## Statistical Appendix

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### Scope and coverage
- Countries and territories covered: Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Georgia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyz Republic, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, West Bank and Gaza, and Yemen.
- Number of countries and territories in statistical appendix tables: 32.
- Data revisions reflect changes in methodology and/or revisions provided by country authorities.
- Projections: 2025-26 and 2030 data are projections based on statistical information available through end September 2025, unless otherwise noted.

### Assumptions used for projections
- Policy assumption: Established policies of national authorities are assumed to be maintained.
- Oil price assumptions:
  - US$68.9 a barrel in 2025
  - US$65.8 a barrel in 2026
  - US$67.26 a barrel in 2030
- Three-month nominal yield on US Treasury bills assumptions:
  - 4.3 percent in 2025
  - 3.7 percent in 2026
  - 2.9 percent in 2030
- Note: These are working assumptions rather than forecasts; uncertainties add to the margin of error.
- Footnote: “Simple average of prices of UK Brent, Dubai Fateh, and West Texas Intermediate crude oil.”

### Country-specific notes and data exclusions
- Afghanistan:
  - Data for 2021–24 reported for selected indicators, with estimates for fiscal data.
  - GDP growth for 2024 is an estimate.
  - Estimates and projections for 2025–26 and 2030 are omitted because IMF has paused engagement owing to lack of clarity on government recognition.
- Algeria:
  - Total government expenditure and net lending/borrowing include net lending by the government, reflecting support to the pension system and other public sector entities.
- Lebanon:
  - Fiscal and national accounts data for 2022–24 as well as debt data for 2023 are IMF staff estimates and not provided by national authorities.
  - Estimates and projections for 2025–26 and 2030 are omitted owing to unusually high uncertainty.
- Sudan:
  - Projections reflect IMF staff analysis based on assumption that ongoing conflict will terminate by end of 2025 and that reengagement and reconstruction will commence shortly thereafter.
  - Data for 2011 exclude South Sudan after July 9; data for 2012 onward pertain to the current Sudan.
- Syrian Arab Republic:
  - Data are excluded from 2011 onward because of the uncertain political situation.
- West Bank and Gaza:
  - Estimates and projections for 2025–26 and 2030 are excluded from publication owing to unusually high uncertainty.
- Yemen:
  - Due to ongoing internal conflict, Yemen’s oil exports have been halted since 2023, and the country is currently not classified as an oil exporter.

### Data and conventions
- Calendar year reporting except fiscal-year reporting for:
  - Afghanistan (December 21 to December 20 from 2002 to 2020, and March 21 to March 20 thereafter)
  - Islamic Republic of Iran (March 21 to March 20)
  - Egypt and Pakistan (July to June)
- For presentation, “oil” includes gas in many instances.
- Tables 4 and 5: calendar year for all aggregates and countries except Islamic Republic of Iran, for which the Iranian calendar year (beginning on March 21) is used.
- Table 13: total external debt-to-GDP ratio is calculated by converting total external debt into local currency using the end-of-period exchange rate and dividing by nominal GDP in local currency.
- Averages: Arithmetically weighted averages for all aggregates except the consumer price index, for which geometric averages are used.
- REO aggregates construction:
  - Table 1 composites: sums of individual country data.
  - Tables 2–5 (domestic economy): weighted by GDP valued at purchasing power parities (PPPs) as a share of total GDP.
  - Table 6 (growth rates of broad money): weighted by GDP converted to US dollars at market exchange rates (GDP and exchange rates averaged over preceding three years) as a share of total GDP.
  - Fiscal data percent of GDP (Tables 7–9): weighted by GDP in US dollars as a share of total GDP in US dollars.
  - External economy in percent of GDP (Tables 10 and 13): weighted by GDP in US dollars as a share of total GDP in US dollars.
  - External economy in nominal terms (Tables 11–12): sums of individual country data.
  - Table 14 composites: sums of individual country data.
  - Table 15 aggregates: weighted by next year’s total imports of goods and services.
- Table conventions:
  - Ellipsis points (. . .) indicate “not available”; and 0 or 0.0 indicates “zero” or “negligible.”
  - Minor discrepancies between sums of constituent figures and totals are due to rounding.

### Country groupings and analytical groupings
- Regional groups:
  - Middle East and Central Asia: split into Caucasus and Central Asia (CCA) and Middle East and North Africa, Afghanistan, Pakistan (MENAP).
- MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan analytical groupings:
  - Oil Exporters and Oil Importers (EM&MI and LIC subdivisions), Fragile and Conflict-Affected States (FCS), Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), Non-GCC, Emerging Market and Middle-Income Economies (EM&MIs), Low-Income Countries (LICs), All FCS, Conflict-Affected States.
- Caucasus and Central Asia analytical groupings:
  - Oil Exporters and Oil Importers; Emerging Market and Middle-Income Economies (EM&MIs); Low-Income Countries (LICs).

### Selected substantive projections and key statistics (from tables)
- Table 1. Nominal GDP (Billions of US dollars) — regional totals and selected country figures (projections for 2025, 2026, 2030):
  - MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 2022 4,499.8; 2023 4,372.9; 2024 4,496.3; 2025 4,512.1; 2026 4,741.4; 2030 4,969.4
  - Oil Exporters: 2022 3,286.3; 2023 3,256.1; 2024 3,339.0; 2025 3,327.7; 2026 3,461.3; 2030 3,426.1
  - GCC: 2022 2,326.0; 2023 2,271.7; 2024 2,326.0; 2025 2,369.8; 2026 2,477.6; 2030 2,304.1
  - Saudi Arabia: 2022 1,239.1; 2023 1,218.6; 2024 1,239.8; 2025 1,268.5; 2026 1,316.3; 2030 1,596.4
  - Non-GCC Oil Exporters: 2022 960.2; 2023 984.4; 2024 1,012.9; 2025 957.9; 2026 983.7; 2030 1,224.1
  - Oil importers: 2022 1,213.5; 2023 1,116.8; 2024 1,157.3; 2025 1,184.4; 2026 1,280.1; 2030 1,704.3
  - Egypt: 2022 475.2; 2023 393.8; 2024 383.1; 2025 349.3; 2026 399.5; 2030 589.9
  - CCA total: 2022 518.6; 2023 582.1; 2024 640.9; 2025 688.5; 2026 745.7; 2030 1,022.0
  - Kazakhstan: 2022 225.5; 2023 261.8; 2024 291.5; 2025 300.1; 2026 319.8; 2030 429.5

