## 1. The Impact of Climate Change on the Forestry Sector ## Source details **Canonical URL:** [1. The Impact of Climate Change on the Forestry Sector](https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2026/english/1slbea2026002.pdf) ## Other formats - [Markdown version](/-/media/files/publications/cr/2026/english/1slbea2026002.pdf.md) - [Structured JSON version](/-/media/files/publications/cr/2026/english/1slbea2026002.pdf.json) --- ### A. Climate trends and projections — Solomon Islands - Baseline climate and recent changes - Baseline (1985–2014) average annual temperatures around 26-27 °C—approximately 0.4–0.6 °C above pre-industrial levels. - Temperatures are estimated to have risen by an additional ~0.5 °C by 2020. - High interannual rainfall variability with pronounced year-to-year fluctuations linked to ENSO. - Temperature projections - Median model projections: temperature increases of 0..9–1.2 °C by 2050 and 12.2 °C by 2085, relative to the 1985–2014 baseline, depending on emissions pathways. - High-emissions scenario (SSP3-7.0, 90th percentile): warming could reach 3°C by 2085. - Precipitation and extremes - Climate models do not project changes of total annual rainfall compared to the 1960-2015 average; recent positive trend in annual rainfall may be transitory. - Intense precipitation events (Rx1day and Rx5day) have intensified in recent decades; projections indicate a slight increase in Rx1day toward the end of the century. - Drought index (CDD) remains low and is projected to stay at the same levels. - No episodes of widespread extreme heat since 1960; none are projected through the end of the century (TX35 remains negligible). - Implication: recurrent flood-related damage to infrastructure and housing is more likely than heat-related shocks. - Sea-level rise and cyclones - Sea-level rise projections (relative to 2000): roughly 0.52 meters under RCP2.6; 0.62 meters under RCP4.5; up to 0.79 meters under RCP8.5 by 2100. - Local effects could exceed global mean due to erosion, storm-driven surges, and ENSO. - Tropical cyclones: no clear long-term trend in frequency; variability high and linked to ENSO. Projections suggest stable or slightly declining frequency but increased intensity of strongest cyclones with heavier rainfall and higher peak wind speeds. - Marine ecosystems - Fisheries contribute around 4 percent of GDP (mentioned earlier) and are essential for food security. - FishMIP projections: exploitable fish biomass in Solomon Islands’ waters could decline by 11 percent under both low- (SSP1-2.6) and high-emissions (SSP5-8.5) scenarios by 2050, and by up to 50 percent under high emissions (SSP5-8.5) by 2100. - Scenario divergence becomes significant in the second half of the century due to inertia in climate and ocean systems. - Forestry sector climate effect - CO2 fertilization is expected to increase forest growth under projected temperature and precipitation ranges. - With sustainable and efficient forestry practices, potential to harness higher productivity, increased timber output, greater value added, and expanded export opportunities. ### B. Macroeconomic impacts — methods and sector results - Methodology overview - Integrates empirical literature and sectoral models to quantify macroeconomic impacts from gradual warming, fisheries productivity declines, forestry changes, and sea-level rise. - Long-run aggregate GDP response to temperature trends estimated using panel econometric approaches based on global data from 172 countries since 1960. - Analysis focuses on economic consequences of variations in warming rates; other climate dimensions (ecosystems, sea-level rise) are added separately. - Temperature-driven GDP outcomes (projected deviations by end of century) - SSP2-4.5 (moderate acceleration): reduction of approximately 1 percent of GDP relative to baseline projections. - SSP3-7.0 90th percentile (worst-case): reduction of about 4 percent of GDP. - SSP1-2.6 (Paris-consistent): may result in slightly higher GDP compared to a scenario with indefinite continuation of recent warming trends. - Adaptation assumptions and sensitivity - Baseline projections assume the economy gradually adapts over a 30-year horizon (examples: increased air conditioning penetration, farming shifts, public early warning systems). - Slower adaptation increases costs; no adaptation can double the economic cost of rising temperatures. - Fisheries impacts - Economic profile: Fishing sector responsible for 5 percent of GDP in 2024 and contributes export revenues equal to 4 percent of GDP. - Projected biomass declines: biomass potential in the EEZ projected to decline by 10.7 percent by 2045 in