## Appendix A. List of Environmental Statistics and Environmental Accounts

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### Summary of Mission Outcomes and Priority Recommendations
- Mission and context
  - Diagnostic mission conducted during July 10–13, 2023 under the SECO-funded Environment and Climate Change Statistics Capacity Development Program to develop a workplan for enhancing environmental and climate change statistics for policy making.
  - Mission is part of a two-year multi-country project that includes trainings and targeted hands-on technical assistance to support development of macro-relevant environmental and climate change indicators.
  - Mission met with key national stakeholders (data compilers and users) to take stock of existing work, capacity development initiatives, policy needs, data gaps, and data sources.
- Policy drivers and data needs
  - Domestic priorities derive from the Long-Term Strategy for Low-Carbon and Climate Resilience (LTS-LCRT) and the RPJMN (National Medium-Term Development Plan).
  - Indonesia’s commitments under the Paris Agreement through 2030 include unconditional and conditional enhanced NDC targets.
  - NDC numeric commitments: unconditional enhanced NDC pledges a 31.3 percent reduction in GHG emissions under the business-as-usual scenario; conditional NDC pledges a reduction of 43.2 percent relative to the baseline.
  - Long-term goals in LTS-LCRT: net-zero emissions by 2060 and phasing-out coal power plants by 2050.
  - Key data needs identified: improved physical energy flow accounts; expanded air emission accounts to cover greenhouse gases beyond CO2 and additional emission sources (and possibly particulate matter); expanded natural capital accounts to assess carbon storage in forest ecosystems.
- Current production and gaps
  - Indonesia has produced environmental statistics since early 1980’s and publishes physical air emission accounts; physical energy flow accounts; physical and monetary asset accounts for land, timber, minerals, and energy resources; experimental ecosystem extent accounts (land and peatland) and experimental ocean accounts for some islands.
  - Scope for improvement in coverage, compilation methodology, and communication of environmental accounts.
  - Multiple agencies produce environmental data leading to discrepancies (notably the national energy balance produced by BPS versus Ministry of Energy and Minerals). These discrepancies appear linked to basic energy data sources but require further investigation.
  - Coordination improvements needed among data producers and reconciliation of statistics beyond existing DGI-3 mechanisms.
- Priority workplan (as presented in TABLE 1. Priority Recommendations)
  - September 2023: Establish Environmental and Climate Change Statistics Coordination Mechanism at a decision-making level across various ministries and institutions
    - Responsible Institutions: Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investment, Ministry of Finance, BPS as a compiler agency
  - June 2024: Analyze the source of differences between the data compiled by BPS and that compiled by MOEF; Develop a strategy for reconciliation.
    - Responsible Institutions: BPS, Ministry of Energy and Minerals
  - September 2024: Improve the coverage and consistency of energy flow accounts
    - Responsible Institutions: BPS, Ministry of Energy and Minerals
  - September 2024: Improve the coverage and consistency of air emission accounts
    - Responsible Institutions: BPS, Ministry of Environment and Forestry
  - September 2024: Disseminate data in a user-friendly format (dataset/database)
    - Responsible Institutions: BPS, MoEF, MoEM
  - March 2025: Develop a workplan to expand natural capital accounts to cover the potential of forest ecosystems as carbon sinks and potential other accounts
    - Responsible Institutions: BPS and all natural resources data providers and policy users from line ministries
- Additional note
  - BPS has data on emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4), but it is not publishing them yet.

