## statsappendixa

## Source details

**Canonical URL:** [statsappendixa](https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/weo/2020/april/english/statsappendixa.pdf)

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---

### Section 1 — Global and Regional Real GDP (annual percent change)
- Global summary (real GDP, annual percent change):
  - World average 2002–11: 4.1
  - World by year: 2012: 3.5; 2013: 3.5; 2014: 3.6; 2015: 3.5; 2016: 3.4; 2017: 3.9; 2018: 3.6; 2019: 2.9; 2020: –3.0; 2021: 5.8
- Advanced Economies (real GDP, annual percent change):
  - Advanced Economies average 2002–11: 1.7
  - Advanced Economies by year: 2012: 1.2; 2013: 1.4; 2014: 2.1; 2015: 2.3; 2016: 1.7; 2017: 2.5; 2018: 2.2; 2019: 1.7; 2020: –6.1; 2021: 4.5
  - United States: average 2002–11: 1.8; 2012: 2.2; 2013: 1.8; 2014: 2.5; 2015: 2.9; 2016: 1.6; 2017: 2.4; 2018: 2.9; 2019: 2.3; 2020: –5.9; 2021: 4.7
  - Euro Area: average 1.1; 2012: –0.9; 2013: –0.2; 2014: 1.4; 2015: 2.1; 2016: 1.9; 2017: 2.5; 2018: 1.9; 2019: 1.2; 2020: –7.5; 2021: 4.7
  - Japan: average 0.6; 2012: 1.5; 2013: 2.0; 2014: 0.4; 2015: 1.2; 2016: 0.5; 2017: 2.2; 2018: 0.3; 2019: 0.7; 2020: –5.2; 2021: 3.0
  - Other Advanced Economies (excludes the United States, euro area countries, and Japan): average 2.9; 2012: 2.0; 2013: 2.4; 2014: 2.9; 2015: 2.1; 2016: 2.2; 2017: 2.8; 2018: 2.3; 2019: 1.6; 2020: –5.2; 2021: 4.4
- Advanced Economies — fourth-quarter and country details (selected):
  - Advanced Economies (fourth-quarter basis): 2019:Q4: 1.5; 2020:Q4: –5.2; 2021:Q4: 4.4
  - United States (fourth-quarter): 2019:Q4: 2.3; 2020:Q4: –5.4; 2021:Q4: 4.9
  - Euro Area (fourth-quarter): 2019:Q4: 1.0; 2020:Q4: –5.9; 2021:Q4: 3.6
  - Japan (fourth-quarter): 2019:Q4: –0.7; 2020:Q4: –3.2; 2021:Q4: 3.4
  - United Kingdom (annual): 2019: 1.4; 2020: –6.5; 2021: 4.0
  - Major Advanced Economies (memorandum): average 2002–11: 1.4; 2019: 1.6; 2020: –6.2; 2021: 4.5; 2019:Q4: 1.4; 2020:Q4: –5.2; 2021:Q4: 4.2
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies (real GDP, annual percent change):
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies average 2002–11: 6.5
  - By year: 2012: 5.3; 2013: 5.1; 2014: 4.7; 2015: 4.3; 2016: 4.6; 2017: 4.8; 2018: 4.5; 2019: 3.7; 2020: –1.0; 2021: 6.6
  - Selected regional aggregates and country highlights:
    - Emerging and Developing Asia: average 8.6; 2019: 5.5; 2020: 1.0; 2021: 8.5
    - China: average 10.7; 2019: 6.1; 2020: 1.2; 2021: 9.2
    - India 1/: average 7.7; 2019: 4.2; 2020: 1.9; 2021: 7.4
    - Emerging and Developing Europe: average 4.8; 2019: 2.1; 2020: –5.2; 2021: 4.2
    - Latin America and the Caribbean: average 3.6; 2019: 0.1; 2020: –5.2; 2021: 3.4
    - Brazil: average 3.9; 2019: 1.1; 2020: –5.3; 2021: 2.9
    - Mexico: average 1.9; 2019: –0.1; 2020: –6.6; 2021: 3.0
    - Middle East and Central Asia: average 5.6; 2019: 1.2; 2020: –2.8; 2021: 4.0
    - Sub-Saharan Africa: average 5.9; 2019: 3.1; 2020: –1.6; 2021: 4.1
  - Notable country-specific figures (selected):
    - Guyana: 2019: 4.7; 2020: 52.8; 2021: 6.3
    - Venezuela: 2011–21 series includes: 2012: 5.6; 2013: 1.3; 2014: –3.9; 2015: –6.2; 2016: –17.0; 2017: –15.7; 2018: –19.6; 2019: –35.0; 2020: –15.0; 2021: –5.0
    - Lebanon: 2019: –6.5; 2020: –12.0 (2021: . . .)
    - Libya: 2002–11 average –8.6; 2012: 124.7; 2013: –36.8; 2014: –53.0; 2019: 9.9; 2020: –58.7; 2021: 80.7
  - Notes on country data in this section:
    - 1/ See country-specific notes for Belarus, India, Lebanon, Libya, Ukraine, and Zimbabwe in the “Country Notes” section of the Statistical Appendix.
    - 2/ In this table only, the data for Timor-Leste are based on non-oil GDP.
    - 3/ Data for 2011 exclude South Sudan after July 9. Data for 2012 and onward pertain to the current Sudan.
    - 4/ Data for Syria are excluded for 2011 onward owing to the uncertain political situation.
- Analytical groups and sectoral composition (annual percent change):
  - By Source of Export Earnings:
    - Fuel economies: average 2002–11: 5.7; 2019: 0.0; 2020: –4.4; 2021: 3.9
    - Nonfuel economies: average 6.7; 2019: 4.4; 2020: –0.4; 2021: 7.1
    - Of Which, Primary Products: average 4.6; 2019: 1.1; 2020: –3.5; 2021: 4.6
  - By External Financing Source:
    - Net Debtor Economies: average 5.3; 2019: 3.5; 2020: –1.4; 2021: 5.7
    - Economies with Arrears and/or Rescheduling during 2014–18: average 4.5; 2012: 1.5; 2013: 3.0; 2014: 1.8; 2015: 0.6; 2016: 2.8; 2017: 3.1; 2018: 3.9; 2019: 3.8; 2020: –1.3; 2021: 3.0
- Memorandum and per capita measures (annual percent change):
  - Median Growth Rate:
    - Advanced Economies: 2002–11: 2.1; 2019: 1.9; 2020: –6.7; 2021: 5.0
    - Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 2002–11: 4.7; 2019: 3.0; 2020: –2.7; 2021: 4.3
    - Low-Income Developing Countries: 2002–11: 5.3; 2019: 4.7; 2020: 0.4; 2021: 4.3
  - Output per Capita (international currency at PPP):
    - Advanced Economies: 2002–11: 1.1; 2019: 1.3; 2020: –6.5; 2021: 4.1
    - Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 2002–11: 4.8; 2019: 2.3; 2020: –2.4; 2021: 5.3
    - Low-Income Developing Countries: 2002–11: 3.8; 2019: 2.8; 2020: –1.8; 2021: 3.3
  - World Growth Rate Based on Market Exchange Rates: 2002–11: 2.7; 2019: 2.4; 2020: –4.2; 2021: 5.4
- Value of world output (billions of US dollars):
  - At Market Exchange Rates:
    - 2002–11: 53,885
    - 2012: 74,769
    - 2013: 76,958
    - 2014: 79,035
    - 2015: 74,785
    - 2016: 75,958
    - 2017: 80,633
    - 2018: 85,611
    - 2019: 87,156
    - 2020: 83,003
    - 2021: 89,707
  - At Purchasing Power Parities:
    - 2002–11: 75,089
    - 2012: 100,155
    - 2013: 105,368
    - 2014: 111,066
    - 2015: 115,999
    - 2016: 121,090
    - 2017: 128,047
    - 2018: 135,762
    - 2019: 142,006
    - 2020: 138,352
    - 2021: 149,128

