## statsappendixb

## Source details

**Canonical URL:** [statsappendixb](https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/weo/2020/april/english/statsappendixb.pdf)

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---

### Advanced Economies — Unemployment and Real GDP per Capita (Table B1)
- Unemployment rates (Selected aggregates and major economies)
  - Advanced Economies (Averages 2002–11; 2012–21): Unemployment Rate averages: 6.7; 6.7.
  - Advanced Economies annual rates 2012–2021: 2012: 8.0; 2013: 7.9; 2014: 7.3; 2015: 6.7; 2016: 6.2; 2017: 5.6; 2018: 5.1; 2019: 4.8; 2020: 8.3; 2021: 7.2
  - United States (Averages 6.5; 6.3). Annual: 2012: 8.1; 2013: 7.4; 2014: 6.2; 2015: 5.3; 2016: 4.9; 2017: 4.3; 2018: 3.9; 2019: 3.7; 2020: 10.4; 2021: 9.1
  - Euro Area (Averages 9.0; 10.0). Annual: 2012: 11.4; 2013: 12.0; 2014: 11.6; 2015: 10.9; 2016: 10.0; 2017: 9.1; 2018: 8.2; 2019: 7.6; 2020: 10.4; 2021: 8.9
  - Selected countries (annual unemployment rates 2012–2021):  
    - Germany: 2012: 5.4; 2013: 5.2; 2014: 5.0; 2015: 4.6; 2016: 4.2; 2017: 3.8; 2018: 3.4; 2019: 3.2; 2020: 3.9; 2021: 3.5  
    - Spain: 2012: 24.8; 2013: 26.1; 2014: 24.4; 2015: 22.1; 2016: 19.6; 2017: 17.2; 2018: 15.3; 2019: 14.1; 2020: 20.8; 2021: 17.5  
    - Japan: 2012: 4.3; 2013: 4.0; 2014: 3.6; 2015: 3.4; 2016: 3.1; 2017: 2.8; 2018: 2.4; 2019: 2.4; 2020: 3.0; 2021: 2.3  
    - United Kingdom: 2012: 8.0; 2013: 7.6; 2014: 6.2; 2015: 5.4; 2016: 4.9; 2017: 4.4; 2018: 4.1; 2019: 3.8; 2020: 4.8; 2021: 4.4

- Growth in real per capita output (Selected aggregates and major economies)
  - Advanced Economies (Averages 2002–11; 2012–21): Growth in Real per Capita Output: 1.1; 0.9.
  - Advanced Economies annual growth 2012–2021: 2012: 0.7; 2013: 0.9; 2014: 1.6; 2015: 1.8; 2016: 1.2; 2017: 2.1; 2018: 1.8; 2019: 1.3; 2020: –6.5; 2021: 4.1
  - United States (Averages 0.9; 1.1). Annual: 2012: 1.5; 2013: 1.2; 2014: 1.8; 2015: 2.2; 2016: 0.9; 2017: 1.7; 2018: 2.4; 2019: 1.8; 2020: –6.4; 2021: 4.1
  - Euro Area (sum of individual countries) (Averages 0.7; 0.5). Annual: 2012: –1.2; 2013: –0.5; 2014: 1.2; 2015: 1.8; 2016: 1.7; 2017: 2.4; 2018: 1.8; 2019: 1.1; 2020: –7.7; 2021: 4.6
  - Selected countries (annual growth 2012–2021):  
    - Germany: 2012: 0.2; 2013: 0.2; 2014: 1.8; 2015: 0.9; 2016: 1.4; 2017: 2.1; 2018: 1.2; 2019: 0.3; 2020: –7.0; 2021: 5.2  
    - Spain: 2012: –3.0; 2013: –1.1; 2014: 1.7; 2015: 3.9; 2016: 3.1; 2017: 2.9; 2018: 2.3; 2019: 1.9; 2020: –8.4; 2021: 3.8  
    - Japan: 2012: 1.7; 2013: 2.2; 2014: 0.5; 2015: 1.3; 2016: 0.5; 2017: 2.3; 2018: 0.5; 2019: 0.9; 2020: –4.8; 2021: 3.4  
    - United Kingdom: 2012: 0.8; 2013: 1.5; 2014: 1.8; 2015: 1.5; 2016: 1.1; 2017: 1.3; 2018: 0.7; 2019: 0.8; 2020: –7.0; 2021: 3.5

