## Figure 1.3.1. Measures of Financial Linkages between the United Kingdom and the European Union

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**Canonical URL:** [Figure 1.3.1. Measures of Financial Linkages between the United Kingdom and the European Union](https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/gfsr/2017/april/chapter-1/boxfigure1-3-1.pdf)

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### Overview
- Measures shown are expressed in Percent.
- Metrics compare UK activity or stocks related to the EU or EU27 across a range of financial linkages.

### Key statistics
- EU-based employees of the top five U.S. investment banks located in the UK: 89
- UK share of EU IPOs: 89
- Share of London wholesale banking activities related to EU27-based clients: 66
- EU share of total stock of FDI in the UK: 56
- EU27 capital markets activity conducted in the UK: 35
- OTC FX derivatives trading in the UK as a share of total in the UK, France, and Germany: 27

### Notes
- EU = European Union; FDI = foreign direct investment; FX = foreign exchange; IPO = initial public offering; OTC = over the counter; UK = United Kingdom.

*Sources: (1) Bruegel; (2) Bank for International Settlements, as of April 2016; (3) Oliver Wyman; (4) Office of National Statistics; (5) Bruegel; and (6) PricewaterhouseCoopers.*

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_Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/gfsr/2017/april/chapter-1/boxfigure1-3-1.pdf_