MOC, NCA, NITA, GIFEC, PSRS ### Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) - Policy objective: Mainstream science, technology and innovation in all socio-economic activities. - Indicators and targets: - Research and development (R&D) expenditure as a percentage of GDP — Input 2020: - 0.15%; 0.35%; 0.65%; 0.85%; 1% - Data source: MESTI, MOF, GSS, CSIR, GAEC - Number of research findings adopted by industry — Outcome 2021: - 110; 130; 150; 170; 180 - Data source: MESTI, CSIR, AGI - Number of technologies commercialised — Outcome 2020: - 25; 35; 40; 45; 50 - Data source: MESTI, CSIR, AGI ### Energy and Petroleum - Policy objective: Ensure availability of clean, affordable and accessible energy; Promote petroleum exploration and indigenous participation. - Indicators and targets: - Per capita consumption of energy per annum (in Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (TOE)): - Total (TOE/capita) — Outcome 2021: 0.15; 0.16; 0.17; 0.18; 0.20 - Data source: MoEn, Energy Commission, ECG, VRA (NEDCo), GRIDCO, BOST, TOR, NPA - Electricity access rate (The population with access to electricity as a percentage of entire population) — Outcome 2020: - 85.33; 87.0; 89.0; >90%; >90% - Data source: MoEn, Energy Commission, ECG, VRA (NEDCo) - Change in Renewable Energy (RE) penetration — Outcome 2021: - 50MWp; 40MWp; 10MWp; 50MWp; 50MWp + 110MWp - Data source: MoEn, VRA, BPA - Share of renewable energy in electricity generation mix — Outcome 2021: - 2.9%; 3%; 4%; 5%; 7% - Data source: MoEn, EC - Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI) — Outcome 2021: - Metro: 1.60; 2; 2; 2; 2 - Urban: 1.56; 3; 3; 3; 3 - Rural: 1.46; 4; 4; 4; 4 - NEDCO: 1.45; 1.4; 1.37; 1.35; 1.3 - Data source: MoEn, ECG, NEDCo, PURC - Number of weeks of Strategic Stocks of petroleum products — Outcome 2021: - 2 weeks; 3 weeks; 4weeks; 5 weeks; 6 weeks - Data source: MoEn, BOST, NPA - Transmission losses (Difference between power purchased from producers and sales by transmission companies, expressed as a percentage of power purchased) — Outcome 2021: - 4.32%; 3.96%; 3.87%; 4.15%; 4.07% - Data source: MoEn, GRIDCo - Distribution losses (Difference between power purchased from producers and sales by distribution companies, expressed as a percentage of power purchased) — Outcome 2021: - ECG: 26.5%; 24.7%; 23.5%; 22.3%; 20.0% - NEDCo: 9.23%; 8.5%; 8.0%; 7.5%; 7.0% - Data source: ECG, PURC, NEDCO - Cost Recovery Ratio (%) — Outcome 2021: - ECG: 71.65%; 72.5%; 75%; 80%; 87% - NEDCo: 67.2%; 70%; 72.5%; 75%; 78% - Data source: ECG, NEDCo - Commercial losses (Ratio of billed energy to supplied energy to customer) — Outcome 2021: - ECG: 15.95%; 14.45%; 12.95%; 11.78%; 9.45% - NEDCo: 18.0%; 16.5%; 16%; 15.5%; 16% - Power factor (Measurement of power factor) — Outcome 2021: - 0.6-0.8; 0.9-1; 0.9-1; 0.9-1; 0.9-1 - Data source: MoEn, EC - Share of efficient appliances (Average share of efficient regulated appliances on the market) — Outcome 2021: - 97.50%; 100; 100; 100; 100 - Data source: MoEn, EC - Number of development wells completed and hooked-up (Promote petroleum exploration) — Outcome 2021: - Jubilee Field: 2; 4; 3; 2; 0 - TEN Field: (values aligned in same row) 2; 4; 3; 2; 0 - Data source: MoEn, GNPC, PC - Value of services and contracts awarded to indigenous companies (Value of services and contracts undertaken by indigenous Ghanaian companies in the oil and gas sector) — Outcome 2021: - USD$350M in-country spend; USD$600M; USD$1.5Bn; USD$2Bn; USD$4Bn - Data source: MoEn, PC - Proportion of Ghanaians employed in the oil and gas sector (Management) — Outcome 2020: - 70% - 80%; 70% - 80%; 70% - 80%; 70% - 80% - Data source: MoEn, PC *Source: APPENDIX V (extracted indicators, baselines and targets as presented in the provided PDF).