### Detailed Technical Assessment and Recommendations
- Project objective and scope
  - Objective: Support Indonesia in designing and implementing a macro-relevant climate change statistics program to address mitigation and adaptation policy data needs and to inform financial and macroeconomic policies.
  - Activities: Build on IMF capacity development in macroeconomic statistics; facilitate reporting for NDC, SDGs and the DGI-3; include trainings and hands-on technical assistance.
- Stakeholder engagement and mission meetings
  - Mission met with officials from BPS, BKF and DJKN, Bappenas, KESDM, Kemenko Marves; held a hybrid workshop with additional participation from KLHK and OJK; met with World Bank representatives in Indonesia.
  - Mission duration (expanded): July 10–14, 2023.
- Identified priority policy/statistics areas
  - Energy transition and energy flow accounts: need improved understanding of the energy product mix used by industries and households; improved energy flow accounts with breakdowns by economic activity.
  - Air emission accounts: expand coverage and compilation methodology to include all greenhouse gases (not just CO2) and additional emission sources; consider particulate matter.
  - Natural capital / ecosystem accounts: develop accounts to understand carbon retention capacity of forest ecosystems, with potential expansion to other ecosystems.
- Other areas of expressed interest
  - Sustainable finance: authorities are interested in better understanding sustainable finance and access to international funds; related methodological guidance still developing (DGI-3 Rec. 4 relevant).
  - Carbon footprint of foreign direct investment (FDI): authorities exploring options but not ready to discuss in depth; methodological guidance for forward-looking physical and transition risks is developing (DGI-3 Rec. 5 relevant).

### Relevant Environmental and Climate Change Statistics Activities and Stakeholders
- Key agencies and core responsibilities
  - Statistics Indonesia (BPS)
    - Long-standing program of environmental statistics and accounts; annual compendium of basic environmental statistics since 1982 adhering to the UN FDES.
    - Produces environmental-economic accounts adhering to the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting.
    - Environmental accounts currently cover: physical air emissions accounts; physical energy flow accounts; asset accounts (physical and monetary) for land, timber, minerals, and energy resources.
    - Produced experimental ecosystem accounts for Sumatra and Kalimantan (land cover/extent and peatlands) and is working on experimental ocean accounts for several MPAs with KKP, BIG, and DJKN and on Maritime GDP with Kemenko Marves.
    - Under Government Regulation No. 46/2017 (PP 46/2017), BPS is the officially mandated agency for the production of environmental accounts; no equivalent law mandating BPS as the official agency for basic environmental statistics.
    - Produces a full national energy balance that differs from the KESDM official national energy balance.
  - Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK)
    - Official producer of Indonesia’s national greenhouse gas emissions inventory submitted annually to the UNFCCC.
    - Publishes an annual environmental quality index measuring air, water and land quality by province.
  - Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (KESDM)
    - Compiles Indonesia’s official national energy balance and submits to the IEA.
    - KESDM’s energy balance differs from BPS’s energy balance; this difference is a major data weakness for climate-related analysis.
  - Ministry of Finance (MoF)
    - Compiles data related to greening of the financial system, including sales of green bonds and sukuks.
  - Other agencies involved: Kemenko Marves, Ministry of Agriculture, OJK, National Disaster Management Authority, Environment Fund Management Agency, Peat and Mangrove Restoration Agency, and agencies participating in DGI-3.
- Coordination challenges and recommendations
  - Current coordination exists at a technical level through the DGI-3 Steering Committee but lacks a formal mandate to coordinate environment and climate change statistics.
  - Recommendation: Establish a formal coordination mechanism at deputy minister/deputy chief statistician level to ensure continuity (mitigate staff turnover), enable exchange of confidential data, and integrate internal BPS environmental statistics and accounts production across departments.
  - Internal BPS coordination issue: environmental statistics and environmental accounts are produced in different departments within BPS; any formal mechanism should address both internal and external coordination.
- International support
  - Various international institutions are supporting Indonesia’s climate-change related goals and statistics work; mission engaged with the World Bank and obtained additional information on other international support from authorities and internet sources.