*Source: statsappendixa - Section 1*

### Section 2 — Inflation (Consumer Prices: averages and projections)
- Summary of Inflation (Consumer Prices: Average and Projections):
  - Advanced Economies — Average 2002–11: 2.0; 2012: 2.0; 2013: 1.4; 2014: 1.4; 2015: 0.3; 2016: 0.8; 2017: 1.7; 2018: 2.0; 2019: 1.4; 2020: 0.5; 2021 (projection): 1.5
  - United States — Average 2002–11: 2.4; 2012: 2.1; 2013: 1.5; 2014: 1.6; 2015: 0.1; 2016: 1.3; 2017: 2.1; 2018: 2.4; 2019: 1.8; 2020: 0.6; 2021 (projection): 2.2
  - Euro Area 1/ — Average 2002–11: 2.1; 2012: 2.5; 2013: 1.3; 2014: 0.4; 2015: 0.2; 2016: 0.2; 2017: 1.5; 2018: 1.8; 2019: 1.2; 2020: 0.2; 2021 (projection): 1.0
  - Japan — Average 2002–11: –0.2; 2012: –0.1; 2013: 0.3; 2014: 2.8; 2015: 0.8; 2016: –0.1; 2017: 0.5; 2018: 1.0; 2019: 0.5; 2020: 0.2; 2021 (projection): 0.4
  - Other Advanced Economies 2/ — Average 2002–11: 2.3; 2012: 2.1; 2013: 1.7; 2014: 1.5; 2015: 0.5; 2016: 0.9; 2017: 1.8; 2018: 1.9; 2019: 1.4; 2020: 0.7; 2021 (projection): 1.3
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies 3/ — Average 2002–11: 6.5; 2012: 5.8; 2013: 5.5; 2014: 4.7; 2015: 4.7; 2016: 4.3; 2017: 4.3; 2018: 4.8; 2019: 5.0; 2020: 4.6; 2021 (projection): 4.5
- Regional groups (Average 2002–11 and selected years/projections):
  - Emerging and Developing Asia — 2002–11: 4.6; 2019: 3.2; 2020: 3.0; 2021 (projection): 2.9
  - Emerging and Developing Europe — 2002–11: 10.0; 2019: 6.5; 2020: 5.1; 2021 (projection): 5.0
  - Latin America and the Caribbean — 2002–11: 5.6; 2019: 7.1; 2020: 6.2; 2021 (projection): 5.9
  - Middle East and Central Asia — 2002–11: 7.7; 2019: 8.5; 2020: 8.4; 2021 (projection): 8.7
  - Sub-Saharan Africa — 2002–11: 9.3; 2019: 8.4; 2020: 9.3; 2021 (projection): 7.6
- Analytical groups:
  - By Source of Export Earnings:
    - Fuel — 2002–11: 9.3; 2019: 6.8; 2020: 6.6; 2021 (projection): 6.9
    - Nonfuel — 2002–11: 5.7; 2019: 4.7; 2020: 4.3; 2021 (projection): 4.0
    - Of Which, Primary Products 4/ — 2002–11: 6.4; 2019: 16.5; 2020: 15.9; 2021 (projection): 13.5
  - By External Financing Source:
    - Net Debtor Economies — 2002–11: 7.2; 2019: 5.2; 2020: 4.7; 2021 (projection): 4.7
    - Economies with Arrears and/or Rescheduling during 2014–18 — 2002–11: 9.2; 2019: 14.0; 2020: 11.2; 2021 (projection): 10.4
- Other groups:
  - European Union 5/ — 2002–11: 2.4; 2019: 1.4; 2020: 0.6; 2021 (projection): 1.2
  - Low-Income Developing Countries — 2002–11: 9.8; 2019: 8.5; 2020: 9.7; 2021 (projection): 8.2
  - Middle East and North Africa — 2002–11: 7.4; 2019: 9.0; 2020: 8.2; 2021 (projection): 9.1
- Memorandum (Median Inflation Rate):
  - Advanced Economies — 2002–11: 2.3; 2019: 1.5; 2020: 0.5; 2021 (projection): 1.4
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies 3/ — 2002–11: 5.2; 2019: 2.6; 2020: 3.0; 2021 (projection): 3.0
- Table A5 — Advanced Economies: Consumer Prices (End of Period; Annual percent change)
  - Advanced Economies (end-of-period series) — Average 2002–11: 2.0; 2012: 2.0; 2013: 1.4; 2014: 1.4; 2015: 0.3; 2016: 0.8; 2017: 1.7; 2018: 2.0; 2019: 1.4; 2019 (end-period): 1.5; 2020 (projection, end-period): 0.4; 2021 (projection, end-period): 1.7
  - United States (end-period) — Average 2002–11: 2.4; 2019 (end-period): 1.9; 2020 (projection, end-period): 0.8; 2021 (projection, end-period): 2.4
  - Euro Area 3/ (end-period) — Average 2002–11: 2.1; 2019 (end-period): 1.3; 2020 (projection, end-period): –0.1; 2021 (projection, end-period): 1.3
  - Major Advanced Economies (memorandum, end-period) — Average 2002–11: 1.9; 2019 (end-period): 1.5; 2020 (projection, end-period): 0.5; 2021 (projection, end-period): 1.8
  - Select country end-of-period examples:
    - Germany — 2019 (end-period): 1.3; 2020 (projection, end-period): 0.3; 2021 (projection, end-period): 1.2
    - France — 2019 (end-period): 1.3; 2020 (projection, end-period): 0.3; 2021 (projection, end-period): 0.7
    - Italy — 2019 (end-period): 0.6; 2020 (projection, end-period): 0.2; 2021 (projection, end-period): 0.7
    - Japan — 2019 (end-period): 0.5; 2020 (projection, end-period): 0.2; 2021 (projection, end-period): 0.4
    - United Kingdom — 2019 (end-period): 1.8; 2020 (projection, end-period): 1.2; 2021 (projection, end-period): 1.5
  - Notes in Table A5:
    - 1/ Movements in consumer prices are shown as annual averages.
    - 2/ Monthly year-over-year changes and, for several countries, on a quarterly basis.
    - 3/ Based on Eurostat's harmonized index of consumer prices.
- Table A6 — Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Consumer Prices (End of Period; Annual percent change)
  - Emerging and Developing Asia (end-period series) — Average 2002–11: 4.6; 2019 (end-period): 3.2; 2020 (projection, end-period): 3.0; 2021 (projection, end-period): 2.9; 2019 (additional column): 4.5; 2020 (additional column): 1.7; 2021 (additional column): 3.2
  - Selected country averages and projections (annual percent change; end of period where provided):
    - China — Average 2002–11: 2.6; 2019 (end-period): 2.9; 2020 (projection, end-period): 3.0; 2021 (projection, end-period): 2.6; 2019 (additional column): 4.5; 2020 (additional column): 1.0; 2021 (additional column): 3.0
    - India — Average 2002–11: 7.0; 2019 (end-period): 4.5; 2020 (projection, end-period): 3.3; 2021 (projection, end-period): 3.6; 2019 (additional column): 5.8; 2020 (additional column): 2.7; 2021 (additional column): 3.8
    - Indonesia — Average 2002–11: 7.9; 2019 (end-period): 2.8; 2020 (projection, end-period): 2.9; 2021 (projection, end-period): 2.9; 2019 (additional column): 2.6; 2020 (additional column): 3.1; 2021 (additional column): 3.0
    - Russia — Average 2002–11: 11.2; 2019 (end-period): 4.5; 2020 (projection, end-period): 3.1; 2021 (projection, end-period): 3.0; 2019 (additional column): 3.0; 2020 (additional column): 3.8; 2021 (additional column): 2.9
    - Turkey — Average 2002–11: 13.2; 2019 (end-period): 15.2; 2020 (projection, end-period): 12.0; 2021 (projection, end-period): 12.0; 2019 (additional column): 11.8; 2020 (additional column): 12.0; 2021 (additional column): 12.0
  - Notable extreme country observations:
    - Venezuela 4/ — Average 2002–11: 23.4; 2012: 21.1; 2013: 40.6; 2014: 62.2; 2015: 121.7; 2016: 254.9; 2017: 438.1; 2018: 65,374.1; 2019: 19,906.0; 2020 (projection): 15,000.0; 2021 (projection): 15,000.0; 2019 (additional column): 9,585.5; 2020 (additional column): 15,000.0; 2021 (additional column): 15,000.0
    - Zimbabwe 4/ — Average 2002–11: –0.8; 2012: 3.7; 2013: 1.6; 2014: –0.2; 2015: –2.4; 2016: –1.6; 2017: 0.9; 2018: 10.6; 2019: 255.3; 2020 (projection): 319.0; 2021 (projection): 3.7; 2019 (additional column): 521.1; 2020 (additional column): 154.3; 2021 (additional column): 3.0
    - Sudan 6/ — Average 2002–11: 12.4; 2012: 35.6; 2013: 36.5; 2014: 36.9; 2015: 16.9; 2016: 17.8; 2017: 32.4; 2018: 63.3; 2019: 51.0; 2020 (projection): 81.3; 2021 (projection): 91.1; 2019 (additional column): 57.0; 2020 (additional column): 96.1; 2021 (additional column): 94.0
  - Regional aggregates (end-period columns and projections):
    - Emerging and Developing Europe — Average 2002–11: 10.0; 2019 (end-period): 6.5; 2020 (projection, end-period): 5.1; 2021 (projection, end-period): 5.0; 2019 (additional column): 5.2; 2020 (additional column): 5.3; 2021 (additional column): 5.0
    - Latin America and the Caribbean 5/ — Average 2002–11: 5.6; 2019 (end-period): 7.1; 2020 (projection, end-period): 6.2; 2021 (projection, end-period): 5.9; 2019 (additional column): 7.2; 2020 (additional column): 5.6; 2021 (additional column): 5.7
    - Middle East and Central Asia — Average 2002–11: 7.7; 2019 (end-period): 8.5; 2020 (projection, end-period): 8.4; 2021 (projection, end-period): 8.7; 2019 (additional column): 7.2; 2020 (additional column): 9.7; 2021 (additional column): 8.0
    - Sub-Saharan Africa — Average 2002–11: 9.3; 2019 (end-period): 8.4; 2020 (projection, end-period): 9.3; 2021 (projection, end-period): 7.6; 2019 (additional column): 9.4; 2020 (additional column): 8.4; 2021 (additional column): 7.4
  - Notes in Table A6:
    - 1/ Movements in consumer prices are shown as annual averages.
    - 2/ Monthly year-over-year changes and, for several countries, on a quarterly basis.
    - 3/ Based on Eurostat's harmonized index of consumer prices.
    - 4/ See country-specific notes for Argentina, Lebanon, Libya, Ukraine, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe in the "Country Notes" section of the Statistical Appendix.
    - 5/ Excludes Venezuela but includes Argentina from 2017 onward. See country-specific notes for Venezuela and Argentina in the "Country Notes" section of the Statistical Appendix.
    - 6/ Data for 2011 exclude South Sudan after July 9.

