## Appendix A. List of Environmental Statistics and Environmental Accounts

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---

### Acronyms and Abbreviations
- ANA: National Water Authority  
- BCRP: Central Reserve Bank of Peru  
- BNE: National Energy Balance  
- CEPLAN: National Center for Strategic Planning  
- CNCC: National Commission on Climate Change  
- IMARPE: Peruvian Institute of the Sea  
- INEI: National Statistical Institute  
- MEF: Ministry of Economy and Finance  
- MIDAGRI: Ministry of Agrarian Development and Irrigation  
- MINAM: Ministry of Environment  
- MINEM: Ministry of Energy and Mines  
- MINSA: Ministry of Health  
- NDCs: Nationally Determined Contributions  
- PRODUCE: Ministry of Production  
- SERFOR: National Forest and Wildlife Service  
- SENAMHI: National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology  
- SIMON: System for Monitoring Adaptation and Mitigation Measures

### Summary of Mission Outcomes and Priority Recommendations
- Mission timing and purpose:
  - A diagnostic mission was conducted during July 10–14, 2023, to develop a roadmap to guide the compilation of climate statistics for Peru.
  - The mission was conducted under the SECO funded Environment and Climate Change Statistics Capacity Development Program, a two-year project.
- Participating institutions (met or consulted):
  - INEI, MINAM, MINEM, MIDAGRI, SENAMHI, BCRP, MEF, CEPLAN, PRODUCE, IMARPE, and SECO representative Mrs. Jenny Valencia Yañes de Cárcamo.
- Legal and policy context:
  - Law N°30754 (published April 2, 2018) mandates development of a national plan to fight climate change and establishes the CNCC.
  - CNCC coordinates production of data and statistics to monitor and guide implementation of the NDCs.
  - In 2020 Peru increased its mitigation goal from 30 percent to 40 percent against the BAU scenario in 2030 and indicated an absolute target not exceeding 179 MtCO2e by 2030.
  - Peru is developing the National Strategy for Climate Change by 2050 (ENCC 2050) and has produced the National Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change of Peru, the Catalog of Mitigation Measures, and the Catalog Adaptation Measures.
- Main feasible enhancements identified:
  - Increased detail and timeliness of the energy accounts.
  - Development of air emission accounts including change of land use accounts.
  - Development of domestic carbon footprints.
  - Improved coordination among data producing agencies and enhanced data sharing mechanisms; creation of a centralized hub for climate/environmental statistics.
- Secondary priorities:
  - Compilation of mineral and energy asset accounts.
  - Environmental activity accounts including government environmental expenditures.
  - MINAM interest in developing physical and transition risk indicators.
- Mission priority recommendations (Table 1 entries preserved):
  - Target Date: December 2024 — Develop SEEA Energy Flow Accounts based on Peru’s Energy Balances. Responsible Institutions: INEI – MINEM.
  - Target Date: December 2024 — Develop the Air Emission Flow Accounts - including the change of land use accounts. Responsible Institutions: INEI – MINAM – MIDAGRI.
  - Target Date: December 2024 — Develop Domestic Carbon Footprints. Responsible Institutions: MINAM – INEI.
- Priority actions and milestones (Table 2 entries preserved):
  - Outcome: New Climate Change Statistics are Compiled.
  - Energy Accounts: Publish 2019 Accounts — Target Completion Date: December 2024.
  - Air Emissions Accounts: Publish 2019 Accounts — Target Completion Date: December 2024.
  - Other deliverables: Take stock of progress and decide on next priorities — Target Completion Date: June 2024.

### Detailed Technical Assessment and Recommendations — Key Findings
- Project objectives and scope:
  - The project supports Peru in designing and implementing a macro-relevant climate change statistics program to inform mitigation and adaptation policy, building on IMF capacity development and other initiatives.
- Institutional roles and current practices:
  - INEI:
    - Governing agency for national statistics; mandates integrated, coordinated statistical activities.
    - Conducts economic, social, and environmental censuses and surveys; compiles economic, population, households, employment, social, and environmental statistics.
    - Produces Yearbook of Environmental Statistics, a monthly Technical Bulletin on Environmental Statistics, Forest Accounts (with SERFOR), and Water Environmental and Economic Accounts (with ANA).
    - Current national accounts base year: 2007; work underway to change to 2019. Detailed SUTs available annually for years 2007 through 2021 at the level of 101 industries and 365 products.
  - MINAM:
    - Responsible for strengthening climate institutions, implementing Peru’s NDC, and the SIMON monitoring system for adaptation and mitigation measures.
    - SIMON monitors eighty-four adaptation measures and sixty-five mitigation measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 40 percent by 2030 (maximum emissions of 179 MtCO2eq).
    - SIMON includes a component to monitor potential sources of financing for mitigation and adaptation policies.
    - The General Directorate of Agrarian Environmental Affairs (DGAAA) within MINAM focuses on conservation, sustainable use of renewable natural resources, and adaptation actions for the agrarian sector.
  - MINEM:
    - Formulates and evaluates national policies for sustainable mining-energy activities; produces the National Energy Balance (BNE) and the Mining Statistical Bulletin.
    - BNE visualizes physical flows of energy sources, expressed in a common energy unit.
  - MEF:
    - Responsible for national public budget system and classification/registry of public expenditures and revenues via the Integrated Financial Administration System (SIAF).
    - Past ad-hoc work (2014–2018) extracted climate-related public expenditure information from SIAF; results are shown on the MEF portal.
    - Identified caveats and challenges:
      - The procedure for the identification and update of the budget lines needs to be revised.
      - Need to develop new functionalities for user-friendly consultation on adaptation and mitigation expenditures.
      - Existing strategic planning tools need better alignment with budgetary classifications.
      - Need for better articulation with involved entities.
  - CEPLAN:
    - Responsible for Strategic Plan for National Development (PEDN) to 2050, Environment and Climate Change, Decree No. 095-2022-PCM.
    - Monitoring via the National Prospective Observatory includes environmental trends and climate change risks and opportunities.
    - Working with MEF on a nomenclature of budgetary classifications to capture accounting lines related to climate change and environment.

