## mreo0517st

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---

### Scope and Assumptions
- Coverage: IMF’s Middle East and Central Asia Department (MCD) countries and territories comprise Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, the Kyrgyz Republic, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, the United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, the West Bank and Gaza, and Yemen. The statistical appendix tables contain data for 31 MCD countries.
- Projection assumptions:
  - Oil price will average US$55.23 a barrel in 2017 and US$55.06 a barrel in 2018.
  - Six‑month London interbank offered rate (LIBOR) on U.S.-dollar deposits will average 1.7 percent in 2017 and 2.8 percent in 2018.
  - These are described as working hypotheses rather than forecasts; 2017 and 2018 figures are projections based on statistical information available through early April 2017.
- Data revisions reflect changes in methodology and/or revisions provided by country authorities.

### Country and Data Coverage Rules and Exceptions
- Somalia is excluded from all regional aggregates due to a lack of reliable data.
- 2011 data for Sudan exclude South Sudan after July 9; data for 2012 onward pertain to the current Sudan.
- All data for Syria are excluded for 2011 onward.
- Calendar year is the default reporting period except for:
  - Afghanistan: fiscal years March 21/March 20 until 2011, and December 21/December 20 thereafter.
  - Iran: fiscal year March 21/March 20.
  - Qatar: fiscal year April/March.
  - Egypt and Pakistan: fiscal year July/June (except inflation).
- Tables 7 and 8 use calendar year for all aggregates and countries except Iran, for which the Iranian calendar year (beginning on March 21) is used.
- Data for West Bank and Gaza are included in all tables except Tables 3–6, 8, 10, 13, and 14. West Bank and Gaza is not a member of the IMF and is not included in any of the aggregates.

### Aggregation, Weighting Conventions, and Notation
- Domestic economy composites (Tables 1, 3, 7–8, and 10–17) are weighted by GDP valued at purchasing power parities (PPPs) as a share of total MCD or group GDP.
- Broad money growth composites (Table 9) are weighted by GDP converted to U.S. dollars at market exchange rates (both GDP and exchange rates averaged over the preceding three years) as a share of MCD or group GDP.
- External-economy nominal composites (Tables 18–20 and 22) are sums of individual country data.
- External-economy percent-of-GDP composites (Tables 21 and 23) are weighted by GDP in U.S. dollars as a share of MCD or group GDP in U.S. dollars.
- Tables 2, 4, and 5 composites are sums of the individual country data.
- In Tables 3, 6, 13, and 14, “oil” includes gas.
- Conventions and notation:
  - Ellipsis points (. . .) indicate “not available.”
  - 0 or 0.0 indicates “zero” or “negligible.”
  - Simple average prices of U.K Brent, Dubai, and West Texas Intermediate crude oil are used for the oil price series.

### Key Growth and Price Projections (selected series; exact values as reported)
- Real GDP Growth (Annual change; percent) — Table 1:
  - MENAP: 2014 2.8; 2015 2.7; 2016 3.9; 2017 2.6; 2018 3.4
  - MENAP oil exporters: 2014 2.6; 2015 2.1; 2016 4.0; 2017 1.9; 2018 2.9
  - MENAP oil importers: 2014 3.1; 2015 3.9; 2016 3.7; 2017 4.0; 2018 4.4
  - CCA: 2014 5.3; 2015 3.2; 2016 2.4; 2017 3.1; 2018 4.1
  - GCC: 2014 5.0; 2015 3.3; 2016 3.8; 2017 2.0; 2018 2.5
- Consumer Price Inflation (Year average; percent) — Table 7:
  - MENAP: 2014 7.0; 2015 7.0; 2016 5.8; 2017 8.2; 2018 6.8
  - MENAP oil exporters: 2014 7.6; 2015 5.8; 2016 5.3; 2017 5.9; 2018 6.4
  - MENAP oil importers: 2014 5.8; 2015 9.4; 2016 6.6; 2017 7.7; 2018 12.8
  - CCA: 2014 9.3; 2015 5.9; 2016 6.4; 2017 10.5; 2018 7.9
  - GCC: 2014 2.8; 2015 2.6; 2016 2.5; 2017 2.9; 2018 3.4
- Core Consumer Price Inflation (Year average; percent) — Table 8:
  - MENAP (core): 2014 8.3; 2015 6.2; 2016 6.1
  - MENAP oil exporters (core): 2014 8.5; 2015 8.7; 2016 6.4; 2017 5.0; 2018 6.0; 2019 4.0 (note: table shows up to 2018)
  - GCC (core): 2000–13 average 0.6; 2014 2.0; 2015 1.8; 2016 3.4; 2017 2.9; 2018 3.8
- Broad Money Growth (Annual change; percent) — Table 9:
  - MENAP: 2000–13 average 17.3; 2014 11.6; 2015 7.9; 2016 8.6; 2017 10.4; 2018 10.3
  - MENAP oil exporters: 2000–13 average 19.0; 2014 11.2; 2015 6.4; 2016 6.6; 2017 8.5; 2018 8.7
  - Iran, I.R. of broad money growth: 2000–13 average 28.7; 2014 18.7; 2015 30.0; 2016 29.5; 2017 22.3; 2018 16.2

