## Section I. Summary of Mission Outcomes and Priority Recommendations

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---

### Mission objectives and timeline
- Mission: International Monetary Fund (IMF) technical assistance mission visited the Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI) of Peru during February 3–7, 2025 to:
  - review, assess, analyze, and validate the results of the Physical Energy Flow Accounts (PEFA) and Air Emissions Accounts (AEA) for 2019;
  - discuss dissemination strategies, and guidelines for preparing metadata and data releases of these accounts.
- The Covid-19 Pandemic affected the availability and timeliness of the source data for compiling the accounts.
- The accounts for 2019 are being developed as a learning exercise and will be published as experimental accounts in April 2025.
- The time series up to 2023 will be compiled as soon as the new data is available.

### Capacity development program and technical support
- IMF Statistics Department, with support from the Switzerland State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO), launched a two-year “Environmental and Climate Change Statistics Capacity Development Program” in March 2023.
- Program activities relevant to Peru:
  - diagnostic mission in July 2023;
  - training workshop in Chiba, Japan in February 2024 (two INEI participants and one MINEM participant);
  - hands-on technical assistance missions and workshops (May 27–31, 2024; February 3–7, 2025), and continued virtual support from June 2024 to January 2025 through monthly meetings and written consultations.

### Rationale for PEFA and AEA development
- PEFA and AEA support Peru’s policy priorities on climate change mitigation and energy transition.
- Linking air emission and energy data to economic activities:
  - provides information to develop policies to reduce emissions and shift to a low-carbon economy;
  - supports input-output modelling for calculating carbon footprints;
  - informs decisions on carbon taxes/prices and border carbon adjustments.
- Energy statistics, balances, and air emissions inventories exist but are highly aggregated; disaggregation using National Accounts (NA) data and auxiliary information is required for PEFA and AEA.

### Key mission activities and outcomes
- May 2024 mission initiated compilation of PEFA and AEA and held a hands-on workshop with multiple agencies.
- February 2025 mission reviewed, assessed, and validated the PEFA and AEA for 2019 and the publication proposal presented by INEI.
- Hands-on assistance provided to make residence adjustments on land, water and air transport for both PEFA and AEA, using NA data and OECD air transport data; most adjustments were incorporated on site.
- Mission discussed guidelines for preparing the publication of the results and metadata.
- Objective: release the first set of experimental indicators by April 2025 to enable broader stakeholder engagement and establish regular production mechanisms.
- Mission emphasized the need for additional human resources to compile PEFA and AEA.

### Coordination, data sharing, and institutional set-up
- Reaffirmed need to enhance communication, collaboration and coordination among data producing agencies and implement data sharing mechanisms (e.g., memorandums of understanding, technical committees or working groups).
- Peru’s Interinstitutional Committee of Statistics and Environmental and Economic Accounts (ICSEEA) serves as a coordination mechanism but more formal mechanisms are needed to elaborate:
  - the data sharing protocol;
  - data release procedures;
  - data format;
  - periodicity and timeline.
- Institutions consulted or participating: Banco Central de Reserva del Perú (BCRP); Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI); Ministerio de Energía y Minas (MINEM); Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones (MTC); Ministerio del Ambiente (MINAM); Organismo Supervisor de la Inversión en Energía y Minería (OSINERGMIN); Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (SENAMHI); Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR).

### Data sources, scope, and baseline compilation
- Energy statistics and balances provided detailed information on domestic production/extraction, import/export, intermediate and final consumption for oil, coal, natural gas, renewable energy, electricity and heat; these were the starting point on PEFA compilation process.
- National Inventory Report (NIR) published by MINAM detailed information on Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions and was used to populate the AEA using a 1-1 concordance with industries for most classes of the inventory.
- Additional data sources used: traffic and transport data, fuel sales, trade data, OECD database on air transport CO2 emissions, and National Accounts (NA) data for allocation of energy statistics data to economic activities.