### Selected Publications and Latest Data
- Yearbook of Environmental Statistics — Institution(s): INEI — Released: 2022 — Latest data: 2021
- Technical Bulletin on Environmental Statistics — Institution(s): INEI — Released: July 2023 — Latest data: June 2023
- Forest Accounts — Institution(s): INEI - SERFOR — Released: 2021 — Latest data: 2019
- Water Environmental and Economic Accounts — Institution(s): INEI - ANA — Released: 2020 — Latest data: 2018
- Environmental protection expenditures report: 2014-2018 — Institution(s): MINAM — Released: 2021 — Latest data: 2018
- National Energy Balance — Institution(s): MINEM — Released: 2023 — Latest data: 2021
- National Inventory of Greenhouse Gases — Institution(s): MINAM — Released: 2023 — Latest data: 2019

### BCRP does not produce environmental or climate change statistics but is an active user of
- Institutional roles and data users:
  - BCRP: active user of environmental and climate statistics in at least three key activities:
    - projection of macroeconomic variables;
    - design of monetary policy scenarios;
    - applied macro research.
  - Main variables used by BCRP: El Niño, precipitation, temperature, humidity, and water volume stored in reservoirs.
  - BCRP indicated no significant change foreseen in future needs or use of additional statistics given their mandate.
  - PRODUCE: ministry responsible to formulate, design, execute and supervise the national and sectoral policy of fishing, aquaculture, small and medium-sized enterprises, and Industry.
    - Competences: fishing and aquaculture regulation, industrial fishing, aquaculture of medium and large companies, defining industrial standards, determining controlled products, fostering productive innovation, and technology transfer.
    - Mission: promote development of the productive sector by innovation, quality, and environmental sustainability, contributing to competitiveness.
    - Role in circular economy and climate mitigation: Government Decree N.º345-2018-EF includes Policy Measure 9.3 on Circular economy and Clean Production requiring progressive adaptation from linear to circular production models.
  - IMARPE (associated with PRODUCE): monitors and addresses impacts of ocean acidification; compiles SDG indicator 14.3.1 on sea acidity.
  - SENAMHI: public agency attached to the Ministry of the Environment providing climate-related information and guidelines on historical trends, extreme events, and projections of national and regional climate scenarios.
    - Operates National Network of more than 900 Meteorological and Hydrological Stations in accordance with WMO technical standards.
    - Provides information and forecasts on temperature, precipitation, hydrology, atmospheric environment, and agrometeorology.
  - MIDAGRI: governing public body in agrarian matters; contributes to food and nutritional security and promotes sustainable use of water, forest, and wildlife resources.
- Coordination among data producers:
  - National Commission on Climate Change (CNCC) has role to coordinate public and private institutions working on climate change.
  - Current production of climate and environmental statistics is abundant but spread across several institutions, with different formats, and not aligned to a common production infrastructure.
  - Identified needs:
    - Better organization of interrelations and data dependencies to maximize compilation efforts and avoid duplication.
    - A well-defined coordination mechanism to facilitate exchange of confidential data, more timely statistics, and potential platform for environmental and climate change statistics.
    - INEI and/or MINAM could take a leading role consolidating and maintaining a single hub where environmental and climate-related data are integrated and disseminated.
- Support from international organizations:
  - UN: provided a National Workshop on Environmental Statistics and Climate Change in Peru in December 2002 with participation of more than 20 Peruvian Institutions.
    - Recommendation: STA should leverage these efforts to avoid duplication and work towards common objectives.
  - World Bank: produced a Country Climate and Development Report on Peru in 2022.
    - Mission attempted to contact WB experts prior to the mission without success, contacted them after the mission, and will coordinate future activities.

### Activities in selected areas and outputs — overview
- Main priorities identified include development of SEEA-consistent accounts:
  - Energy Flow Accounts
  - Air Emissions Accounts
  - Domestic Carbon Footprints
  - Mineral and Energy Asset Accounts
  - Environmental Activity Accounts
  - Environmental Government Revenues by Type
  - Forward Looking Physical and Transition Risk Indicators