*Source: statsappendixa - Section 2, Table A4–A6 (consumer price inflation averages and projections).*

### Section 3 — Current Account Balances (percent of GDP)
- Summary of Current Account Balances (Percent of GDP) — Aggregates and Groups:
  - Advanced Economies: 0.1 (2012), 0.5 (2013), 0.5 (2014), 0.7 (2015), 0.8 (2016), 0.8 (2017), 0.7 (2018), 0.7 (2019), 0.1 (2020), 0.1 (2021)
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 1.2 (2012), 0.6 (2013), 0.6 (2014), –0.2 (2015), –0.3 (2016), 0.0 (2017), –0.1 (2018), 0.1 (2019), –0.9 (2020), –0.6 (2021)
  - Regional groups:
    - Emerging and Developing Asia: 0.9 (2012), 0.7 (2013), 1.5 (2014), 2.0 (2015), 1.4 (2016), 0.9 (2017), –0.1 (2018), 0.6 (2019), 0.1 (2020), 0.5 (2021)
    - Emerging and Developing Europe: –0.6 (2012), –1.2 (2013), –0.2 (2014), 1.1 (2015), –0.2 (2016), –0.4 (2017), 1.7 (2018), 1.4 (2019), –0.4 (2020), –0.5 (2021)
    - Latin America and the Caribbean: –2.5 (2012), –2.9 (2013), –3.1 (2014), –3.3 (2015), –2.0 (2016), –1.6 (2017), –2.4 (2018), –1.7 (2019), –1.5 (2020), –1.6 (2021)
    - Middle East and Central Asia: 11.4 (2012), 8.8 (2013), 5.2 (2014), –3.9 (2015), –4.1 (2016), –0.7 (2017), 2.5 (2018), 0.4 (2019), –5.7 (2020), –4.6 (2021)
    - Sub-Saharan Africa: –1.6 (2012), –2.1 (2013), –3.5 (2014), –5.8 (2015), –3.8 (2016), –2.2 (2017), –2.5 (2018), –4.0 (2019), –4.7 (2020), –4.2 (2021)
  - Analytical groups by export earnings:
    - Fuel exporters: 9.7 (2012), 7.3 (2013), 5.1 (2014), –1.5 (2015), –1.6 (2016), 1.7 (2017), 5.5 (2018), 2.4 (2019), –3.6 (2020), –2.6 (2021)
    - Nonfuel exporters: –1.1 (2012), –1.2 (2013), –0.5 (2014), 0.1 (2015), –0.0 (2016), –0.3 (2017), –1.1 (2018), –0.3 (2019), –0.5 (2020), –0.3 (2021)
    - Primary products subset: –3.3 (2012), –4.3 (2013), –2.8 (2014), –3.3 (2015), –2.4 (2016), –2.8 (2017), –3.8 (2018), –2.4 (2019), –1.4 (2020), –1.6 (2021)
  - By external financing source:
    - Net Debtor Economies: –2.9 (2012), –2.6 (2013), –2.4 (2014), –2.4 (2015), –1.7 (2016), –1.7 (2017), –2.2 (2018), –1.6 (2019), –2.0 (2020), –1.9 (2021)
    - Economies with Arrears and/or Rescheduling during 2014–18: –5.9 (2012), –5.7 (2013), –3.6 (2014), –5.2 (2015), –5.6 (2016), –4.6 (2017), –3.9 (2018), –4.1 (2019), –6.5 (2020), –6.1 (2021)
  - Memorandum:
    - World: 0.5 (2012), 0.5 (2013), 0.5 (2014), 0.3 (2015), 0.4 (2016), 0.5 (2017), 0.4 (2018), 0.4 (2019), –0.4 (2020), –0.2 (2021)
    - European Union: 2/ 2.2 (2012), 2.9 (2013), 2.9 (2014), 3.3 (2015), 3.5 (2016), 3.4 (2017), 3.2 (2018), 2.9 (2019), 2.7 (2020), 2.9 (2021)
    - Low-Income Developing Countries: –1.8 (2012), –2.0 (2013), –2.0 (2014), –3.8 (2015), –2.3 (2016), –2.0 (2017), –2.5 (2018), –3.0 (2019), –4.3 (2020), –3.4 (2021)
    - Middle East and North Africa: 13.5 (2012), 10.6 (2013), 6.0 (2014), –4.3 (2015), –4.2 (2016), –0.2 (2017), 3.6 (2018), 1.0 (2019), –6.0 (2020), –4.8 (2021)
- Advanced Economies — Country-Level Current Account Balances (Percent of GDP):
  - Aggregate Advanced Economies: 0.1 (2012), 0.5 (2013), 0.5 (2014), 0.7 (2015), 0.8 (2016), 0.8 (2017), 0.7 (2018), 0.7 (2019), 0.1 (2020), 0.1 (2021)
  - Selected economies (percent of GDP by year):
    - United States: –2.6, –2.1, –2.1, –2.2, –2.3, –2.3, –2.4, –2.3, –2.6, –2.8
    - Euro Area 1/: 1.0, 2.1, 2.4, 2.8, 3.3, 3.1, 3.1, 2.7, 2.6, 2.7
    - Germany: 7.1, 6.6, 7.2, 8.6, 8.5, 7.8, 7.4, 7.1, 6.6, 6.7
    - France: –1.0, –0.5, –1.0, –0.4, –0.5, –0.7, –0.6, –0.8, –0.7, –0.6
    - Italy: –0.2, 1.1, 1.9, 1.4, 2.6, 2.6, 2.5, 3.0, 3.1, 3.0
    - Spain: 0.1, 2.0, 1.7, 2.0, 3.2, 2.7, 1.9, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4
    - Japan: 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 3.1, 4.0, 4.1, 3.5, 3.6, 1.7, 1.9
    - United Kingdom: –3.4, –4.8, –4.7, –4.9, –5.2, –3.5, –3.9, –3.8, –4.4, –4.5
    - Canada: –3.5, –3.1, –2.3, –3.5, –3.1, –2.8, –2.5, –2.0, –3.7, –2.3
    - Other notable advanced economies:
      - Netherlands: 10.2, 9.8, 8.2, 6.3, 8.1, 10.8, 10.9, 10.9, 9.0, 9.4
      - Ireland: –3.4, 1.6, 1.1, 4.4, –4.2, 0.5, 10.6, –9.5, 6.3, 5.3
      - Switzerland: 10.7, 11.6, 8.6, 11.3, 9.9, 6.4, 8.2, 12.2, 7.2, 8.8
      - Korea: 3.8, 5.6, 5.6, 7.2, 6.5, 4.6, 4.5, 3.7, 4.9, 4.8
      - Taiwan Province of China: 8.7, 9.7, 11.3, 13.6, 13.1, 14.1, 11.6, 10.5, 8.2, 8.3
      - Singapore: 17.6, 15.7, 18.0, 18.7, 17.6, 16.3, 17.2, 17.0, 14.8, 15.7
      - Macao SAR: 39.3, 40.2, 34.2, 25.3, 28.1, 32.3, 34.6, 34.8, 13.1, 30.0
      - Norway: 12.6, 10.3, 10.8, 8.0, 4.5, 4.6, 7.1, 4.0, –1.3, 0.1
      - Australia: –4.3, –3.4, –3.1, –4.6, –3.3, –2.6, –2.1, 0.5, –0.6, –1.8
    - United Kingdom excluded from EU group beginning with the April 2020 WEO (see note 2/)