### Residence principle adjustments and treatments
- PEFA and AEA compilation requires applying the NA residence principle: include all energy flows and/or emissions used or generated by resident units and deduct those used or generated by non-resident units in the economic territory.
- Issues reviewed requiring residence adjustment included emissions from:
  - water, air and road transport;
  - fishing vessels;
  - tourism (non-residents on territory and residents abroad);
  - transportation in pipelines.
- Suggested or explored additional sources for residence adjustments:
  - transport statistics;
  - balance of payments (e.g., fuel sales to non-residents and fuel purchases abroad by residents);
  - import/export data – e.g., exports of fuels delivered to foreign aircrafts at domestic airports;
  - OCDE Maritime Transport CO2 Emissions (experimental database);
  - National Accounts data on residents’ consumption expenditures abroad and nonresidents consumption expenditures on the territory;
  - tourism statistics/tourism satellite accounts.
- Mission highly recommended INEI to request sea transport data from the Port Authority officially.

### PEFA and AEA compilation technical checks and alignment
- PEFA technical checks and treatments included:
  - conversion of energy data into the accounting format;
  - corrections due to the resident principle (SEEA/SNA concepts);
  - allocation of supply and use by the ISIC;
  - guarantee that supply equals use, and input equals output (accounting identities);
  - quality assurance.
- Discussions covered primary and secondary energy flows in PEFA supply and use tables, including transformation efficiencies and losses (Energy losses of all kinds, during extraction, distribution, storage and transformation, and dissipative heat from end use).
- Specific treatment: energy products with mineral and bio components blended (e.g., diesel and motor spirit) cross-checked with regard to the required breakdown in the PEFA questionnaire, which splits the mineral and bio origin parts.
- Cross-check recommendations:
  - Cross-check emissions of land transport with data from the supply and use table on fuels used by land transport in the national accounts.
  - Cross-check uses of the energy and air emissions accounts with supply and use table data in the national accounts, particularly on industries and households.
  - Publish the adjustment c.i.f/f.o.b in the new national account series with 2019 as the base year to use the data in the residence adjustments of transport services.

- AEA compilation and alignment with NIR/CRF:
  - Presentations showed how data on atmospheric pollutants, land use change, mobile and stationary combustion, and fugitive emissions were used in AEA compilation.
  - AEA are in line with accounting structures and principles of the SEEA-CF and are fully consistent with monetary data from the SNA.
  - NIR uses the CRF, which delineates emissions by technical processes; mission provided hands-on assistance on correspondence between some specific CRF and ISIC/national classification.
  - Mission suggested leveraging sectoral experts’ support for data improvement, including direct discussions with companies or conducting a dedicated survey where data does not exist.

### Dissemination objectives, applications, and timeline
- Goal: first set of experimental accounts usable for broader stakeholder engagement and for setting up the mechanism for regular production of the accounts by April 2025.
- INEI presented a publication proposal including a methodological note, indicators and the compiled data; mission proposed guidelines for preparing publication of results and metadata.
- Statistical standards used: SEEA Central Framework and SEEA Energy; UNSD-OECD-Eurostat questionnaire used to collect comparable data.
- Suggested applications:
  - PEFA: energy use by sector linked to value added, employment, taxes and subsidies; resource productivity (value added per unit of energy used per sector); decoupling; energy intensity of production activities.
  - AEA: total GHG emissions from the national economy; direct GHG emissions from households; total GHG emissions generated from economic activities; GHG emission intensity of economic activities; CO2 emissions from fuel combustion attributable to the national economy; total CO2 intensity of energy used in economic activities; carbon footprint.

### Action Plan (selected milestones and target completion dates)
- Use the data from the supply and use table of the national accounts and the balance of payments to finalize the adjustments of transport services. — February 28, 2025
- AEA compilation completed, with preliminary indicators ready to be prepared for dissemination — February 28, 2025
- PEFA compilation completed, with preliminary indicators ready to be prepared for dissemination — February 28, 2025
- PEFA and AEA methodological synthesis — February 28, 2025
- Publish the results and metadata of the PEFA and the AEA for 2019. — April 30, 2025
- Update the AEA for 2019 and compile the accounts for 2020 and 2021 when the inventory data are available in March 2025. Compile the PEFA 2020-2022, as energy balances for those years are already available. — June 30, 2025