- Energy Flow Accounts:
  - Peru has no energy flow accounts but has energy balances which can be used as basis for a basic SEEA-consistent energy flow account at the national level.
  - Energy balances: on the consumption side covers seven industries (Fishing, Agriculture, Mining, Manufacture, Transport, Services, Public Services) and provides supply and use data for seven energy commodity groupings.
  - Latest publication: July 2023, refers to the year 2021; energy balances have information back to 1965.
  - Energy balances present emissions estimations for carbon (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O).
  - Recommendation: INEI and MINEM as leading institutions for Energy Flow Accounts:
    - INEI to develop and implement methodologies to convert energy balances into accounts;
    - MINEM to improve detail, timeliness, and frequency of energy statistics collection.
- Air Emissions Accounts:
  - Need to develop comprehensive SEEA-Air Emissions Accounts (AEA), including land use change.
  - Source information: NDCs emissions estimation and national inventories of greenhouse gases (both from MINAM), energy balances (MINEM), and agriculture emission data (MIDAGRI).
  - Reference year for estimation: 2019 (latest information available for the NDCs emissions estimation refers to 2019).
  - Recommended institutional collaboration: INEI - MINEM - MIDAGRI - MINAM jointly develop data gathering strategy and data sharing protocol; INEI could lead methodological implementation aligned with SEEA.
- Carbon Footprints:
  - Compilation of Air Emissions Accounts and updated IOTs will facilitate national carbon footprints.
  - INEI compiles and disseminates supply and use tables on an annual basis; provided AEA are developed, Peru would be well positioned to start compiling national carbon footprints.
  - Carbon footprints measure both direct and indirect emissions by resident establishments; broken down by output industry, contributing industries, and demand category; generally annual estimates.
  - Policy uses: identify high versus low emitting industries; assess consumption of products that result in high emissions; assess corporate scope one, scope two and scope three emissions relative to industry average.
  - Main data required to produce national carbon footprints:
    - Input-output tables,
    - Direct measures of emissions,
    - Air Emissions Accounts.
  - Proposed estimation institutions: MINAM and INEI, with potential lead by MINAM given progress made.
- Mineral and Energy Asset Accounts:
  - Broad agreement on importance of developing Mineral and Energy Asset Accounts due to anticipated energy transition impacts on natural resource values.
  - Contextual notes:
    - Economic value of oil and gas deposits expected to diminish over time and be substituted by renewable energy sources.
    - Peruvian deposits of Copper and Lithium have significant value for the energy transition.
  - Purpose: present physical and monetary values of natural resource wealth and changes (extraction, holding gains and losses, depletion).
  - Methodology: well developed in SEEA and SNA 2008; mineral accounts can be developed using national accounts and SUTs data for detailed activity estimates.
- Environmental Activity Accounts and Government Revenues:
  - Environmental activity expenditures: expenditures whose primary purpose is to reduce or eliminate pressures on the environment or to make more efficient use of natural resources.
    - Can be broken down into Environmental Protection Activities and Resource Management Activities.
    - Many environmental transactions are recorded within core national accounts but are not easily identified due to account structures and classifications.
  - Technical assistance would focus on incorporating additional breakdowns into national accounts (e.g., supply and use tables) and re-aggregating output, intermediate consumption, and value added to produce environmental protection expenditure accounts, resource management expenditure accounts and environmental goods and services accounts.
  - Environmental government revenues by type: potential for compilation exists; Peru is not compiling environmental revenues to date.
    - These revenues are outlined in GFS Manual 2014, SNA 2008, and SEEA.
- Forward-Looking Physical and Transition Risk Indicators:
  - Priority to develop Forward Looking indicators of Physical and Transition Risk which quantify potential impacts of climate hazards and mitigation strategies on physical structures, populations, business income, and financial markets.
  - Methodological guidance still developing but progress has been made (e.g., NGFS models).
  - Indicators will focus on potential loss measured in terms of income, asset values, and populations from climate hazards (storms, drought, flooding from sea level rise) and from mitigation policies such as carbon pricing.
  - Compilation could be supported using statistics from international databases; carbon footprint compilation would support carbon pricing model assessment (e.g., impact of a carbon tax on inflation).

### Conclusions and implementation priorities
- Agreement on need to develop:
  - energy accounts;
  - air emissions accounts (including land use change);
  - domestic carbon footprints;
  - government environmental expenditures.
- Current data sources: energy balances (2021) and greenhouse gas emissions inventory (2019).
- Improvements needed: data sharing protocols to improve timeliness; additional detailed classifications and definitions for accurate allocation of government expenditures to climate-related initiatives.
- MEF working on a new IT system that will include an additional layer of classifications to account for climate-related activities.
- Secondary priorities: environmental activity accounts, mineral and energy asset accounts — available data exist but capacity building and agreement on definitions/classifications required; implementation may take longer.
- MINAM showed strong interest in developing forward looking physical and transition risk indicators; mission offered to liaise MINAM staff with the task team working on this.
- Recommendation for a single data hub where all environmental and climate data are made available in timely and usable formats, with one institution acting as data steward (e.g., MINAM or INEI).

### Priority recommendations (targets, recommendations, responsible institutions)
- Target Date: December 2024 — Develop SEEA Energy Flow Accounts based on Peru’s Energy Balances. Responsible Institutions: INEI – MINEM
- Target Date: December 2024 — Develop the Air Emission Flow Accounts - including the change of land use accounts. Responsible Institutions: INEI – MINAM – MIDAGRI
- Target Date: December 2024 — Develop Domestic Carbon Footprints. Responsible Institutions: MINAM – INEI

### Priority actions and milestones (Outcome: New Climate Change Statistics are Compiled)
- Energy Accounts — Publish 2019 Accounts — Target Completion Date: December 2024
- Air Emissions Accounts — Publish 2019 Accounts — Target Completion Date: December 2024
- Other deliverables — Take stock of progress and decide on next priorities — Target Completion Date: June 2024