- Table 2. Real GDP Growth (Year-over-year percent change) — selected series (projections for 2025, 2026, 2030):
  - MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 2022 6.6; 2023 2.2; 2024 2.1; 2025 3.2; 2026 3.7; 2030 3.7
  - Oil Exporters: 2022 7.5; 2023 2.6; 2024 2.5; 2025 3.0; 2026 3.4; 2030 3.0
  - GCC: 2022 9.8; 2023 1.3; 2024 2.2; 2025 3.9; 2026 4.3; 2030 3.4
  - Saudi Arabia: 2022 12.0; 2023 0.5; 2024 2.0; 2025 4.0; 2026 4.0; 2030 3.3
  - Oil importers: 2022 5.1; 2023 1.4; 2024 1.6; 2025 3.5; 2026 4.1; 2030 4.7
  - Egypt: 2022 6.7; 2023 3.8; 2024 2.4; 2025 4.3; 2026 4.5; 2030 5.3
  - Pakistan: 2022 6.2; 2023 -0.2; 2024 2.5; 2025 2.7; 2026 3.6; 2030 4.5
  - CCA: 2022 5.0; 2023 5.3; 2024 5.5; 2025 5.6; 2026 4.7; 2030 4.0
  - Uzbekistan: 2022 6.0; 2023 6.3; 2024 6.5; 2025 6.8; 2026 6.0; 2030 5.7

- Table 3. Oil Exporters: Real Non-Oil and Oil GDP Growth (Year-over-year percent change) — selected projections:
  - Real Non-Oil GDP Growth, MENAP Oil Exporters: 2022 6.7; 2023 5.5; 2024 4.0; 2025 2.9; 2026 2.9; 2030 3.1
  - Real Oil GDP Growth, MENAP Oil Exporters: 2022 9.7; 2023 0.9; 2024 -1.0; 2025 2.2; 2026 3.9; 2030 2.4
  - GCC Real Oil GDP Growth: 2022 11.8; 2023 -6.1; 2024 -2.9; 2025 4.2; 2026 5.9; 2030 2.6

- Table 4. Consumer Price Inflation (Year-over-year percent change; period average) — selected series and projections:
  - MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 2022 13.3; 2023 16.2; 2024 15.2; 2025 11.2; 2026 9.8; 2030 6.4
  - Oil Exporters: 2022 12.4; 2023 11.1; 2024 8.5; 2025 10.1; 2026 10.0; 2030 6.8
  - Iran: 2022 45.8; 2023 40.7; 2024 32.5; 2025 42.4; 2026 41.6; 2030 25.0
  - Pakistan: 2022 12.2; 2023 29.2; 2024 23.4; 2025 4.5; 2026 6.0; 2030 6.5
  - Sudan: 2022 138.8; 2023 77.2; 2024 185.7; 2025 87.2; 2026 54.6; 2030 16.1

- Table 5. Consumer Price Inflation (Year-over-year percent change; end of period) — selected series and projections:
  - MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 2022 15.2; 2023 16.5; 2024 12.7; 2025 10.3; 2026 9.2; 2030 6.3
  - Oil Exporters: 2022 13.6; 2023 8.5; 2024 8.6; 2025 10.7; 2026 8.9; 2030 6.8
  - Iran: 2022 54.1; 2023 32.2; 2024 37.1; 2025 45.0; 2026 35.0; 2030 25.0
  - Sudan: 2022 87.3; 2023 113.3; 2024 151.1; 2025 49.0; 2026 41.6; 2030 12.7
  - Uzbekistan (end of period): 2022 12.3; 2023 8.7; 2024 9.8; 2025 8.5; 2026 6.5; 2030 5.0

- Table 6. Broad money / Selected end-of-period inflation and other aggregates: (table continues in source)

- Table 6 (Broad Money Growth, Year-over-year percent change) — selected aggregates and country series:
  - MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 2.4, -0.4, -2.3, -2.9, -2.8, -1.4 (2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2030)
  - Oil Exporters: 5.6, 1.4, -1.0, -1.5, -1.4, -0.7
  - GCC: 7.1, 3.1, 1.8, 0.8, 0.9, 1.2
  - Bahrain: -6.0, -9.7, -10.6, -10.7, -9.9, -9.7
  - Kuwait: 30.0, 28.2, 23.8, 26.8, 26.5, 24.7
  - Qatar: 10.4, 5.6, 0.7, -0.3, 1.3, 2.8
  - United Arab Emirates: 9.8, 5.8, 6.4, 5.1, 4.8, 4.5
  - Libya: 23.6, 8.2, -25.1, -4.3, -1.0, -1.1
  - Egypt: -5.7, -5.8, -7.1, -12.4, -10.7, -3.5
  - Pakistan: -7.8, -7.8, -6.8, -5.3, -4.1, -2.8
  - Tunisia: -6.9, -7.0, -5.9, -5.4, -5.2, -7.8
  - Aggregates:
    - Oil importers: -6.1, -5.9, -5.9, -6.9, -6.5, -3.2
    - Emerging Market and Middle-Income Economies: -6.5, -6.2, -6.2, -7.3, -6.7, -3.3
    - Low-Income Countries: -1.8, -3.1, -1.9, -2.3, -3.1, -2.2