### Priority recommendations (selected and responsible institution)
- February 2025
  - Use the data from the supply and use table of the NA and the balance of payments to finalize the adjustments of transport services.
  - Responsible Institution: INEI
- April 2025
  - Publish the results and metadata of the PEFA and the AEA for 2019.
  - Responsible Institution: INEI
- March–June 2025
  - Update the AEA for 2019 and compile the accounts for 2020 and 2021 when the inventory data are available in March 2025.
  - Compile the PEFA 2020–2022, as energy balances for those years are already available.
  - Responsible Institution: INEI

### Recommendations and resourcing (operational steps)
- Build first set of experimental indicators for PEFA and AEA.
- Set up data submission to the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) as part of the global data collection of PEFA and AEA.
- Use the ICSEEA to enhance communication, collaboration and coordination among data producing agencies and ministries.
- Use National Accounts (NA) and sectoral entities’ available data to achieve higher breakdown level and treat data gaps on PEFA and AEA.
- Prepare a draft document on the methodology for the compilation of national PEFA and AEA.
- Allocate additional human resources to the compilation of the energy and air emission accounts.
- Contact the Port Authority to request the data on sea transport officially.
- Publish the results and metadata of PEFA and AEA for 2019 in April 2025.
- Update the AEA for 2019 and compile the accounts for 2020 and 2021 when inventory data are available in March 2025.
- Compile the PEFA for 2020-2022, as the energy balances for those years are already available.

### Strategic coordination recommendation
- Improve coordination among data producing agencies and development of data sharing arrangements to facilitate enhancement of climate and environmental accounting.
- ICSEEA could host a working group to identify, strengthen, and generate relevant and timely environmental statistical information, ensure quality and harmonization, facilitate access and availability of data, and leverage administrative records.
- Strategic approach for INEI: focus on robust data management policies, foster a culture of collaboration across departments and external stakeholders, and prioritize data stewardship to enhance integrity, accuracy, and utility of PEFA and AEA outputs.

*Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/tar/2025/english/tarea2025092-source-pdf.pdf*

### Section I. Summary of Mission Outcomes and Priority Recommendations ......................................... 3

### Section I. Summary of Mission Outcomes and Priority Recommendations

### Mission objectives and timeline
- An International Monetary Fund (IMF) technical assistance mission visited the Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI) of Peru during February 3–7, 2025 to:
  - review, assess, analyze, and validate the results of the Physical Energy Flow Accounts (PEFA) and Air Emissions Accounts (AEA) for 2019;
  - discuss dissemination strategies, and guidelines for preparing metadata and data releases of these accounts.
- The Covid-19 Pandemic affected the availability and timeliness of the source data for compiling the accounts.
- The accounts for 2019 are being developed as a learning exercise and will be published as experimental accounts in April 2025.
- The time series up to 2023 will be compiled as soon as the new data is available.

### Capacity development program and technical support
- The IMF Statistics Department, with support from the Switzerland State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO), launched a two-year “Environmental and Climate Change Statistics Capacity Development Program” in March 2023.
- Program activities relevant to Peru:
  - diagnostic mission in July 2023;
  - training workshop in Chiba, Japan in February 2024 (two INEI participants and one MINEM participant);
  - hands-on technical assistance missions and workshops (May 27–31, 2024; February 3–7, 2025), and continued virtual support from June 2024 to January 2025 through monthly meetings and written consultations.

### Rationale for PEFA and AEA development
- PEFA and AEA support Peru’s policy priorities on climate change mitigation and energy transition.
- Linking air emission and energy data to economic activities:
  - provides information to develop policies to reduce emissions and shift to a low-carbon economy;
  - supports input-output modelling for calculating carbon footprints;
  - informs decisions on carbon taxes/prices and border carbon adjustments.
- Energy statistics, balances, and air emissions inventories exist but are highly aggregated; disaggregation using National Accounts (NA) data and auxiliary information is required for PEFA and AEA.