  - Memorandum:
    - Major Advanced Economies: –0.9 (2012), –0.7 (2013), –0.6 (2014), –0.5 (2015), –0.2 (2016), –0.2 (2017), –0.4 (2018), –0.4 (2019), –0.9 (2020), –0.9 (2021)
    - Euro Area 2/: 2.3 (2012), 2.9 (2013), 3.0 (2014), 3.4 (2015), 3.6 (2016), 3.6 (2017), 3.6 (2018), 3.1 (2019), 3.1 (2020), 3.3 (2021)
  - Notes:
    - 1/ Data corrected for reporting discrepancies in intra-area transactions.
    - 2/ Euro area data calculated as the sum of balances of individual euro area countries.
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies — Country-Level Balances (Percent of GDP):
  - Aggregate Emerging and Developing Asia: 0.9 (2012), 0.7 (2013), 1.5 (2014), 2.0 (2015), 1.4 (2016), 0.9 (2017), –0.1 (2018), 0.6 (2019), 0.1 (2020), 0.5 (2021)
  - Selected country values:
    - China: 2.5, 1.5, 2.2, 2.7, 1.8, 1.6, 0.4, 1.0, 0.5, 1.0
    - India: –4.8, –1.7, –1.3, –1.0, –0.6, –1.8, –2.1, –1.1, –0.6, –1.4
    - Indonesia: –2.7, –3.2, –3.1, –2.0, –1.8, –1.6, –2.9, –2.7, –3.2, –2.7
    - Thailand: –1.2, –2.1, 2.9, 6.9, 10.5, 9.6, 5.6, 6.9, 5.2, 5.6
    - Vietnam: 4.7, 3.6, 3.7, –0.9, 0.2, –0.6, 1.9, 4.0, 0.7, 1.0
    - Timor-Leste: 230.7, 171.4, 75.6, 12.8, –32.9, –17.7, –12.2, 8.2, –28.1, –37.3
  - Emerging and Developing Europe aggregate: –0.6 (2012), –1.2 (2013), –0.2 (2014), 1.1 (2015), –0.2 (2016), –0.4 (2017), 1.7 (2018), 1.4 (2019), –0.4 (2020), –0.5 (2021)
  - Latin America and the Caribbean country highlights:
    - Brazil: –3.4, –3.2, –4.1, –3.0, –1.3, –0.7, –2.2, –2.7, –1.8, –2.3
    - Mexico: –1.6, –2.5, –1.9, –2.6, –2.3, –1.8, –1.9, –0.2, –0.3, –0.4
    - Argentina 1/: –0.4, –2.1, –1.6, –2.7, –2.7, –4.8, –5.2, –0.8, . . . , . . .  (see country-specific notes)
    - Venezuela: 0.7, 1.8, 2.4, –5.0, –1.4, 6.1, 8.8, 9.8, 2.4, 3.4
  - Middle East and Central Asia country highlights:
    - Saudi Arabia: 22.4, 18.1, 9.8, –8.7, –3.7, 1.5, 9.0, 6.3, –3.1, –3.4
    - United Arab Emirates: 19.7, 19.0, 13.5, 4.9, 3.7, 7.3, 10.0, 7.4, 1.5, 4.1
    - Kuwait: 45.5, 40.3, 33.4, 3.5, –4.6, 8.0, 14.5, 8.9, –10.2, –7.8
    - Iran: 6.0, 6.7, 3.2, 0.3, 4.0, 3.8, 2.1, –0.1, –4.1, –3.4
    - Iraq: 5.1, 1.1, 2.6, –6.5, –8.3, 1.8, 6.9, –1.2, –21.7, –14.1
    - Qatar: 33.2, 30.4, 24.0, 8.5, –5.5, 3.8, 8.7, 2.4, –1.9, –1.8
  - Sub-Saharan Africa aggregate and selected countries:
    - Aggregate: –1.6 (2012), –2.1 (2013), –3.5 (2014), –5.8 (2015), –3.8 (2016), –2.2 (2017), –2.5 (2018), –4.0 (2019), –4.7 (2020), –4.2 (2021)
    - South Africa: –5.1, –5.8, –5.1, –4.6, –2.9, –2.5, –3.5, –3.0, 0.2, –1.3
    - Nigeria: 3.8, 3.7, 0.2, –3.1, 0.7, 2.8, 1.3, –3.8, –3.3, –2.5
    - Mozambique: –41.8, –40.5, –36.5, –37.4, –35.6, –19.1, –30.9, –42.2, –68.8, –74.0
    - Ethiopia: –7.1, –6.1, –6.6, –11.7, –9.4, –8.5, –6.5, –5.3, –5.3, –4.6
    - Eritrea: 12.9, 2.3, 17.3, 20.8, 15.3, 24.0, 19.0, 12.1, 10.2, 9.4
    - Malawi: –9.2, –8.4, –8.2, –17.2, –18.5, –25.6, –20.5, –17.2, –17.9, –17.9
  - Notes:
    - 1/ See country-specific notes for Argentina, Belarus, Lebanon, Libya, Ukraine, and Zimbabwe in the “Country Notes” section of the Statistical Appendix.
    - 2/ Data for 2011 exclude South Sudan after July 9. Data for 2012 and onward pertain to the current Sudan.
    - 3/ Data for Syria are excluded for 2011 onward owing to the uncertain political situation.
- Key Observations and Patterns (from the tables):
  - Large positive current account balances concentrated in selected fuel exporters and small advanced economies:
    - Macao SAR: 39.3 (2012) and high values thereafter up to 40.2 (2013), 34.2 (2014), with a projected 30.0 (2021)
    - Singapore and Taiwan Province of China show consistently large surpluses: Singapore 17.6 (2012) to 15.7 (2021); Taiwan 8.7 (2012) to 8.3 (2021)
    - Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and other oil exporters show very large swings and high surplus levels in earlier years (e.g., Kuwait 45.5 in 2012; Qatar 33.2 in 2012)
  - Significant deficits and volatility in many emerging and low-income economies:
    - Timor-Leste shows extreme volatility and very large values: 230.7 (2012) to –37.3 (2021)
    - Mozambique displays very large negative balances and deterioration over the projection period: –41.8 (2012) to –74.0 (2021)
    - Several small island and low-income countries show deep negative balances (e.g., Maldives, Samoa, Solomon Islands, many Caribbean economies)
  - Regional aggregates reflect the global shift from small positive world balance to negative in projections:
    - World: 0.5 (2012–2014), declines to –0.4 (2020) and –0.2 (2021)
    - Emerging Market and Developing Economies shift from positive in early years to negative in projection period (–0.9 in 2020, –0.6 in 2021)