### Fiscal Sector: Balances, Revenues, Expenditures, and Debt (selected series)
- Central Government Net Lending/Borrowing (Table 10):
  - MENAP: 1.8 (Average 2000–13); -2.4 (2014); -7.6 (2015); -8.0 (2016); -4.3 (2017); -3.5 (2018)
  - MENAP oil exporters: 5.2; -0.6; -8.6; -9.2; -4.1; -3.1
  - Algeria: 4.1; -7.3; -15.4; -11.6; -2.2; -2.0
  - Saudi Arabia: 8.0; -3.4; -15.8; -16.9; -9.8; -6.4
  - Yemen: -3.0; -4.1; -10.6; -13.5; -6.0; -2.1
  - MENAP oil importers: -5.7; -6.2; -5.6; -5.6; -4.8; -4.3
  - Lebanon: -11.7; -6.0; -7.4; -8.1; -8.8; -9.6
- General Government Fiscal Balance (Table 11):
  - MENAP: 2.7; -2.8; -8.6; -9.0; -5.1; -4.1
  - MENAP oil exporters: 6.6; -0.5; -9.2; -9.9; -4.3; -3.1
  - Libya: 11.5; -52.9; -75.7; -53.4; -16.4; -17.6
  - Oman: 8.6; -1.1; -15.1; -20.6; -10.1; -8.5
  - Qatar: 10.3; 15.3; 5.6; -4.1; -3.1; -0.6
  - Egypt: -7.8; -12.8; -11.4; -12.0; -10.9; -9.8
  - Jordan: -5.2; -10.3; -5.4; -3.6; -2.9; -0.2
- General Government Total Revenue, Excluding Grants (Table 12, percent of GDP):
  - MENAP: 31.3; 28.8; 24.4; 22.7; 24.9; 25.3
  - MENAP oil exporters: 36.7; 33.7; 27.3; 24.7; 27.8; 28.3
  - Kuwait: 66.6; 71.4; 55.9; 51.9; 54.5; 52.9
  - Libya: 56.1; 49.7; 29.6; 17.5; 34.5; 31.7
  - Yemen: 30.3; 21.0; 12.4; 10.8; 15.0; 21.4
  - MENAP oil importers: 20.0; 18.4; 18.5; 18.5; 19.0; 19.5
  - Egypt: 24.1; 19.9; 20.8; 20.7; 21.9; 22.2
- General Government Total Expenditure and Net Lending (Table 15, percent of GDP):
  - MENAP: 29.2; 32.2; 32.9; 31.2; 30.3; 29.6
  - MENAP oil exporters: 30.7; 34.0; 35.9; 33.6; 32.2; 31.2
  - Libya: 44.5; 102.7; 105.2; 70.9; 50.9; 49.2
  - United Arab Emirates: 24.0; 32.3; 30.9; 30.2; 28.6; 27.5
- Oil Exporters: Non-Oil Fiscal Balance (Percent of non-oil GDP) — Table 13:
  - MENAP oil exporters: -36.2; -42.3; -35.6; -31.1; -29.8; -26.6
  - Kuwait: -53.9; -81.3; -68.2; -63.4; -62.2; -61.0
  - Saudi Arabia: -50.7; -62.2; -46.9; -40.8; -39.6; -33.0
  - GCC (memorandum): -43.6; -56.6; -45.3; -38.0; -36.7; -32.1
- Oil Exporters: Non-Oil Revenue (Percent of non-oil GDP) — Table 14:
  - MENAP oil exporters: 12.8; 12.7; 12.5; 13.8; 13.9; 15.5
  - Algeria: 18.0; 18.7; 20.3; 22.5; 24.0; 20.0
  - Saudi Arabia: 9.7; 8.1; 9.3; 11.1; 10.6; 16.6
  - GCC (memorandum): 14.3; 14.2; 13.1; 14.6; 14.0; 17.3
- Total Government Gross Debt (Table 16, percent of GDP):
  - MENAP: 44.4; 32.5; 41.4; 46.2; 45.9; 45.5
  - MENAP oil exporters: 29.6; 13.0; 25.0; 30.0; 29.0; 29.5
  - Bahrain: 27.1; 44.4; 66.0; 82.1; 88.6; 96.2
  - Lebanon: 156.4; 133.5; 138.4; 143.4; 147.1; 150.4
  - Tunisia: 51.9; 51.6; 57.2; 60.2; 60.6; 71.5
- MENAP: Total Government Net Debt (Table 17, percent of GDP):
  - MENAP: 1.0; -13.6; -6.8; 0.8; 6.2; 8.0
  - MENAP oil exporters: -28.6; -55.6; -47.0; -38.2; -31.6; -28.3
  - Qatar: -17.9; -97.2; -131.9; -133.3; -115.0; -99.9
  - United Arab Emirates: -246.4; -221.9; -243.6; -247.7; -232.1; -223.8
  - Lebanon: 149.7; 125.4; 132.1; 137.2; 141.1; 144.7