### Advanced Economies — General Government Net Lending/Borrowing (Table B4)
- Advanced Economies aggregate (annual net lending/borrowing 2012–2021): 2012: –5.5; 2013: –3.7; 2014: –3.1; 2015: –2.6; 2016: –2.6; 2017: –2.3; 2018: –2.6; 2019: –3.0; 2020: –10.6; 2021: –5.4
- Major economies (annual net lending/borrowing 2012–2021):  
  - United States: 2012: –8.0; 2013: –4.6; 2014: –4.0; 2015: –3.6; 2016: –4.3; 2017: –4.5; 2018: –5.7; 2019: –5.8; 2020: –15.4; 2021: –8.6  
  - Euro Area: 2012: –3.7; 2013: –3.0; 2014: –2.5; 2015: –2.0; 2016: –1.4; 2017: –0.9; 2018: –0.5; 2019: –0.7; 2020: –7.5; 2021: –3.6  
  - Japan: 2012: –8.6; 2013: –7.9; 2014: –5.6; 2015: –3.8; 2016: –3.7; 2017: –3.1; 2018: –2.4; 2019: –2.8; 2020: –7.1; 2021: –2.1  
  - United Kingdom: 2012: –7.6; 2013: –5.5; 2014: –5.6; 2015: –4.6; 2016: –3.3; 2017: –2.5; 2018: –2.2; 2019: –2.1; 2020: –8.3; 2021: –5.5
- Selected European economies (annual):  
  - Germany: 2012: 0.0; 2013: 0.0; 2014: 0.6; 2015: 0.9; 2016: 1.2; 2017: 1.2; 2018: 1.9; 2019: 1.4; 2020: –5.5; 2021: –1.2  
  - Spain: 2012: –10.7; 2013: –7.0; 2014: –5.9; 2015: –5.2; 2016: –4.3; 2017: –3.0; 2018: –2.5; 2019: –2.6; 2020: –9.5; 2021: –6.7  
  - France: 2012: –5.0; 2013: –4.1; 2014: –3.9; 2015: –3.6; 2016: –3.5; 2017: –2.8; 2018: –2.3; 2019: –3.0; 2020: –9.2; 2021: –6.2  
  - Ireland: 2012: –8.1; 2013: –6.2; 2014: –3.7; 2015: –2.0; 2016: –0.7; 2017: –0.3; 2018: 0.1; 2019: 0.3; 2020: –5.2; 2021: –0.8
- Memorandum — Major Advanced Economies (annual): 2012: –6.5; 2013: –4.3; 2014: –3.6; 2015: –3.0; 2016: –3.3; 2017: –3.2; 2018: –3.6; 2019: –3.8; 2020: –12.0; 2021: –6.2

### Emerging Market and Developing Economies — Real GDP (Table B2)
- Aggregate growth rates (Annual percent change)
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies (Average 2002–11; 2012): 6.5; 5.3.
  - Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 5.3; 2013: 5.1; 2014: 4.7; 2015: 4.3; 2016: 4.6; 2017: 4.8; 2018: 4.5; 2019: 3.7; 2020: –1.0; 2021: 6.6

- Regional groups (Annual percent change)
  - Emerging and Developing Asia (Averages 8.6; 7.0). Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 6.9; 2013: 6.8; 2014: 6.8; 2015: 6.8; 2016: 6.7; 2017: 6.3; 2018: 5.5; 2019: 1.0; 2020: 1.0; 2021: 8.5
  - Emerging and Developing Europe (Averages 4.8; 3.0). Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 3.1; 2013: 1.9; 2014: 0.9; 2015: 1.8; 2016: 4.0; 2017: 3.2; 2018: 2.1; 2019: –5.2; 2020: –5.2; 2021: 4.2
  - Latin America and the Caribbean (Averages 3.6; 2.9). Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 2.9; 2013: 1.3; 2014: 0.3; 2015: –0.6; 2016: 1.3; 2017: 1.1; 2018: 0.1; 2019: –5.2; 2020: –5.2; 2021: 3.4
  - Middle East and Central Asia (Averages 5.6; 4.9). Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 3.0; 2013: 3.1; 2014: 2.6; 2015: 5.0; 2016: 2.3; 2017: 1.8; 2018: 1.2; 2019: –2.8; 2020: –2.8; 2021: 4.0
  - Sub-Saharan Africa (Averages 5.9; 4.7). Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 5.2; 2013: 5.1; 2014: 3.2; 2015: 1.4; 2016: 3.0; 2017: 3.3; 2018: 3.1; 2019: –1.6; 2020: –1.6; 2021: 4.1

- Analytical groups (Selected)
  - Fuel economies (annual): 2012: 5.0; 2013: 2.6; 2014: 2.2; 2015: 0.4; 2016: 2.2; 2017: 0.9; 2018: 0.8; 2019: 0.0; 2020: –4.4; 2021: 3.9
  - Nonfuel economies (annual): 2012: 5.4; 2013: 5.7; 2014: 5.3; 2015: 5.2; 2016: 5.2; 2017: 5.7; 2018: 5.3; 2019: 4.4; 2020: –0.4; 2021: 7.1