* ### APPENDIX V ### APPENDIX V ### Oil and Gas — Leverage industry for national development - Share of oil and gas sector in GDP (Outcome 2020): 3.3% - Household access to LPG (Outcome 2017 baseline): 25%; targets: 28%, 30%, 32%, 34% - Change in Processing Capacity (Outcome 2021 baseline): 28,000 bpsd; targets: 45,000 bpsd (2022), 45,000 bpsd (2023), 45,000 bpsd (2024), 45,000 bpsd (2025) - Volume of natural gas supplied or transported (Output 2021): - Tema Industrial enclave: Not started (2022–2023); target 30 MMscfd (2024), 30 MMscfd (2025) - Togo: targets 50-60 MMscfd (2023–2025) - Cote d’Ivoire: targets 30-40 MMscfd (2023–2025) - Proportion of petroleum revenue allocated to priority areas: indicator listed (ABFA) — no baseline or numeric targets provided - Environmental compliance (Outcome 2021 baseline): Percentage of companies complying with EA and EMP permits: 100%; targets: 100% (2022), 100% (2023), 100% (2024), 100% (2025) ### Human settlements, housing, and urban development - Spatial Development Frameworks, Structural Plans and Local Plans (Output 2021 baseline): - Regional Spatial Development Frameworks: 3 (23.07%) baseline; targets: 6 (37.50%) (2022), 9 (56.25%) (2023), 12 (75%) (2024), 16 (100%) (2025) - Number of household units provided nationally (Output 2020 baseline): - Urban households: 1,030 (thousands) - Rural households: 0 (baseline) - Rural development outputs (Output 2020 baseline): - Number of rural sub-projects completed: 342 - Jobs created: 29,959 - Proportion of urban population (Output 2021 baseline): 56.67% (no targets presented) ### Construction industry, drainage and flood control, infrastructure maintenance - Construction Industry laws: Real estate bill enacted by parliament (Output 2020 baseline) - Drainage master plans (Output 2020 baseline): - Regional: 0 baseline; targets: 8 (2022), 8 (2023), 0 (2024), 0 (2025) - Districts: 1 baseline; targets: 130 (2022), 129 (2023), 0 (2024), 0 (2025) - Length of drains constructed (Output 2021 baseline): - Primary: 8.38km - Secondary: 15.28km - Number of flood warning stations constructed/rehabilitated: NA (Output 2020 baseline) - National public works maintenance framework instituted and operationalized (Input 2020 baseline): "-" with a target of 1 (2022) ### Land administration and zoning - Average number of days to register land title (Outcome 2020 baseline): 150days; targets: 120days (2022), 90days (2023), 50days (2024), 30days (2025) - Average number of days to register deed (2020 baseline): 30days; targets: 15days (2022), 14days (2023), 12days (2024), 10days (2025) - Number of regional and district Land Commission offices established (Output 2020 baseline): - Regional offices: 10 baseline; targets: 6 (2022), 10 (2023), 3 (2024), 10 (2025) - District offices: 6 baseline; targets: 5 (2022), 10 (2023), 0 (2024), 0 (2025) ### Zongos and inner-city development - Proportion of people living in slum areas (Outcome 2020 baseline): 28.18%** (8.8 million) - Number of slums/Zongo communities upgraded (Outcome 2020 baseline): 0; target: 1 (2022) ### Governance, corruption and public accountability — Democratic governance - Change in budgetary resources approved and released to: - Parliament (Input 2020 baseline): 11.3% - Judiciary (Input 2020 baseline): 30.7% (3,567,43004.10) [additional figures listed: 405,031, 530.00; 414,1416,19.00; 443,189,898.00; 489,055,058.00] — as presented in source - Independent Governance Institutions examples: EC=78% NCCE=52.9% NMC=187% CHRAJ = 62,852,704; CHRAJ = 87,365,258; CHRAJ = 122,311,362; CHRAJ = 155,715,852 - Good Governance Index (Impact 2020 baseline): 53.68%; targets: 56.18% (2022), 57.42% (2023), 58.66% (2024), 59.90% (2025) - Number of CRC recommendations implemented: indicator listed — no numeric baseline provided - Number of PAC recommendations implemented (Output 2019 baseline): 139 recommendations ### Local governance and decentralization - Pre-conditions for election of MMDCEs met (Process 2020 baseline): 0; indicators include amendment of relevant legislations and conduct of referendum - Staff strength of MMDAs (Input 2020 baseline): 6.91% (GoG &IGF); target: ≥7.5% (2022) - Percentage of MDAs and MMDAs medium-term development plans certified and implemented: indicator listed — no numeric baseline provided - Share of MMDAs total revenue to total national revenue (Input 2020 baseline): 3.61%; targets: ≥4.5% (2022–2025) - Proportion of central Government transfers to MMDAs (Input 2020 baseline): 2.5%; targets: ≥5% (2022–2025) - Share of central Government budgetary allocations and releases to RCCs (Output 2020 baseline): 2.5%; target: 5.0% (2025) ### Public accountability, monitoring and public sector management - Launch of NaMEIS (Input/Output 2020 baseline): 4 developed but undergoing review for approval by stakeholders; targets: Full implementation of NaMEIS (2022–2025) - Percentage of RTI requests