### Appendix B. LIST OF OFFICIALS MET DURING THE MISSION
- Jenny Valencia Yañez — SECO — jenny.valencia@eda.admi.ch
- Dante Rafael Carhuavilca Bonett — National Statistical Office - INEI — dante.carhuavila@inei.gob.pe
- Jose Robles Franco — National Statistical Office - INEI — jose.robles@inei.gob.pe
- Henrry Meza Meza — National Statistical Office - INEI — henrry.meza@inei.gob.pe
- Jaime Bendrell Alor — National Statistical Office - INEI — Jaime.Bendrella@inei.gob.pe
- Marleni Orrillo Huaman — National Statistical Office - INEI — Marleni.Orillo@inei.gob.pe
- Consuelo Landa Chaparro — National Statistical Office - INEI — consuelo.landa@inei.gob.pe
- Eliana Quispe Calmett — National Statistical Office - INEI — eliana.quispe@inei.gob.pe
- Felixalberto Lavado Romani — National Statistical Office - INEI — felixalberto.lavado@inei.gob.pe
- Cesar Santa Cruz — National Statistical Office - INEI — Cesar.SanteCruz@inei.gob.pe
- Rosa Blas Alcantara — National Statistical Office - INEI — rosa.blas@inei.gob.pe
- Omar Alonso Ruiz Zumaeta — Ministry of Environment — oruiz@minam.gob.pe
- Carmen Mejía Solano — Ministry of Environment — cmejia@minam.gob.pe
- Silvia Paulina Mori Vasquez — Ministry of Environment — smoriv@minam.gob.pe
- Margoth Melissa Espinoza Cipriano — Ministry of Environment — mespinoza@minam.gob.pe
- Elizabeth Milagros Escobar Trujillo — Ministry of Environment — eescobar@minam.gob.pe
- Pamela Davila Arriaga — Ministry of Environment — cdavilaa@minam.gob.pe
- Luis Cespedes Reyes — Ministry of Environment — lcespedes@minam.gob.pe
- Cristina Rodriguez Valladares — Ministry of Environment — srodriguez@minam.gob.pe
- Milagros Sandoval Díaz — Ministry of Environment — msandovald@minam.gob.pe
- Kelly Patricia Quispe Pandia — Ministry of Production — oei_temp04@produce.gob.pe
- Carlos Glenn Valderrama Albino — Ministry of Production — digami_temp09@produce.gob.pe
- Giancarlo Fernando Rios Cruz — Ministry of Production — grios@produce.gob.pe
- Jorge Tam Málaga — Sea Institute of Peru — jtam@imarpe.gob.pe
- Cesar Santisteban Perez — Ministry of Agrarian Development and Irrigation — csantisteban@midagri.gob.pe
- Giancarlo Martin Vasquez Flores — Ministry of Agrarian Development and Irrigation — gvasquez@midagri.gob.pe
- Elar Sifuentes Montes — Ministry of Agrarian Development and Irrigation — esifuentes@midagri.gob.pe
- Edith Rojas Perea — Ministry of Agrarian Development and Irrigation — erojas@midagri.gob.pe
- Luis Eduardo Castillo Aguirre — Central Bank of Peru — luiseduardo.castillo@bcrp.gob.pe
- Raymundo Chirinos — Central Bank of Peru — raymundo.chirinos@bcrp.gob.pe
- Juan José Tang Mauricio — Central Bank of Peru — juan.tang@bcrp.gob.pe
- Jose Neil Meza Segura — Ministry of Energy and Mines — jmeza@minem.gob.pe
- Javier David Campos Gavilán — Ministry of Energy and Mines — jcampos@minem.gob.pe
- Ronald E. Ordaya — Ministry of Energy and Mines — rordaya@minem.gob.pe
- Robert Freddy Cardeña Ccahuata — Ministry of Energy and Mines — rcardena@minem.gob.pe
- José Luis Vásquez Pérez — National Center for Strategic Planning — jvasquez@ceplan.gob.pe
- Milagros Estrada Ramos — National Center for Strategic Planning — mestrada@ceplan.gob.pe
- Karin Cuba Vidal — National Center for Strategic Planning — kcuba@ceplan.gob.pe
- Romina Rojas Carreño — Ministry of Economy and Finance — rrojas@mef.gob.pe
- Pedro Picco — Ministry of Economy and Finance — ppicco@mef.gob.pe
- Luis Zevallos Cárhuaz — National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology — lzevallos@senamhi.gob.pe
- Luis Vera Hernandez — National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology — lvera@senamhi.gob.pe
- Maria Caballero Espejo — National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology — mcaballero@senamhi.gob.pe
- Gustavo de la Cruz — National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology — gdelacruz@senamhi.gob.pe
- Rosalinda Cedy Aguirre Almeyda — National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology — roaguirre@senamhi.gob.pe

*IMF | Technical Assistance Report – Peru Climate Change Statistics | content unit as provided*

### Appendix A. List of Environmental Statistics and Environmental Accounts ............................................... 

### Appendix A. List of Environmental Statistics and Environmental Accounts

### Acronyms and Abbreviations
- ANA: National Water Authority  
- BCRP: Central Reserve Bank of Peru  
- BNE: National Energy Balance  
- CEPLAN: National Center for Strategic Planning  
- CNCC: National Commission on Climate Change  
- IMARPE: Peruvian Institute of the Sea  
- INEI: National Statistical Institute  
- MEF: Ministry of Economy and Finance  
- MIDAGRI: Ministry of Agrarian Development and Irrigation  
- MINAM: Ministry of Environment  
- MINEM: Ministry of Energy and Mines  
- MINSA: Ministry of Health  
- NDCs: Nationally Determined Contributions  
- PRODUCE: Ministry of Production  
- SERFOR: National Forest and Wildlife Service  
- SENAMHI: National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology  
- SIMON: System for Monitoring Adaptation and Mitigation Measures

### Summary of Mission Outcomes and Priority Recommendations
- Mission timing and purpose:
  - A diagnostic mission was conducted during July 10–14, 2023, to develop a roadmap to guide the compilation of climate statistics for Peru.
  - The mission was conducted under the SECO funded Environment and Climate Change Statistics Capacity Development Program, a two-year project.