- Output per capita (Memorandum)
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies (Averages 4.8; 3.6). Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 3.6; 2013: 3.2; 2014: 2.8; 2015: 3.1; 2016: 3.3; 2017: 3.2; 2018: 2.3; 2019: –2.4; 2020: –2.4; 2021: 5.3

### Emerging Market and Developing Economies — Consumer Prices (Table B3)
- Headline inflation (Annual percent change)
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies (Average 2002–11; 2012): 6.5; 5.8.
  - Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 5.5; 2013: 4.7; 2014: 4.7; 2015: 4.3; 2016: 4.3; 2017: 4.8; 2018: 5.0; 2019: 4.6; 2020: 4.5

- Regional groups (Annual percent change)
  - Emerging and Developing Asia (Averages 4.6; 4.6). Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 4.6; 2013: 3.4; 2014: 2.7; 2015: 2.8; 2016: 2.4; 2017: 2.6; 2018: 3.2; 2019: 3.0; 2020: 2.9
  - Emerging and Developing Europe (Averages 10.0; 6.2). Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 5.6; 2013: 6.5; 2014: 10.5; 2015: 5.5; 2016: 5.4; 2017: 6.1; 2018: 6.5; 2019: 5.1; 2020: 5.0
  - Latin America and the Caribbean (Averages 5.6; 4.6). Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 4.6; 2013: 4.9; 2014: 5.5; 2015: 5.6; 2016: 6.0; 2017: 6.2; 2018: 7.1; 2019: 6.2; 2020: 5.9
  - Middle East and Central Asia (Averages 7.7; 9.4). Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 8.8; 2013: 6.6; 2014: 5.5; 2015: 5.5; 2016: 6.7; 2017: 9.9; 2018: 8.5; 2019: 8.4; 2020: 8.7
  - Sub-Saharan Africa (Averages 9.3; 9.1). Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 6.5; 2013: 6.3; 2014: 6.9; 2015: 10.7; 2016: 10.7; 2017: 8.3; 2018: 8.4; 2019: 9.3; 2020: 7.6

- Analytical groups (Selected)
  - Fuel economies (annual): 2012: 8.0; 2013: 8.1; 2014: 6.5; 2015: 8.6; 2016: 7.1; 2017: 5.4; 2018: 7.0; 2019: 6.8; 2020: 6.6; 2021: 6.9
  - Nonfuel economies (annual): 2012: 5.3; 2013: 4.9; 2014: 4.2; 2015: 3.8; 2016: 3.7; 2017: 4.0; 2018: 4.3; 2019: 4.7; 2020: 4.3; 2021: 4.0

- Medians (Memorandum)
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies median (annual): 2002–11: 5.2; 2012: 4.6; 2013: 3.8; 2014: 3.1; 2015: 2.7; 2016: 2.7; 2017: 3.3; 2018: 2.9; 2019: 2.6; 2020: 3.0; 2021: 3.0

### Emerging Market and Developing Economies — General Government Net Lending/Borrowing (Table B5)
- Aggregates (annual net lending/borrowing 2012–2021)
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 2012: –1.0; 2013: –1.7; 2014: –2.5; 2015: –4.4; 2016: –4.7; 2017: –4.1; 2018: –3.7; 2019: –4.7; 2020: –8.9; 2021: –7.2

- Regional groups (annual)
  - Emerging and Developing Asia: 2012: –1.7; 2013: –1.9; 2014: –1.9; 2015: –3.3; 2016: –3.9; 2017: –3.9; 2018: –4.5; 2019: –5.9; 2020: –9.7; 2021: –8.4
  - Emerging and Developing Europe: 2012: –1.1; 2013: –1.9; 2014: –1.8; 2015: –2.5; 2016: –2.7; 2017: –1.6; 2018: 0.2; 2019: –0.8; 2020: –6.0; 2021: –4.1
  - Latin America and the Caribbean: 2012: –2.8; 2013: –3.2; 2014: –4.9; 2015: –6.5; 2016: –5.9; 2017: –5.2; 2018: –5.1; 2019: –4.0; 2020: –6.6; 2021: –4.0
  - Middle East and Central Asia: 2012: 4.5; 2013: 2.4; 2014: –1.6; 2015: –8.1; 2016: –8.9; 2017: –5.3; 2018: –2.1; 2019: –3.4; 2020: –10.1; 2021: –7.8
  - Sub-Saharan Africa: 2012: –1.7; 2013: –3.0; 2014: –3.6; 2015: –4.2; 2016: –4.4; 2017: –4.5; 2018: –3.6; 2019: –4.3; 2020: –7.0; 2021: –6.0