responded to by MDAs and MMDAs: indicator listed — no numeric baseline provided - Proportion of Government institutions using HRMIS (Outcome 2020 baseline): 63% MDAs; targets: 71% (2022), 75% (2023), 83% (2024), 93% (2025) - Proportion of public service institutions with client service charters (Output 2020 baseline): 8 client service charters developed - Percentage of public institutions with ethics officers (Output 2021 baseline): 96 officers ### Policy formulation and macroeconomic analysis - Number of public policies formulated in line with NPPFG (Output 2021 baseline): 2; targets: 5 (2022–2025) - Extent of usage of Ghana macro-economic model (Outcome 2020 baseline): Key stakeholders trained ### Human security and public safety - Police-citizen ratio (Input 2021 baseline): 1:732; targets: 1:500 (2022–2025) - Change in reported cases of crime (Outcome 2021 baseline): 4%; targets: 3.2% (2022), 3% (2023), 3% (2024), 2.9% (2025) - Rape % targets: 7.5% (2021 baseline), 6% (2022), 5.5% (2023), 5% (2024) - Armed robbery targets: 11% (2021 baseline), 9.5% (2022), 8.6% (2023), 7.2% (2024), 7% (2025) - Drug trafficking targets: 43% (2021 baseline), 20% (2022), 23% (2023), 25% (2024), 18% (2025) - Fire officer-citizen ratio (Input 2021 baseline): 1:2379; targets: 1:1774 (2022), 1:1597 (2023), 1:1458 (2024), 1:1347 (2025) - Recorded incidence of fire outbreaks (Output 2020 baseline): 6474; targets: 7502 (2022), 7172 (2023), 6771 (2024), 6432 (2025) - Recorded cases of foreigners without permit arrested (Output 2020 baseline): 5478; targets: >15% (2022–2025) - Recorded cases of foreigners without permit prosecuted: indicator listed — no numeric baseline provided - Occupancy rate in prison/detention facilities (Outcome 2020 baseline): - Adult male: 96.92%; targets: 98% (2022), 98% (2023), 98% (2024), 98.20% (2025) - Adult female: 1.07% baseline; targets: 0.34% (2022–2025) - Juvenile (M): 2.01% baseline; targets: 1.66% (2022–2024), 1.46% (2025) - Juvenile (F): "-" (no data) ### Defence and peacekeeping - Net recruitment rate into Ghana Armed Forces (Input 2020 baseline): 5.08%; noted target: 19.16% (2024) - Percentage of personnel deployed in peacekeeping operations (Outcome 2020 baseline): 10.10%; targets: ≤16.40% (2022–2025) ### Anti-corruption and economic crime - Proportion of corruption cases for which prosecution has been initiated (Output 2020 baseline): - Special Prosecutor: SP-1 baseline; targets: 35% (2022), 50% (2023), 55% (2024), 60% (2025) - Office of the Attorney General: OAG-0 baseline - Number of corruption cases recorded and investigated by state anti-corruption institutions (Output 2020 baseline): - CHRAJ: 158 cases recorded and 20 cases investigated - EOCO: 132 cases investigated, 11 prosecuted, 2 convictions secured and recovered a total amount of GHS2,526,6 *Source: APPENDIX V, AGENDA FOR JOBS II: CREATING PROSPERITY AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR ALL | 2022-2025* ### 23.94 from ### 23.94 from proceeds of crime - APPENDIX V: AGENDA FOR JOBS II: CREATING PROSPERITY AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR ALL | 2022-2025 ### Corruption, Law and Order, and Justice - Number of corruption cases prosecuted by the Attorney-General Department - Definition: The number of corruption related cases prosecuted by the Attorney-General Department - Type: Output - Baseline (2021): 0 - Targets: 40 (2022), 55 (2023), 65 (2024), 75 (2025) - Data source: OAG - Number of corruption cases prosecuted by the Special Prosecutor - Definition: The number of corruption related cases prosecuted by the special prosecutor - Type: Output - Baseline (2021): 0 - Targets: 40 (2022), 60 (2023), 65 (2024), 90 (2025) - Data source: SP - Percentage of corruption cases investigated - Definition: Corruption cases for which investigations have been carried out expressed as a percentage of total number of corruption cases received - Type: Output - Baseline (2021): 0 - Targets: 40% (2022), 50% (2023), 65% (2024), 80% (2025) - Data source: OAG, MoJ, OoP, Parliament, OSP, EOCO - Corruption Perception Index - Definition: Composite index focusing on corruption in the public sector including abuse of public office for private gain - Type: Outcome (indicator expressed as a score) - Baseline (2020): 43 out of 100 - Targets: At least 47 out of a 100 (2022), At least 