- Participating institutions (met or consulted):
  - INEI, MINAM, MINEM, MIDAGRI, SENAMHI, BCRP, MEF, CEPLAN, PRODUCE, IMARPE, and SECO representative Mrs. Jenny Valencia Yañes de Cárcamo.

- Legal and policy context:
  - Law N°30754 (published April 2, 2018) mandates development of a national plan to fight climate change and establishes the CNCC.
  - CNCC coordinates production of data and statistics to monitor and guide implementation of the NDCs.
  - In 2020 Peru increased its mitigation goal from 30 percent to 40 percent against the BAU scenario in 2030 and indicated an absolute target not exceeding 179 MtCO2e by 2030.
  - Peru is developing the National Strategy for Climate Change by 2050 (ENCC 2050) and has produced the National Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change of Peru, the Catalog of Mitigation Measures, and the Catalog Adaptation Measures.

- Main feasible enhancements identified:
  - Increased detail and timeliness of the energy accounts.
  - Development of air emission accounts including change of land use accounts.
  - Development of domestic carbon footprints.
  - Improved coordination among data producing agencies and enhanced data sharing mechanisms; creation of a centralized hub for climate/environmental statistics.

- Secondary priorities:
  - Compilation of mineral and energy asset accounts.
  - Environmental activity accounts including government environmental expenditures.
  - MINAM interest in developing physical and transition risk indicators.

- Mission priority recommendations (Table 1 entries preserved):
  - Target Date: December 2024 — Develop SEEA Energy Flow Accounts based on Peru’s Energy Balances. Responsible Institutions: INEI – MINEM.
  - Target Date: December 2024 — Develop the Air Emission Flow Accounts - including the change of land use accounts. Responsible Institutions: INEI – MINAM – MIDAGRI.
  - Target Date: December 2024 — Develop Domestic Carbon Footprints. Responsible Institutions: MINAM – INEI.

- Priority actions and milestones (Table 2 entries preserved):
  - Outcome: New Climate Change Statistics are Compiled.
  - Energy Accounts: Publish 2019 Accounts — Target Completion Date: December 2024.
  - Air Emissions Accounts: Publish 2019 Accounts — Target Completion Date: December 2024.
  - Other deliverables: Take stock of progress and decide on next priorities — Target Completion Date: June 2024.

### Detailed Technical Assessment and Recommendations — Key Findings
- Project objectives and scope:
  - The project supports Peru in designing and implementing a macro-relevant climate change statistics program to inform mitigation and adaptation policy, building on IMF capacity development and other initiatives.

- Institutional roles and current practices:
  - INEI:
    - Governing agency for national statistics; mandates integrated, coordinated statistical activities.
    - Conducts economic, social, and environmental censuses and surveys; compiles economic, population, households, employment, social, and environmental statistics.
    - Produces Yearbook of Environmental Statistics, a monthly Technical Bulletin on Environmental Statistics, Forest Accounts (with SERFOR), and Water Environmental and Economic Accounts (with ANA).
    - Current national accounts base year: 2007; work underway to change to 2019. Detailed SUTs available annually for years 2007 through 2021 at the level of 101 industries and 365 products.

  - MINAM:
    - Responsible for strengthening climate institutions, implementing Peru’s NDC, and the SIMON monitoring system for adaptation and mitigation measures.
    - SIMON monitors eighty-four adaptation measures and sixty-five mitigation measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 40 percent by 2030 (maximum emissions of 179 MtCO2eq).
    - SIMON includes a component to monitor potential sources of financing for mitigation and adaptation policies.
    - The General Directorate of Agrarian Environmental Affairs (DGAAA) within MINAM focuses on conservation, sustainable use of renewable natural resources, and adaptation actions for the agrarian sector.

  - MINEM:
    - Formulates and evaluates national policies for sustainable mining-energy activities; produces the National Energy Balance (BNE) and the Mining Statistical Bulletin.
    - BNE visualizes physical flows of energy sources, expressed in a common energy unit.

  - MEF:
    - Responsible for national public budget system and classification/registry of public expenditures and revenues via the Integrated Financial Administration System (SIAF).
    - Past ad-hoc work (2014–2018) extracted climate-related public expenditure information from SIAF; results are shown on the MEF portal.
    - Identified caveats and challenges:
      - The procedure for the identification and update of the budget lines needs to be revised.
      - Need to develop new functionalities for user-friendly consultation on adaptation and mitigation expenditures.
      - Existing strategic planning tools need better alignment with budgetary classifications.
      - Need for better articulation with involved entities.

  - CEPLAN:
    - Responsible for Strategic Plan for National Development (PEDN) to 2050, Environment and Climate Change, Decree No. 095-2022-PCM.
    - Monitoring via the National Prospective Observatory includes environmental trends and climate change risks and opportunities.
    - Working with MEF on a nomenclature of budgetary classifications to capture accounting lines related to climate change and environment.