- Table 7. General Government Fiscal Balance (Percent of GDP) — selected aggregates and country series:
  - MENAP Oil Exporters: -31.8, -30.9, -30.4, -27.5, -26.3, -23.5
  - GCC: -27.8, -28.2, -26.7, -23.9, -23.1, -20.8
  - Bahrain: -24.2, -25.4, -24.8, -22.8, -21.3, -19.4
  - Kuwait: -75.4, -82.3, -78.7, -73.1, -70.2, -68.7
  - Oman: -39.4, -30.0, -31.4, -28.4, -26.2, -20.2
  - Saudi Arabia: -25.1, -25.4, -24.8, -21.5, -20.8, -18.2
  - United Arab Emirates: -12.3, -14.5, -12.6, -12.1, -12.1, -11.3
  - Libya: -203.7, -199.6, -189.7, -164.7, -146.5, -115.3
  - Iraq: -75.7, -64.7, -66.0, -62.6, -60.0, -57.7
  - Algeria: -27.7, -30.4, -30.4, -25.3, -25.8, -21.9
  - Iran: -7.5, -6.1, -8.2, -8.5, -7.9, -6.8
  - Non-GCC Oil Exporters: -41.5, -37.0, -38.7, -36.4, -34.5, -30.1

- Table 8. Oil Exporters: General Government Non-Oil Fiscal Balance (Percent of non-oil GDP) — selected series:
  - MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 45.6, 46.3, 46.8, 48.7, 49.8, 50.8
  - Oil Exporters: 30.5, 31.1, 33.8, 36.4, 38.1, 43.4
  - GCC: 27.0, 28.2, 30.7, 32.5, 33.5, 37.3
  - Bahrain: 111.6, 123.0, 133.4, 142.5, 146.4, 157.3
  - Kuwait: 3.0, 3.1, 2.9, 7.3, 10.7, 24.5
  - Qatar: 42.6, 43.7, 41.2, 40.6, 38.8, 34.9
  - Saudi Arabia: 21.3, 23.0, 26.2, 29.2, 31.8, 40.7
  - United Arab Emirates: 31.5, 31.9, 34.9, 34.0, 31.9, 26.6
  - Algeria: 48.1, 47.7, 48.1, 54.0, 62.2, 81.1
  - Iran: 34.5, 29.6, 34.0, 35.6, 36.4, 39.3
  - Iraq: 39.0, 42.1, 46.5, 53.1, 58.0, 69.8
  - Sudan: 186.9, 259.9, 261.4, 221.5, 172.4, 140.3
  - Aggregates:
    - Oil importers: 86.4, 90.6, 84.2, 83.0, 81.3, 69.1
    - Low-Income Countries: 101.3, 134.9, 119.5, 140.7, 116.0, 95.7

- Table 9. Total Government Gross Debt (Percent of GDP) — selected aggregates and country series:
  - MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 8.3, 4.8, 2.9, 1.6, 1.2, 1.1
  - Oil Exporters: 13.5, 7.4, 5.2, 3.4, 2.9, 2.9
  - GCC: 15.2, 8.7, 7.1, 4.9, 4.3, 3.7
  - Bahrain: 14.7, 5.8, 4.8, 3.5, 3.8, 2.7
  - Kuwait: 34.4, 31.4, 29.1, 26.5, 24.4, 19.2
  - Qatar: 26.8, 17.1, 17.4, 10.8, 10.2, 8.6
  - Saudi Arabia: 12.1, 2.9, -0.5, -2.1, -2.5, -2.8
  - United Arab Emirates: 13.0, 13.1, 14.5, 13.2, 12.3, 10.9
  - Lebanon: -30.0, -24.9, -19.7, .........
  - Tunisia: -9.0, -2.7, -1.7, -3.1, -3.3, -4.1
  - Jordan: -8.1, -3.6, -5.9, -5.5, -5.9, -4.7
  - Aggregates:
    - Oil importers: -5.6, -2.6, -3.8, -3.3, -3.6, -3.3
    - Low-Income Countries: -12.3, -8.4, -7.6, -5.4, -7.3, -6.1

- Table 10. Current Account Balance (Percent of GDP) — selected aggregates and country series (billions of US dollars for country series):
  - Note 1: Current account projections assume imports sufficient to cover minimum import needs based on survival minimum expenditure basket, global food prices, and total population; implies positive financing gap if additional financing is not identified.
  - MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 1903.7, 1805.2, 1873.6, 1916.1, 2014.3, 2567.1
  - Oil Exporters: 1657.9, 1557.9, 1629.4, 1651.2, 1732.3, 2190.4
  - GCC: 1354.1, 1278.7, 1335.8, 1384.8, 1465.1, 1848.0
  - Bahrain: 44.6, 40.3, 41.3, 44.2, 46.9, 52.1
  - Kuwait: 110.9, 95.5, 89.7, 83.4, 85.1, 98.0
  - Qatar: 161.7, 128.7, 125.2, 116.8, 124.5, 156.4
  - Saudi Arabia: 445.9, 368.7, 360.9, 358.3, 372.2, 436.5
  - United Arab Emirates: 521.9, 580.1, 647.9, 717.2, 769.8, 1027.1
  - Iran: 107.6, 111.9, 127.6, 113.7, 117.6, 154.9
  - Iraq: 127.1, 107.9, 112.7, 103.2, 100.7, 125.5
  - Aggregates:
    - Oil importers: 245.8, 247.3, 244.2, 264.9, 282.0, 376.7
    - MENA (aggregate): 1862.0, 1767.6, 1834.9, 1875.4, 1972.3, 2511.7

- Table 11. Exports of Goods and Services (Billions of US dollars) — selected aggregates and country series:
  - MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 1488.7, 1563.9, 1691.0, 1815.2, 1927.9, 2467.4
  - Oil Exporters: 1083.8, 1212.3, 1333.2, 1417.9, 1506.3, 1923.4
  - GCC: 863.4, 969.6, 1050.4, 1150.6, 1234.9, 1595.4
  - Saudi Arabia: 258.4, 289.9, 317.0, 337.8, 358.9, 436.0
  - United Arab Emirates: 394.9, 464.1, 516.8, 588.1, 639.3, 873.5
  - Qatar: 74.5, 72.2, 69.7, 74.3, 79.4, 99.7
  - Iran: 92.0, 102.0, 112.9, 106.7, 109.4, 138.6
  - Iraq: 81.7, 89.1, 115.5, 102.3, 103.9, 121.2
  - Egypt: 103.1, 83.4, 88.0, 105.3, 106.2, 149.3
  - Aggregates:
    - Oil importers: 404.9, 351.5, 357.8, 397.3, 421.6, 544.0
    - MENA (aggregate): 1395.9, 1493.2, 1627.0, 1745.1, 1853.9, 2372.9