49 out of a 100 (2023), At least 52 out of a 100 (2024), At least 55 out of a 100 (2025) - Data source: CHRAJ, GII, CDD (Note: "Thereby putting Ghana within the range of first three corruption-free countries in Africa" appears as accompanying note) - Promote access and efficiency in delivery of justice - Number of lawyers called to the Bar - Definition: Count of new lawyers called to the Bar in a given year - Type: Input - Baseline (2021): 312 - Targets: 700 (2022), 800 (2023), 900 (2024), 1000 (2025) - Data source: OAG, MoJ, GLC, GSL, JS - Percentage of Courts automated (no numeric baseline/targets provided in excerpt) - Percentage of cases settled through Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) - Definition: Count of cases recorded and settled through ADR expressed as a percentage - Type: Output - Baseline (2020): 58% - Targets listed: 65%, 66%, 65%, 60% (years correspond to 2022–2025 pattern) - Note: "*Does not include data for Court connected ADR not include data for LA and Court connected ADR" - Data source: OAG, MoJ, JS - Un-sentenced detainees - Definition: Total number of detainees awaiting trial as a proportion of overall prison population - Type: Outcome - Baseline (2018): 13.1% - Data source: GPS, MINT ### Civil Society, Civic Engagement, and Governance Communication - Press Freedom Index (PFI) - Definition: Composite index of violations directly affecting journalists (murder, imprisonment, attacks, censorship, confiscation, searches, harassment) - Type: Outcome - Baseline (2020): 22.26 (30th out of 180) - Data source: MoI, NMC - Voice and Accountability index - Definition: Composite index of 84 variables capturing perceptions about participation, freedom of expression, freedom of association, and free media - Type: Impact - Baseline (2019): 65.52% - Targets: 68.68% (2022), 70.25% (2023), 71.81% (2024), 73.37% (2025) - Data source: CHRAJ, NDPC - Note: Footnote indicates aim to place Ghana within the first two best ranked countries in Africa; current comparative scores mentioned in source. - Good Society Campaign (Promote discipline in all aspects of life) - Type: Process - Baseline (2020): NA - Targets: Conceptual framework developed; Program developed and rolled out (years not numerically dated in excerpt) - Data source: NDPC, MoI, OSM (PSRS), NCCE - Development Communication — Number of National Policy Dialogues organised - Baseline (2020): 22 - Targets and counts by activity type (2022–2025 pattern): - Presidential meet-the-press: 24 (each year) - Meet-the-Press sessions: 8 (2022), 12 (2023), 8 (2024), 12 (2025) — (source table shows mix across years) - Budget dissemination workshops: 0 (2020 baseline), targets 1 (each year) - Nation Building Update: baseline 12, targets 4 (each year) - National Development Fora (NDF) organised: baseline 9, targets 12 (each year) - Data source: OoP, MoI, ISD - Culture for National Development - Number of L.I.s on lines of succession to stools and skins for rightful successors - Baseline (2020): 20 - Targets: 20 (2022), 20 (2023), 20 (2024), 10 (2025) - Data source: MCRA, OAGMoJ, Parliament - Proportion of cultural centres that are functional - Baseline (2020): NA - Targets: 25% (4 out of 16) (2022), 50% (8 out of 16) (2023), 75% (12 out of 16) (2024), 100% (16 out of 16) (2025) - Data source: MoTAC, OAGMoJ - Number of Chieftaincy disputes recorded and resolved (counts) - Recorded (2020 baseline): 79 new cases - Unresolved (2020 baseline): 483 - Data source: OAGMoJ, MoTAC ### Strengthening Ghana’s International Affairs, Trade and Diaspora Integration - Number of Ghanaians occupying positions in international organizations - Definition: Count of Ghanaians elected or appointed to positions in international organizations - Type: Output - Baseline (2020): 1 - Targets: 6 (2022), 6 (2023), 6 (2024), 6 (2025) - Data source: MFARI, OoP - Number of foreign markets for Ghanaian products (Existing; New) - Baseline (2020): 30 existing, 2 new - Data source: MFARI - Number of investment promotion activities held - Baseline (2020): 22 - Data source: MFARI, OoP, GIPC, GEPA - Number of Ghanaians abroad who participate in general elections (presidential elections) - Baseline (2020): 0 - Data source: MFARI, EC, Parliament, Political parties - Number of Ghanaians captured on the diaspora database - Baseline (2020): 