a moderate scenario. - Fiscal and allocation effects: potential negative impacts on value added and fiscal revenues from government sales of fishing permits; Nauru Agreement and Vessel Day Scheme (VDS) reallocate fishing days regionally and stock shifts could reduce Solomon Islands’ future allocations and revenues. - Policy implication: need for economic diversification, strengthened regional collaboration, and potential role as a fish processing hub to offset losses. - Forestry impacts - Economic profile: Forestry responsible for 5 percent of GDP in 2024 and 33 percent of goods exports. - Projected impacts: Global timber model simulations suggest sustainable commercial timber harvesting could increase in Oceania due to CO2 fertilization; applied to Solomon Islands, projections indicate a 13 percent increase in potential harvest volume by mid-century relative to present levels—conditional on efficient management. - Risks: benefits depend critically on sustainable management; inefficient practices or increased illegal logging could undermine long-term gains. Faster timber growth may increase incentives for illegal logging absent reforms and enforcement. - Sea-level rise and coastal exposure - Sea-level rise is a slow-moving, potentially irreversible economic cost affecting public asset values, population distribution, and long-term development planning. - Combined with intensified cyclone impacts, sea-level rise magnifies storm-surge impacts and coastal flooding, raising fiscal pressures for adaptation and protection. ### C. Policy implications and adaptation priorities - General principles - Prioritize climate-specific interventions and apply cost-benefit analysis consistently to evaluate adaptation options. - Facilitate private adaptation (examples: access to cooling technologies, agricultural innovations) while investing in public goods (examples: early warning systems, resilient infrastructure). - Use macro-fiscal guidance to prioritize resources toward cost-efficient adaptation measures that reduce long-term fiscal exposure. - Accelerate adaptation to avoid doubling of economic costs; ensure policies reduce barriers to private adaptation and deliver public goods efficiently. - Sector-specific priorities - Fisheries - Strengthen regional cooperation under the Nauru Agreement and explore roles in fish processing to capture value even as biomass shifts. - Implement adaptive fisheries management to sustain rents and fiscal revenues as exploitable biomass changes. - Forestry - Enforce sustainable forestry practices, reduce illegal logging, and improve management to harness CO2 fertilization benefits and increase value added. - Design incentives and monitoring to prevent short-term exploitation that undermines long-term gains. - Coastal and urban planning - Incorporate sea-level rise projections and increased cyclone intensity into land-use planning, infrastructure investment, and protection measures for low-elevation coastal zones. - Timing and speed of adaptation - Faster adaptation reduces long-run costs; delayed adaptation can substantially increase fiscal and economic burdens. ### Box 1 — Long-term forestry modeling, findings, uncertainties, and policy guidance - Modeling approach and scenarios - Integrates climate scenarios RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5, socio-economic pathways, a dynamic global vegetation model, and an economic model of the timber sector; simulates ecological and market responses through the year 2200. - Uses Oceania regional model output, two emissions scenarios, and four climate models; median change taken across eight model/scenario combinations. Projected Production of Industrial Roundwood in the Solomon Islands presented as an index with 2025 = 1. - Main quantitative findings - Global forest productivity and area projected to increase until around 2150 under both RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5. - Global forest carbon stocks projected to rise by 6–10 percent by 2100, even without explicit carbon sequestration policies. - After 2150, forest area may decline, particularly under RCP 8.5. - Distributional outcomes: temperate and boreal regions expected to gain the most; tropical regions may experience losses, especially under high-emission scenarios. - Timber markets: increased timber supply and lower timber prices projected through mid-century, with increased consumer welfare; larger gains expected later in the century from stronger fertilization effects and growing market demand. - Uncertainties and caveats - Projections sensitive to choice of climate and vegetation models and to unmodeled disturbances (examples: wildfires, pests). - Changes in timber demand for energy and construction affect outcomes. - Ecological concerns: share of unmanaged forests important for biodiversity could decrease. - Temporal caveat: benefits up to ~2150 may reverse thereafter depending on emissions pathway and disturbance processes. - Policy implications - Near-term mitigation can help avoid negative long-term consequences for both timber markets and forest carbon storage. - Adaptation in the timber sector can incidentally increase forest carbon stocks, but policy design must account for uncertainties and biodiversity concerns. - Decisionmaking should consider ecological and economic feedback over very long horizons (through 2200). *Source: 1slbea2026002 - 1. The Impact of Climate Change on the Forestry Sector.* ### 1. The Impact of Climate Change on the Forestry Sector _____________________________ 11 ### 1. The Impact of Climate Change on the Forestry Sector ### Chapter structure and main sections - 1. The Impact of Climate Change on the Forestry Sector _____________________________ 11 - 2. Estimating the Cost of Sea Level Rise ______________________________________________ 15 - 3. Policies to Facilitate Private Adaptation ____________________________________________ 17 ### Figures included in the chapter - Figure 1. Historical Temperature and Precipitations for Solomon Islands ______________________ 3 - Figure 2. Projected Annual Temperature, Total Annual Precipitations for the Solomon Islands 4 - Figure 3. Projected Changes of Extreme Precipitation and Dry Periods ________________________ 5 - Figure 4. Sea-Level Rise Projections Relative to 2000 level (meters) ____________________________ 6 - Figure 5. Projected Changes of Exploitable Fish Biomass in the Solomon Islands’ Waters _____ 7 - Figure 6. Impact of Warming Trends on Real GDP, Solomon Islands (percentage) _____________ 9 - Figure 7. Cumulative Density Functions of Population and Economic Variables, at Different Distances from the Coastline and Different Elevations ________________________________ 13 - Figure 8. Cost of Sea-Level Rise (in percentage of GDP), Annual Average 2020-2099 ________ 14 *Source: 1slbea2026002 - 1. The Impact of Climate Change on the Forestry Sector.* ### References ____________________________________________________________________________ 19 ### CLIMATE CHANGE, MACROECONOMIC RISKS, AND ADAPTATION IN THE SOLOMON ISLANDS ### A. Climate trends and projections - Climate context and recent history - Solomon Islands: warm, humid tropical climate in the western tropical Pacific. - Baseline (1985–2014) average annual temperatures around 26-27 °C—approximately 0.4–0.6 °C above pre-industrial levels. - Temperatures are estimated to have risen by an additional ~0.5 °C by 2020. - High interannual rainfall variability with pronounced year-to-year fluctuations linked to ENSO. - Temperature projections - Median model projections: temperature increases of 0.9–1.2 °C by 2050 and 12.2 °C by 2085, relative to the 1985–2014 baseline, depending on emissions pathways. - High-emissions scenario (SSP3-7.0, 90th percentile): warming could reach 3°C by 2085. - Precipitation and extremes - Climate models do not project changes of total annual rainfall compared to the 1960-2015 average; recent positive trend in annual rainfall may be transitory. - Intense precipitation events are the primary climate hazard: Rx1day and Rx5day have intensified in recent decades. - Projections indicate a slight increase in Rx1day toward the end of the century; drought index (CDD) remains low and is projected to stay at the same levels. - No episodes of widespread extreme heat since 1960; none are projected through the end of the century (TX35 remains negligible). - Implication: recurrent flood-related damage to infrastructure and housing is more likely than heat-related shocks. - Sea-level rise and cyclones - Sea-level rise projections (relative to 2000): roughly 0.52 meters under RCP2.6; 0.62 meters under RCP4.5; up to 0.79 meters under RCP8.5 by 2100. - Local effects could exceed global mean due to erosion, storm-driven surges, and ENSO. - Tropical cyclones: no clear long-term trend in frequency; variability high and linked to ENSO. Projections suggest stable or slightly declining frequency but increased intensity of strongest cyclones with heavier rainfall and higher peak wind speeds. - Marine ecosystems - Fisheries underpin critical livelihoods: fisheries contribute around 4 percent of GDP (mentioned earlier) and are essential for food security. - FishMIP projections: exploitable fish biomass in Solomon Islands’ waters could decline by 11 percent under both low- (SSP1-2.6) and high-emissions (SSP5-8.5) scenarios by 2050, and by up to 50 percent under high emissions (SSP5-8.5) by 2100. - Inertia in climate and ocean systems means scenario divergence becomes significant in the second half of the century. - Forestry - CO2 fertilization is expected to increase forest growth under projected temperature and precipitation ranges. - With sustainable and efficient forestry practices, potential to harness higher productivity, increased timber output, greater value added, and expanded export opportunities. ### B. Macroeconomic impacts - Overview and methodology - Analysis integrates empirical literature and sectoral models to quantify macroeconomic impacts from gradual warming, fisheries productivity declines, forestry changes, and sea-level rise. - Estimation of long-run aggregate GDP response to temperature trends uses panel econometric approaches based on global data from 172 countries since 1960. - Analysis focuses on economic consequences of variations in warming rates; other climate dimensions (ecosystems, sea-level rise) are added separately. - Impact of rising temperatures on GDP - Projected GDP deviations by end of century: - SSP2-4.5 (moderate acceleration): reduction of approximately 1 percent of GDP relative to baseline projections. - SSP3-7.0 90th percentile (worst-case): reduction of about 4 percent of GDP. - SSP1-2.6 (Paris-consistent): may result in slightly higher GDP compared to a scenario with indefinite continuation of recent warming trends. - Adaptation assumptions and sensitivity: - Baseline projections assume the economy gradually adapts over a 30-year horizon (e.g., increased air conditioning penetration, farming shifts, public early warning systems). - Slower adaptation increases costs; no adaptation can double the economic cost of rising temperatures. - Fisheries sector impacts - Economic profile: - Fishing sector responsible for 5 percent of GDP in 2024 and contributes export revenues equal to 4 percent of GDP. - Projected biomass declines and implications: - Biomass potential in the EEZ projected to decline by 10.7 percent by 2045 in a moderate scenario. - Potential negative impacts on value added and fiscal revenues from government sales of fishing permits. - Nauru Agreement and Vessel Day Scheme (VDS) reallocate fishing days regionally; declines in local stocks could reduce Solomon Islands’ future allocations and revenues as fish shift across EEZs. - Policy implication: need for economic diversification, strengthened regional collaboration, and potential role as a fish processing hub to offset losses. - Forestry sector impacts - Economic profile: - Forestry responsible for 5 percent of GDP in 2024 and 33 percent of goods exports. - Projected impacts: - Global timber model simulations suggest sustainable commercial timber harvesting could increase in Oceania due to CO2 fertilization. - Applied to Solomon Islands, projections indicate a 13 percent increase in potential harvest volume by mid-century relative to present levels—conditional on efficient management. - Risks and caveats: - Benefits depend critically on sustainable management; inefficient practices or increased illegal logging could undermine long-term gains. - Faster timber growth may increase incentives for illegal logging absent reforms and enforcement. - Sea-level rise and coastal exposure - Sea-level rise is a slow-moving, potentially irreversible economic cost with implications for public asset values, population distribution, and long-term development planning. - Combined with intensified cyclone impacts, sea-level rise magnifies storm-surge impacts and coastal flooding, raising fiscal pressures for adaptation and protection. ### C. Policy implications and adaptation priorities (synthesized from analysis) - General principles - Prioritize climate-specific interventions and apply cost-benefit analysis consistently to evaluate adaptation options. - Facilitate private adaptation (e.g., access to cooling technologies, agricultural innovations) while investing in public goods (e.g., early warning systems, resilient infrastructure). - Use macro-fiscal guidance to prioritize resources toward cost-efficient adaptation measures that reduce long-term fiscal exposure. - Sector-specific priorities - Fisheries: - Strengthen regional cooperation under the Nauru Agreement and explore roles in fish processing to capture value even as biomass shifts. - Implement adaptive fisheries management to sustain rents and fiscal revenues as exploitable biomass changes. - Forestry: - Enforce sustainable forestry practices, reduce illegal logging, and improve management to harness CO2 fertilization benefits and increase value added. - Design incentives and monitoring to prevent short-term exploitation that undermines long-term gains. - Coastal and urban planning: - Incorporate sea-level rise projections and increased cyclone intensity into land-use planning, infrastructure investment, and protection measures for low-elevation coastal zones. - Adaptation timing and speed: - Accelerate adaptation to avoid doubling of economic costs; ensure policies reduce barriers to private adaptation and deliver public goods efficiently. *Source: IMF staff analysis from "CLIMATE CHANGE, MACROECONOMIC RISKS, AND ADAPTATION IN THE SOLOMON ISLANDS" (June 10, 2026).