### Status and Limitations of Core Accounts
- Air Emissions Account
  - BPS produces a basic air emissions account following the SEEA framework covering the period 2016-2021.
  - Scope limitations:
    - Covers only emissions of one greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide).
    - Covers only emissions due to the combustion of fossil fuels.
    - Aggregated across industries; sectoral breakdown limited to six industrial groupings plus households (Agriculture, forestry and fishing; mining and quarrying; manufacturing; electricity and gas supply; transportation; and other).
    - Fails to cover non-fuel sources of carbon dioxide and emissions of other greenhouse gases and pollutants (e.g., urban smog-related pollutants).
  - Geographic coverage: national level only; BPS is interested in eventual sub-national (province) development.
  - Dissemination: results published as a PDF report only; database version (e.g., Excel spreadsheet) available for internal use.
  - Suggested improvements:
    - Expand coverage to include all greenhouse gases and non-fuel emission sources using data from Indonesia’s national greenhouse gas inventory.
    - Include emissions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5); KLHK environmental quality index data could be a starting point.
    - Disaggregate industrial classification beyond current six industry groups plus households.
- Carbon Footprint
  - BPS has not started producing carbon footprint accounts.
  - A rudimentary carbon footprint for 2016 (carbon dioxide from fuel combustion) could be prepared by combining the 2016 air emissions account with BPS’ 2016 SUT or input-output table.
  - Carbon footprint compilation not prioritized at this stage due to limited quality of greenhouse gas emission accounts.
  - Recommendation: invest first in more robust and complete greenhouse gas emission accounts; BPS has capacity to develop carbon footprint accounts once air emissions accounts are improved.
- Energy Flow Accounts
  - BPS provides a basic SEEA-consistent physical energy flow account at the national level covering 2016–2021.
  - Coverage:
    - Same six industrial groupings as air emissions accounts plus households.
    - Supply and use data for six energy commodity groupings (Electricity and heat; biofuels; oil; natural gas; coal and peat; and other energy products).
  - Dissemination: results presented in a PDF report only; no downloadable database provided.
  - Key concerns:
    - Differences between national energy balances published by BPS and KESDM.
    - KESDM energy balance publication emphasizes uncertainties and unavailability of demand-side data and standardization issues.
  - Recommendation: prioritize improvement of basic energy statistics; further investigation needed to identify weaknesses before TA.
- Natural Capital Stock Accounts
  - BPS produces SEEA-consistent asset accounts for timber, energy, minerals and land.
    - Land accounts: physical units only.
    - Timber, energy and minerals: physical and monetary terms.
    - Detailed breakdowns, e.g., mineral accounts include gold, silver, tin, nickel, copper and bauxite.
    - Annual coverage for 2017–2021.
    - Land accounts provide national and seven island group estimates; other accounts national-level only.
  - Gaps:
    - No water accounts.
    - No marine resource accounts yet; pilot ocean resources accounts are being developed with KKP, BIG, DJKN and measuring maritime GDP with Kemenko Marves.
  - Authorities’ priorities and interest:
    - Interest in expanding natural capital asset accounts, especially forests as carbon sinks.
    - DJKN and BKF (Ministry of Finance) have strong interest in improving statistics for managing forests in climate and fiscal policy contexts.
    - Suggested pathway: extend land cover and timber accounts to ecosystem extent accounts and ecosystem services provided by forest ecosystems.
    - DJKN cooperating with the World Bank and receptive to IMF cooperation; supports BPS leading land and forest ecosystem accounting work.

### Dissemination and Data Access
- Most environmental and climate statistics currently published as PDFs in various reports.
- BPS publishes machine-readable online data (Excel files) for economic statistics but not for environmental accounts due to data quality concerns from sectoral providers.
- BPS does submit accounting data to UNSD in machine-readable form; making the same files public via the BPS website should be feasible.
- Mission recommendation: publish datasets (not just PDFs) and use press releases to promote environmental statistics and accounts.

### Recommendations and Project Plan (selected)
- Establish Environment and Climate Change Statistics Coordination Mechanism at a decision-making level across ministries and institutions.
  - Purpose: avoid duplication, ensure complementarity; elevate coordination beyond technical DGI-3 taskforce.
  - Target date: September 2023.
  - Responsible: Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investment, Ministry of Finance, BPS as a compiler.
- Improve coverage, consistency and disaggregation of air emission accounts.
  - Target date: September 2024.
  - Responsible: BPS, Ministry of Environment and Forestry.
- Improve coverage, consistency and disaggregation of energy flow accounts; understand and harmonize differences between BPS and KESDM energy balances.
  - Target date: September 2024.
  - Responsible: BPS, Ministry of Energy and Minerals.
- Disseminate data in user-friendly format (dataset/database).
  - Target date: September 2024.
  - Responsible: BPS, MoEF, MoEM.
- Expand natural capital accounts to cover potential of forest ecosystems as carbon sinks.
  - Target date: March 2025.
  - Responsible: BPS and all natural resources data providers and policy users from line ministries.
- Note: A follow-up TA mission could support improvements to energy balances and air emission accounts.
- Other suggested deliverables (possibly outside project scope): development of other natural capital stock accounts (e.g., oceans, peatland).