*Source: statsappendixa - Section 3 (Statistical Appendix tables A7–A9).*

### Section 1

### statsappendixa - Section 1

### Global summary (real GDP, annual percent change)
- World average 2002–11: 4.1
- World by year: 2012: 3.5; 2013: 3.5; 2014: 3.6; 2015: 3.5; 2016: 3.4; 2017: 3.9; 2018: 3.6; 2019: 2.9; 2020: –3.0; 2021: 5.8

### Advanced Economies (real GDP, annual percent change)
- Advanced Economies average 2002–11: 1.7
- Advanced Economies by year: 2012: 1.2; 2013: 1.4; 2014: 2.1; 2015: 2.3; 2016: 1.7; 2017: 2.5; 2018: 2.2; 2019: 1.7; 2020: –6.1; 2021: 4.5
- United States: average 2002–11: 1.8; 2012: 2.2; 2013: 1.8; 2014: 2.5; 2015: 2.9; 2016: 1.6; 2017: 2.4; 2018: 2.9; 2019: 2.3; 2020: –5.9; 2021: 4.7
- Euro Area: average 1.1; 2012: –0.9; 2013: –0.2; 2014: 1.4; 2015: 2.1; 2016: 1.9; 2017: 2.5; 2018: 1.9; 2019: 1.2; 2020: –7.5; 2021: 4.7
- Japan: average 0.6; 2012: 1.5; 2013: 2.0; 2014: 0.4; 2015: 1.2; 2016: 0.5; 2017: 2.2; 2018: 0.3; 2019: 0.7; 2020: –5.2; 2021: 3.0
- Other Advanced Economies (excludes the United States, euro area countries, and Japan): average 2.9; 2012: 2.0; 2013: 2.4; 2014: 2.9; 2015: 2.1; 2016: 2.2; 2017: 2.8; 2018: 2.3; 2019: 1.6; 2020: –5.2; 2021: 4.4

### Emerging Market and Developing Economies (real GDP, annual percent change)
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies average 2002–11: 6.5
- By year: 2012: 5.3; 2013: 5.1; 2014: 4.7; 2015: 4.3; 2016: 4.6; 2017: 4.8; 2018: 4.5; 2019: 3.7; 2020: –1.0; 2021: 6.6

Selected regional aggregates and country highlights:
- Emerging and Developing Asia: average 8.6; 2019: 5.5; 2020: 1.0; 2021: 8.5
- China: average 10.7; 2019: 6.1; 2020: 1.2; 2021: 9.2
- India 1/: average 7.7; 2019: 4.2; 2020: 1.9; 2021: 7.4
- Emerging and Developing Europe: average 4.8; 2019: 2.1; 2020: –5.2; 2021: 4.2
- Latin America and the Caribbean: average 3.6; 2019: 0.1; 2020: –5.2; 2021: 3.4
- Brazil: average 3.9; 2019: 1.1; 2020: –5.3; 2021: 2.9
- Mexico: average 1.9; 2019: –0.1; 2020: –6.6; 2021: 3.0
- Middle East and Central Asia: average 5.6; 2019: 1.2; 2020: –2.8; 2021: 4.0
- Sub-Saharan Africa: average 5.9; 2019: 3.1; 2020: –1.6; 2021: 4.1

Notable country-specific figures (selected)
- Guyana: 2019: 4.7; 2020: 52.8; 2021: 6.3
- Venezuela: 2011–21 series includes: 2012: 5.6; 2013: 1.3; 2014: –3.9; 2015: –6.2; 2016: –17.0; 2017: –15.7; 2018: –19.6; 2019: –35.0; 2020: –15.0; 2021: –5.0
- Lebanon: 2019: –6.5; 2020: –12.0 (2021: . . .)
- Libya: 2002–11 average –8.6; 2012: 124.7; 2013: –36.8; 2014: –53.0; 2019: 9.9; 2020: –58.7; 2021: 80.7

Notes on country data in this section:
- 1/ See country-specific notes for Belarus, India, Lebanon, Libya, Ukraine, and Zimbabwe in the “Country Notes” section of the Statistical Appendix.
- 2/ In this table only, the data for Timor-Leste are based on non-oil GDP.
- 3/ Data for 2011 exclude South Sudan after July 9. Data for 2012 and onward pertain to the current Sudan.
- 4/ Data for Syria are excluded for 2011 onward owing to the uncertain political situation.

### Analytical groups and sectoral composition (annual percent change)
- By Source of Export Earnings:
  - Fuel economies: average 2002–11: 5.7; 2019: 0.0; 2020: –4.4; 2021: 3.9
  - Nonfuel economies: average 6.7; 2019: 4.4; 2020: –0.4; 2021: 7.1
  - Of Which, Primary Products: average 4.6; 2019: 1.1; 2020: –3.5; 2021: 4.6
- By External Financing Source:
  - Net Debtor Economies: average 5.3; 2019: 3.5; 2020: –1.4; 2021: 5.7
  - Economies with Arrears and/or Rescheduling during 2014–18: average 4.5; 2012: 1.5; 2013: 3.0; 2014: 1.8; 2015: 0.6; 2016: 2.8; 2017: 3.1; 2018: 3.9; 2019: 3.8; 2020: –1.3; 2021: 3.0

### Memorandum and per capita measures (annual percent change)
- Median Growth Rate:
  - Advanced Economies: 2002–11: 2.1; 2019: 1.9; 2020: –6.7; 2021: 5.0
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 2002–11: 4.7; 2019: 3.0; 2020: –2.7; 2021: 4.3
  - Low-Income Developing Countries: 2002–11: 5.3; 2019: 4.7; 2020: 0.4; 2021: 4.3
- Output per Capita (international currency at PPP):
  - Advanced Economies: 2002–11: 1.1; 2019: 1.3; 2020: –6.5; 2021: 4.1
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 2002–11: 4.8; 2019: 2.3; 2020: –2.4; 2021: 5.3
  - Low-Income Developing Countries: 2002–11: 3.8; 2019: 2.8; 2020: –1.8; 2021: 3.3
- World Growth Rate Based on Market Exchange Rates: 2002–11: 2.7; 2019: 2.4; 2020: –4.2; 2021: 5.4

### Value of world output (billions of US dollars)
- At Market Exchange Rates:
  - 2002–11: 53,885
  - 2012: 74,769
  - 2013: 76,958
  - 2014: 79,035
  - 2015: 74,785
  - 2016: 75,958
  - 2017: 80,633
  - 2018: 85,611
  - 2019: 87,156
  - 2020: 83,003
  - 2021: 89,707
- At Purchasing Power Parities:
  - 2002–11: 75,089
  - 2012: 100,155
  - 2013: 105,368
  - 2014: 111,066
  - 2015: 115,999
  - 2016: 121,090
  - 2017: 128,047
  - 2018: 135,762
  - 2019: 142,006
  - 2020: 138,352
  - 2021: 149,128