* ### Box 1. The Impact of Climate Change on the Forestry Sector ### Box 1. The Impact of Climate Change on the Forestry Sector ### Long-term modeling approach and scenarios - Study basis: - Integrates climate scenarios RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5, socio-economic pathways, a dynamic global vegetation model, and an economic model of the timber sector. - Simulates ecological and market responses through the year 2200. - Regional/Oceania methodology: - Uses model output for the Oceania region, two emissions scenarios, and four climate models. - Calculates projected rate of change of model-predicted production of industrial timber relative to a reference scenario using present climate in 2035, 2045 and 2055. - Median change taken across the eight model/scenario combinations; projected annual changes of sectoral GDP obtained by linearly interpolating rates of change in years without model output. - Projected Production of Industrial Roundwood in the Solomon Islands presented as an index with 2025 = 1. ### Main quantitative findings - Global forestry impacts (Favero and others, 2021): - Global forest productivity and area are projected to increase until around 2150 under both RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5. - Global forest carbon stocks are projected to rise by 6–10 percent by 2100, even without explicit carbon sequestration policies. - After 2150, forest area may decline, particularly under RCP 8.5. - Distributional outcomes: - Temperate and boreal regions (e.g., Canada and Russia) expected to gain the most (increased productivity/area and higher timber supply). - Tropical regions (e.g., Brazil) may experience losses, especially under high-emission scenarios. - Timber markets and welfare: - Increased timber supply and lower timber prices are projected as forests expand and productivity rises through mid-century, with increased consumer welfare. - Commercial timber production projected to rise even without climate change due to increased global demand and higher prices; larger gains expected later in the century from stronger fertilization effects and growing market demand. ### Uncertainties, caveats, and model sensitivities - Projections are sensitive to: - Choice of climate and vegetation models. - Unmodeled factors such as increased disturbances (e.g., wildfires, pests). - Changes in timber demand for energy and construction. - Important ecological concerns: - The share of unmanaged forests—which are important for biodiversity—could decrease. - Temporal caveats: - Benefits up to ~2150 may reverse thereafter depending on emissions pathway and disturbance processes. ### Policy implications and recommendations - Near-term mitigation: - Near-term mitigation actions can help avoid negative long-term consequences for both timber markets and forest carbon storage. - Climate change adaptation in the timber sector: - Adaptation can incidentally increase forest carbon stocks, but policy design must account for uncertainties and biodiversity concerns. - Decisionmaking over very long horizons: - Evaluations of climate impacts on forests should consider both ecological and economic feedback over very long-time horizons (through 2200). *Source: Box 1. The Impact of Climate Change on the Forestry Sector (IMF summary of Favero and others, 2021).* ### References ### References ### Climate data, reanalyses, and gridded datasets - Copernicus Climate Change Service, Climate Data Store, (2021): CMIP6 climate projections. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS). DOI: 10.24381/cds.c866074c - Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.adbb2d47. - Harris I, Osborn TJ, Jones P and Lister D (2020). Version 4 of the CRU TS Monthly High-Resolution Gridded Multivariate Climate Dataset. Scientific Data (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0453-3). - Massetti, E. and F. Tagklis (2024). FADCP Climate Dataset: Temperature and Precipitation. Reference Guide, Fiscal Affairs Department, International Monetary Fund, Washington DC. - FAO, 2024: Projected impacts of climate change on exploitable marine fish biomass: Results from the Fisheries and Marine Ecosystem Model Intercomparison Project (FishMIP). FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 710. Rome, FAO.https://doi.org/10.4060/cc9783en ### Sea level, coastal impacts, and marine studies - Albert, Simon, Kirsten Abernethy, Badin Gibbes, Alistair Grinham, Nixon Tooler, and Shankar Aswani. "Cost-effective methods for accurate determination of sea level rise vulnerability: A Solomon Islands example." Weather, Climate, and Society 5, no. 4 (2013): 285-292. Open Access. - Diaz, Delavane B. "Estimating global damages from sea level rise with the Coastal Impact and Adaptation Model (CIAM)." Climatic Change 137, no. 1 (2016): 143-156. - Kopp RE, Horton R, Little C, Mitrovica JX, Oppenheimer M, Rasmussen DJ, Strauss BH, Tebaldi, C (2014) Probabilistic 21st and 22nd century sea-level projections at a global network of tide gauge sites. Earth's Future pp 383{406}. - IPCC, 2019: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, and others (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 755 pp.https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964 - FAO (2024) (listed above) — relevance to exploitable marine fish biomass under climate change. ### Tropical cyclones, hazards, and vulnerability assessments - Chand, Savin; Webb, Leanne; Grose, Michael; Gooley, Geoff. Tropical cyclones and climate change: Implications for Pacific Island countries. Aspendale: CSIRO; 2022. csiro:EP2021-3604. https://doi.org/10.25919/pbtc-1y82 - Albert et al. (2013) (listed above) — Solomon Islands sea level rise vulnerability case study. ### Demographic, geospatial, and population datasets - Bondarenko M., Priyatikanto R., Tejedor-Garavito N., Zhang W., McKeen T., Cunningham A., Woods T., Hilton J., Cihan D., Nosatiuk B., Brinkhoff T., Tatem A., Sorichetta A. (2025). The spatial distribution of population in 2015-2030 at a resolution of 30 arc (approximately 1km at the equator) R2025A version v1. Global Demographic Data Project - Funded by The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-045237). WorldPop - School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton. DOI:10.5258/SOTON/WP00845 - Woods, D., T. McKeen, A. Cunningham, R. Priyatikanto, A. Sorichetta , A.J. Tatem and M. Bondarenko. 2024 "WorldPop high resolution, harmonised annual global geospatial covariates. Version 1.0." University of Southampton: Southampton, UK. DOI:10.5258/SOTON/WP00772 ### Macro-fiscal, economic, and long-term climate impact studies - Aligishiev, Z., M. Bellon, and E. Massetti. 2022. “Macro-Fiscal Implication of Adaptation to Climate Change.” IMF Staff Climate Note 2022.002, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. - Bellon, M. and E. Massetti. 2022a. “Economic Principles for Integrating Adaptation to Climate Change into Fiscal Policy.” IMF Staff Climate Note 2022.001, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. - Bellon, M. and E. Massetti. 2022b. “Planning and Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in Fiscal Policy.” IMF Staff Climate Note 2022.003, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. - Kahn, Matthew E., Kamiar Mohaddes, Ryan NC Ng, M. Hashem Pesaran, Mehdi Raissi, and Jui-Chung Yang (2021). “Long-term macroeconomic effects of climate change: A cross-country analysis.” Energy Economics 104: 105624. - Mohaddes, K., and M. Raissi. 2025. “Rising Temperatures, Melting Incomes: Country-Specific Macroeconomic Effects of Climate Scenarios.” PLOS Climate 4(9): e0000621. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000621 - Samuele Centorrino, Emanuele Massetti, Mehdi Raissi, and Filippos Tagklis. "How to Include the Effects of Rising Temperatures in Long-Term GDP Projections", IMF How To Notes 2025, 009 (2025). - Favero, Alice, Robert Mendelsohn, Brent Sohngen, and Benjamin Stocker. "Assessing the long-term interactions of climate change and timber markets on forest land and carbon storage." Environmental Research Letters 16, no. 1 (2021): 014051. ### National climate policy and adaptation planning for Solomon Islands - Government of Solomon Islands, Ministry of Environment, Climate Change, Disaster Management and Meteorology. 2023. Solomon Islands National Climate Change Policy 2023–2032. Honiara: Government of Solomon Islands. - Ministry of Environment, Conservation and Meteorology. 2008. Solomon Islands National Adaptation Programme of Action. Honiara: Government of Solomon Islands; United Nations Development Programme. *Source: 1slbea2026002 - References* --- _Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2026/english/1slbea2026002.pdf_