2,500,000 - Data source: MFARI - Number of protocols on African open skies implemented - Baseline (2020): - (no data provided) - Data source: MFARI, MoT ### Emergency Planning and COVID-19 Response — Hydrometeorological Threats - Number of recorded incidents of disasters across the country - Definition: Count of disaster occurrences across the country in a year - Type: Output - Baseline (2020): 2479 - Targets: 1,884 (2022), 1,773 (2023), 1,662 (2024), 1,551 (2025) - Data source: MINT, NADMO - Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population - Definition: The number of people who died, went missing or were directly affected by disasters per 100,000 population - Type: Output - Baseline (2020): 1,184.3 - Targets: 655 (2022), 616 (2023), 577 (2024), 538 (2025) - Data source: MINT, NADMO - Number of communities trained in disaster prevention and management (bushfires and flooding) - Baseline (2020): 3,351 - Targets: 5,200 (2022), 6,500 (2023), 7,800 (2024), 10,400 (2025) - Data source: MINT, NADMO - Number of regional and district capitals implementing city Resilience action plans - Baseline (2019): NADMO spearheaded letters to all Regional Coordinating Councils (sign-on to UNDRR 'Making My City Resilient' Campaign) - Targets (sequential): Advocacy and sensitization; Risk Assessment and mapping of all regional capitals and 50% of district capitals that qualify to be cities; Complete city resilience action plans for all regional capitals and 50% of district capitals that qualify to be cities; 60% of the outlined action plans implemented for all the regional capitals and 50% of district capitals that qualify to be cities - Data source: NADMO, MMDAs - Number of RCCs and MMDAs with disaster risk reduction (DRR) plans (counts) - RCCs: Baseline (2020): 2; Targets: 3 (2022), 8 (2023), 10 (2024), 16 (2025) - MMDAs: Baseline (2020): 0; Targets: 52 (2022), 130 (2023), 156 (2024), 260 (2025) - Data source: NADMO, Ministry of Interior, RCCs, MMDAs - National Action Plan for Sendai Framework Developed - Baseline (2019): NADMO has prepared a zero draft of the action plan - Targets: Stakeholder review and validation; Engage 20% of identified stakeholders for implementation; Engage 50% for implementation; Engage 80% for implementation - Data source: NADMO, MMDAs - Proportion of DRR planning/coordination meetings held with the involvement of traditional leaders - Baseline (2019): - (not specified) - Targets (National / RCCs / MMDAs): 50% / 60% / 70% / 80% (sequential targets across planning horizon) - Data source: NADMO, RCCs, MMDAs ### Geological Threats - Number of vulnerable buildings in earthquake and landslide high risk zones mapped out - Definition: Count of buildings vulnerable to earthquakes, landslides and other related geological hazards mapped - Type: Outcome - Baseline (2020): No database on vulnerable buildings in earthquakes and landslide prone zone, level of risk not quantified - Targets (risk quantification and coverage): 15% risk quantified (No. of vulnerable buildings within 30% coverage); 30% risk quantified (No. of vulnerable buildings within 30% coverage); 45% risk quantified (No. of vulnerable buildings within 30% coverage); 45% risk quantified (No. of vulnerable buildings within 60% coverage) - Data source: Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources, Ghana Geological Survey Authority, Centre Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Services - Earthquake early warning systems installed - Type: Output - Baseline (2021): 8 of 200 - Targets: 25 (2022), 50 (2023), 75 (2024), 100 (2025) — expressed as counts (or percentage of total required systems as per definition) - Data source: Ghana Geological Survey Authority - L.I. on site investigation certification by GGSA prior to construction work developed, passed by Parliament and enforced - Baseline (2020): No L.I. - Targets (sequential): Draft LI document developed; LI document submitted to Parliament; LI document Approved by Parliament; LI enforced to regulate infrastructural development - Data source: Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources, Ghana Geological Survey Authority ### Biological Threats and Health Emergency Preparedness - Existence of administrative framework on information flow - Definition: An administrative framework that clearly identifies chain of