- Analytical groups (Selected)
  - Fuel economies (annual): 2012: 3.4; 2013: 1.5; 2014: –1.4; 2015: –6.7; 2016: –7.6; 2017: –4.3; 2018: –0.4; 2019: –1.2; 2020: –8.4; 2021: –6.2
  - Nonfuel economies (annual): 2012: –2.3; 2013: –2.5; 2014: –2.8; 2015: –4.0; 2016: –4.2; 2017: –4.0; 2018: –4.4; 2019: –5.3; 2020: –9.0; 2021: –7.4

- Median (Memorandum)
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies median (annual): 2012: –2.3; 2013: –2.9; 2014: –3.1; 2015: –3.4; 2016: –3.3; 2017: –2.8; 2018: –2.5; 2019: –2.3; 2020: –5.8; 2021: –3.9

### Regional fiscal trajectories and notable country values (Section 2 / Table B6 excerpt)
- Emerging and Developing Asia — regional net lending/borrowing (Percent of GDP): –1.7 (2012); –1.9 (2013); –1.9 (2014); –3.3 (2015); –3.9 (2016); –3.9 (2017); –4.5 (2018); –5.9 (2019); –9.7 (2020); –8.4 (2021).
  - China: –0.3 (2012); –0.8 (2013); –0.9 (2014); –2.8 (2015); –3.7 (2016); –3.8 (2017); –4.7 (2018); –6.4 (2019); –11.2 (2020); –9.6 (2021).
  - India: –7.5 (2012); –7.0 (2013); –7.1 (2014); –7.2 (2015); –7.1 (2016); –6.4 (2017); –6.3 (2018); –7.4 (2019); –7.4 (2020); –7.3 (2021).
  - Brunei Darussalam: 15.8 (2012); 13.0 (2013); 3.6 (2014); –14.5 (2015); –21.7 (2016); –10.6 (2017); –3.6 (2018); –10.5 (2019); –26.6 (2020); –21.6 (2021).

- Emerging and Developing Europe — regional net lending/borrowing: –1.1 (2012); –1.9 (2013); –1.8 (2014); –2.5 (2015); –2.7 (2016); –1.6 (2017); 0.2 (2018); –0.8 (2019); –6.0 (2020); –4.1 (2021).
  - Poland: –3.7 (2012); –4.2 (2013); –3.6 (2014); –2.6 (2015); –2.4 (2016); –1.5 (2017); –0.2 (2018); –0.7 (2019); –6.7 (2020); –3.5 (2021).
  - Russia: 0.4 (2012); –1.2 (2013); –1.1 (2014); –3.4 (2015); –3.7 (2016); –1.5 (2017); 2.9 (2018); 1.9 (2019); –4.8 (2020); –3.0 (2021).
  - Croatia: –5.4 (2012); –5.3 (2013); –5.3 (2014); –3.3 (2015); –1.0 (2016); 0.8 (2017); 0.2 (2018); 0.0 (2019); –6.5 (2020); –2.6 (2021).
  - Turkey: –1.8 (2012); –1.5 (2013); –1.4 (2014); –1.3 (2015); –2.4 (2016); –2.2 (2017); –3.7 (2018); –5.3 (2019); –7.5 (2020); –6.7 (2021).

- Latin America and the Caribbean — regional net lending/borrowing: –2.8 (2012); –3.2 (2013); –4.9 (2014); –6.5 (2015); –5.9 (2016); –5.2 (2017); –5.1 (2018); –4.0 (2019); –6.6 (2020); –4.0 (2021).
  - Brazil: –2.5 (2012); –3.0 (2013); –6.0 (2014); –10.3 (2015); –9.0 (2016); –7.9 (2017); –7.2 (2018); –6.0 (2019); –9.3 (2020); –6.1 (2021).
  - Argentina: –3.0 (2012); –3.3 (2013); –4.3 (2014); –6.0 (2015); –6.7 (2016); –6.7 (2017); –5.5 (2018); –3.9 (2019); .  . (2020); .  . (2021).
  - Chile: 0.7 (2012); –0.5 (2013); –1.5 (2014); –2.1 (2015); –2.6 (2016); –2.6 (2017); –1.5 (2018); –2.6 (2019); –6.3 (2020); –3.5 (2021).
  - Venezuela: –10.4 (2012); –11.3 (2013); –15.6 (2014); –10.7 (2015); –10.8 (2016); –16.6 (2017); –31.3 (2018); –10.0 (2019); .  . (2020); .  . (2021).