*IMF | Technical Assistance Report – Indonesia Macro-relevant Climate Change Statistics (Appendix A).*

### Appendix A. List of Environmental Statistics and Environmental Accounts ............................................... 

### Appendix A. List of Environmental Statistics and Environmental Accounts

### Summary of Mission Outcomes and Priority Recommendations
- Mission and context
  - Diagnostic mission conducted during July 10–13, 2023 under the SECO-funded Environment and Climate Change Statistics Capacity Development Program to develop a workplan for enhancing environmental and climate change statistics for policy making.
  - Mission is part of a two-year multi-country project that includes trainings and targeted hands-on technical assistance to support development of macro-relevant environmental and climate change indicators.
  - Mission met with key national stakeholders (data compilers and users) to take stock of existing work, capacity development initiatives, policy needs, data gaps, and data sources.

- Policy drivers and data needs
  - Domestic priorities derive from the Long-Term Strategy for Low-Carbon and Climate Resilience (LTS-LCRT) and the RPJMN (National Medium-Term Development Plan), including strengthening the environment and improving resilience to natural disasters and climate change.
  - Indonesia’s commitments under the Paris Agreement through 2030: unconditional and conditional enhanced NDC targets.
  - NDC numeric commitments: unconditional enhanced NDC pledges a 31.3 percent reduction in GHG emissions under the business-as-usual scenario; conditional NDC pledges a reduction of 43.2 percent relative to the baseline.
  - Long-term goals in LTS-LCRT: net-zero emissions by 2060 and phasing-out coal power plants by 2050.
  - Key data needs identified: improved physical energy flow accounts; expanded air emission accounts to cover greenhouse gases beyond CO2 and additional emission sources (and possibly particulate matter); expanded natural capital accounts to assess carbon storage in forest ecosystems.

- Current production and gaps
  - Indonesia has produced environmental statistics since early 1980’s and publishes physical air emission accounts; physical energy flow accounts; physical and monetary asset accounts for land, timber, minerals, and energy resources; experimental ecosystem extent accounts (land and peatland) and experimental ocean accounts for some islands.
  - Scope for improvement in coverage, compilation methodology, and communication of environmental accounts.
  - Multiple agencies produce environmental data leading to discrepancies (notably the national energy balance produced by BPS versus Ministry of Energy and Minerals). These discrepancies appear linked to basic energy data sources but require further investigation.
  - Coordination improvements needed among data producers and reconciliation of statistics beyond existing DGI-3 mechanisms.

- Priority workplan (as presented in TABLE 1. Priority Recommendations)
  - September 2023: Establish Environmental and Climate Change Statistics Coordination Mechanism at a decision-making level across various ministries and institutions
    - Responsible Institutions: Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investment, Ministry of Finance, BPS as a compiler agency
  - June 2024: Analyze the source of differences between the data compiled by BPS and that compiled by MOEF; Develop a strategy for reconciliation.
    - Responsible Institutions: BPS, Ministry of Energy and Minerals
  - September 2024: Improve the coverage and consistency of energy flow accounts
    - Responsible Institutions: BPS, Ministry of Energy and Minerals
  - September 2024: Improve the coverage and consistency of air emission accounts
    - Responsible Institutions: BPS, Ministry of Environment and Forestry
  - September 2024: Disseminate data in a user-friendly format (dataset/database)
    - Responsible Institutions: BPS, MoEF, MoEM
  - March 2025: Develop a workplan to expand natural capital accounts to cover the potential of forest ecosystems as carbon sinks and potential other accounts
    - Responsible Institutions: BPS and all natural resources data providers and policy users from line ministries

- Additional note
  - BPS has data on emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4), but it is not publishing them yet.