### External Sector: Trade, Current Account, Reserves, and External Debt (selected series)
- Nominal GDP (Billions of U.S. dollars) — Table 2:
  - MENAP: 2014 3,473.4; 2015 3,131.1; 2016 3,110.3; 2017 2,718.2; 2018 2,899.3
  - MENAP oil exporters: 2014 2,581.8; 2015 2,188.1; 2016 2,137.7; 2017 2,334.3; 2018 2,482.0
  - MENAP oil importers: 2014 891.6; 2015 942.9; 2016 972.7; 2017 1,038.3; 2018 1,417.3
  - GCC: 2014 1,641.6; 2015 1,401.7; 2016 1,372.6; 2017 1,520.8; 2018 1,615.6
- Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production and Exports (Tables 4–5):
  - Crude oil production, MENAP oil exporters (Millions of barrels per day): 2014 24.73; 2015 25.87; 2016 27.94; 2017 27.89; 2018 28.77
  - Crude oil production, Saudi Arabia: 2014 9.71; 2015 10.19; 2016 10.39; 2017 10.11; 2018 10.16
  - Natural gas production, MENAP oil exporters: 2014 12.93; 2015 13.07; 2016 13.53; 2017 14.03; 2018 14.55
  - Natural gas production, Qatar: 2014 3.87; 2015 3.93; 2016 3.88; 2017 4.11; 2018 4.18
  - Crude oil exports, MENAP oil exporters (Millions of barrels per day): 2014 18.10; 2015 18.81; 2016 20.49; 2017 20.42; 2018 20.93
  - Crude oil exports, Saudi Arabia: 2014 6.76; 2015 7.15; 2016 7.16; 2017 7.26; 2018 6.96
  - Natural gas exports, MENAP oil exporters: 2014 174.96; 2015 181.17; 2016 196.01; 2017 203.73; 2018 211.93
  - Natural gas exports, Iran, I.R. of: 2014 170.43; 2015 176.65; 2016 191.47; 2017 199.12; 2018 207.09
- Exports and Imports of Goods and Services (Billions of U.S. dollars) — Tables 18 and Section 3:
  - Exports, MENAP: 881.2; 1,506.6; 1,111.2; 1,061.7; 1,211.6; 1,267.8
  - Exports, MENAP oil exporters: 746.6; 1,328.1; 943.7; 906.7; 1,047.8; 1,091.8
  - Imports, MENAP: -685.7 (Average 2000–13), -1,275.4 (2014), -1,186.0 (2015), -1,127.8 (2016), -1,214.7 (2017), -1,256.7 (2018)
  - Imports, MENAP oil exporters: -502.2 (Average 2000–13), -989.9 (2014), -918.2 (2015), -870.2 (2016), -948.2 (2017), -978.8 (2018)
  - Selected imports, Saudi Arabia: -126.8 (Average 2000–13), -259.0 (2014), -247.3 (2015), -195.1 (2016), -204.3 (2017), -208.1 (2018)
  - Selected imports, United Arab Emirates: -147.9 (Average 2000–13), -298.6 (2014), -287.2 (2015), -297.0 (2016), -320.4 (2017), -333.7 (2018)
- Current Account Balance (Billions of U.S. dollars) — Section 3:
  - MENAP: 199.4 (Average 2000–13), 185.1 (2014), -127.6 (2015), -105.0 (2016), -14.2 (2017), -8.8 (2018)
  - MENAP oil exporters: 217.2; 224.2; -86.6; -57.9; 9.5; 14.6
  - Saudi Arabia: 76.9; 73.8; -56.7; -24.9; 10.8; 15.1
  - United Arab Emirates: 30.0; 40.3; 12.3; 8.8; 14.4; 17.0
  - MENAP oil importers: -17.8; -39.1; -41.0; -47.1; -23.8; -23.4
- Current Account Balance (Percent of GDP) — Section 3:
  - MENAP: 9.2; 5.3; -4.1; -3.4; -1.1; -0.8
  - MENAP oil exporters: 13.4; 8.7; -4.0; -2.7; 0.4; 0.6
  - Saudi Arabia: 16.8; 9.8; -8.7; -3.9; 1.5; 2.0
  - GCC (memorandum): 17.3; 13.7; -2.6; -2.0; 1.8; 2.1
- Gross Official Reserves (Billions of U.S. dollars) — Section 3:
  - MENAP: 711.9; 1,465.3; 1,307.8; 1,186.5; 1,167.8; 1,157.4
  - MENAP oil exporters: 629.0; 1,348.5; 1,182.1; 1,054.0; 1,027.2; 1,010.7
  - Saudi Arabia: 297.5; 726.8; 611.9; 533.6; 502.0; 481.4
  - Iran, I.R. of: 60.1; 110.8; 115.7; 119.5; 135.1; 152.6
  - MENAP oil importers: 82.9; 116.7; 125.8; 132.5; 140.6; 146.7
  - Egypt: 21.6; 16.3; 19.5; 17.1; 23.7; 27.0
- Gross Official Reserves (Months of Imports) — Section 3:
  - MENAP: 9.5; 14.0; 13.1; 11.1; 10.6; 10.3
  - MENAP oil exporters: 10.9; 16.5; 15.3; 12.5; 11.9; 11.5
  - Algeria: 26.5; 33.4; 28.4; 22.8; 19.6; 17.5
  - Saudi Arabia: 21.1; 35.3; 37.6; 31.3; 28.9; 27.0
  - MENAP oil importers: 5.4; 5.2; 5.9; 6.0; 6.1; 6.1
  - Egypt: 5.9; 2.5; 3.3; 2.9; 3.9; 4.3
- Total Gross External Debt (Percent of GDP) — Section 3:
  - MENAP: 31.2; 28.1; 33.6; 37.3; 38.9; 39.2
  - MENAP oil exporters: 25.5; 24.8; 32.3; 37.0; 37.3; 37.6
  - MENAP oil importers: 45.5; 37.4; 36.5; 37.9; 42.9; 42.9
  - Lebanon: 165.6; 170.1; 174.7; 178.4; 178.3; 177.1
  - Qatar: 66.0; 80.7; 110.6; 132.3; 130.0; 123.3
  - CCA: 54.7; 46.3; 55.4; 72.5; 69.8; 67.7

*Sources: National authorities; and IMF staff estimates and projections.*

### Section 1

### Statistical Appendix

### Scope and Assumptions
- Coverage: IMF’s Middle East and Central Asia Department (MCD) countries and territories comprise Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, the Kyrgyz Republic, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, the United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, the West Bank and Gaza, and Yemen. The statistical appendix tables contain data for 31 MCD countries.
- Projection assumptions:
  - Oil price will average US$55.23 a barrel in 2017 and US$55.06 a barrel in 2018.
  - Six‑month London interbank offered rate (LIBOR) on U.S.-dollar deposits will average 1.7 percent in 2017 and 2.8 percent in 2018.
  - These are described as working hypotheses rather than forecasts; 2017 and 2018 figures are projections based on statistical information available through early April 2017.
- Data revisions reflect changes in methodology and/or revisions provided by country authorities.

### Country and Data Coverage Rules and Exceptions
- Somalia is excluded from all regional aggregates due to a lack of reliable data.
- 2011 data for Sudan exclude South Sudan after July 9; data for 2012 onward pertain to the current Sudan.
- All data for Syria are excluded for 2011 onward.
- Calendar year as default reporting period except:
  - Afghanistan: fiscal years March 21/March 20 until 2011, and December 21/December 20 thereafter.
  - Iran: fiscal year March 21/March 20.
  - Qatar: fiscal year April/March.
  - Egypt and Pakistan: fiscal year July/June (except inflation).
- Tables 7 and 8 use calendar year for all aggregates and countries except Iran, for which the Iranian calendar year (beginning on March 21) is used.
- Data for West Bank and Gaza are included in all tables except Tables 3–6, 8, 10, 13, and 14. West Bank and Gaza is not a member of the IMF and is not included in any of the aggregates.

### Aggregation and Weighting Conventions
- Composites for domestic economy data (Tables 1, 3, 7–8, and 10–17), whether growth rates or ratios, are weighted by GDP valued at purchasing power parities (PPPs) as a share of total MCD or group GDP.
- Country group composites for growth rates of broad money (Table 9) are weighted by GDP converted to U.S. dollars at market exchange rates (both GDP and exchange rates averaged over the preceding three years) as a share of MCD or group GDP.
- Composites relating to the external economy in nominal terms (Tables 18–20 and 22) are sums of individual country data.
- Composites relating to external economy in percent of GDP (Tables 21 and 23) are weighted by GDP in U.S. dollars as a share of MCD or group GDP in U.S. dollars.
- Composites in Tables 2, 4, and 5 are sums of the individual country data.
- In Tables 3, 6, 13, and 14, “oil” includes gas.

### Conventions and Notation
- In tables, ellipsis points (. . .) indicate “not available.”
- 0 or 0.0 indicates “zero” or “negligible.”
- Minor discrepancies between sums of constituent figures and totals are due to rounding.
- Simple average prices of U.K Brent, Dubai, and West Texas Intermediate crude oil are used for the oil price series.