- Middle East and Central Asia — regional net lending/borrowing: 4.5 (2012); 2.4 (2013); –1.6 (2014); –8.1 (2015); –8.9 (2016); –5.3 (2017); –2.1 (2018); –3.4 (2019); –10.1 (2020); –7.8 (2021).
  - Saudi Arabia: 11.9 (2012); 5.6 (2013); –3.5 (2014); –15.8 (2015); –17.2 (2016); –9.2 (2017); –5.9 (2018); –4.5 (2019); –12.6 (2020); –9.0 (2021).
  - Kuwait: 32.4 (2012); 34.1 (2013); 22.4 (2014); 5.6 (2015); 0.3 (2016); 6.3 (2017); 9.0 (2018); 4.8 (2019); –11.3 (2020); –14.1 (2021).
  - Iraq: 4.1 (2012); –6.1 (2013); –5.6 (2014); –12.8 (2015); –13.9 (2016); –1.6 (2017); 7.9 (2018); –0.8 (2019); –22.3 (2020); –14.7 (2021).
  - Libya: 28.6 (2012); –5.1 (2013); –73.8 (2014); –130.8 (2015); –113.2 (2016); –43.5 (2017); –0.2 (2018); 8.8 (2019); –7.2 (2020); –19.1 (2021).

- Sub-Saharan Africa — regional net lending/borrowing: –1.7 (2012); –3.0 (2013); –3.6 (2014); –4.2 (2015); –4.4 (2016); –4.5 (2017); –3.6 (2018); –4.3 (2019); –7.0 (2020); –6.0 (2021).
  - South Africa: –4.4 (2012); –4.3 (2013); –4.3 (2014); –4.8 (2015); –4.1 (2016); –4.4 (2017); –4.1 (2018); –6.3 (2019); –13.3 (2020); –12.7 (2021).
  - Nigeria: 0.2 (2012); –2.3 (2013); –2.1 (2014); –3.2 (2015); –4.0 (2016); –5.4 (2017); –4.3 (2018); –5.0 (2019); –6.4 (2020); –5.8 (2021).
  - Angola: 4.1 (2012); –0.3 (2013); –5.7 (2014); –2.9 (2015); –4.5 (2016); –6.3 (2017); 2.2 (2018); 0.7 (2019); –6.0 (2020); –2.5 (2021).
  - Kenya: –5.0 (2012); –5.7 (2013); –7.4 (2014); –8.1 (2015); –8.5 (2016); –7.9 (2017); –7.4 (2018); –7.8 (2019); –7.7 (2020); –6.9 (2021).

- Notes and caveats
  - For some countries, the general government series are the same as those for the central government level; Table G lists government finance subsectors coverage for each country.
  - Country-specific notes apply for: Argentina, Belarus, Ecuador, Lebanon, Libya, Ukraine, and Uruguay.
  - Venezuela: methodology changed starting in 2010; see country-specific note.
  - Sudan: data for 2011 exclude South Sudan after July 9; data for 2012 onward pertain to the current Sudan.
  - Syria: data excluded for 2011 onward owing to the uncertain political situation.

*Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/weo/2020/april/english/statsappendixb.pdf*

### Section 1

### Table B1. Advanced Economies: Unemployment and Real GDP per Capita

### Unemployment rates (Selected aggregates and major economies)
- Advanced Economies (Averages 2002–11; 2012–21): Unemployment Rate averages: 6.7; 6.7. Annual rates 2012–2021: 2012: 8.0; 2013: 7.9; 2014: 7.3; 2015: 6.7; 2016: 6.2; 2017: 5.6; 2018: 5.1; 2019: 4.8; 2020: 8.3; 2021: 7.2
- United States: Averages 6.5; 6.3. Annual: 2012: 8.1; 2013: 7.4; 2014: 6.2; 2015: 5.3; 2016: 4.9; 2017: 4.3; 2018: 3.9; 2019: 3.7; 2020: 10.4; 2021: 9.1
- Euro Area: Averages 9.0; 10.0. Annual: 2012: 11.4; 2013: 12.0; 2014: 11.6; 2015: 10.9; 2016: 10.0; 2017: 9.1; 2018: 8.2; 2019: 7.6; 2020: 10.4; 2021: 8.9
- Selected other economies (annual unemployment rates 2012–2021):  
  - Germany: 2012: 5.4; 2013: 5.2; 2014: 5.0; 2015: 4.6; 2016: 4.2; 2017: 3.8; 2018: 3.4; 2019: 3.2; 2020: 3.9; 2021: 3.5  
  - Spain: 2012: 24.8; 2013: 26.1; 2014: 24.4; 2015: 22.1; 2016: 19.6; 2017: 17.2; 2018: 15.3; 2019: 14.1; 2020: 20.8; 2021: 17.5  
  - Japan: 2012: 4.3; 2013: 4.0; 2014: 3.6; 2015: 3.4; 2016: 3.1; 2017: 2.8; 2018: 2.4; 2019: 2.4; 2020: 3.0; 2021: 2.3  
  - United Kingdom: 2012: 8.0; 2013: 7.6; 2014: 6.2; 2015: 5.4; 2016: 4.9; 2017: 4.4; 2018: 4.1; 2019: 3.8; 2020: 4.8; 2021: 4.4