command and information flow amongst relevant agencies - Type: Process - Baseline (2020): 0 - Targets: 30% completion; 70% completion; 100% completion; 100% operationalisation - Data source: MoH, GHS - Constitutional law/Act covering emergency preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation enacted (Passage of the Health bill) - Baseline (2019): Draft health bill prepared - Targets: 90% completion; 100% completion; 10% operationalization; 60% Implementation - Data source: MoH - A national emergency preparedness and response plan developed - Baseline (2017): International Health Regulation (IHR) prepared for Ghana (70% completion noted in table) - Targets: 100% completion; 50% operationalization; 100% operationalization (sequential across years) - Data source: MoH, NADMO ### Anthropogenic Threats and Contingency Planning - National Contingency Planning Board (NCPB) set up - Baseline (2020): No base data available - Targets: Executive instrument ready for parliament approval; National contingency planning board set up; A national contingency plan designed to counter anthropogenic threat - Data point stated: "Exposure related to anthropogenic disasters per year reduced by X%" (X unspecified) - Number of well-resourced emergency centers established (counts) - Baseline (2020): National 1, Regional 10, District 11 - Targets (sequential): - 2022: 1 / 16 / 52 - 2023: 1 / 16 / 130 - 2024: 1 / 16 / 208 - 2025: 1 / 16 / 243 - Data source: MoH, NADMO - Proportions of Gas station facilities utilizing the Standard Operation Procedures (SOPs) - Baseline (2020): - (no numeric baseline in excerpt) - Data source: MINTER, GNFS ### Technology and Security Threats (Cybersecurity, Terrorism, Organised Crime) - Mean response time to network intrusion - Definition: Mean response time to a cyber-attack once system administrator becomes aware of it - Baseline (2020): - No. of security events detected on critical systems (no numeric baseline provided) - Accompanying indicators listed (no numeric baselines/targets in excerpt): No. of adequately trained Incident response staff; % of compliance to Cybersec; % of implementation of security in depth strategy; No. of All staff trained - Data source: MoC&D Cybersecurity Authority, NITA, Ghana Police, NIB - Budgetary resource allocated and released to the National Cyber Security Authority - Definition: Amount of budgetary resource allocated to National Cyber Security Authority in a given year - Baseline (2020): - (no amount provided) - Data source: MoC&D Cybersecurity Authority, NITA, NIB, Ghana Police - Number of MMDAs with trained security experts - Definition: Count of MMDAs with security personnel with advanced training in cybercrime and terrorist modus operandi expressed as a percentage - Baseline/Targets: not numerically specified in excerpt - Data source: MoC&D Cybersecurity Authority, NITA, Ghana Police, NIB - Inter-Agency task force for Counter-Terrorism Established - Baseline (2020): No Inter-Agency task force - Targets: Establish task force with representation of all security services to coordinate efforts against terrorism - Data source: MINTER - Minimise the incidence of organised crime — Percentage of small and light weapons recovered - Baseline (2020): - (no numeric baseline provided) - Data source: MINTER; GPS, NIB, FIC, NACOC, Ghana Immigration Service - Recorded cases of organised crime (money laundering; human trafficking; firearms trafficking; illegal gambling) - Baseline (2020): - (no numeric baseline provided) - Data source: MINTER; GPS, NIB, NACOC, GIS, MoGCSP *Source: 1ghaea2024003-print-pdf - APPENDIX V (excerpts provided).* ### APPENDIX V ### APPENDIX V ### Relief operations and humanitarian assistance - Policy objective: Enhance relief operations and humanitarian welfare. - Indicator: Number of disaster victims supported with relief items; distribution of relief items to disaster victims. - Baseline and targets: - Output baseline 2021: 62, 982 - Targets: 145,000; 152, 250; 159,863; 167,855 - Data sources: MINT, NADMO, MLGDRD ### Public safety, illicit trade and cultural property protection - Policy objective: Ensure safety of life, property, and social wellbeing. - Indicators: Recorded cases of violence linked to economic, ethnic, political and chieftaincy conflicts; count of ethnic, political and chieftaincy