### Selected Key Statistics and Projections (exact values as reported)
- Table 1. Real GDP Growth (Annual change; percent)
  - MENAP: 2014 2.8; 2015 2.7; 2016 3.9; 2017 2.6; 2018 3.4
  - MENAP oil exporters: 2014 2.6; 2015 2.1; 2016 4.0; 2017 1.9; 2018 2.9
  - MENAP oil importers: 2014 3.1; 2015 3.9; 2016 3.7; 2017 4.0; 2018 4.4
  - CCA: 2014 5.3; 2015 3.2; 2016 2.4; 2017 3.1; 2018 4.1
  - GCC: 2014 5.0; 2015 3.3; 2016 3.8; 2017 2.0; 2018 2.5

- Table 2. Nominal GDP (Billions of U.S. dollars)
  - MENAP: 2014 3,473.4; 2015 3,131.1; 2016 3,110.3; 2017 2,718.2; 2018 2,899.3
  - MENAP oil exporters: 2014 2,581.8; 2015 2,188.1; 2016 2,137.7; 2017 2,334.3; 2018 2,482.0
  - MENAP oil importers: 2014 891.6; 2015 942.9; 2016 972.7; 2017 1,038.3; 2018 1,417.3
  - CCA: 2014 448.1; 2015 375.7; 2016 312.2; 2017 345.7; 2018 375.7
  - GCC: 2014 1,641.6; 2015 1,401.7; 2016 1,372.6; 2017 1,520.8; 2018 1,615.6

- Table 3. Oil Exporters: Oil and Non-Oil Real GDP Growth (Annual change; percent)
  - MENAP oil exporters, Non-Oil GDP: 2014 4.0; 2015 0.7; 2016 0.4; 2017 2.9; 2018 2.7
  - MENAP oil exporters, Oil GDP: 2014 2.6; 2015 4.9; 2016 16.3; 2017 4.3; 2018 6.8
  - CCA oil and gas exporters, Non-Oil GDP: 2014 6.7; 2015 3.1; 2016 1.5; 2017 2.4; 2018 2.9
  - CCA oil and gas exporters, Oil GDP: 2014 0.3; 2015 -1.6; 2016 -1.6; 2017 2.3; 2018 5.4

- Table 4. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production (Millions of barrels per day)
  - Crude oil production, MENAP oil exporters: 2014 24.73; 2015 25.87; 2016 27.94; 2017 27.89; 2018 28.77
  - Crude oil production, Saudi Arabia: 2014 9.71; 2015 10.19; 2016 10.39; 2017 10.11; 2018 10.16
  - Natural gas production, MENAP oil exporters: 2014 12.93; 2015 13.07; 2016 13.53; 2017 14.03; 2018 14.55
  - Natural gas production, Qatar: 2014 3.87; 2015 3.93; 2016 3.88; 2017 4.11; 2018 4.18

- Table 5. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exports (Millions of barrels per day)
  - Crude oil exports, MENAP oil exporters: 2014 18.10; 2015 18.81; 2016 20.49; 2017 20.42; 2018 20.93
  - Crude oil exports, Saudi Arabia: 2014 6.76; 2015 7.15; 2016 7.16; 2017 7.26; 2018 6.96
  - Natural gas exports, MENAP oil exporters: 2014 174.96; 2015 181.17; 2016 196.01; 2017 203.73; 2018 211.93
  - Natural gas exports, Iran, I.R. of: 2014 170.43; 2015 176.65; 2016 191.47; 2017 199.12; 2018 207.09

- Table 6. Breakeven Oil Prices (U.S. dollars per barrel)
  - Fiscal Breakeven Oil Price, Algeria: 2014 135.3; 2015 106.8; 2016 93.0; 2017 64.7; 2018 63.3
  - Fiscal Breakeven Oil Price, Saudi Arabia: 2014 105.7; 2015 93.8; 2016 93.7; 2017 83.8; 2018 74.4
  - External Breakeven Oil Price, MENAP oil exporters, Algeria: 2014 94.8; 2015 84.5; 2016 73.3; 2017 74.5; 2018 69.9

- Table 7. Consumer Price Inflation (Year average; percent)
  - MENAP: 2014 7.0; 2015 7.0; 2016 5.8; 2017 8.2; 2018 6.8
  - MENAP oil exporters: 2014 7.6; 2015 5.8; 2016 5.3; 2017 5.9; 2018 6.4
  - MENAP oil importers: 2014 5.8; 2015 9.4; 2016 6.6; 2017 7.7; 2018 12.8
  - CCA: 2014 9.3; 2015 5.9; 2016 6.4; 2017 10.5; 2018 7.9
  - GCC: 2014 2.8; 2015 2.6; 2016 2.5; 2017 2.9; 2018 3.4

- Table 8. Core Consumer Price Inflation (Year average; percent)
  - MENAP (core): 2014 8.3; 2015 6.2; 2016 6.1
  - MENAP oil exporters (core): 2014 8.5; 2015 8.7; 2016 6.4; 2017 5.0; 2018 6.0; 2019 4.0 (note: table shows up to 2018)
  - GCC (core): 2000–13 average 0.6; 2014 2.0; 2015 1.8; 2016 3.4; 2017 2.9; 2018 3.8

- Table 9. Broad Money Growth (Annual change; percent)
  - MENAP: 2000–13 average 17.3; 2014 11.6; 2015 7.9; 2016 8.6; 2017 10.4; 2018 10.3
  - MENAP oil exporters: 2000–13 average 19.0; 2014 11.2; 2015 6.4; 2016 6.6; 2017 8.5; 2018 8.7
  - Iran, I.R. of broad money growth: 2000–13 average 28.7; 2014 18.7; 2015 30.0; 2016 29.5; 2017 22.3; 2018 16.2

*Sources: National authorities; and IMF staff estimates and projections.*

### Section 2

### mreo0517st - Section 2

### Central Government Net Lending/Borrowing (Table 10)
- MENAP: 1.8 (Average 2000–13); -2.4 (2014); -7.6 (2015); -8.0 (2016); -4.3 (2017); -3.5 (2018)
- MENAP oil exporters: 5.2; -0.6; -8.6; -9.2; -4.1; -3.1
- Algeria: 4.1; -7.3; -15.4; -11.6; -2.2; -2.0
- Saudi Arabia: 8.0; -3.4; -15.8; -16.9; -9.8; -6.4
- United Arab Emirates: 0.1; -0.1; -0.5; -0.3; -0.3; -0.2
- Yemen: -3.0; -4.1; -10.6; -13.5; -6.0; -2.1
- MENAP oil importers: -5.7; -6.2; -5.6; -5.6; -4.8; -4.3
- Egypt: ...; -13.0; -11.4; -12.3; -10.8; -9.8
- Lebanon: -11.7; -6.0; -7.4; -8.1; -8.8; -9.6
- Tunisia: -3.2; -3.7; -5.3; -5.9; -5.9; -4.8
- MENA (memorandum): 2.6; -2.7; -8.6; -9.2; -5.1; -4.1
- GCC (memorandum): 8.3; 1.8; -9.5; -11.8; -6.5; -4.4