- Table 12. Imports of Goods and Services (Billions of US dollars) — selected aggregates and country series:
  - Note 1: Excludes re-exports of goods and services.
  - MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 42.9, 45.5, 47.6, 48.7, 48.5, 46.2
  - Oil Exporters: 38.4, 40.2, 44.4, 46.9, 47.6, 48.1
  - GCC: 50.3, 53.9, 60.0, 62.2, 62.9, 64.1
  - Bahrain: 188.3, 200.9, 213.6, 227.0, 230.0, 234.0
  - Qatar: 115.5, 123.2, 126.1, 129.9, 122.5, 107.8
  - Saudi Arabia: 21.3, 24.5, 30.1, 33.4, 36.7, 44.9
  - United Arab Emirates: 80.5, 84.4, 93.4, 93.2, 90.5, 81.7
  - Lebanon: 480.4, 313.2, 256.1, .........
  - Pakistan: 37.0, 40.3, 31.8, 30.1, 30.6, 26.2
  - Sudan: 180.1, 255.8, 261.4, 221.8, 169.8, 132.1
  - Aggregates:
    - Oil importers: 55.0, 60.6, 56.7, 53.5, 50.9, 41.7
    - Low-Income Countries: 86.8, 116.4, 104.0, 120.0, 97.5, 76.5
    - MENA (aggregate): 43.6, 46.1, 49.2, 50.5, 50.3, 48.3

- Table 13. Total Gross External Debt (Percent of GDP) — selected aggregates and country series:
  - MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 1076.7, 1139.4, 1190.8, 1235.6, 1271.4, 1411.2
  - Oil Exporters: 960.7, 1021.6, 1052.9, 1081.7, 1104.4, 1222.1
  - GCC: 712.9, 744.6, 783.6, 830.9, 872.0, 1033.0
  - Saudi Arabia: 459.9, 436.9, 437.2, 434.9, 442.6, 478.5
  - United Arab Emirates: 135.3, 186.3, 225.0, 270.0, 297.0, 385.8
  - Kuwait: 48.2, 47.6, 44.4, 48.4, 52.4, 70.7
  - Iran: 20.3, 22.2, 22.6, 23.8, 26.2, 40.1
  - Iraq: 96.6, 111.7, 100.3, 90.6, 79.3, 54.1
  - Egypt: 31.5, 32.8, 44.3, 46.4, 51.3, 45.4
  - Aggregates:
    - Non-GCC Oil Exporters: 247.8, 277.0, 269.4, 250.9, 232.4, 189.0
    - Oil importers: 116.0, 117.7, 137.8, 153.9, 167.0, 189.1
    - MENA (aggregate): 1066.9, 1134.9, 1181.4, 1221.1, 1253.7, 1380.6

- Table 14. Gross Official Reserves (Billions of US dollars) — central bank only (excludes overseas SWF assets):
  - MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 7.8, 7.6, 7.4, 7.3, 7.0, 6.3 (2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2029)
  - Oil Exporters: 8.8, 8.5, 8.2, 8.0, 7.6, 6.9
  - GCC: 8.8, 8.5, 8.2, 8.1, 7.9, 7.5
  - Saudi Arabia (Saudi Arabia Monetary Agency gross foreign assets): 19.0, 16.5, 15.5, 14.5, 13.9, 12.7
  - United Arab Emirates (Central bank only): 3.5, 4.3, 4.6, 5.1, 5.1, 5.1
  - Kuwait: 9.1, 9.3, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 9.1
  - Qatar: 7.9, 8.9, 8.7, 8.4, 8.1, 8.1
  - Iran: 2.4, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 3.2
  - Egypt: 4.5, 4.5, 5.0, 5.2, 5.3, 3.8
  - Pakistan: 1.9, 0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 2.7, 3.5
  - Aggregates:
    - Non-GCC Oil Exporters: 8.6, 8.4, 8.4, 7.5, 6.4, 4.3
    - Oil Importers: 6.4, 5.7, 6.5, 7.0, 6.6, 5.8
    - MENA (aggregate): 8.0, 7.8, 7.6, 7.5, 7.1, 6.5

### Notes on data sources and methodology
- Sources: National authorities; and IMF staff estimates and projections.
- Additional footnotes in source clarify methodological changes for specific countries (e.g., Iran nominal GDP conversion using NIMA exchange rate from 2018 onward; national accounts base-year harmonization and extrapolations for earlier years).

*Source: statisticalappendix (IMF staff estimates and projections).*

### Section 1

### Statistical Appendix — Section 1

### Scope and Coverage
- The IMF’s Middle East and Central Asia countries and territories comprise Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Georgia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyz Republic, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, West Bank and Gaza, and Yemen.
- The statistical appendix tables contain data for 32 countries and territories.
- Data revisions reflect changes in methodology and/or revisions provided by country authorities.
- The 2025-26 and 2030 data in the tables are projections. Unless otherwise noted, projections are based on statistical information available through end September 2025.

### Assumptions used for projections
- Established policies of national authorities are assumed to be maintained.
- Oil price assumptions:
  - US$68.9 a barrel in 2025
  - US$65.8 a barrel in 2026
  - US$67.26 a barrel in 2030
- Three-month nominal yield on US Treasury bills assumptions:
  - 4.3 percent in 2025
  - 3.7 percent in 2026
  - 2.9 percent in 2030
- Note: These are working assumptions rather than forecasts; uncertainties add to the margin of error.
- Footnote: “Simple average of prices of UK Brent, Dubai Fateh, and West Texas Intermediate crude oil.”