*Source: statsappendixa - Section 1*

### Section 2

### statsappendixa - Section 2

### Summary of Inflation (Consumer Prices: Average and Projections)
- Advanced Economies — Average 2002–11: 2.0; 2012: 2.0; 2013: 1.4; 2014: 1.4; 2015: 0.3; 2016: 0.8; 2017: 1.7; 2018: 2.0; 2019: 1.4; 2020: 0.5; 2021 (projection): 1.5
- United States — Average 2002–11: 2.4; 2012: 2.1; 2013: 1.5; 2014: 1.6; 2015: 0.1; 2016: 1.3; 2017: 2.1; 2018: 2.4; 2019: 1.8; 2020: 0.6; 2021 (projection): 2.2
- Euro Area 1/ — Average 2002–11: 2.1; 2012: 2.5; 2013: 1.3; 2014: 0.4; 2015: 0.2; 2016: 0.2; 2017: 1.5; 2018: 1.8; 2019: 1.2; 2020: 0.2; 2021 (projection): 1.0
- Japan — Average 2002–11: –0.2; 2012: –0.1; 2013: 0.3; 2014: 2.8; 2015: 0.8; 2016: –0.1; 2017: 0.5; 2018: 1.0; 2019: 0.5; 2020: 0.2; 2021 (projection): 0.4
- Other Advanced Economies 2/ — Average 2002–11: 2.3; 2012: 2.1; 2013: 1.7; 2014: 1.5; 2015: 0.5; 2016: 0.9; 2017: 1.8; 2018: 1.9; 2019: 1.4; 2020: 0.7; 2021 (projection): 1.3
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies 3/ — Average 2002–11: 6.5; 2012: 5.8; 2013: 5.5; 2014: 4.7; 2015: 4.7; 2016: 4.3; 2017: 4.3; 2018: 4.8; 2019: 5.0; 2020: 4.6; 2021 (projection): 4.5

Regional groups (Average 2002–11 and selected years/projections)
- Emerging and Developing Asia — 2002–11: 4.6; 2019: 3.2; 2020: 3.0; 2021 (projection): 2.9
- Emerging and Developing Europe — 2002–11: 10.0; 2019: 6.5; 2020: 5.1; 2021 (projection): 5.0
- Latin America and the Caribbean — 2002–11: 5.6; 2019: 7.1; 2020: 6.2; 2021 (projection): 5.9
- Middle East and Central Asia — 2002–11: 7.7; 2019: 8.5; 2020: 8.4; 2021 (projection): 8.7
- Sub-Saharan Africa — 2002–11: 9.3; 2019: 8.4; 2020: 9.3; 2021 (projection): 7.6

Analytical groups
- By Source of Export Earnings:
  - Fuel — 2002–11: 9.3; 2019: 6.8; 2020: 6.6; 2021 (projection): 6.9
  - Nonfuel — 2002–11: 5.7; 2019: 4.7; 2020: 4.3; 2021 (projection): 4.0
  - Of Which, Primary Products 4/ — 2002–11: 6.4; 2019: 16.5; 2020: 15.9; 2021 (projection): 13.5
- By External Financing Source:
  - Net Debtor Economies — 2002–11: 7.2; 2019: 5.2; 2020: 4.7; 2021 (projection): 4.7
  - Economies with Arrears and/or Rescheduling during 2014–18 — 2002–11: 9.2; 2019: 14.0; 2020: 11.2; 2021 (projection): 10.4

Other groups
- European Union 5/ — 2002–11: 2.4; 2019: 1.4; 2020: 0.6; 2021 (projection): 1.2
- Low-Income Developing Countries — 2002–11: 9.8; 2019: 8.5; 2020: 9.7; 2021 (projection): 8.2
- Middle East and North Africa — 2002–11: 7.4; 2019: 9.0; 2020: 8.2; 2021 (projection): 9.1

Memorandum (Median Inflation Rate)
- Advanced Economies — 2002–11: 2.3; 2019: 1.5; 2020: 0.5; 2021 (projection): 1.4
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies 3/ — 2002–11: 5.2; 2019: 2.6; 2020: 3.0; 2021 (projection): 3.0

### Table A5 — Advanced Economies: Consumer Prices (End of Period; Annual percent change)
- Advanced Economies (end-of-period series) — Average 2002–11: 2.0; 2012: 2.0; 2013: 1.4; 2014: 1.4; 2015: 0.3; 2016: 0.8; 2017: 1.7; 2018: 2.0; 2019: 1.4; 2019 (end-period): 1.5; 2020 (projection, end-period): 0.4; 2021 (projection, end-period): 1.7
- United States (end-period) — Average 2002–11: 2.4; 2019 (end-period): 1.9; 2020 (projection, end-period): 0.8; 2021 (projection, end-period): 2.4
- Euro Area 3/ (end-period) — Average 2002–11: 2.1; 2019 (end-period): 1.3; 2020 (projection, end-period): –0.1; 2021 (projection, end-period): 1.3
- Major Advanced Economies (memorandum, end-period) — Average 2002–11: 1.9; 2019 (end-period): 1.5; 2020 (projection, end-period): 0.5; 2021 (projection, end-period): 1.8

(Select country end-of-period examples from Table A5)
- Germany — 2019 (end-period): 1.3; 2020 (projection, end-period): 0.3; 2021 (projection, end-period): 1.2
- France — 2019 (end-period): 1.3; 2020 (projection, end-period): 0.3; 2021 (projection, end-period): 0.7
- Italy — 2019 (end-period): 0.6; 2020 (projection, end-period): 0.2; 2021 (projection, end-period): 0.7
- Japan — 2019 (end-period): 0.5; 2020 (projection, end-period): 0.2; 2021 (projection, end-period): 0.4
- United Kingdom — 2019 (end-period): 1.8; 2020 (projection, end-period): 1.2; 2021 (projection, end-period): 1.5

Notes in Table A5
- 1/ Movements in consumer prices are shown as annual averages.
- 2/ Monthly year-over-year changes and, for several countries, on a quarterly basis.
- 3/ Based on Eurostat's harmonized index of consumer prices.

### Table A6 — Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Consumer Prices (End of Period; Annual percent change)
- Emerging and Developing Asia (end-period series) — Average 2002–11: 4.6; 2019 (end-period): 3.2; 2020 (projection, end-period): 3.0; 2021 (projection, end-period): 2.9; 2019 (additional column): 4.5; 2020 (additional column): 1.7; 2021 (additional column): 3.2

Selected country averages and projections (annual percent change; end of period where provided)
- China — Average 2002–11: 2.6; 2019 (end-period): 2.9; 2020 (projection, end-period): 3.0; 2021 (projection, end-period): 2.6; 2019 (additional column): 4.5; 2020 (additional column): 1.0; 2021 (additional column): 3.0
- India — Average 2002–11: 7.0; 2019 (end-period): 4.5; 2020 (projection, end-period): 3.3; 2021 (projection, end-period): 3.6; 2019 (additional column): 5.8; 2020 (additional column): 2.7; 2021 (additional column): 3.8
- Indonesia — Average 2002–11: 7.9; 2019 (end-period): 2.8; 2020 (projection, end-period): 2.9; 2021 (projection, end-period): 2.9; 2019 (additional column): 2.6; 2020 (additional column): 3.1; 2021 (additional column): 3.0
- Russia — Average 2002–11: 11.2; 2019 (end-period): 4.5; 2020 (projection, end-period): 3.1; 2021 (projection, end-period): 3.0; 2019 (additional column): 3.0; 2020 (additional column): 3.8; 2021 (additional column): 2.9
- Turkey — Average 2002–11: 13.2; 2019 (end-period): 15.2; 2020 (projection, end-period): 12.0; 2021 (projection, end-period): 12.0; 2019 (additional column): 11.8; 2020 (additional column): 12.0; 2021 (additional column): 12.0

Notable extreme country observations in Table A6
- Venezuela 4/ — Average 2002–11: 23.4; 2012: 21.1; 2013: 40.6; 2014: 62.2; 2015: 121.7; 2016: 254.9; 2017: 438.1; 2018: 65,374.1; 2019: 19,906.0; 2020 (projection): 15,000.0; 2021 (projection): 15,000.0; 2019 (additional column): 9,585.5; 2020 (additional column): 15,000.0; 2021 (additional column): 15,000.0
- Zimbabwe 4/ — Average 2002–11: –0.8; 2012: 3.7; 2013: 1.6; 2014: –0.2; 2015: –2.4; 2016: –1.6; 2017: 0.9; 2018: 10.6; 2019: 255.3; 2020 (projection): 319.0; 2021 (projection): 3.7; 2019 (additional column): 521.1; 2020 (additional column): 154.3; 2021 (additional column): 3.0
- Sudan 6/ — Average 2002–11: 12.4; 2012: 35.6; 2013: 36.5; 2014: 36.9; 2015: 16.9; 2016: 17.8; 2017: 32.4; 2018: 63.3; 2019: 51.0; 2020 (projection): 81.3; 2021 (projection): 91.1; 2019 (additional column): 57.0; 2020 (additional column): 96.1; 2021 (additional column): 94.0