### Growth in real per capita output (Selected aggregates and major economies)
- Advanced Economies (Averages 2002–11; 2012–21): Growth in Real per Capita Output: 1.1; 0.9. Annual growth 2012–2021: 2012: 0.7; 2013: 0.9; 2014: 1.6; 2015: 1.8; 2016: 1.2; 2017: 2.1; 2018: 1.8; 2019: 1.3; 2020: –6.5; 2021: 4.1
- United States: Averages 0.9; 1.1. Annual: 2012: 1.5; 2013: 1.2; 2014: 1.8; 2015: 2.2; 2016: 0.9; 2017: 1.7; 2018: 2.4; 2019: 1.8; 2020: –6.4; 2021: 4.1
- Euro Area (sum of individual countries): Averages 0.7; 0.5. Annual: 2012: –1.2; 2013: –0.5; 2014: 1.2; 2015: 1.8; 2016: 1.7; 2017: 2.4; 2018: 1.8; 2019: 1.1; 2020: –7.7; 2021: 4.6
- Selected other economies (annual growth 2012–2021):  
  - Germany: 2012: 0.2; 2013: 0.2; 2014: 1.8; 2015: 0.9; 2016: 1.4; 2017: 2.1; 2018: 1.2; 2019: 0.3; 2020: –7.0; 2021: 5.2  
  - Spain: 2012: –3.0; 2013: –1.1; 2014: 1.7; 2015: 3.9; 2016: 3.1; 2017: 2.9; 2018: 2.3; 2019: 1.9; 2020: –8.4; 2021: 3.8  
  - Japan: 2012: 1.7; 2013: 2.2; 2014: 0.5; 2015: 1.3; 2016: 0.5; 2017: 2.3; 2018: 0.5; 2019: 0.9; 2020: –4.8; 2021: 3.4  
  - United Kingdom: 2012: 0.8; 2013: 1.5; 2014: 1.8; 2015: 1.5; 2016: 1.1; 2017: 1.3; 2018: 0.7; 2019: 0.8; 2020: –7.0; 2021: 3.5

*Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/weo/2020/april/english/statsappendixb.pdf*

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### Table B2. Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Real GDP

### Aggregate growth rates (Annual percent change)
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies (Average 2002–11; 2012): 6.5; 5.3. Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 5.3; 2013: 5.1; 2014: 4.7; 2015: 4.3; 2016: 4.6; 2017: 4.8; 2018: 4.5; 2019: 3.7; 2020: –1.0; 2021: 6.6

### Regional groups (Annual percent change)
- Emerging and Developing Asia: Averages 8.6; 7.0. Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 6.9; 2013: 6.8; 2014: 6.8; 2015: 6.8; 2016: 6.7; 2017: 6.3; 2018: 5.5; 2019: 1.0; 2021: 8.5 (2020: 1.0)
- Emerging and Developing Europe: Averages 4.8; 3.0. Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 3.1; 2013: 1.9; 2014: 0.9; 2015: 1.8; 2016: 4.0; 2017: 3.2; 2018: 2.1; 2019: –5.2; 2021: 4.2 (2020: –5.2)
- Latin America and the Caribbean: Averages 3.6; 2.9. Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 2.9; 2013: 1.3; 2014: 0.3; 2015: –0.6; 2016: 1.3; 2017: 1.1; 2018: 0.1; 2019: –5.2; 2021: 3.4 (2020: –5.2)
- Middle East and Central Asia: Averages 5.6; 4.9. Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 3.0; 2013: 3.1; 2014: 2.6; 2015: 5.0; 2016: 2.3; 2017: 1.8; 2018: 1.2; 2019: –2.8; 2021: 4.0 (2020: –2.8)
- Sub-Saharan Africa: Averages 5.9; 4.7. Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 5.2; 2013: 5.1; 2014: 3.2; 2015: 1.4; 2016: 3.0; 2017: 3.3; 2018: 3.1; 2019: –1.6; 2021: 4.1 (2020: –1.6)

### Analytical groups (Selected)
- By source of export earnings: Fuel economies: 2012: 5.0; 2013: 2.6; 2014: 2.2; 2015: 0.4; 2016: 2.2; 2017: 0.9; 2018: 0.8; 2019: 0.0; 2020: –4.4; 2021: 3.9
- Nonfuel economies: 2012: 5.4; 2013: 5.7; 2014: 5.3; 2015: 5.2; 2016: 5.2; 2017: 5.7; 2018: 5.3; 2019: 4.4; 2020: –0.4; 2021: 7.1