### Country-specific notes and data exclusions
- Afghanistan:
  - Data for 2021–24 are reported for selected indicators, with estimates for fiscal data.
  - GDP growth for 2024 is an estimate.
  - Estimates and projections for 2025–26 and 2030 are omitted because IMF has paused engagement owing to lack of clarity on government recognition.
- Algeria:
  - Total government expenditure and net lending/borrowing include net lending by the government, reflecting support to the pension system and other public sector entities.
- Lebanon:
  - Fiscal and national accounts data for 2022–24 as well as debt data for 2023 are IMF staff estimates and not provided by national authorities.
  - Estimates and projections for 2025–26 and 2030 are omitted owing to unusually high uncertainty.
- Sudan:
  - Projections reflect IMF staff analysis based on assumption that ongoing conflict will terminate by end of 2025 and that reengagement and reconstruction will commence shortly thereafter.
  - Data for 2011 exclude South Sudan after July 9; data for 2012 onward pertain to the current Sudan.
- Syrian Arab Republic:
  - Data are excluded from 2011 onward because of the uncertain political situation.
- West Bank and Gaza:
  - Estimates and projections for 2025–26 and 2030 are excluded from publication owing to unusually high uncertainty.
- Yemen:
  - Due to ongoing internal conflict, Yemen’s oil exports have been halted since 2023, and the country is currently not classified as an oil exporter.

### Data and conventions
- All data refer to calendar years, except fiscal-year reporting for:
  - Afghanistan (December 21 to December 20 from 2002 to 2020, and March 21 to March 20 thereafter)
  - Islamic Republic of Iran (March 21 to March 20)
  - Egypt and Pakistan (July to June)
- For presentation, “oil” includes gas in many instances.
- Tables 4 and 5 correspond to the calendar year for all aggregates and countries except Islamic Republic of Iran, for which the Iranian calendar year (beginning on March 21) is used.
- In Table 13, total external debt-to-GDP ratio is calculated by converting total external debt into local currency using the end-of-period exchange rate and dividing by nominal GDP in local currency.
- Arithmetically weighted averages are used for all data aggregates except the consumer price index, for which geometric averages are used.
- REO aggregates construction:
  - Table 1 composites: sums of individual country data.
  - Tables 2–5 (domestic economy): weighted by GDP valued at purchasing power parities (PPPs) as a share of total GDP.
  - Table 6 (growth rates of broad money): weighted by GDP converted to US dollars at market exchange rates (GDP and exchange rates averaged over preceding three years) as a share of total GDP.
  - Fiscal data percent of GDP (Tables 7–9): weighted by GDP in US dollars as a share of total GDP in US dollars.
  - External economy in percent of GDP (Tables 10 and 13): weighted by GDP in US dollars as a share of total GDP in US dollars.
  - External economy in nominal terms (Tables 11–12): sums of individual country data.
  - Table 14 composites: sums of individual country data.
  - Table 15 aggregates: weighted by next year’s total imports of goods and services.
- Conventions:
  - In tables, ellipsis points (. . .) indicate “not available”; and 0 or 0.0 indicates “zero” or “negligible.”
  - Minor discrepancies between sums of constituent figures and totals are due to rounding.

### Country groupings and analytical groupings
- Regional groups:
  - Middle East and Central Asia: split into Caucasus and Central Asia (CCA) and Middle East and North Africa, Afghanistan, Pakistan (MENAP).
- MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan listing (countries presented in source).
- MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan analytical groupings:
  - Oil Exporters and Oil Importers (EM&MI and LIC subdivisions), Fragile and Conflict-Affected States (FCS), Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), Non-GCC, Emerging Market and Middle-Income Economies (EM&MIs), Low-Income Countries (LICs), All FCS, Conflict-Affected States.
- Caucasus and Central Asia analytical groupings:
  - Oil Exporters and Oil Importers; Emerging Market and Middle-Income Economies (EM&MIs); Low-Income Countries (LICs).

### Selected substantive projections and key statistics (as presented in tables)
- Table 1. Nominal GDP (Billions of US dollars) — regional totals and selected country figures (projections for 2025, 2026, 2030):
  - MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 2022 4,499.8; 2023 4,372.9; 2024 4,496.3; 2025 4,512.1; 2026 4,741.4; 2030 4,969.4
  - Oil Exporters: 2022 3,286.3; 2023 3,256.1; 2024 3,339.0; 2025 3,327.7; 2026 3,461.3; 2030 3,426.1
  - GCC: 2022 2,326.0; 2023 2,271.7; 2024 2,326.0; 2025 2,369.8; 2026 2,477.6; 2030 2,304.1
  - Saudi Arabia: 2022 1,239.1; 2023 1,218.6; 2024 1,239.8; 2025 1,268.5; 2026 1,316.3; 2030 1,596.4
  - Non-GCC Oil Exporters: 2022 960.2; 2023 984.4; 2024 1,012.9; 2025 957.9; 2026 983.7; 2030 1,224.1
  - Oil importers: 2022 1,213.5; 2023 1,116.8; 2024 1,157.3; 2025 1,184.4; 2026 1,280.1; 2030 1,704.3
  - Egypt: 2022 475.2; 2023 393.8; 2024 383.1; 2025 349.3; 2026 399.5; 2030 589.9
  - CCA total: 2022 518.6; 2023 582.1; 2024 640.9; 2025 688.5; 2026 745.7; 2030 1,022.0
  - Kazakhstan: 2022 225.5; 2023 261.8; 2024 291.5; 2025 300.1; 2026 319.8; 2030 429.5

- Table 2. Real GDP Growth (Year-over-year percent change) — selected series (projections for 2025, 2026, 2030):
  - MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 2022 6.6; 2023 2.2; 2024 2.1; 2025 3.2; 2026 3.7; 2030 3.7
  - Oil Exporters: 2022 7.5; 2023 2.6; 2024 2.5; 2025 3.0; 2026 3.4; 2030 3.0
  - GCC: 2022 9.8; 2023 1.3; 2024 2.2; 2025 3.9; 2026 4.3; 2030 3.4
  - Saudi Arabia: 2022 12.0; 2023 0.5; 2024 2.0; 2025 4.0; 2026 4.0; 2030 3.3
  - Oil importers: 2022 5.1; 2023 1.4; 2024 1.6; 2025 3.5; 2026 4.1; 2030 4.7
  - Egypt: 2022 6.7; 2023 3.8; 2024 2.4; 2025 4.3; 2026 4.5; 2030 5.3
  - Pakistan: 2022 6.2; 2023 -0.2; 2024 2.5; 2025 2.7; 2026 3.6; 2030 4.5
  - CCA: 2022 5.0; 2023 5.3; 2024 5.5; 2025 5.6; 2026 4.7; 2030 4.0
  - Uzbekistan: 2022 6.0; 2023 6.3; 2024 6.5; 2025 6.8; 2026 6.0; 2030 5.7