violence recorded in a year. - Data sources: MINTER; Ghana Police Service, MCRA, Peace Council, EOCO, OOP, National and Regional Houses of Chiefs, OAG&MJ ### COVID-19 response and industry resilience - Policy objective: Enhance industry resilience to shocks (e.g., COVID-19). - Indicators and definitions: - Proportion of SMEs provided with COVID-19 recovery financial support: Loans — Count of SMEs provided with COVID-19 recovery incentives as a percentage of SMEs (Output). - COVID-19 related expenditure as a percentage of GDP — Government expenditure on COVID-19 expressed as a percentage of GDP (Output). - Percentage of enterprises affected by COVID-19 in the tourism and creative arts industry provided with credit schemes — Number of enterprises provided with credit schemes as a percentage of all COVID-19 affected enterprises in the tourism and creative arts industry (Output). - Data sources: GEA, MoF, GRA, MASLOC; MoF; MOTAC, GTA ### Agriculture, rural development and food security - Policy objective: Sustain agriculture and rural development. - Indicators: - Number of farmers supported with agricultural inputs, extension and advisory services, and markets — Count of farmers provided access to inputs, advisory services and market (Output). - Data source: MOFA - Policy objective: Sustain food and nutrition security. - Indicators and baselines: - Global Food Security Index: Output 2022 Moderate (82 out 113 countries) - National food insecurity: Proportion of the population at risk of hunger/who are food insecure — 2020 baseline: 12% - Proportion of MMDAs with actions/strategies for identifying and addressing food and nutrition insecurity — Count of MMDAs with strategies expressed as a percentage of all MMDAs (no baseline/targets provided). - Proportion of MMDAs implementing FNS actions in their MTDPs — Count of MMDAs who have implemented more than 50% of their FNS actions expressed as a percentage; targets: 40%; 60%; 80%; 80% - Data sources: (not specified in excerpt) ### Education, remote learning and skills - Policy objective: Promote innovative and alternative learning. - Indicators: - Percentage of primary, JHS, SHS, TVET and Tertiary schools/institutions with technologies or strategies to support remote learning — Count of schools/institutions with technologies or strategies to support remote learning expressed as a percentage of all schools/institutions (Output). - School levels listed: Primary; JHS; SHS; TVET; Tertiary (no baseline/targets provided). - Data sources: MOE, GES - Proportion of students using remote learning platforms — Count of students using remote learning platforms as a percentage (Outcome). School levels: Primary; JHS; SHS; TVET; Tertiary (no baseline/targets provided). - Data sources: MoE, GES ### Health system resilience - Policy objective: Ensure secured health systems. - Indicators: - Existence of a logistics management information system — Existence of a health sector emergency response system. - Targets: A fully functional logistics management information system; A fully functional health sector emergency response system. - No baseline/years provided in excerpt. ### Social protection and emergency preparedness - Policy objective: Strengthen the social protection system to include emergency preparedness and response. - Indicators: - National emergency relief fund developed and established (Output). - Implementation milestones provided as progression: Bill developed; Bill passed; Bill operationalized; Fund fully operational. - Policy objective: Reduce business and workers’ vulnerability to internal and external shocks. - Indicator: National Unemployment Insurance scheme for workers established and functional (Output). ### Water, sanitation and environmental protection - Policy objective: Improve water and sanitation services. - Indicator: Number of good hygiene sensitizations undertaken — Count of national campaigns carried out in a year (Output). - Data source: MSWR - Policy objective: Enhance environmental protection services. - Indicator: Proportion of EPA’s online service operating at optimal level expressed as percentage (Output) — EPA’s online services system fully operationalised (no baseline/targets provided). ### Transport sector resilience and capacity building - Policy objective: Promote shock resilient construction in the