### Detailed Technical Assessment and Recommendations
- Project objective and scope
  - Objective: Support Indonesia in designing and implementing a macro-relevant climate change statistics program to address mitigation and adaptation policy data needs and to inform financial and macroeconomic policies.
  - Activities: Build on IMF capacity development in macroeconomic statistics; facilitate reporting for NDC, SDGs and the DGI-3; include trainings and hands-on technical assistance.

- Stakeholder engagement and mission meetings
  - Mission met with officials from BPS, BKF and DJKN, Bappenas, KESDM, Kemenko Marves; held a hybrid workshop with additional participation from KLHK and OJK; met with World Bank representatives in Indonesia.
  - Mission duration (expanded): July 10–14, 2023 (noting initial diagnostic mission dates).

- Identified priority policy/statistics areas
  - Energy transition and energy flow accounts: need improved understanding of the energy product mix used by industries and households; improved energy flow accounts with breakdowns by economic activity.
  - Air emission accounts: expand coverage and compilation methodology to include all greenhouse gases (not just CO2) and additional emission sources; consider particulate matter.
  - Natural capital / ecosystem accounts: develop accounts to understand carbon retention capacity of forest ecosystems, with potential expansion to other ecosystems.

- Other areas of expressed interest
  - Sustainable finance: authorities are interested in better understanding sustainable finance and access to international funds; related methodological guidance still developing (DGI-3 Rec. 4 relevant).
  - Carbon footprint of foreign direct investment (FDI): authorities exploring options but not ready to discuss in depth; methodological guidance for forward-looking physical and transition risks is developing (DGI-3 Rec. 5 relevant).

### Relevant Environmental and Climate Change Statistics Activities and Stakeholders
- Key agencies and core responsibilities
  - Statistics Indonesia (BPS)
    - Long-standing program of environmental statistics and accounts; annual compendium of basic environmental statistics since 1982 adhering to the UN FDES.
    - Produces environmental-economic accounts adhering to the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting.
    - Environmental accounts currently cover:
      - physical air emissions accounts;
      - physical energy flow accounts;
      - asset accounts (physical and monetary) for land, timber, minerals, and energy resources.
    - Produced experimental ecosystem accounts for Sumatra and Kalimantan (land cover/extent and peatlands) and is working on experimental ocean accounts for several MPAs with KKP, BIG, and DJKN and on Maritime GDP with Kemenko Marves.
    - Under Government Regulation No. 46/2017 (PP 46/2017), BPS is the officially mandated agency for the production of environmental accounts; no equivalent law mandating BPS as the official agency for basic environmental statistics.
    - Produces a full national energy balance that differs from the KESDM official national energy balance.
  - Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK)
    - Official producer of Indonesia’s national greenhouse gas emissions inventory submitted annually to the UNFCCC.
    - Publishes an annual environmental quality index measuring air, water and land quality by province.
  - Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (KESDM)
    - Compiles Indonesia’s official national energy balance and submits to the IEA.
    - KESDM’s energy balance differs from BPS’s energy balance; this difference is a major data weakness for climate-related analysis.
  - Ministry of Finance (MoF)
    - Compiles data related to greening of the financial system, including sales of green bonds and sukuks.
  - Other agencies involved: Kemenko Marves, Ministry of Agriculture, OJK, National Disaster Management Authority, Environment Fund Management Agency, Peat and Mangrove Restoration Agency, and agencies participating in DGI-3.

- Coordination challenges and recommendations
  - Current coordination exists at a technical level through the DGI-3 Steering Committee but lacks a formal mandate to coordinate environment and climate change statistics.
  - Recommendation: Establish a formal coordination mechanism at deputy minister/deputy chief statistician level to ensure continuity (mitigate staff turnover), enable exchange of confidential data, and integrate internal BPS environmental statistics and accounts production across departments.
  - Internal BPS coordination issue: environmental statistics and environmental accounts are produced in different departments within BPS; any formal mechanism should address both internal and external coordination.