### Output per capita (Memorandum)
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Averages 4.8; 3.6. Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 3.6; 2013: 3.2; 2014: 2.8; 2015: 3.1; 2016: 3.3; 2017: 3.2; 2018: 2.3; 2019: –2.4; 2021: 5.3 (2020: –2.4)

*Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/weo/2020/april/english/statsappendixb.pdf*

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### Table B3. Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Consumer Prices

### Headline inflation (Annual percent change)
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies (Average 2002–11; 2012): 6.5; 5.8. Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 5.5; 2013: 4.7; 2014: 4.7; 2015: 4.3; 2016: 4.3; 2017: 4.8; 2018: 5.0; 2019: 4.6; 2020: 4.5

### Regional groups (Annual percent change)
- Emerging and Developing Asia: Averages 4.6; 4.6. Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 4.6; 2013: 3.4; 2014: 2.7; 2015: 2.8; 2016: 2.4; 2017: 2.6; 2018: 3.2; 2019: 3.0; 2020: 2.9
- Emerging and Developing Europe: Averages 10.0; 6.2. Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 5.6; 2013: 6.5; 2014: 10.5; 2015: 5.5; 2016: 5.4; 2017: 6.1; 2018: 6.5; 2019: 5.1; 2020: 5.0
- Latin America and the Caribbean: Averages 5.6; 4.6. Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 4.6; 2013: 4.9; 2014: 5.5; 2015: 5.6; 2016: 6.0; 2017: 6.2; 2018: 7.1; 2019: 6.2; 2020: 5.9
- Middle East and Central Asia: Averages 7.7; 9.4. Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 8.8; 2013: 6.6; 2014: 5.5; 2015: 5.5; 2016: 6.7; 2017: 9.9; 2018: 8.5; 2019: 8.4; 2020: 8.7
- Sub-Saharan Africa: Averages 9.3; 9.1. Annual 2012–2021: 2012: 6.5; 2013: 6.3; 2014: 6.9; 2015: 10.7; 2016: 10.7; 2017: 8.3; 2018: 8.4; 2019: 9.3; 2020: 7.6

### Analytical groups (Selected)
- By source of export earnings: Fuel economies (annual): 2012: 8.0; 2013: 8.1; 2014: 6.5; 2015: 8.6; 2016: 7.1; 2017: 5.4; 2018: 7.0; 2019: 6.8; 2020: 6.6; 2021: 6.9
- Nonfuel economies (annual): 2012: 5.3; 2013: 4.9; 2014: 4.2; 2015: 3.8; 2016: 3.7; 2017: 4.0; 2018: 4.3; 2019: 4.7; 2020: 4.3; 2021: 4.0

### Medians (Memorandum)
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies median (annual): 2002–11: 5.2; 2012: 4.6; 2013: 3.8; 2014: 3.1; 2015: 2.7; 2016: 2.7; 2017: 3.3; 2018: 2.9; 2019: 2.6; 2020: 3.0; 2021: 3.0

*Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/weo/2020/april/english/statsappendixb.pdf*

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### Table B4. Advanced Economies: General Government Net Lending/Borrowing (Percent of GDP)

### Advanced economies aggregate (2012–2021)
- Advanced Economies (annual net lending/borrowing 2012–2021): 2012: –5.5; 2013: –3.7; 2014: –3.1; 2015: –2.6; 2016: –2.6; 2017: –2.3; 2018: –2.6; 2019: –3.0; 2020: –10.6; 2021: –5.4

### Major economies (annual net lending/borrowing 2012–2021)
- United States: 2012: –8.0; 2013: –4.6; 2014: –4.0; 2015: –3.6; 2016: –4.3; 2017: –4.5; 2018: –5.7; 2019: –5.8; 2020: –15.4; 2021: –8.6
- Euro Area: 2012: –3.7; 2013: –3.0; 2014: –2.5; 2015: –2.0; 2016: –1.4; 2017: –0.9; 2018: –0.5; 2019: –0.7; 2020: –7.5; 2021: –3.6
- Japan: 2012: –8.6; 2013: –7.9; 2014: –5.6; 2015: –3.8; 2016: –3.7; 2017: –3.1; 2018: –2.4; 2019: –2.8; 2020: –7.1; 2021: –2.1
- United Kingdom: 2012: –7.6; 2013: –5.5; 2014: –5.6; 2015: –4.6; 2016: –3.3; 2017: –2.5; 2018: –2.2; 2019: –2.1; 2020: –8.3; 2021: –5.5