### General Government Fiscal Balance (Table 11)
- MENAP: 2.7; -2.8; -8.6; -9.0; -5.1; -4.1
- MENAP oil exporters: 6.6; -0.5; -9.2; -9.9; -4.3; -3.1
- Algeria: 3.7; -8.0; -15.8; -11.8; -2.5; -2.1
- Libya: 11.5; -52.9; -75.7; -53.4; -16.4; -17.6
- Oman: 8.6; -1.1; -15.1; -20.6; -10.1; -8.5
- Qatar: 10.3; 15.3; 5.6; -4.1; -3.1; -0.6
- United Arab Emirates: 11.1; 5.0; -2.1; -3.9; -2.6; -0.6
- Egypt: -7.8; -12.8; -11.4; -12.0; -10.9; -9.8
- Jordan: -5.2; -10.3; -5.4; -3.6; -2.9; -0.2
- Lebanon: -11.7; -6.0; -7.4; -8.1; -8.8; -9.6
- MENA (memorandum): 3.5; -2.6; -9.1; -9.6; -5.2; -4.1
- GCC (memorandum): 10.8; 3.1; -9.4; -12.0; -6.5; -4.0

### General Government Total Revenue, Excluding Grants (Table 12)
- MENAP: 31.3; 28.8; 24.4; 22.7; 24.9; 25.3
- MENAP oil exporters: 36.7; 33.7; 27.3; 24.7; 27.8; 28.3
- Algeria: 38.7; 33.4; 30.8; 29.0; 33.6; 30.4
- Kuwait: 66.6; 71.4; 55.9; 51.9; 54.5; 52.9
- Libya: 56.1; 49.7; 29.6; 17.5; 34.5; 31.7
- Saudi Arabia: 40.5; 36.8; 25.1; 22.0; 26.0; 29.6
- Yemen: 30.3; 21.0; 12.4; 10.8; 15.0; 21.4
- MENAP oil importers: 20.0; 18.4; 18.5; 18.5; 19.0; 19.5
- Egypt: 24.1; 19.9; 20.8; 20.7; 21.9; 22.2
- Morocco: 25.6; 26.6; 26.2; 25.2; 25.1; 26.0
- MENA (memorandum): 33.5; 30.7; 25.8; 23.7; 26.3; 26.7
- GCC (memorandum): 41.8; 41.6; 31.2; 26.8; 29.2; 31.2

### Oil Exporters: General Government Non-Oil Fiscal Balance (Percent of non-oil GDP) (Table 13)
- MENAP oil exporters: -36.2; -42.3; -35.6; -31.1; -29.8; -26.6
- Algeria: -38.1; -38.0; -37.1; -26.2; -20.8; -20.3
- Kuwait: -53.9; -81.3; -68.2; -63.4; -62.2; -61.0
- Oman: -53.2; -72.6; -56.9; -49.1; -42.5; -39.9
- Qatar: -55.0; -54.0; -52.5; -32.4; -29.8; -27.0
- Saudi Arabia: -50.7; -62.2; -46.9; -40.8; -39.6; -33.0
- United Arab Emirates: -17.2; -29.8; -24.5; -19.3; -20.2; -17.6
- CCA oil and gas exporters: -12.9; -17.7; -18.5; -14.9; -20.6; -13.5
- GCC (memorandum): -43.6; -56.6; -45.3; -38.0; -36.7; -32.1
- Non-GCC oil exporters (memorandum): -27.4; -25.3; -23.7; -22.9; -21.7; -20.2

### Oil Exporters: General Government Non-Oil Revenue (Percent of non-oil GDP) (Table 14)
- MENAP oil exporters: 12.8; 12.7; 12.5; 13.8; 13.9; 15.5
- Algeria: 18.0; 18.7; 20.3; 22.5; 24.0; 20.0
- Kuwait: 33.6; 38.9; 32.7; 30.5; 29.2; 27.6
- Oman: 14.5; 12.7; 11.4; 12.7; 13.4; 14.8
- Qatar: 11.4; 20.3; 16.3; 15.1; 15.7; 17.2
- Saudi Arabia: 9.7; 8.1; 9.3; 11.1; 10.6; 16.6
- United Arab Emirates: 18.3; 19.2; 14.5; 17.5; 15.5; 16.7
- GCC (memorandum): 14.3; 14.2; 13.1; 14.6; 14.0; 17.3
- Non-GCC oil exporters (memorandum): 11.1; 10.9; 11.7; 12.9; 13.7; 13.3

### General Government Total Expenditure and Net Lending (Table 15)
- MENAP: 29.2; 32.2; 32.9; 31.2; 30.3; 29.6
- MENAP oil exporters: 30.7; 34.0; 35.9; 33.6; 32.2; 31.2
- Algeria: 35.0; 41.3; 46.6; 40.8; 36.1; 32.5
- Kuwait: 37.7; 44.3; 54.0; 55.7; 51.0; 50.6
- Libya: 44.5; 102.7; 105.2; 70.9; 50.9; 49.2
- Oman: 38.6; 48.0; 51.2; 52.8; 44.3; 44.4
- Qatar: 29.4; 33.4; 41.5; 34.4; 32.3; 29.7
- United Arab Emirates: 24.0; 32.3; 30.9; 30.2; 28.6; 27.5
- MENAP oil importers: 26.2; 28.4; 26.7; 26.7; 26.3; 26.3
- Egypt: 32.4; 36.2; 33.3; 32.9; 32.9; 32.1
- Morocco: 30.0; 32.9; 30.9; 30.9; 29.5; 29.7
- MENA (memorandum): 30.5; 33.7; 34.6; 32.7; 31.7; 30.8
- GCC (memorandum): 31.1; 38.5; 40.2; 38.5; 35.5; 35.0