### Selected Publications and Latest Data (as listed)
- Yearbook of Environmental Statistics — Institution(s): INEI — Released: 2022 — Latest data: 2021  
- Technical Bulletin on Environmental Statistics — Institution(s): INEI — Released: July 2023 — Latest data: June 2023  
- Forest Accounts — Institution(s): INEI - SERFOR — Released: 2021 — Latest data: 2019  
- Water Environmental and Economic Accounts — Institution(s): INEI - ANA — Released: 2020 — Latest data: 2018  
- Environmental protection expenditures report: 2014-2018 — Institution(s): MINAM — Released: 2021 — Latest data: 2018  
- National Energy Balance — Institution(s): MINEM — Released: 2023 — Latest data: 2021  
- National Inventory of Greenhouse Gases — Institution(s): MINAM — Released: 2023 — Latest data: 2019

*Source: tarea2025008-print-pdf - Appendix A. List of Environmental Statistics and Environmental Accounts*

### 20. BCRP does not produce environmental or climate change statistics but is an active user of

### 20. BCRP does not produce environmental or climate change statistics but is an active user of 

### Institutional roles and data users
- BCRP: active user of environmental and climate statistics in at least three key activities:
  - projection of macroeconomic variables;
  - design of monetary policy scenarios;
  - applied macro research.
- Main variables used by BCRP: El Niño, precipitation, temperature, humidity, and water volume stored in reservoirs.
- BCRP indicated no significant change foreseen in future needs or use of additional statistics given their mandate.
- PRODUCE: ministry responsible to formulate, design, execute and supervise the national and sectoral policy of fishing, aquaculture, small and medium-sized enterprises, and Industry.
  - Competences: fishing and aquaculture regulation, industrial fishing, aquaculture of medium and large companies, defining industrial standards, determining controlled products, fostering productive innovation, and technology transfer.
  - Mission: promote development of the productive sector by innovation, quality, and environmental sustainability, contributing to competitiveness.
  - Role in circular economy and climate mitigation: Government Decree N.º345-2018-EF includes Policy Measure 9.3 on Circular economy and Clean Production requiring progressive adaptation from linear to circular production models.
- IMARPE (associated with PRODUCE): monitors and addresses impacts of ocean acidification; compiles SDG indicator 14.3.1 on sea acidity.
- SENAMHI: public agency attached to the Ministry of the Environment providing climate-related information and guidelines on historical trends, extreme events, and projections of national and regional climate scenarios.
  - Operates National Network of more than 900 Meteorological and Hydrological Stations in accordance with WMO technical standards.
  - Provides information and forecasts on temperature, precipitation, hydrology, atmospheric environment, and agrometeorology.
- MIDAGRI: governing public body in agrarian matters; contributes to food and nutritional security and promotes sustainable use of water, forest, and wildlife resources.

### Coordination among data producers
- National Commission on Climate Change (CNCC) has role to coordinate public and private institutions working on climate change.
- Current production of climate and environmental statistics is abundant but spread across several institutions, with different formats, and not aligned to a common production infrastructure.
- Identified needs:
  - Better organization of interrelations and data dependencies to maximize compilation efforts and avoid duplication.
  - A well-defined coordination mechanism to facilitate exchange of confidential data, more timely statistics, and potential platform for environmental and climate change statistics.
  - INEI and/or MINAM could take a leading role consolidating and maintaining a single hub where environmental and climate-related data are integrated and disseminated.

### Support from international organizations
- UN: provided a National Workshop on Environmental Statistics and Climate Change in Peru in December 2002 with participation of more than 20 Peruvian Institutions.
  - Recommendation: STA should leverage these efforts to avoid duplication and work towards common objectives.
- World Bank: produced a Country Climate and Development Report on Peru in 2022.
  - Mission attempted to contact WB experts prior to the mission without success, contacted them after the mission, and will coordinate future activities.

### Activities in selected areas and outputs — overview
- Mission discussed priority environmental and climate change statistics to be developed during the SECO program and expanded on selected DGI 3 recommendations.
- Main priorities identified include development of SEEA-consistent accounts: Energy Flow Accounts, Air Emissions Accounts, Domestic Carbon Footprints, Mineral and Energy Asset Accounts, Environmental Activity Accounts, Environmental Government Revenues by Type, and Forward Looking Physical and Transition Risk Indicators.

### Energy Flow Accounts
- Peru has no energy flow accounts but has energy balances which can be used as basis for a basic SEEA-consistent energy flow account at the national level.
- Energy balances: on the consumption side covers seven industries (Fishing, Agriculture, Mining, Manufacture, Transport, Services, Public Services) and provides supply and use data for seven energy commodity groupings.
- Latest publication: July 2023, refers to the year 2021; energy balances have information back to 1965.
- Energy balances present emissions estimations for carbon (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O).
- Recommendation: INEI and MINEM as leading institutions for Energy Flow Accounts:
  - INEI to develop and implement methodologies to convert energy balances into accounts;
  - MINEM to improve detail, timeliness, and frequency of energy statistics collection.

### Air Emissions Accounts
- Need to develop comprehensive SEEA-Air Emissions Accounts (AEA), including land use change.
- Source information: NDCs emissions estimation and national inventories of greenhouse gases (both from MINAM), energy balances (MINEM), and agriculture emission data (MIDAGRI).
- Reference year for estimation: 2019 (latest information available for the NDCs emissions estimation refers to 2019).
- Recommended institutional collaboration: INEI - MINEM - MIDAGRI - MINAM jointly develop data gathering strategy and data sharing protocol; INEI could lead methodological implementation aligned with SEEA.

