## dataset overview

## Source details

**Canonical URL:** [dataset overview](https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/esr/2025/data/ch2data.xlsx)

## Other formats

- [Markdown version](/-/media/files/publications/esr/2025/data/ch2data.xlsx.md)
- [Structured JSON version](/-/media/files/publications/esr/2025/data/ch2data.xlsx.json)

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### Dataset scope and structure
- Publication type: dataset (XLSX or CSV) corresponding to a single IMF content unit.
- Source filename: ch2data
- Canonical source URL: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/esr/2025/data/ch2data.xlsx
- Workbook contains multiple worksheets with time series and panel data used to produce figures in "ESR Chapter 2".
- Worksheet inventory (name — rowCount — columnCount):
  - "Table of Contents" — 37 rows — 14 columns
  - "ESR Chapter 2" — 32 rows — 10 columns
  - "Figure 2.1" — 1649 rows — 11 columns
  - "Figure 2.2" — 895 rows — 39 columns
  - "Figure 2.3" — 35 rows — 21 columns
  - "Figure 2.4" — 29 rows — 15 columns
  - "Figure 2.5" — 102 rows — 24 columns
  - "Figure 2.6" — 1 row — 0 columns
  - "Figure 2.7" — 1 row — 0 columns
  - "Figure 2.8" — 37 rows — 15 columns
  - "Figure 2.9" — 100 rows — 14 columns
  - "Figure 2.10" — 27 rows — 21 columns
  - "Figure 2.11" — 11 rows — 17 columns
  - "Figure 2.12" — 77 rows — 18 columns
  - "Figure 2.13" — 191 rows — 24 columns
  - "Figure 2.14" — 5612 rows — 24 columns
  - "Figure 2.15" — 598 rows — 21 columns
  - "Figure 2.16" — 1909 rows — 16 columns
  - "Figure 2.17" — 2068 rows — 15 columns
  - "Figure 2.18" — 14 rows — 16 columns
  - "Figure 2.19" — 190 rows — 12 columns
  - "Figure 2.1.1" — 813 rows — 20 columns
  - "Figure 2.1.2" — 191 rows — 23 columns
  - "Figure 2.2.1" — 32 rows — 29 columns
  - "Figure 2.3.1" — 6 rows — 0 columns
  - "Figure 2.4.1" — 28 rows — 17 columns
  - "Figure 2.4.2" — 6 rows — 0 columns