Regional aggregates (end-period columns and projections)
- Emerging and Developing Europe — Average 2002–11: 10.0; 2019 (end-period): 6.5; 2020 (projection, end-period): 5.1; 2021 (projection, end-period): 5.0; 2019 (additional column): 5.2; 2020 (additional column): 5.3; 2021 (additional column): 5.0
- Latin America and the Caribbean 5/ — Average 2002–11: 5.6; 2019 (end-period): 7.1; 2020 (projection, end-period): 6.2; 2021 (projection, end-period): 5.9; 2019 (additional column): 7.2; 2020 (additional column): 5.6; 2021 (additional column): 5.7
- Middle East and Central Asia — Average 2002–11: 7.7; 2019 (end-period): 8.5; 2020 (projection, end-period): 8.4; 2021 (projection, end-period): 8.7; 2019 (additional column): 7.2; 2020 (additional column): 9.7; 2021 (additional column): 8.0
- Sub-Saharan Africa — Average 2002–11: 9.3; 2019 (end-period): 8.4; 2020 (projection, end-period): 9.3; 2021 (projection, end-period): 7.6; 2019 (additional column): 9.4; 2020 (additional column): 8.4; 2021 (additional column): 7.4

Notes in Table A6
- 1/ Movements in consumer prices are shown as annual averages.
- 2/ Monthly year-over-year changes and, for several countries, on a quarterly basis.
- 3/ Based on Eurostat's harmonized index of consumer prices.
- 4/ See country-specific notes for Argentina, Lebanon, Libya, Ukraine, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe in the "Country Notes" section of the Statistical Appendix.
- 5/ Excludes Venezuela but includes Argentina from 2017 onward. See country-specific notes for Venezuela and Argentina in the "Country Notes" section of the Statistical Appendix.
- 6/ Data for 2011 exclude South Sudan after July 9.

*Source: statsappendixa - Section 2, Table A4–A6 (consumer price inflation averages and projections).*

### Section 3

### statsappendixa - Section 3

### Summary of Current Account Balances (Percent of GDP) — Aggregates and Groups
- Advanced Economies: 0.1 (2012), 0.5 (2013), 0.5 (2014), 0.7 (2015), 0.8 (2016), 0.8 (2017), 0.7 (2018), 0.7 (2019), 0.1 (2020), 0.1 (2021)
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 1.2 (2012), 0.6 (2013), 0.6 (2014), –0.2 (2015), –0.3 (2016), 0.0 (2017), –0.1 (2018), 0.1 (2019), –0.9 (2020), –0.6 (2021)

- Regional groups:
  - Emerging and Developing Asia: 0.9 (2012), 0.7 (2013), 1.5 (2014), 2.0 (2015), 1.4 (2016), 0.9 (2017), –0.1 (2018), 0.6 (2019), 0.1 (2020), 0.5 (2021)
  - Emerging and Developing Europe: –0.6 (2012), –1.2 (2013), –0.2 (2014), 1.1 (2015), –0.2 (2016), –0.4 (2017), 1.7 (2018), 1.4 (2019), –0.4 (2020), –0.5 (2021)
  - Latin America and the Caribbean: –2.5 (2012), –2.9 (2013), –3.1 (2014), –3.3 (2015), –2.0 (2016), –1.6 (2017), –2.4 (2018), –1.7 (2019), –1.5 (2020), –1.6 (2021)
  - Middle East and Central Asia: 11.4 (2012), 8.8 (2013), 5.2 (2014), –3.9 (2015), –4.1 (2016), –0.7 (2017), 2.5 (2018), 0.4 (2019), –5.7 (2020), –4.6 (2021)
  - Sub-Saharan Africa: –1.6 (2012), –2.1 (2013), –3.5 (2014), –5.8 (2015), –3.8 (2016), –2.2 (2017), –2.5 (2018), –4.0 (2019), –4.7 (2020), –4.2 (2021)

- Analytical groups by export earnings:
  - Fuel exporters: 9.7 (2012), 7.3 (2013), 5.1 (2014), –1.5 (2015), –1.6 (2016), 1.7 (2017), 5.5 (2018), 2.4 (2019), –3.6 (2020), –2.6 (2021)
  - Nonfuel exporters: –1.1 (2012), –1.2 (2013), –0.5 (2014), 0.1 (2015), –0.0 (2016), –0.3 (2017), –1.1 (2018), –0.3 (2019), –0.5 (2020), –0.3 (2021)
  - Primary products subset: –3.3 (2012), –4.3 (2013), –2.8 (2014), –3.3 (2015), –2.4 (2016), –2.8 (2017), –3.8 (2018), –2.4 (2019), –1.4 (2020), –1.6 (2021)

- By external financing source:
  - Net Debtor Economies: –2.9 (2012), –2.6 (2013), –2.4 (2014), –2.4 (2015), –1.7 (2016), –1.7 (2017), –2.2 (2018), –1.6 (2019), –2.0 (2020), –1.9 (2021)
  - Economies with Arrears and/or Rescheduling during 2014–18: –5.9 (2012), –5.7 (2013), –3.6 (2014), –5.2 (2015), –5.6 (2016), –4.6 (2017), –3.9 (2018), –4.1 (2019), –6.5 (2020), –6.1 (2021)

- Memorandum:
  - World: 0.5 (2012), 0.5 (2013), 0.5 (2014), 0.3 (2015), 0.4 (2016), 0.5 (2017), 0.4 (2018), 0.4 (2019), –0.4 (2020), –0.2 (2021)
  - European Union: 2/ 2.2 (2012), 2.9 (2013), 2.9 (2014), 3.3 (2015), 3.5 (2016), 3.4 (2017), 3.2 (2018), 2.9 (2019), 2.7 (2020), 2.9 (2021)
  - Low-Income Developing Countries: –1.8 (2012), –2.0 (2013), –2.0 (2014), –3.8 (2015), –2.3 (2016), –2.0 (2017), –2.5 (2018), –3.0 (2019), –4.3 (2020), –3.4 (2021)
  - Middle East and North Africa: 13.5 (2012), 10.6 (2013), 6.0 (2014), –4.3 (2015), –4.2 (2016), –0.2 (2017), 3.6 (2018), 1.0 (2019), –6.0 (2020), –4.8 (2021)

### Advanced Economies — Country-Level Current Account Balances (Percent of GDP)
- Aggregate Advanced Economies: 0.1 (2012), 0.5 (2013), 0.5 (2014), 0.7 (2015), 0.8 (2016), 0.8 (2017), 0.7 (2018), 0.7 (2019), 0.1 (2020), 0.1 (2021)
- Selected economies (percent of GDP by year):
  - United States: –2.6, –2.1, –2.1, –2.2, –2.3, –2.3, –2.4, –2.3, –2.6, –2.8
  - Euro Area 1/: 1.0, 2.1, 2.4, 2.8, 3.3, 3.1, 3.1, 2.7, 2.6, 2.7
  - Germany: 7.1, 6.6, 7.2, 8.6, 8.5, 7.8, 7.4, 7.1, 6.6, 6.7
  - France: –1.0, –0.5, –1.0, –0.4, –0.5, –0.7, –0.6, –0.8, –0.7, –0.6
  - Italy: –0.2, 1.1, 1.9, 1.4, 2.6, 2.6, 2.5, 3.0, 3.1, 3.0
  - Spain: 0.1, 2.0, 1.7, 2.0, 3.2, 2.7, 1.9, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4
  - Japan: 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 3.1, 4.0, 4.1, 3.5, 3.6, 1.7, 1.9
  - United Kingdom: –3.4, –4.8, –4.7, –4.9, –5.2, –3.5, –3.9, –3.8, –4.4, –4.5
  - Canada: –3.5, –3.1, –2.3, –3.5, –3.1, –2.8, –2.5, –2.0, –3.7, –2.3
  - Other notable advanced economies with values:
    - Netherlands: 10.2, 9.8, 8.2, 6.3, 8.1, 10.8, 10.9, 10.9, 9.0, 9.4
    - Ireland: –3.4, 1.6, 1.1, 4.4, –4.2, 0.5, 10.6, –9.5, 6.3, 5.3
    - Switzerland: 10.7, 11.6, 8.6, 11.3, 9.9, 6.4, 8.2, 12.2, 7.2, 8.8
    - Korea: 3.8, 5.6, 5.6, 7.2, 6.5, 4.6, 4.5, 3.7, 4.9, 4.8
    - Taiwan Province of China: 8.7, 9.7, 11.3, 13.6, 13.1, 14.1, 11.6, 10.5, 8.2, 8.3
    - Singapore: 17.6, 15.7, 18.0, 18.7, 17.6, 16.3, 17.2, 17.0, 14.8, 15.7
    - Macao SAR: 39.3, 40.2, 34.2, 25.3, 28.1, 32.3, 34.6, 34.8, 13.1, 30.0
    - Norway: 12.6, 10.3, 10.8, 8.0, 4.5, 4.6, 7.1, 4.0, –1.3, 0.1
    - Australia: –4.3, –3.4, –3.1, –4.6, –3.3, –2.6, –2.1, 0.5, –0.6, –1.8
    - United Kingdom excluded from EU group beginning with the April 2020 WEO (see note 2/)