- International support
  - Various international institutions are supporting Indonesia’s climate-change related goals and statistics work; mission engaged with the World Bank and obtained additional information on other international support from authorities and internet sources.

*IMF | Technical Assistance Report – Indonesia Macro-relevant Climate Change Statistics (Appendix A).*

### 18. The Asian Development Bank is active in supporting Indonesia’s climate change goals, having

### tarea2025017-print-pdf - 18. The Asian Development Bank is active in supporting Indonesia’s climate change goals, having

### Activities by multilateral partners
- Asian Development Bank: signed a memorandum of understanding in November 2022 to assist Indonesia in the early retirement of coal-fired power plants under the country’s Energy Transition Mechanism platform.
- United Nations:
  - Helped set up a national development plan for Advancing Natural Capital Accounting Project | System of Environmental Economic Accounting in 2015 as part of the Norwegian funded Advancing Natural Capital Accounting (ANCA).
  - Supported development of the National Blue Economy Roadmap 2045.
  - Implemented a National Plan for Advancing Environmental-Economic Accounting and the project Supporting Member States in developing and strengthening environment statistics and integrated environmental-economic accounting for improved monitoring of sustainable development during 2015 to 2017.
  - Supported BPS in development of pilot energy, air emissions and material flow accounts.
- World Bank: partner in the (now completed) Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services project, providing capacity-building for pilot ecosystem accounts.

### Air Emissions Account — current status and limitations
- BPS produces a basic air emissions account following the SEEA framework covering the period 2016-2021.
- Scope limitations:
  - Covers only emissions of one greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide).
  - Covers only emissions due to the combustion of fossil fuels.
  - Aggregated across industries; sectoral breakdown limited to six industrial groupings plus households (Agriculture, forestry and fishing; mining and quarrying; manufacturing; electricity and gas supply; transportation; and other).
  - Fails to cover non-fuel sources of carbon dioxide and emissions of other greenhouse gases and pollutants (e.g., urban smog-related pollutants).
- Geographic coverage: national level only; BPS is interested in eventual sub-national (province) development.
- Dissemination: results published as a PDF report only; database version (e.g., Excel spreadsheet) available for internal use.
- Suggested improvement pathways (discussed with authorities):
  - Expand coverage to include all greenhouse gases and non-fuel emission sources using data from Indonesia’s national greenhouse gas inventory.
  - Include emissions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5); KLHK environmental quality index data could be a starting point.
  - Disaggregate industrial classification beyond current six industry groups plus households to improve analytical utility.

### Carbon Footprint
- BPS has not started producing carbon footprint accounts.
- A rudimentary carbon footprint for 2016 (carbon dioxide from fuel combustion) could be prepared by combining the 2016 air emissions account with BPS’ 2016 SUT or input-output table.
- Carbon footprint compilation not prioritized at this stage due to limited quality of greenhouse gas emission accounts.
- Recommendation: invest first in more robust and complete greenhouse gas emission accounts; BPS has capacity to develop carbon footprint accounts once air emissions accounts are improved.

### Energy Flow Accounts — current status and concerns
- BPS provides a basic SEEA-consistent physical energy flow account at the national level covering 2016–2021.
- Coverage:
  - Same six industrial groupings as air emissions accounts plus households.
  - Supply and use data for six energy commodity groupings (Electricity and heat; biofuels; oil; natural gas; coal and peat; and other energy products).
- Dissemination: results presented in a PDF report only; no downloadable database provided.
- Key concerns:
  - Differences between national energy balances published by BPS and KESDM.
  - KESDM energy balance publication emphasizes uncertainties and unavailability of demand-side data and standardization issues.
  - Recommendation: prioritize improvement of basic energy statistics; further investigation needed to identify weaknesses before TA.