### Key data series and representative sample values
- Figure 2.1 (monthly series):
  - Date "1888-01" — Share 0.004514672686230248
  - Date "1888-02" — Share 0
  - Date "1888-05" — Share 0.0029542097488921715
  - Date "1888-06" — Share 0.0141287284144427
- Figure 2.2 (long-run currency shares and panel dates):
  - year 1899 — GBP 63.35142, FRF 16.39542, DEM 14.5871, OTH 5.666064
  - date "1946m2" — USD 23.33333, GBP 52.22222, Legacy euro 72.77778, EUR 72.77778, JPY 75, OTH 100
- Figure 2.3 (country and sector shares):
  - Panel: "GDP" — US 22.76737, EA 12.93688, Japan 3.51198, UK 2.781973, China 14.69875
  - Panel: "Trade" — US 14.03792, EA 15.25933, Japan 3.977529, UK 3.553083, China 16.06633
  - Panel 2 "Trade invoice" — USD 63.50065, EUR 16.79731, JPY 1.29899, GBP 0.9741599999999999, CNY 5.54525
- Figure 2.4 (annual currency shares 2000–2006 samples):
  - Year 2000 — USD 56.30185, EUR 22.01913, JPY 10.09246, GBP 6.9811
  - Year 2006 — USD 52.77409, EUR 25.60619, JPY 7.314195, GBP 7.932692
- Figure 2.5 (quarterly levels, Panel 1 and Panel 2):
  - Panel 1 "2000q1" — Japan 4519.012, UK 537.6844, US 4405.565, Euro area 3462.164
  - Panel 2 "2000q1" — Date 2000q1, Japan 11786.69, UK 4220.633, US 30540.91, Euro area 11664.77
- Figure 2.8 (OFC vs ROW series):
  - Year 1990 — OFC 10.41088, ROW 59.17001, OFC -10.07268, ROW -62.32161
  - Year 1997 — OFC 15.06268, ROW 84.04844, OFC -14.36512, ROW -87.61694
- Figure 2.9 (quarterly exchange- or factor-related indices):
  - Date 2000q1 — USD 2.328918, EUR 0.8095995, JPY 0.4586692
  - Date 2002q1 — USD 2.614613, EUR 1.005964, JPY 0.3886489
- Figure 2.10 (trade and CPIS restated+LBS shares, 2001–2007 samples):
  - year 2001 — Trade US 0.1218561, Trade China 0.0742935, CPIS restated+LBS US 0.19766, CPIS restated+LBS China 0.0031632
  - year 2007 — Trade US 0.0849231, Trade China 0.11664, CPIS restated+LBS US 0.1843957, CPIS restated+LBS China 0.0181705
- Figure 2.11 (country centrality and currency share snapshots):
  - Trade (US) 2001 — Country centrality 0.1218561, Currency share 64.72679
  - Trade (US) 2023 — Country centrality 0.0864001, Currency share 63.423660000000005
  - Finance (US) 2001 — Country centrality 0.19766, Currency share 45.66076
  - Finance (US) 2023 — Country centrality 0.2408192, Currency share 47.60367
- Figure 2.13 (RMB usage panels and trade decomposition samples):
  - Panel 1A Date 2009-01-01T00:00:00.000Z — currency_rmb_numfirm 8.26666666666666
  - Panel 2 Date 2018-01-01T00:00:00.000Z — All countries 1.0572948455810547, China, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR 10.95683479309082, Others in the region 3.9062445163726807, Rest of the world -0.0035417675971984863
- Figure 2.14 (large panel of accumulated current account, NIIP, and horizon returns):
  - Panel 1 Year 1980 — Accumulated current account 0.08112553809540475, NIIP 10.389598572078535
  - Panel 2 Date "2004-01-01T00:00:00.000Z" — 3M 13.412488, 1Y 9.0925, 5Y 22.137499999999996, 10Y 31.052500000000002
  - Panel 1 Year "1981 " — Accumulated current account 0.22909260991580918, NIIP 7.07801683816651
- Figure 2.15 (currency indices, gold, and yield/exchange panels):
  - Panel 1 Date "1990-01-01T00:00:00.000Z" — Broad USD index 95.6454, Global financial cycle 0.4396
  - Panel 2 Year 1980 — Gold share 69.95439965406199, Gold price 607.8799438476562
  - Panel 3 Date "2023-01-03T00:00:00.000Z" — USA - DEU yield differential 1.3647999999999998, USD - EUR exchange rate 94.8316737790422
- Figure 2.16 (cryptocurrency market cap monthly series, 2020-01 samples):
  - Date 2020-01 — Bitcoin 130.3941015356099, Ethereum 14.09745163178396, Asset-backed stablecoins 4.962462607503412, Other 41.53687163255739, Total market cap 190.9908874074547
  - Multiple repeated 2020-01 rows with slightly different detailed values (e.g., Bitcoin 130.422953817668, Total market cap 191.4097552670896; Bitcoin 147.7986108955006, Total market cap 214.8105395770755)
- Figure 2.17 (stablecoins daily series, January 2020 samples):
  - Date 2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z — Tether 4.285941694738991, USD coin 0.522027683379936, Other 0.04177847481032515, Stablecoin market cap 4.849747852929252
  - Date 2020-01-09T00:00:00.000Z — Tether 4.273984481024239, USD coin 0.4697842904592922, Other 0.04612377655402966, Stablecoin market cap 4.78989254803756
- Figure 2.18 (comparative balances in selected issuers, Mar 2022–Mar 24 samples):
  - Mar 2022 — Norway 116.7, Saudi Arabia 115.5, Germany 93.8, Treasury 39.2, Stablecoin issuers (Circle and Tether) 39.3
  - Mar 24 — Norway 151.9, Saudi Arabia 135.9, Germany 94.1, Treasury 85.46, Stablecoin issuers (Circle and Tether) 113.54
- Figure 2.19 (quarterly series 1977–1979):
  - Date 1977-12-31T00:00:00.000Z — value 307681
  - Date 1979-12-31T00:00:00.000Z — value 501507
- Figure 2.1.1 (RMB use and currency shares, monthly 2009 samples):
  - Date 2009-01-01T00:00:00.000Z — currency_rmb_numfirm 8.26666666666666, currency_usd 93.06666666666659, currency_eur 12.5333333333333
  - Date 2009-06-01T00:00:00.000Z — currency_rmb_numfirm 5.52407932011331, currency_usd 96.1756373937677, currency_eur 7.932011331444749
- Figure 2.1.2 (reasons for RMB use, monthly 2009 samples):
  - Month 2009-01-01T00:00:00.000Z — rmb_reason_geopolitical_risk_firm 0.47534165181224, rmb_reason_fx_risk_firm 0.379761701276608, rmb_reason_policies_firm 0.17825311942959002, rmb_reason_clients_firm 0.658457953542562, reasons not specified 5.984809066839686
- Figure 2.2.1 (international liquidity instruments and reserve panels):
  - Sample rows include "Unlimited \nliquidity swaps" 39, "Limited \nliquidity swaps" 97, "Regional financing \narrangements" 88, "IMF (quotas + \nborrowed resources)" 191 and multi-year negative values (e.g., -279.48402015017973 in 2008 panel)
- Figure 2.4.1 (hourly regional metrics):
  - hour 0 — Africa and Middle East 4.10997653269983, Asia and Pacific 4.63578244208756, Europe 3.76213134501682, Latin America and Caribbean 3.35658463673145, North America 3.85038814412487
  - hour 6 — Africa and Middle East 3.06111293654247, Asia and Pacific 2.42336533199672, Europe 2.70223863669793, Latin America and Caribbean 3.65720705680044, North America 3.55427581623917