### Total Government Gross Debt (Table 16)
- MENAP: 44.4; 32.5; 41.4; 46.2; 45.9; 45.5
- MENAP oil exporters: 29.6; 13.0; 25.0; 30.0; 29.0; 29.5
- Algeria: 26.0; 7.7; 8.8; 20.4; 17.3; 17.8
- Bahrain: 27.1; 44.4; 66.0; 82.1; 88.6; 96.2
- Egypt: ...; 85.1; 88.5; 97.1; 100.4; 95.2
- Jordan: 89.6; 89.0; 93.4; 95.0; 95.8; 93.2
- Lebanon: 156.4; 133.5; 138.4; 143.4; 147.1; 150.4
- Morocco: 57.3; 63.5; 64.1; 64.7; 64.3; 63.6
- Pakistan: 63.2; 63.7; 63.7; 66.9; 65.2; 64.0
- Tunisia: 51.9; 51.6; 57.2; 60.2; 60.6; 71.5
- MENA (memorandum): 41.9; 29.0; 39.0; 43.9; 43.8; 43.5
- GCC (memorandum): 29.0; 9.0; 12.9; 20.5; 23.0; 25.4
- Non-GCC oil exporters (memorandum): 29.7; 17.5; 39.7; 41.2; 36.0; 34.1

### MENAP: Total Government Net Debt (Table 17)
- MENAP: 1.0; -13.6; -6.8; 0.8; 6.2; 8.0
- MENAP oil exporters: -28.6; -55.6; -47.0; -38.2; -31.6; -28.3
- Algeria: 0.6; -17.9; -3.7; 15.9; 16.9; 17.8
- Bahrain: 23.5; 44.4; 66.0; 82.1; 88.6; 96.2
- Libya: -61.7; -131.2; -71.9; -12.0; 9.3; 24.5
- Oman: -21.3; -44.1; -42.5; -29.3; -16.1; -7.2
- Qatar: -17.9; -97.2; -131.9; -133.3; -115.0; -99.9
- United Arab Emirates: -246.4; -221.9; -243.6; -247.7; -232.1; -223.8
- Lebanon: 149.7; 125.4; 132.1; 137.2; 141.1; 144.7
- Tunisia: 49.2; 51.6; 57.2; 62.3; 65.7; 68.8
- MENA (memorandum): -6.0; -23.4; -15.7; -7.4; -1.2; 0.9
- GCC (memorandum): -53.0; -89.8; -91.7; -80.9; -68.1; -61.0

### Exports of Goods and Services (Billions of U.S. dollars) (Table 18)
- MENAP: 881.2; 1,506.6; 1,111.2; 1,061.7; 1,211.6; 1,267.8
- MENAP oil exporters: 746.6; 1,328.1; 943.7; 906.7; 1,047.8; 1,091.8
- Algeria: 50.3; 63.5; 38.0; 32.6; 40.7; 41.0
- Iran, I.R. of: 79.6; 96.4; 74.9; 102.4; 114.7; 117.7
- Kuwait: 64.7; 110.7; 61.2; 55.3; 66.3; 68.8
- Saudi Arabia: 220.1; 355.0; 218.0; 198.3; 239.8; 242.2
- United Arab Emirates: 182.4; 366.9; 327.7; 331.2; 362.2; 379.8
- MENAP oil importers: 134.6; 178.5; 167.5; 155.0; 163.8; 176.0
- Egypt: 33.5; 43.6; 43.9; 34.8; 39.1; 43.9
- Morocco: 20.1; 35.8; 33.3; 34.1; 35.8; 38.2
- Pakistan: 20.3; 30.4; 29.9; 27.3; 26.9; 29.3

*Sources: National authorities; and IMF staff estimates and projections.*

### Section 3

### mreo0517st - Section 3

### Imports of Goods and Services (Billions of U.S. dollars)
- MENAP: -685.7 (Average 2000–13), -1,275.4 (2014), -1,186.0 (2015), -1,127.8 (2016), -1,214.7 (2017), -1,256.7 (2018)
- MENAP oil exporters: -502.2 (Average 2000–13), -989.9 (2014), -918.2 (2015), -870.2 (2016), -948.2 (2017), -978.8 (2018)
- Selected MENAP oil exporters:
  - Algeria: -35.3 (Average 2000–13), -71.4 (2014), -63.7 (2015), -60.2 (2016), -61.6 (2017), -58.8 (2018)
  - Saudi Arabia: -126.8 (Average 2000–13), -259.0 (2014), -247.3 (2015), -195.1 (2016), -204.3 (2017), -208.1 (2018)
  - United Arab Emirates: -147.9 (Average 2000–13), -298.6 (2014), -287.2 (2015), -297.0 (2016), -320.4 (2017), -333.7 (2018)
- MENAP oil importers: -183.4 (Average 2000–13), -285.5 (2014), -267.8 (2015), -257.6 (2016), -266.5 (2017), -277.9 (2018)
- Selected MENAP oil importers:
  - Egypt: -45.6 (Average 2000–13), -76.5 (2014), -78.1 (2015), -70.7 (2016), -69.9 (2017), -72.8 (2018)
  - Pakistan: -30.4 (Average 2000–13), -49.6 (2014), -50.1 (2015), -48.6 (2016), -54.1 (2017), -57.7 (2018)
  - Tunisia: -18.5 (Average 2000–13), -26.9 (2014), -22.3 (2015), -21.5 (2016), -21.3 (2017), -21.4 (2018)
- CCA (region): -69.6 (Average 2000–13), -139.3 (2014), -115.2 (2015), -107.1 (2016), -116.9 (2017), -120.1 (2018)
  - CCA oil and gas exporters: -56.1 (Average 2000–13), -113.1 (2014), -93.5 (2015), -84.2 (2016), -92.5 (2017), -94.7 (2018)
  - CCA oil and gas importers: -13.5 (Average 2000–13), -26.2 (2014), -21.6 (2015), -22.9 (2016), -24.4 (2017), -25.4 (2018)
- Memorandum aggregates:
  - MENA: -649.6 (Average 2000–13), -1,215.2 (2014), -1,127.3 (2015), -1,071.8 (2016), -1,152.6 (2017), -1,190.6 (2018)
  - GCC: -360.8 (Average 2000–13), -737.5 (2014), -705.2 (2015), -656.2 (2016), -704.6 (2017), -731.3 (2018)
  - Arab World: -587.3 (Average 2000–13), -1,133.1 (2014), -1,060.0 (2015), -992.0 (2016), -1,056.1 (2017), -1,090.2 (2018)
- Conflict Countries: -53.4 (Average 2000–13), -98.9 (2014), -82.1 (2015), -74.0 (2016), -85.5 (2017), -88.2 (2018)