### Carbon Footprints
- Compilation of Air Emissions Accounts and updated IOTs will facilitate national carbon footprints.
- INEI compiles and disseminates supply and use tables on an annual basis; provided AEA are developed, Peru would be well positioned to start compiling national carbon footprints.
- Carbon footprints measure both direct and indirect emissions by resident establishments; broken down by output industry, contributing industries, and demand category; generally annual estimates.
- Policy uses: identify high versus low emitting industries; assess consumption of products that result in high emissions; assess corporate scope one, scope two and scope three emissions relative to industry average.
- Main data required to produce national carbon footprints:
  - Input-output tables,
  - Direct measures of emissions,
  - Air Emissions Accounts.
- Proposed estimation institutions: MINAM and INEI, with potential lead by MINAM given progress made.

### Mineral and Energy Asset Accounts
- Broad agreement on importance of developing Mineral and Energy Asset Accounts due to anticipated energy transition impacts on natural resource values.
- Contextual notes:
  - Economic value of oil and gas deposits expected to diminish over time and be substituted by renewable energy sources.
  - Peruvian deposits of Copper and Lithium have significant value for the energy transition.
- Purpose: present physical and monetary values of natural resource wealth and changes (extraction, holding gains and losses, depletion).
- Methodology: well developed in SEEA and SNA 2008; mineral accounts can be developed using national accounts and SUTs data for detailed activity estimates.

### Environmental Activity Accounts and Government Revenues
- Environmental activity expenditures: expenditures whose primary purpose is to reduce or eliminate pressures on the environment or to make more efficient use of natural resources.
  - Can be broken down into Environmental Protection Activities and Resource Management Activities.
  - Many environmental transactions are recorded within core national accounts but are not easily identified due to account structures and classifications.
- Technical assistance would focus on incorporating additional breakdowns into national accounts (e.g., supply and use tables) and re-aggregating output, intermediate consumption, and value added to produce environmental protection expenditure accounts, resource management expenditure accounts and environmental goods and services accounts.
- Environmental government revenues by type: potential for compilation exists; Peru is not compiling environmental revenues to date.
  - These revenues are outlined in GFS Manual 2014, SNA 2008, and SEEA.

### Forward-Looking Physical and Transition Risk Indicators
- Priority to develop Forward Looking indicators of Physical and Transition Risk which quantify potential impacts of climate hazards and mitigation strategies on physical structures, populations, business income, and financial markets.
- Methodological guidance still developing but progress has been made (e.g., NGFS models).
- Indicators will focus on potential loss measured in terms of income, asset values, and populations from climate hazards (storms, drought, flooding from sea level rise) and from mitigation policies such as carbon pricing.
- Compilation could be supported using statistics from international databases; carbon footprint compilation would support carbon pricing model assessment (e.g., impact of a carbon tax on inflation).

### Conclusions and implementation priorities
- Agreement on need to develop:
  - energy accounts;
  - air emissions accounts (including land use change);
  - domestic carbon footprints;
  - government environmental expenditures.
- Current data sources: energy balances (2021) and greenhouse gas emissions inventory (2019).
- Improvements needed: data sharing protocols to improve timeliness; additional detailed classifications and definitions for accurate allocation of government expenditures to climate-related initiatives.
- MEF working on a new IT system that will include an additional layer of classifications to account for climate-related activities.
- Secondary priorities: environmental activity accounts, mineral and energy asset accounts — available data exist but capacity building and agreement on definitions/classifications required; implementation may take longer.
- MINAM showed strong interest in developing forward looking physical and transition risk indicators; mission offered to liaise MINAM staff with the task team working on this.
- Recommendation for a single data hub where all environmental and climate data are made available in timely and usable formats, with one institution acting as data steward (e.g., MINAM or INEI).

### Priority recommendations (targets, recommendations, responsible institutions)
- Target Date: December 2024 — Develop SEEA Energy Flow Accounts based on Peru’s Energy Balances. Responsible Institutions: INEI – MINEM
- Target Date: December 2024 — Develop the Air Emission Flow Accounts - including the change of land use accounts. Responsible Institutions: INEI – MINAM – MIDAGRI
- Target Date: December 2024 — Develop Domestic Carbon Footprints. Responsible Institutions: MINAM – INEI

### Priority actions and milestones (Outcome: New Climate Change Statistics are Compiled)
- Energy Accounts — Publish 2019 Accounts — Target Completion Date: December 2024
- Air Emissions Accounts — Publish 2019 Accounts — Target Completion Date: December 2024
- Other deliverables — Take stock of progress and decide on next priorities — Target Completion Date: June 2024

*IMF | Technical Assistance Report – Peru Climate Change Statistics | content unit as provided*

### 1.1 Physical

### 1.1 Physical

### Components and thematic areas
- CONDITIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
  - 1.1 Physical
    - Conditions
      - (atmosphere, climate and meteorological conditions; hydrographic characteristics; soil characteristics)
    - 1.2 Land Cover, Ecosystems and Biodiversity
    - 1.3 Environmental Quality
      - (air quality and fresh and marine water quality)
- ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES
  - 2.1 Mineral resources
  - 2.2 Energy Resources
  - 2.3 Land
  - 2.4 Biological Resources
  - 2.5 WaterResources
- WASTES
  - 3.1 Air emissions
  - 3.2 Generation and management of wastewater
  - 3.3 Wastegeneration and Management
  - 3.4 Chemical Release
- NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC EVENTS AND DISASTERS
  - 4.1 Occurrence of natural and anthropic events
  - 6.3 Preparedness for extreme events and disaster management
- HUMAN HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
  - 5.1 Human hábitat
  - 5.2 Environmental health
- PROTECTION, MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
  - 6.1 Protection and expenses in management of environmental resources
  - 6.2 Governance and environmental regulation
  - 6.4 Information and environmental awareness
- SOURCE INSTITUTIONS