- Table 3. Oil Exporters: Real Non-Oil and Oil GDP Growth (Year-over-year percent change) — selected projections:
  - Real Non-Oil GDP Growth, MENAP Oil Exporters: 2022 6.7; 2023 5.5; 2024 4.0; 2025 2.9; 2026 2.9; 2030 3.1
  - Real Oil GDP Growth, MENAP Oil Exporters: 2022 9.7; 2023 0.9; 2024 -1.0; 2025 2.2; 2026 3.9; 2030 2.4
  - GCC Real Oil GDP Growth: 2022 11.8; 2023 -6.1; 2024 -2.9; 2025 4.2; 2026 5.9; 2030 2.6

- Table 4. Consumer Price Inflation (Year-over-year percent change; period average) — selected series and projections:
  - MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 2022 13.3; 2023 16.2; 2024 15.2; 2025 11.2; 2026 9.8; 2030 6.4
  - Oil Exporters: 2022 12.4; 2023 11.1; 2024 8.5; 2025 10.1; 2026 10.0; 2030 6.8
  - Iran: 2022 45.8; 2023 40.7; 2024 32.5; 2025 42.4; 2026 41.6; 2030 25.0
  - Pakistan: 2022 12.2; 2023 29.2; 2024 23.4; 2025 4.5; 2026 6.0; 2030 6.5
  - Sudan: 2022 138.8; 2023 77.2; 2024 185.7; 2025 87.2; 2026 54.6; 2030 16.1

- Table 5. Consumer Price Inflation (Year-over-year percent change; end of period) — selected series and projections:
  - MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 2022 15.2; 2023 16.5; 2024 12.7; 2025 10.3; 2026 9.2; 2030 6.3
  - Oil Exporters: 2022 13.6; 2023 8.5; 2024 8.6; 2025 10.7; 2026 8.9; 2030 6.8
  - Iran: 2022 54.1; 2023 32.2; 2024 37.1; 2025 45.0; 2026 35.0; 2030 25.0
  - Sudan: 2022 87.3; 2023 113.3; 2024 151.1; 2025 49.0; 2026 41.6; 2030 12.7
  - Uzbekistan (end of period): 2022 12.3; 2023 8.7; 2024 9.8; 2025 8.5; 2026 6.5; 2030 5.0

- Table 6. (table continues in source) — selected end-of-period inflation and other aggregates presented in the source tables.

### Notes on data sources
- Sources: National authorities; and IMF staff estimates and projections.
- Additional footnotes in the source clarify methodological changes for specific countries (e.g., Iran nominal GDP conversion using NIMA exchange rate from 2018 onward; national accounts base-year harmonization and extrapolations for earlier years).

*Source: statisticalappendix - Section 1 (IMF staff estimates and projections).*

### Section 2

### statisticalappendix - Section 2

### Broad Money Growth (Year-over-year percent change)
- Sources: National authorities; and IMF staff estimates and projections.
- Notes: Broad money is defined to include nonresident deposits (M5). Broad money includes currency, demand deposits, quasi money, and long-term deposits.
- MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 2.4, -0.4, -2.3, -2.9, -2.8, -1.4 (2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2030)
- Oil Exporters: 5.6, 1.4, -1.0, -1.5, -1.4, -0.7
- GCC: 7.1, 3.1, 1.8, 0.8, 0.9, 1.2
- Selected country series:
  - Bahrain: -6.0, -9.7, -10.6, -10.7, -9.9, -9.7
  - Kuwait: 30.0, 28.2, 23.8, 26.8, 26.5, 24.7
  - Qatar: 10.4, 5.6, 0.7, -0.3, 1.3, 2.8
  - United Arab Emirates: 9.8, 5.8, 6.4, 5.1, 4.8, 4.5
  - Libya: 23.6, 8.2, -25.1, -4.3, -1.0, -1.1
  - Egypt: -5.7, -5.8, -7.1, -12.4, -10.7, -3.5
  - Pakistan: -7.8, -7.8, -6.8, -5.3, -4.1, -2.8
  - Tunisia: -6.9, -7.0, -5.9, -5.4, -5.2, -7.8
- Aggregates:
  - Oil importers: -6.1, -5.9, -5.9, -6.9, -6.5, -3.2
  - Emerging Market and Middle-Income Economies: -6.5, -6.2, -6.2, -7.3, -6.7, -3.3
  - Low-Income Countries: -1.8, -3.1, -1.9, -2.3, -3.1, -2.2

### Table 7. General Government Fiscal Balance (Percent of GDP)
- Sources: National authorities; and IMF staff estimates and projections.
- MENAP Oil Exporters: -31.8, -30.9, -30.4, -27.5, -26.3, -23.5
- GCC: -27.8, -28.2, -26.7, -23.9, -23.1, -20.8
- Selected country series:
  - Bahrain: -24.2, -25.4, -24.8, -22.8, -21.3, -19.4
  - Kuwait: -75.4, -82.3, -78.7, -73.1, -70.2, -68.7
  - Oman: -39.4, -30.0, -31.4, -28.4, -26.2, -20.2
  - Saudi Arabia: -25.1, -25.4, -24.8, -21.5, -20.8, -18.2
  - United Arab Emirates: -12.3, -14.5, -12.6, -12.1, -12.1, -11.3
  - Libya: -203.7, -199.6, -189.7, -164.7, -146.5, -115.3
  - Iraq: -75.7, -64.7, -66.0, -62.6, -60.0, -57.7
  - Algeria: -27.7, -30.4, -30.4, -25.3, -25.8, -21.9
  - Iran: -7.5, -6.1, -8.2, -8.5, -7.9, -6.8
- Aggregates:
  - Non-GCC Oil Exporters: -41.5, -37.0, -38.7, -36.4, -34.5, -30.1