### Current Account Balance (Billions of U.S. dollars)
- MENAP: 199.4 (Average 2000–13), 185.1 (2014), -127.6 (2015), -105.0 (2016), -14.2 (2017), -8.8 (2018)
- MENAP oil exporters: 217.2 (Average 2000–13), 224.2 (2014), -86.6 (2015), -57.9 (2016), 9.5 (2017), 14.6 (2018)
- Selected countries:
  - Saudi Arabia: 76.9 (Average 2000–13), 73.8 (2014), -56.7 (2015), -24.9 (2016), 10.8 (2017), 15.1 (2018)
  - United Arab Emirates: 30.0 (Average 2000–13), 40.3 (2014), 12.3 (2015), 8.8 (2016), 14.4 (2017), 17.0 (2018)
  - Algeria: 14.4 (Average 2000–13), -9.4 (2014), -27.3 (2015), -26.3 (2016), -21.4 (2017), -18.1 (2018)
- MENAP oil importers: -17.8 (Average 2000–13), -39.1 (2014), -41.0 (2015), -47.1 (2016), -23.8 (2017), -23.4 (2018)
- Selected MENAP oil importers:
  - Egypt: -2.2 (Average 2000–13), -2.4 (2014), -12.2 (2015), -18.7 (2016)
  - Lebanon: -4.7 (Average 2000–13), -14.0 (2014), -9.3 (2015), -8.3 (2016), -8.4 (2017), -8.4 (2018)
  - Tunisia: -1.6 (Average 2000–13), -4.3 (2014), -3.8 (2015), -3.8 (2016), -3.4 (2017), -3.3 (2018)
- CCA: 5.2 (Average 2000–13), 10.1 (2014), -14.3 (2015), -19.3 (2016), -13.2 (2017), -11.1 (2018)
  - CCA oil and gas exporters: 7.2 (Average 2000–13), 14.2 (2014), -11.1 (2015), -16.3 (2016), -9.8 (2017), -7.7 (2018)
  - CCA oil and gas importers: -2.0 (Average 2000–13), -4.1 (2014), -3.2 (2015), -3.0 (2016), -3.3 (2017), -3.4 (2018)
- Memorandum aggregates:
  - MENA: 201.1 (Average 2000–13), 187.8 (2014), -125.4 (2015), -103.1 (2016), -15.2 (2017), -9.3 (2018)
  - GCC: 168.7 (Average 2000–13), 224.1 (2014), -36.2 (2015), -27.9 (2016), 26.8 (2017), 33.2 (2018)
  - Arab World: 183.0 (Average 2000–13), 171.9 (2014), -134.4 (2015), -126.6 (2016), -34.7 (2017), -29.1 (2018)
- Conflict countries: 15.8 (Average 2000–13), -6.3 (2014), -32.1 (2015), -27.2 (2016), -15.3 (2017), -20.4 (2018)

### Current Account Balance (Percent of GDP)
- MENAP: 9.2 (Average 2000–13), 5.3 (2014), -4.1 (2015), -3.4 (2016), -1.1 (2017), -0.8 (2018)
- MENAP oil exporters: 13.4 (Average 2000–13), 8.7 (2014), -4.0 (2015), -2.7 (2016), 0.4 (2017), 0.6 (2018)
- Selected countries:
  - Saudi Arabia: 16.8 (Average 2000–13), 9.8 (2014), -8.7 (2015), -3.9 (2016), 1.5 (2017), 2.0 (2018)
  - United Arab Emirates: 13.0 (Average 2000–13), 10.0 (2014), 3.3 (2015), 2.4 (2016), 3.5 (2017), 3.9 (2018)
  - Algeria: 12.5 (Average 2000–13), -4.4 (2014), -16.6 (2015), -16.4 (2016), -12.3 (2017), -10.2 (2018)
- MENAP oil importers: -2.6 (Average 2000–13), -4.4 (2014), -4.3 (2015), -4.8 (2016), -4.9 (2017), -4.3 (2018)
- Tunisia: -4.1 (Average 2000–13), -9.1 (2014), -8.9 (2015), -9.0 (2016), -8.6 (2017), -8.1 (2018)
- CCA: 0.8 (Average 2000–13), 2.3 (2014), -3.8 (2015), -6.2 (2016), -3.8 (2017), -3.0 (2018)
- Memorandum aggregates:
  - MENA: 10.0 (Average 2000–13), 5.9 (2014), -4.4 (2015), -3.7 (2016), -1.0 (2017), -0.6 (2018)
  - GCC: 17.3 (Average 2000–13), 13.7 (2014), -2.6 (2015), -2.0 (2016), 1.8 (2017), 2.1 (2018)
  - Arab World: 11.0 (Average 2000–13), 6.2 (2014), -5.5 (2015), -5.2 (2016), -1.8 (2017), -1.4 (2018)
- Conflict countries: 8.2 (Average 2000–13), -2.0 (2014), -13.0 (2015), -12.0 (2016), -5.7 (2017), -6.7 (2018)

### Gross Official Reserves (Billions of U.S. dollars)
- MENAP: 711.9 (Average 2000–13), 1,465.3 (2014), 1,307.8 (2015), 1,186.5 (2016), 1,167.8 (2017), 1,157.4 (2018)
- MENAP oil exporters: 629.0 (Average 2000–13), 1,348.5 (2014), 1,182.1 (2015), 1,054.0 (2016), 1,027.2 (2017), 1,010.7 (2018)
- Selected reserves:
  - Saudi Arabia: 297.5 (Average 2000–13), 726.8 (2014), 611.9 (2015), 533.6 (2016), 502.0 (2017), 481.4 (2018)
  - United Arab Emirates: 31.9 (Average 2000–13), 78.5 (2014), 94.0 (2015), 83.1 (2016), 92.3 (2017), 102.4 (2018)
  - Iran, I.R. of: 60.1 (Average 2000–13), 110.8 (2014), 115.7 (2015), 119.5 (2016), 135.1 (2017), 152.6 (2018)
- MENAP oil importers: 82.9 (Average 2000–13), 116.7 (2014), 125.8 (2015), 132.5 (2016), 140.6 (2017), 146.7 (2018)
  - Egypt: 21.6 (Average 2000–13), 16.3 (2014), 19.5 (2015), 17.1 (2016), 23.7 (2017), 27.0 (2018)
  - Tunisia: 6.1 (Average 2000–13), 7.7 (2014), 7.4 (2015), 5.9 (2016), 6.8 (2017), 7.4 (2018)
- CCA: 32.9 (Average 2000–13), 73.7 (2014), 63.5 (2015), 67.5 (2016), 76.3 (2017), 85.5 (2018)
  - CCA oil and gas exporters: 29.2 (Average 2000–13), 67.1 (2014), 57.2 (2015), 60.1 (2016), 68.4 (2017), 76.9 (2018)
  - CCA oil and gas importers: 3.8 (Average 2000–13), 6.6 (2014), 6.3 (2015), 7.5 (2016), 7.9 (2017), 8.6 (2018)
- Memorandum aggregates:
  - MENA: 700.8 (Average 2000–13), 1,448.9 (2014), 1,287.5 (2015), 1,161.0 (2016), 1,141.7 (2017), 1,130.7 (2018)
  - GCC: 370.1 (Average 2000–13), 903.1 (2014), 792.4 (2015), 704.8 (2016), 689.1 (2017), 681.1 (2018)
  - Arab World: 640.6 (Average 2000–13), 1,338.1 (2014), 1,171.8 (2015), 1,041.5 (2016), 1,006.6 (2017), 978.0 (2018)
- Conflict countries: 99.3 (Average 2000–13), 157.3 (2014), 131.4 (2015), 112.7 (2016), 106.9 (2017), 92.6 (2018)