### Key mission activities and outcomes
- May 2024 mission initiated compilation of PEFA and AEA and held a hands-on workshop with multiple agencies.
- The February 2025 mission reviewed, assessed, and validated the PEFA and AEA for 2019 and the publication proposal presented by INEI.
- Hands-on assistance was provided to make residence adjustments on land, water and air transport for both PEFA and AEA, using NA data and OECD air transport data. Most adjustments were incorporated on site.
- The mission discussed guidelines for preparing the publication of the results and metadata.
- The objective is to release the first set of experimental indicators by April 2025 to enable broader stakeholder engagement and establish regular production mechanisms.
- The mission emphasized the need for additional human resources to compile PEFA and AEA.

### Coordination and data sharing
- The mission reaffirmed the need to enhance communication, collaboration and coordination among data producing agencies and implement data sharing mechanisms (e.g., memorandums of understanding, technical committees or working groups).
- Peru’s Interinstitutional Committee of Statistics and Environmental and Economic Accounts (ICSEEA) serves as a coordination mechanism but more formal mechanisms are needed to elaborate:
  - the data sharing protocol;
  - data release procedures;
  - data format;
  - periodicity and timeline.

### Priority recommendations (from TABLE 1)
- February 2025
  - Use the data from the supply and use table of the NA and the balance of payments to finalize the adjustments of transport services.
  - Responsible Institution: INEI
- April 2025
  - Publish the results and metadata of the PEFA and the AEA for 2019.
  - Responsible Institution: INEI
- March–June 2025
  - Update the AEA for 2019 and compile the accounts for 2020 and 2021 when the inventory data are available in March 2025.
  - Compile the PEFA 2020–2022, as energy balances for those years are already available.
  - Responsible Institution: INEI

### Link to detailed action plan
- Further details on the priority recommendations and related actions/milestones are contained in the action plan under Section II. Detailed Technical Assessment and Recommendations.

---

### Background (summary points)
- The IMF Statistics Department program has three components regarding Peru:
  - the diagnostic mission carried out in Lima, Peru (July 2023);
  - the training workshop in Chiba, Japan (February 2024);
  - the direct Technical Assistance, involving INEI and other ministries for PEFA and AEA compilation, underway since May 2025.
- PEFA and AEA are inputs for reporting to the Paris Agreement and input-output models for carbon footprints; they support policy making on carbon pricing and border carbon adjustments.
- Macro-relevant climate indicators combined with economic classification yield information on sectoral environmental impacts.
- INEI Chief Resolution No. 363 (2016) created ICSEEA to implement Environmental Economic Accounts (EEA) per SEEA methodology; forest accounts and water accounts advances exist; a report on expenditure on environmental protection was prepared by the Ministry of the Environment with INEI.
- Peru’s Law N° 30754 (published April 18, 2018) mandates a national plan to fight climate change and establishes the National Commission on Climate Change (CNCC) to coordinate data production to monitor NDCs.
- In 2020 Peru increased its mitigation goal from 30 percent to 40 percent against the Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario in 2030 and indicated an absolute target not exceeding 179 MtCO2e by 2030.
- An IMF diagnostic mission (July 10–14, 2023) and an OECD “statistical review” (November 2023) recommended enhanced coordination and a work plan/calendar for PEFA and AEA development.
- The Chiba workshop (February 2024) covered practical compilation exercises on CRF–NFR–ISIC correspondences, allocation of road transport to economic activities, energy efficiency and end uses, conversion of data into accounting format, residence principle corrections (SEEA/SNA concepts), allocation of energy flows by ISIC, and ensuring accounting identities in PEFA.