### Table 8. Oil Exporters: General Government Non-Oil Fiscal Balance (Percent of non-oil GDP)
- Sources: National authorities; and IMF staff estimates and projections.
- MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 45.6, 46.3, 46.8, 48.7, 49.8, 50.8
- Oil Exporters: 30.5, 31.1, 33.8, 36.4, 38.1, 43.4
- GCC: 27.0, 28.2, 30.7, 32.5, 33.5, 37.3
- Selected country series:
  - Bahrain: 111.6, 123.0, 133.4, 142.5, 146.4, 157.3
  - Kuwait: 3.0, 3.1, 2.9, 7.3, 10.7, 24.5
  - Qatar: 42.6, 43.7, 41.2, 40.6, 38.8, 34.9
  - Saudi Arabia: 21.3, 23.0, 26.2, 29.2, 31.8, 40.7
  - United Arab Emirates: 31.5, 31.9, 34.9, 34.0, 31.9, 26.6
  - Algeria: 48.1, 47.7, 48.1, 54.0, 62.2, 81.1
  - Iran: 34.5, 29.6, 34.0, 35.6, 36.4, 39.3
  - Iraq: 39.0, 42.1, 46.5, 53.1, 58.0, 69.8
  - Sudan: 186.9, 259.9, 261.4, 221.5, 172.4, 140.3
- Aggregates:
  - Oil importers: 86.4, 90.6, 84.2, 83.0, 81.3, 69.1
  - Low-Income Countries: 101.3, 134.9, 119.5, 140.7, 116.0, 95.7

### Table 9. Total Government Gross Debt (Percent of GDP)
- Sources: National authorities; and IMF staff estimates and projections.
- MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 8.3, 4.8, 2.9, 1.6, 1.2, 1.1
- Oil Exporters: 13.5, 7.4, 5.2, 3.4, 2.9, 2.9
- GCC: 15.2, 8.7, 7.1, 4.9, 4.3, 3.7
- Selected country series:
  - Bahrain: 14.7, 5.8, 4.8, 3.5, 3.8, 2.7
  - Kuwait: 34.4, 31.4, 29.1, 26.5, 24.4, 19.2
  - Qatar: 26.8, 17.1, 17.4, 10.8, 10.2, 8.6
  - Saudi Arabia: 12.1, 2.9, -0.5, -2.1, -2.5, -2.8
  - United Arab Emirates: 13.0, 13.1, 14.5, 13.2, 12.3, 10.9
  - Lebanon: -30.0, -24.9, -19.7, .........
  - Tunisia: -9.0, -2.7, -1.7, -3.1, -3.3, -4.1
  - Jordan: -8.1, -3.6, -5.9, -5.5, -5.9, -4.7
- Aggregates:
  - Oil importers: -5.6, -2.6, -3.8, -3.3, -3.6, -3.3
  - Low-Income Countries: -12.3, -8.4, -7.6, -5.4, -7.3, -6.1

### Table 10. Current Account Balance (Percent of GDP)
- Sources: National authorities; and IMF staff estimates and projections.
- Note 1: The current account projections assumes that imports will be sufficient to cover the country's minimum import needs, based on survival minimum expenditure basket, global food prices, and the total population. This implies a positive financing gap, representing the import needs that are not met by identified financing. If no additional sources of financing are identified throughout the year, the financing gap and corresponding current account deficit will largely be reduced through import compression.
- MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 1903.7, 1805.2, 1873.6, 1916.1, 2014.3, 2567.1
- Oil Exporters: 1657.9, 1557.9, 1629.4, 1651.2, 1732.3, 2190.4
- GCC: 1354.1, 1278.7, 1335.8, 1384.8, 1465.1, 1848.0
- Selected country series (billions of US dollars):
  - Bahrain: 44.6, 40.3, 41.3, 44.2, 46.9, 52.1
  - Kuwait: 110.9, 95.5, 89.7, 83.4, 85.1, 98.0
  - Qatar: 161.7, 128.7, 125.2, 116.8, 124.5, 156.4
  - Saudi Arabia: 445.9, 368.7, 360.9, 358.3, 372.2, 436.5
  - United Arab Emirates: 521.9, 580.1, 647.9, 717.2, 769.8, 1027.1
  - Iran: 107.6, 111.9, 127.6, 113.7, 117.6, 154.9
  - Iraq: 127.1, 107.9, 112.7, 103.2, 100.7, 125.5
- Aggregates:
  - Oil importers: 245.8, 247.3, 244.2, 264.9, 282.0, 376.7
  - MENA (aggregate): 1862.0, 1767.6, 1834.9, 1875.4, 1972.3, 2511.7

### Table 11. Exports of Goods and Services (Billions of US dollars)
- Sources: National authorities; and IMF staff estimates and projections.
- MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 1488.7, 1563.9, 1691.0, 1815.2, 1927.9, 2467.4
- Oil Exporters: 1083.8, 1212.3, 1333.2, 1417.9, 1506.3, 1923.4
- GCC: 863.4, 969.6, 1050.4, 1150.6, 1234.9, 1595.4
- Selected country series (billions of US dollars):
  - Saudi Arabia: 258.4, 289.9, 317.0, 337.8, 358.9, 436.0
  - United Arab Emirates: 394.9, 464.1, 516.8, 588.1, 639.3, 873.5
  - Qatar: 74.5, 72.2, 69.7, 74.3, 79.4, 99.7
  - Iran: 92.0, 102.0, 112.9, 106.7, 109.4, 138.6
  - Iraq: 81.7, 89.1, 115.5, 102.3, 103.9, 121.2
  - Egypt: 103.1, 83.4, 88.0, 105.3, 106.2, 149.3
- Aggregates:
  - Oil importers: 404.9, 351.5, 357.8, 397.3, 421.6, 544.0
  - MENA (aggregate): 1395.9, 1493.2, 1627.0, 1745.1, 1853.9, 2372.9