- Memorandum:
  - Major Advanced Economies: –0.9 (2012), –0.7 (2013), –0.6 (2014), –0.5 (2015), –0.2 (2016), –0.2 (2017), –0.4 (2018), –0.4 (2019), –0.9 (2020), –0.9 (2021)
  - Euro Area 2/: 2.3 (2012), 2.9 (2013), 3.0 (2014), 3.4 (2015), 3.6 (2016), 3.6 (2017), 3.6 (2018), 3.1 (2019), 3.1 (2020), 3.3 (2021)

- Notes:
  - 1/ Data corrected for reporting discrepancies in intra-area transactions.
  - 2/ Euro area data calculated as the sum of balances of individual euro area countries.

### Emerging Market and Developing Economies — Country-Level Balances (Percent of GDP)
- Aggregate Emerging and Developing Asia: 0.9 (2012), 0.7 (2013), 1.5 (2014), 2.0 (2015), 1.4 (2016), 0.9 (2017), –0.1 (2018), 0.6 (2019), 0.1 (2020), 0.5 (2021)

- Selected Emerging and Developing Asia country values (percent of GDP by year):
  - China: 2.5, 1.5, 2.2, 2.7, 1.8, 1.6, 0.4, 1.0, 0.5, 1.0
  - India: –4.8, –1.7, –1.3, –1.0, –0.6, –1.8, –2.1, –1.1, –0.6, –1.4
  - Indonesia: –2.7, –3.2, –3.1, –2.0, –1.8, –1.6, –2.9, –2.7, –3.2, –2.7
  - Thailand: –1.2, –2.1, 2.9, 6.9, 10.5, 9.6, 5.6, 6.9, 5.2, 5.6
  - Vietnam: 4.7, 3.6, 3.7, –0.9, 0.2, –0.6, 1.9, 4.0, 0.7, 1.0
  - Timor-Leste: 230.7, 171.4, 75.6, 12.8, –32.9, –17.7, –12.2, 8.2, –28.1, –37.3

- Emerging and Developing Europe aggregate: –0.6 (2012), –1.2 (2013), –0.2 (2014), 1.1 (2015), –0.2 (2016), –0.4 (2017), 1.7 (2018), 1.4 (2019), –0.4 (2020), –0.5 (2021)

- Latin America and the Caribbean country highlights:
  - Brazil: –3.4, –3.2, –4.1, –3.0, –1.3, –0.7, –2.2, –2.7, –1.8, –2.3
  - Mexico: –1.6, –2.5, –1.9, –2.6, –2.3, –1.8, –1.9, –0.2, –0.3, –0.4
  - Argentina 1/: –0.4, –2.1, –1.6, –2.7, –2.7, –4.8, –5.2, –0.8, . . . , . . .  (see country-specific notes)
  - Venezuela: 0.7, 1.8, 2.4, –5.0, –1.4, 6.1, 8.8, 9.8, 2.4, 3.4

- Middle East and Central Asia country highlights:
  - Saudi Arabia: 22.4, 18.1, 9.8, –8.7, –3.7, 1.5, 9.0, 6.3, –3.1, –3.4
  - United Arab Emirates: 19.7, 19.0, 13.5, 4.9, 3.7, 7.3, 10.0, 7.4, 1.5, 4.1
  - Kuwait: 45.5, 40.3, 33.4, 3.5, –4.6, 8.0, 14.5, 8.9, –10.2, –7.8
  - Iran: 6.0, 6.7, 3.2, 0.3, 4.0, 3.8, 2.1, –0.1, –4.1, –3.4
  - Iraq: 5.1, 1.1, 2.6, –6.5, –8.3, 1.8, 6.9, –1.2, –21.7, –14.1
  - Qatar: 33.2, 30.4, 24.0, 8.5, –5.5, 3.8, 8.7, 2.4, –1.9, –1.8

- Sub-Saharan Africa aggregate: –1.6 (2012), –2.1 (2013), –3.5 (2014), –5.8 (2015), –3.8 (2016), –2.2 (2017), –2.5 (2018), –4.0 (2019), –4.7 (2020), –4.2 (2021)

- Selected Sub-Saharan Africa country values:
  - South Africa: –5.1, –5.8, –5.1, –4.6, –2.9, –2.5, –3.5, –3.0, 0.2, –1.3
  - Nigeria: 3.8, 3.7, 0.2, –3.1, 0.7, 2.8, 1.3, –3.8, –3.3, –2.5
  - Mozambique: –41.8, –40.5, –36.5, –37.4, –35.6, –19.1, –30.9, –42.2, –68.8, –74.0
  - Ethiopia: –7.1, –6.1, –6.6, –11.7, –9.4, –8.5, –6.5, –5.3, –5.3, –4.6
  - Eritrea: 12.9, 2.3, 17.3, 20.8, 15.3, 24.0, 19.0, 12.1, 10.2, 9.4
  - Malawi: –9.2, –8.4, –8.2, –17.2, –18.5, –25.6, –20.5, –17.2, –17.9, –17.9

- Notes:
  - 1/ See country-specific notes for Argentina, Belarus, Lebanon, Libya, Ukraine, and Zimbabwe in the “Country Notes” section of the Statistical Appendix.
  - 2/ Data for 2011 exclude South Sudan after July 9. Data for 2012 and onward pertain to the current Sudan.
  - 3/ Data for Syria are excluded for 2011 onward owing to the uncertain political situation.

### Key Observations and Patterns (from the tables)
- Large positive current account balances concentrated in selected fuel exporters and small advanced economies:
  - Macao SAR: 39.3 (2012) and high values thereafter up to 40.2 (2013), 34.2 (2014), with a projected 30.0 (2021)
  - Singapore and Taiwan Province of China show consistently large surpluses: Singapore 17.6 (2012) to 15.7 (2021); Taiwan 8.7 (2012) to 8.3 (2021)
  - Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and other oil exporters show very large swings and high surplus levels in earlier years (e.g., Kuwait 45.5 in 2012; Qatar 33.2 in 2012)

- Significant deficits and volatility in many emerging and low-income economies:
  - Timor-Leste shows extreme volatility and very large values: 230.7 (2012) to –37.3 (2021)
  - Mozambique displays very large negative balances and deterioration over the projection period: –41.8 (2012) to –74.0 (2021)
  - Several small island and low-income countries show deep negative balances (e.g., Maldives, Samoa, Solomon Islands, many Caribbean economies)

- Regional aggregates reflect the global shift from small positive world balance to negative in projections:
  - World: 0.5 (2012–2014), declines to –0.4 (2020) and –0.2 (2021)
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies shift from positive in early years to negative in projection period (–0.9 in 2020, –0.6 in 2021)

*Source: statsappendixa - Section 3 (Statistical Appendix tables A7–A9).*

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_Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/weo/2020/april/english/statsappendixa.pdf_