### Technical notes and data characteristics
- Time coverage varies by worksheet: monthly series starting as early as "1888-01" (Figure 2.1), quarterly series like "2000q1", and timestamped daily/ISO8601 dates like "2009-01-01T00:00:00.000Z".
- Some cells contain formulas and shared formulas (examples visible in Figure 2.14 and others).
- Numeric precision is preserved in source (many values include full floating precision, e.g., 0.004514672686230248; 63.35142; 130.3941015356099).
- Several worksheets include panel layouts (Panel 1, Panel 2, Panel 3) combining different metrics (trade, finance, currency shares, market caps, yields).
- Repeated or closely similar rows appear in some series (e.g., multiple rows labelled "2020-01" in Figure 2.16 with slightly different values), indicating parallel or variant data inputs or overlapping series.

### Intended uses and actionable content (dataset-driven)
- Reconstruct time series charts shown in "ESR Chapter 2" using the supplied panels and date-index columns.
- Reproduce currency-share decompositions (Figures 2.2–2.4, 2.9) and country/sector shares (Figure 2.3) using provided numeric shares.
- Analyze RMB adoption drivers and monthly dynamics using Figure 2.13, Figure 2.1.1, and Figure 2.1.2 panels.
- Examine crypto and stablecoin market-cap dynamics and composition (Figures 2.16–2.17) using daily and monthly snapshots.
- Assess international liquidity instruments, reserve measures, and horizon returns using Figure 2.2.1 and Figure 2.14 panels.

*Dataset: ch2data — https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/esr/2025/data/ch2data.xlsx*

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_Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/esr/2025/data/ch2data.xlsx_