### Table 12. Imports of Goods and Services (Billions of US dollars)
- Sources: National authorities; and IMF staff estimates and projections.
- Note 1: Excludes re-exports of goods and services.
- MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 42.9, 45.5, 47.6, 48.7, 48.5, 46.2
- Oil Exporters: 38.4, 40.2, 44.4, 46.9, 47.6, 48.1
- GCC: 50.3, 53.9, 60.0, 62.2, 62.9, 64.1
- Selected country series (billions of US dollars):
  - Bahrain: 188.3, 200.9, 213.6, 227.0, 230.0, 234.0
  - Qatar: 115.5, 123.2, 126.1, 129.9, 122.5, 107.8
  - Saudi Arabia: 21.3, 24.5, 30.1, 33.4, 36.7, 44.9
  - United Arab Emirates: 80.5, 84.4, 93.4, 93.2, 90.5, 81.7
  - Lebanon: 480.4, 313.2, 256.1, .........
  - Pakistan: 37.0, 40.3, 31.8, 30.1, 30.6, 26.2
  - Sudan: 180.1, 255.8, 261.4, 221.8, 169.8, 132.1
- Aggregates:
  - Oil importers: 55.0, 60.6, 56.7, 53.5, 50.9, 41.7
  - Low-Income Countries: 86.8, 116.4, 104.0, 120.0, 97.5, 76.5
  - MENA (aggregate): 43.6, 46.1, 49.2, 50.5, 50.3, 48.3

### Table 13. Total Gross External Debt (Percent of GDP)
- Sources: National authorities; and IMF staff estimates and projections.
- MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 1076.7, 1139.4, 1190.8, 1235.6, 1271.4, 1411.2
- Oil Exporters: 960.7, 1021.6, 1052.9, 1081.7, 1104.4, 1222.1
- GCC: 712.9, 744.6, 783.6, 830.9, 872.0, 1033.0
- Selected country series:
  - Saudi Arabia: 459.9, 436.9, 437.2, 434.9, 442.6, 478.5
  - United Arab Emirates: 135.3, 186.3, 225.0, 270.0, 297.0, 385.8
  - Kuwait: 48.2, 47.6, 44.4, 48.4, 52.4, 70.7
  - Iran: 20.3, 22.2, 22.6, 23.8, 26.2, 40.1
  - Iraq: 96.6, 111.7, 100.3, 90.6, 79.3, 54.1
  - Egypt: 31.5, 32.8, 44.3, 46.4, 51.3, 45.4
- Aggregates:
  - Non-GCC Oil Exporters: 247.8, 277.0, 269.4, 250.9, 232.4, 189.0
  - Oil importers: 116.0, 117.7, 137.8, 153.9, 167.0, 189.1
  - MENA (aggregate): 1066.9, 1134.9, 1181.4, 1221.1, 1253.7, 1380.6

### Table 14. Gross Official Reserves (Billions of US dollars)
- Sources: National authorities; and IMF staff estimates and projections.
- Note 2: Central bank only. Excludes overseas assets of sovereign wealth funds.
- MENA, Afghanistan, Pakistan: 7.8, 7.6, 7.4, 7.3, 7.0, 6.3 (2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2029)
- Oil Exporters: 8.8, 8.5, 8.2, 8.0, 7.6, 6.9
- GCC: 8.8, 8.5, 8.2, 8.1, 7.9, 7.5
- Selected country series (billions of US dollars):
  - Saudi Arabia (Saudi Arabia Monetary Agency gross foreign assets): 19.0, 16.5, 15.5, 14.5, 13.9, 12.7
  - United Arab Emirates (Central bank only): 3.5, 4.3, 4.6, 5.1, 5.1, 5.1
  - Kuwait: 9.1, 9.3, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 9.1
  - Qatar: 7.9, 8.9, 8.7, 8.4, 8.1, 8.1
  - Iran: 2.4, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 3.2
  - Egypt: 4.5, 4.5, 5.0, 5.2, 5.3, 3.8
  - Pakistan: 1.9, 0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 2.7, 3.5
- Aggregates:
  - Non-GCC Oil Exporters: 8.6, 8.4, 8.4, 7.5, 6.4, 4.3
  - Oil Importers: 6.4, 5.7, 6.5, 7.0, 6.6, 5.8
  - MENA (aggregate): 8.0, 7.8, 7.6, 7.5, 7.1, 6.5

*Source: statisticalappendix - Section 2 (statisticalappendix.pdf); data tables and notes as provided.*

### Section 3

### statisticalappendix - Section 3

### Coverage and exclusions
- Excludes overseas assets of sovereign wealth funds.
- Gold and encumbered assets are excluded.
- Reserve assets in non-convertible currencies are excluded.
- The ratio of reserves to total imports understates the reserve coverage since a large part of imports reflect re-export activities.

### Methodological adjustments to Gross International Reserves (GIR)
- In line with the Balance of Payments Manual (paragraph 6.75), the series of Gross International Reserves has been amended to reflect the amount of external assets readily available and controlled by the monetary authorities after the re-introduction of financial sanctions.
- Staff estimates that only 10 percent of the previously reported gross international reserves other than Iran's SDR holdings and reserve position at the Fund were readily available for BOP purposes in 2019.
- Starting from 2020, gross international reserves are assumed to accumulate or decumulate with the estimated BOP surpluses or deficits.
- From 2021, GIR movements incorporate the new SDR allocation approved in August 2021.

### Illustrative figures and projections
- In 2021, total gross reserves are estimated at about $122 bn.
- In 2021, total usable reserves are estimated at $17.7 bn.
- Table 15. Gross Official Reserves (In months of next year's imports) — Projections (table referenced; numerical projections not provided in this excerpt).

### Sources and notes
- Sources: National authorities; and IMF staff estimates and projections.

*statisticalappendix - Section 3 — Source: statisticalappendix.pdf*

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_Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/reo/mcd-cca/2025/october/english/statisticalappendix.pdf_