### Institutional set-up (summary points)
- Improved data sharing mechanisms and a centralized hub for climate/environmental statistics could be implemented within the ICSEEA framework.
- During the mission, INEI worked with teams compiling PEFA and AEA and consulted multiple stakeholders. Institutions consulted or participating included:
  - Banco Central de Reserva del Perú (BCRP)
  - Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI)
  - Ministerio de Energía y Minas (MINEM)
  - Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones (MTC)
  - Ministerio del Ambiente (MINAM)
  - Organismo Supervisor de la Inversión en Energía y Minería (OSINERGMIN)
  - Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (SENAMHI)
  - Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR)

*Source: Section I. Summary of Mission Outcomes and Priority Recommendations, IMF Technical Assistance Report – Peru Physical Energy Flow & Air Emissions Accounts*

### 30. This present mission reviewed the available data compiled by various agencies as part of

### Technical Assistance Mission — PEFA and AEA Compilation (Extract)

### Data sources, scope, and baseline compilation
- Energy statistics and balances provided detailed information on domestic production/extraction, import/export, intermediate and final consumption for oil, coal, natural gas, renewable energy, electricity and heat; these were the starting point on PEFA compilation process.
- The National Inventory Report (NIR) published by MINAM detailed information on Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions and was used to populate the AEA using a 1-1 concordance with industries for most classes of the inventory.
- Although detailed and high-quality data exist on energy and air emissions, economic activity breakdown available is insufficient; with the use of NA data and auxiliary data sources, it was possible to disaggregate the data to further detailed ISIC classes.
- Additional data sources included: traffic and transport data, fuel sales, trade data, OECD database on air transport CO2 emissions, and National Accounts (NA) data for allocation of energy statistics data to economic activities.

### Residence principle adjustments and treatments
- PEFA and AEA compilation requires applying the NA residence principle: include all energy flows and/or emissions used or generated by resident units and deduct those used or generated by non-resident units in the economic territory.
- Issues requiring residence adjustment reviewed included emissions from:
  - water, air and road transport
  - fishing vessels
  - tourism (non-residents on territory and residents abroad)
  - transportation in pipelines
- The mission provided hands on assistance to assess residence adjustments on land, water and air transport operated; most adjustments using available complementary data were incorporated on site.
- Suggested or explored additional sources for residence adjustments:
  - transport statistics
  - balance of payments (e.g., fuel sales to non-residents and fuel purchases abroad by residents)
  - import/export data – e.g., exports of fuels delivered to foreign aircrafts at domestic airports
  - OCDE Maritime Transport CO2 Emissions (experimental database)
  - National Accounts data on residents’ consumption expenditures abroad and nonresidents consumption expenditures on the territory
  - tourism statistics/tourism satellite accounts
- The mission highly recommended INEI to request sea transport data from the Port Authority officially.

### PEFA compilation technical checks and data treatments
- PEFA data checks and compilation process checks included:
  - conversion of energy data into the accounting format
  - corrections due to the resident principle (SEEA/SNA concepts)
  - allocation of supply and use by the ISIC
  - guarantee that supply equals use, and input equals output (accounting identities)
  - quality assurance
- Discussions and analyses covered primary and secondary energy flows in PEFA supply and use tables, including transformation efficiencies and losses (Energy losses of all kinds, during extraction, distribution, storage and transformation, and dissipative heat from end use).
- Specific data treatment: energy products with mineral and bio components blended (e.g., diesel and motor spirit) were cross-checked with regard to the required breakdown in the PEFA questionnaire, which splits the mineral and bio origin parts.
- Cross-check recommendations:
  - Cross-check the emissions of land transport with the data from the supply and use table on fuels used by land transport in the national accounts.
  - Cross-check the uses of the energy and air emissions accounts with the data from the supply and use table in the national accounts, in particular on industries and households.
  - Publish the adjustment c.i.f/f.o.b in the new national account series with 2019 as the base year to use the data in the residence adjustments of transport services in the energy and air emission accounts.

### AEA compilation technical checks and alignment with NIR/CRF
- Presentations by INEI showed how available data on atmospheric pollutants, land use change, mobile and stationary combustion, and fugitive emissions were used in AEA compilation.
- AEA are in line with the accounting structures and principles of the SEEA-CF and are fully consistent with monetary data from the SNA.
- Data sources for compiling AEA were analyzed focusing on using the NIR and allocating emissions according to AEA structure; additional data sources (NA, traffic and transport, trade data, OECD air transport CO2 emissions) were also used.
- The NIR uses the CRF, which delineates emissions by technical processes; the mission provided hands on assistance on the correspondence between some specific CRF and ISIC/national classification.
- The mission suggested leveraging sectoral experts’ support for data improvement, including direct discussions with companies or conducting a dedicated survey where data does not exist.