road and rail sectors. - Indicator: Number of road and rail personnel trained in resilient technologies in construction — Count trained in resilient technologies (ICTs, etc.) (Output). - Data sources: MoRD, MoT, MoCD, GhIE ### Implementation, coordination, monitoring and evaluation (Focus Area 1 and 2) - Policy objective: Strengthen plan preparation, implementation and coordination. - Indicators and values: - Proportion of annual action plans implemented (Output) — Count of activities implemented divided by total planned activities expressed as a percentage; baseline 2020: 85.0; subsequent targets: 100; 100; 100; 100; 100; 100; 100 (presented across MDAs, MMDAs and RCCs). - Number of quarterly meetings held (Output) for: - DPCU: baseline 2019: 2; targets: 4; 4; 4; 4 - RPCUs: baseline 2019: 2; targets: 4; 4; 4; 4 - PPMED: baseline 2019: 2; targets: 4; 4; 4; 4 - Percentage change in IGF (Outcome): Change in total amount of internally generated funds raised expressed as a percentage. For 2020: - MDAs baseline: 11.1% - MMDAs baseline: 18.18% - Additional listed values: 11.99%; 11.98%; 11.99% (arrangement in table indicates values per category and years). - Data sources: MDAs, MMDAs and RCCs, NDPC; MLGDRD, MMDAs, MDAs, MoF - Policy objective: Strengthen monitoring and evaluation systems at all levels. - Indicators and baselines/targets: - Date of completion of the national APR (Outcome) — 2020: 31st July; targets for subsequent years: 31st July; 31st July; 31st July - Percentage of APRs submitted on time (Outcome): - MDAs: 2020 baseline: 2.3% → targets: 100%; 100%; 100%; 100% (NDPC) - RCCs: 2020 baseline: (noted separately) - MMDAs: 2020 baseline: 8.8% → targets: 100%; 100%; 100%; 100% - Percentage of institutions using the national M&E Information System (Outcome): - MDAs: 2020 baseline: 0 → targets: 50%; 75%; 85%; 100% - RCCs / MMDAs: 2020 baseline: 0 → targets: 50%; 75%; 85%; 100% - Number of Government institutions conducting evaluations (Output) — 2021 baseline: 0; targets: 25; 41; 55; 60 (MDAs, MMDAs, RCCs, NDPC) - Additional counts listed: 0; 5; 10; 14; 16 and 0; 90; 120; 180; 260 (these correspond to other evaluation-related counts presented in the table). - Percentage of annual budget utilized on M&E (Input) — 2020 baselines and targets: - National: 0.9% → 2.5%; 3.0%; 4.0%; 4.0% - MDAs: 0.5% → 2.5%; 3.0%; 4.0%; 4.0% - RCCs: 0.5% → 2.5%; 3.0%; 4.0%; 4.0% - MMDAs: 0.5% → 2.5%; 3.0%; 4.0%; 5.0% - Data sources: MDAs, MMDAs, RCC, NDPC, MoF ### Production and utilisation of statistics (Focus Area 3) - Policy objective: Strengthen production and utilisation of statistics. - Indicator: Number of MMDAs with district statisticians (Input). - 2020 baseline: 216 - Targets: 230; 245; 254; 260 - Data sources: MMDAs, GSS, NDPC, OHLGS ### Development finance and cooperation (Focus Area 4) - Policy objective: Improve resource mobilization and effectively manage its utilization. - Indicator: Proportion of financial assistance (loans & grants) from development partners to national revenue — Share of financial assistance to total national revenue expressed as a percentage (Outcome). - 2021 baseline: 70% - Targets: 60%; 50%; 40%; 30% - Data sources: MoF, Bank of Ghana ### Knowledge management and learning (Focus Area 5) - Policy objective: Enhance knowledge management and learning. - Indicators and values: - Number of Government institutions with digitized documentation systems (Output) — MDAs, RCCs, MMDAs: - Baseline/targets listed as counts: 45; 50; 55; 55 (institution counts across years) - Number of learning products created (Output) — Count of reports, policy briefs, research findings, documentaries, guidelines, manuals, bulletins, etc. - 2021 baseline: 3 - Targets: 3; 3; 4; 4 - Proportion of technical staff without access to official computers (Output) — Count of technical staff without access expressed as a percentage; values listed: 45; 50; 55; 55 (for MDAs, RCCs, MMDAs across years). - Additional institutional counts repeated: 10; 12; 16; 16 and 230; 245; 261; 261 (appear in the table aligned with digitization and staff access indicators). - Data sources: MDAs, MMDAs, RCCs; MLGDRD, OHCS, OHLGS; NDPC *Source: APPENDIX V (extracted content from the provided IMF PDF chapter).* --- _Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2024/english/1ghaea2024003-print-pdf.pdf_