### Appendix B. LIST OF OFFICIALS MET DURING THE MISSION
- Jenny Valencia Yañez — SECO — jenny.valencia@eda.admi.ch
- Dante Rafael Carhuavilca Bonett — National Statistical Office - INEI — dante.carhuavila@inei.gob.pe
- Jose Robles Franco — National Statistical Office - INEI — jose.robles@inei.gob.pe
- Henrry Meza Meza — National Statistical Office - INEI — henrry.meza@inei.gob.pe
- Jaime Bendrell Alor — National Statistical Office - INEI — Jaime.Bendrella@inei.gob.pe
- Marleni Orrillo Huaman — National Statistical Office - INEI — Marleni.Orillo@inei.gob.pe
- Consuelo Landa Chaparro — National Statistical Office - INEI — consuelo.landa@inei.gob.pe
- Eliana Quispe Calmett — National Statistical Office - INEI — eliana.quispe@inei.gob.pe
- Felixalberto Lavado Romani — National Statistical Office - INEI — felixalberto.lavado@inei.gob.pe
- Cesar Santa Cruz — National Statistical Office - INEI — Cesar.SanteCruz@inei.gob.pe
- Rosa Blas Alcantara — National Statistical Office - INEI — rosa.blas@inei.gob.pe
- Omar Alonso Ruiz Zumaeta — Ministry of Environment — oruiz@minam.gob.pe
- Carmen Mejía Solano — Ministry of Environment — cmejia@minam.gob.pe
- Silvia Paulina Mori Vasquez — Ministry of Environment — smoriv@minam.gob.pe
- Margoth Melissa Espinoza Cipriano — Ministry of Environment — mespinoza@minam.gob.pe
- Elizabeth Milagros Escobar Trujillo — Ministry of Environment — eescobar@minam.gob.pe
- Pamela Davila Arriaga — Ministry of Environment — cdavilaa@minam.gob.pe
- Luis Cespedes Reyes — Ministry of Environment — lcespedes@minam.gob.pe
- Cristina Rodriguez Valladares — Ministry of Environment — srodriguez@minam.gob.pe
- Milagros Sandoval Díaz — Ministry of Environment — msandovald@minam.gob.pe
- Kelly Patricia Quispe Pandia — Ministry of Production — oei_temp04@produce.gob.pe
- Carlos Glenn Valderrama Albino — Ministry of Production — digami_temp09@produce.gob.pe
- Giancarlo Fernando Rios Cruz — Ministry of Production — grios@produce.gob.pe
- Jorge Tam Málaga — Sea Institute of Peru — jtam@imarpe.gob.pe
- Cesar Santisteban Perez — Ministry of Agrarian Development and Irrigation — csantisteban@midagri.gob.pe
- Giancarlo Martin Vasquez Flores — Ministry of Agrarian Development and Irrigation — gvasquez@midagri.gob.pe
- Elar Sifuentes Montes — Ministry of Agrarian Development and Irrigation — esifuentes@midagri.gob.pe
- Edith Rojas Perea — Ministry of Agrarian Development and Irrigation — erojas@midagri.gob.pe
- Luis Eduardo Castillo Aguirre — Central Bank of Peru — luiseduardo.castillo@bcrp.gob.pe
- Raymundo Chirinos — Central Bank of Peru — raymundo.chirinos@bcrp.gob.pe
- Juan José Tang Mauricio — Central Bank of Peru — juan.tang@bcrp.gob.pe
- Jose Neil Meza Segura — Ministry of Energy and Mines — jmeza@minem.gob.pe
- Javier David Campos Gavilán — Ministry of Energy and Mines — jcampos@minem.gob.pe
- Ronald E. Ordaya — Ministry of Energy and Mines — rordaya@minem.gob.pe
- Robert Freddy Cardeña Ccahuata — Ministry of Energy and Mines — rcardena@minem.gob.pe
- José Luis Vásquez Pérez — National Center for Strategic Planning — jvasquez@ceplan.gob.pe
- Milagros Estrada Ramos — National Center for Strategic Planning — mestrada@ceplan.gob.pe
- Karin Cuba Vidal — National Center for Strategic Planning — kcuba@ceplan.gob.pe
- Romina Rojas Carreño — Ministry of Economy and Finance — rrojas@mef.gob.pe
- Pedro Picco — Ministry of Economy and Finance — ppicco@mef.gob.pe
- Luis Zevallos Cárhuaz — National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology — lzevallos@senamhi.gob.pe
- Luis Vera Hernandez — National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology — lvera@senamhi.gob.pe
- Maria Caballero Espejo — National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology — mcaballero@senamhi.gob.pe
- Gustavo de la Cruz — National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology — gdelacruz@senamhi.gob.pe
- Rosalinda Cedy Aguirre Almeyda — National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology — roaguirre@senamhi.gob.pe

*IMF | Technical Assistance Report –   Peru Climate Change Statistics*

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_Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/tar/2025/english/tarea2025008-print-pdf.pdf_