### Total Gross External Debt (Percent of GDP)
- MENAP: 31.2 (Average 2000–13), 28.1 (2014), 33.6 (2015), 37.3 (2016), 38.9 (2017), 39.2 (2018)
- MENAP oil exporters: 25.5 (Average 2000–13), 24.8 (2014), 32.3 (2015), 37.0 (2016), 37.3 (2017), 37.6 (2018)
- MENAP oil importers: 45.5 (Average 2000–13), 37.4 (2014), 36.5 (2015), 37.9 (2016), 42.9 (2017), 42.9 (2018)
- Selected country ratios:
  - Lebanon: 165.6 (Average 2000–13), 170.1 (2014), 174.7 (2015), 178.4 (2016), 178.3 (2017), 177.1 (2018)
  - Tunisia: 54.8 (Average 2000–13), 56.0 (2014), 62.7 (2015), 64.3 (2016), 71.2 (2017), 74.5 (2018)
  - Qatar: 66.0 (Average 2000–13), 80.7 (2014), 110.6 (2015), 132.3 (2016), 130.0 (2017), 123.3 (2018)
- CCA: 54.7 (Average 2000–13), 46.3 (2014), 55.4 (2015), 72.5 (2016), 69.8 (2017), 67.7 (2018)
  - CCA oil and gas exporters: 54.1 (Average 2000–13), 44.4 (2014), 45.2 (2015), 70.2 (2016), 70.8 (2017), 65.4 (2018)
  - CCA oil and gas importers: 59.6 (Average 2000–13), 63.4 (2014), 78.8 (2015), 84.4 (2016), 87.2 (2017), 85.9 (2018)
- Memorandum aggregates:
  - MENA: 30.8 (Average 2000–13), 28.3 (2014), 34.7 (2015), 38.6 (2016), 40.5 (2017), 40.7 (2018)
  - GCC: 27.1 (Average 2000–13), 34.1 (2014), 43.6 (2015), 50.6 (2016), 49.9 (2017), 50.1 (2018)
  - Arab World: 36.6 (Average 2000–13), 32.4 (2014), 39.6 (2015), 44.4 (2016), 44.2 (2017), 46.3 (2018)
- Note on data: "Nominal GDP is converted to U.S. dollars using period average exchange rate." and country-specific footnotes apply for selected series.

### Gross Official Reserves (Months of Imports)
- MENAP: 9.5 (Average 2000–13), 14.0 (2014), 13.1 (2015), 11.1 (2016), 10.6 (2017), 10.3 (2018)
- MENAP oil exporters: 10.9 (Average 2000–13), 16.5 (2014), 15.3 (2015), 12.5 (2016), 11.9 (2017), 11.5 (2018)
- Selected country reserves (months):
  - Algeria: 26.5 (Average 2000–13), 33.4 (2014), 28.4 (2015), 22.8 (2016), 19.6 (2017), 17.5 (2018)
  - Saudi Arabia: 21.1 (Average 2000–13), 35.3 (2014), 37.6 (2015), 31.3 (2016), 28.9 (2017), 27.0 (2018)
  - Iran, I.R. of: 11.1 (Average 2000–13), 24.9 (2014), 17.4 (2015), 14.9 (2016), 16.1 (2017), 17.4 (2018)
- MENAP oil importers: 5.4 (Average 2000–13), 5.2 (2014), 5.9 (2015), 6.0 (2016), 6.1 (2017), 6.1 (2018)
  - Egypt: 5.9 (Average 2000–13), 2.5 (2014), 3.3 (2015), 2.9 (2016), 3.9 (2017), 4.3 (2018)
  - Tunisia: 3.5 (Average 2000–13), 4.1 (2014), 4.1 (2015), 3.4 (2016), 3.8 (2017), 4.0 (2018)
- CCA: 4.7 (Average 2000–13), 8.9 (2014), 8.2 (2015), 7.9 (2016), 8.7 (2017), 9.6 (2018)
  - CCA oil and gas exporters: 5.2 (Average 2000–13), 10.4 (2014), 9.9 (2015), 9.3 (2016), 10.4 (2017), 11.4 (2018)
  - CCA oil and gas importers: 2.7 (Average 2000–13), 3.6 (2014), 3.3 (2015), 3.7 (2016), 3.7 (2017), 3.9 (2018)
- Memorandum aggregates:
  - MENA: 9.8 (Average 2000–13), 14.5 (2014), 13.6 (2015), 11.4 (2016), 10.9 (2017), 10.6 (2018)
  - GCC: 9.6 (Average 2000–13), 15.4 (2014), 14.5 (2015), 12.0 (2016), 11.3 (2017), 10.9 (2018)
  - Arab World: 9.7 (Average 2000–13), 14.2 (2014), 13.3 (2015), 11.1 (2016), 10.4 (2017), 10.0 (2018)
- Conflict countries: ... (not available) (Average 2000–13), 10.3 (2014), 9.0 (2015), 6.6 (2016), 6.5 (2017), 6.2 (2018)

*Sources: National authorities; and IMF staff estimates and projections.*

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_Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/reo/mcd-cca/2017/may/pdf/mreo0517st.pdf_