### Dissemination objectives, timeline, and action plan
- Goal: the country would have the first set of experimental accounts usable for broader stakeholder engagement and for setting up the mechanism for regular production of the accounts by April 2025.
- INEI presented a publication proposal for each account including a methodological note, indicators and the compiled data; the mission proposed guidelines for preparing publication of results and metadata.
- The SEEA Central Framework and the SEEA Energy provide the statistical standards used; the UNSD-OECD-Eurostat questionnaire was used as a vehicle to collect comparable data from countries.
- PEFA and AEA suggested applications and uses for dissemination:
  - PEFA applications:
    - energy use by sector linked to value added, employment, taxes and subsidies
    - resource productivity (and efficiency): value added per unit of energy used per sector
    - decoupling: economic growth or emissions to air in relation to energy use
    - energy intensity of production activities
  - AEA applications:
    - total GHG emissions from the national economy
    - direct GHG emissions from households
    - total GHG emissions generated from economic activities
    - GHG emission intensity of economic activities
    - CO2 emissions from fuel combustion attributable to the national economy
    - total CO2 intensity of energy used in economic activities of the national economy
    - carbon footprint

- Action Plan (selected milestones and target completion dates):
  - Use the data from the supply and use table of the national accounts and the balance of payments to finalize the adjustments of transport services. — February 28, 2025
  - AEA compilation completed, with preliminary indicators ready to be prepared for dissemination — February 28, 2025
  - PEFA compilation completed, with preliminary indicators ready to be prepared for dissemination — February 28, 2025
  - PEFA and AEA methodological synthesis — February 28, 2025
  - Publish the results and metadata of the PEFA and the AEA for 2019. — April 30, 2025
  - Update the AEA for 2019 and compile the accounts for 2020 and 2021 when the inventory data are available in March 2025. Compile the PEFA 2020-2022, as energy balances for those years are already available. — June 30, 2025

### Recommendations and resourcing
- Build first set of experimental indicators for PEFA and AEA.
- Set up data submission to the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) as part of the global data collection of PEFA and AEA.
- Use the ICSEEA to enhance communication, collaboration and coordination among data producing agencies and ministries.
- Use National Accounts (NA) and sectoral entities’ available data to achieve higher breakdown level and treat data gaps on PEFA and AEA.
- Prepare a draft document on the methodology for the compilation of national PEFA and AEA.
- Allocate additional human resources to the compilation of the energy and air emission accounts.
- Contact the Port Authority to request the data on sea transport officially.
- Publish the results and metadata of PEFA and AEA for 2019 in April 2025.
- Update the AEA for 2019 and compile the accounts for 2020 and 2021 when inventory data are available in March 2025.
- Compile the PEFA for 2020-2022, as the energy balances for those years are already available.

### Collaboration and institutional arrangements
- The mission reaffirmed the need to enhance communication, collaboration and coordination among data producing agencies and implement data sharing.
- Coordination enhancement and a centralized hub for climate/environmental related statistics could be set within the framework of ICSEEA, which is in charge of implementing the Environmental Economic Accounts (EEA) according to SEEA methodology.
- ICSEEA could host a working group to identify, strengthen, and generate relevant and timely environmental statistical information, ensure quality and harmonization, facilitate access and availability of data, and leverage administrative records.
- Recommendation: improve coordination among data producing agencies and development of data sharing arrangements to facilitate the enhancement of climate and environmental accounting.
- Strategic approach recommended for INEI: focus on robust data management policies, foster a culture of collaboration across departments and external stakeholders, and prioritize data stewardship to enhance integrity, accuracy, and utility of PEFA and AEA outputs.

*Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/tar/2025/english/tarea2025092-source-pdf.pdf*

---


_Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/tar/2025/english/tarea2025092-source-pdf.pdf_