### Natural Capital Stock Accounts
- BPS produces SEEA-consistent asset accounts for timber, energy, minerals and land.
  - Land accounts: physical units only.
  - Timber, energy and minerals: physical and monetary terms.
  - Detailed breakdowns, e.g., mineral accounts include gold, silver, tin, nickel, copper and bauxite.
  - Annual coverage for 2017–2021.
  - Land accounts provide national and seven island group estimates; other accounts national-level only.
- Gaps:
  - No water accounts.
  - No marine resource accounts yet; pilot ocean resources accounts are being developed with KKP, BIG, DJKN and measuring maritime GDP with Kemenko Marves.
- Quality: appears good, though thorough review of sources and methods was not possible during the mission.
- Authorities’ priorities and interest:
  - Interest in expanding natural capital asset accounts, especially forests as carbon sinks.
  - DJKN and BKF (Ministry of Finance) have strong interest in improving statistics for managing forests in climate and fiscal policy contexts.
  - Suggested pathway: extend land cover and timber accounts to ecosystem extent accounts and ecosystem services provided by forest ecosystems.
  - DJKN cooperating with the World Bank and receptive to IMF cooperation; supports BPS leading land and forest ecosystem accounting work.

### Dissemination of statistics
- Most environmental and climate statistics currently published as PDFs in various reports.
- BPS publishes machine-readable online data (Excel files) for economic statistics but not for environmental accounts due to data quality concerns from sectoral providers.
- BPS does submit accounting data to UNSD in machine-readable form; making the same files public via the BPS website should be feasible.
- Mission recommendation: publish datasets (not just PDFs) and use press releases to promote environmental statistics and accounts.

### Recommendations and project plan (selected)
- Establish Environment and Climate Change Statistics Coordination Mechanism at a decision-making level across ministries and institutions.
  - Purpose: avoid duplication, ensure complementarity; elevate coordination beyond technical DGI-3 taskforce.
  - Target date: September 2023.
  - Responsible: Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investment, Ministry of Finance, BPS as a compiler.
- Improve coverage, consistency and disaggregation of air emission accounts.
  - Target date: September 2024.
  - Responsible: BPS, Ministry of Environment and Forestry.
- Improve coverage, consistency and disaggregation of energy flow accounts; understand and harmonize differences between BPS and KESDM energy balances.
  - Target date: September 2024.
  - Responsible: BPS, Ministry of Energy and Minerals.
- Disseminate data in user-friendly format (dataset/database).
  - Target date: September 2024.
  - Responsible: BPS, MoEF, MoEM.
- Expand natural capital accounts to cover potential of forest ecosystems as carbon sinks.
  - Target date: March 2025.
  - Responsible: BPS and all natural resources data providers and policy users from line ministries.
- Note: A follow-up TA mission could support improvements to energy balances and air emission accounts.
- Other suggested deliverables (possibly outside project scope): development of other natural capital stock accounts (e.g., oceans, peatland).

### Appendices (selected lists from mission material)
- Appendix A: Publications listing (examples):
  - Integrated System of Environmental-Economic Accounts of Indonesia — Asset accounts for land, timber, mineral and energy — Annual.
  - Indonesia Energy Flow Accounts and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Accounts — Energy flow accounts, air emission accounts — Annual.
  - Pilot Land and Extent Account Sumatera dan Kalimantan — 2020.
  - Pilot Ecosystem Account for Indonesian Peatlands Sumatera and Kalimantan Islands — 2019.
- Appendix B: List of officials met (examples include):
  - Imam Machdi — Deputy Chief Statistician for Methodology and Statistical Information, BPS — machdi@bps.go.id
  - Puji Agus Kurniawan — Directorate of Production Accounts, BPS — puji@bps.go.id
  - Eka H Permana — Center for Multilateral and Climate Change Policy, BKF, MoF — ehpermana@kemenkeu.go.id
  - Arik Hariyono — Directorate of State Assets Valuation, DJKN, MoF — arik@kemenkeu.go.id
  - Catur Kurniadi — Center for Data and Information, KESDM — catur.kurniadi@esdm.go.id

*IMF | Technical Assistance Report – Indonesia Macro-relevant Climate Change Statistics*

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_Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/tar/2025/english/tarea2025017-print-pdf.pdf_