### Selected European economies (annual)
- Germany: 2012: 0.0; 2013: 0.0; 2014: 0.6; 2015: 0.9; 2016: 1.2; 2017: 1.2; 2018: 1.9; 2019: 1.4; 2020: –5.5; 2021: –1.2
- Spain: 2012: –10.7; 2013: –7.0; 2014: –5.9; 2015: –5.2; 2016: –4.3; 2017: –3.0; 2018: –2.5; 2019: –2.6; 2020: –9.5; 2021: –6.7
- France: 2012: –5.0; 2013: –4.1; 2014: –3.9; 2015: –3.6; 2016: –3.5; 2017: –2.8; 2018: –2.3; 2019: –3.0; 2020: –9.2; 2021: –6.2
- Ireland (general government balances reflecting banking sector support where noted): 2012: –8.1; 2013: –6.2; 2014: –3.7; 2015: –2.0; 2016: –0.7; 2017: –0.3; 2018: 0.1; 2019: 0.3; 2020: –5.2; 2021: –0.8

### Memorandum
- Major Advanced Economies (annual): 2012: –6.5; 2013: –4.3; 2014: –3.6; 2015: –3.0; 2016: –3.3; 2017: –3.2; 2018: –3.6; 2019: –3.8; 2020: –12.0; 2021: –6.2

*Notes excerpted in table: national definitions and methodological footnotes apply as listed in source.*

*Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/weo/2020/april/english/statsappendixb.pdf*

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### Table B5. Emerging Market and Developing Economies: General Government Net Lending/Borrowing (Percent of GDP)

### Aggregates (annual net lending/borrowing 2012–2021)
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 2012: –1.0; 2013: –1.7; 2014: –2.5; 2015: –4.4; 2016: –4.7; 2017: –4.1; 2018: –3.7; 2019: –4.7; 2020: –8.9; 2021: –7.2

### Regional groups (annual)
- Emerging and Developing Asia: 2012: –1.7; 2013: –1.9; 2014: –1.9; 2015: –3.3; 2016: –3.9; 2017: –3.9; 2018: –4.5; 2019: –5.9; 2020: –9.7; 2021: –8.4
- Emerging and Developing Europe: 2012: –1.1; 2013: –1.9; 2014: –1.8; 2015: –2.5; 2016: –2.7; 2017: –1.6; 2018: 0.2; 2019: –0.8; 2020: –6.0; 2021: –4.1
- Latin America and the Caribbean: 2012: –2.8; 2013: –3.2; 2014: –4.9; 2015: –6.5; 2016: –5.9; 2017: –5.2; 2018: –5.1; 2019: –4.0; 2020: –6.6; 2021: –4.0
- Middle East and Central Asia: 2012: 4.5; 2013: 2.4; 2014: –1.6; 2015: –8.1; 2016: –8.9; 2017: –5.3; 2018: –2.1; 2019: –3.4; 2020: –10.1; 2021: –7.8
- Sub-Saharan Africa: 2012: –1.7; 2013: –3.0; 2014: –3.6; 2015: –4.2; 2016: –4.4; 2017: –4.5; 2018: –3.6; 2019: –4.3; 2020: –7.0; 2021: –6.0

### Analytical groups (Selected)
- By source of export earnings (annual): Fuel economies: 2012: 3.4; 2013: 1.5; 2014: –1.4; 2015: –6.7; 2016: –7.6; 2017: –4.3; 2018: –0.4; 2019: –1.2; 2020: –8.4; 2021: –6.2
- Nonfuel economies: 2012: –2.3; 2013: –2.5; 2014: –2.8; 2015: –4.0; 2016: –4.2; 2017: –4.0; 2018: –4.4; 2019: –5.3; 2020: –9.0; 2021: –7.4

### Median (Memorandum)
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies median (annual): 2012: –2.3; 2013: –2.9; 2014: –3.1; 2015: –3.4; 2016: –3.3; 2017: –2.8; 2018: –2.5; 2019: –2.3; 2020: –5.8; 2021: –3.9

*Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/weo/2020/april/english/statsappendixb.pdf*

### Section 2

### statsappendixb - Section 2

### Emerging and Developing Asia — regional trajectory and notable country values
- Regional aggregate (Emerging and Developing Asia) general government net lending/borrowing (Percent of GDP): –1.7 (2012), –1.9 (2013), –1.9 (2014), –3.3 (2015), –3.9 (2016), –3.9 (2017), –4.5 (2018), –5.9 (2019), –9.7 (2020), –8.4 (2021).
- Selected notable country figures (Percent of GDP):
  - China: –0.3 (2012), –0.8 (2013), –0.9 (2014), –2.8 (2015), –3.7 (2016), –3.8 (2017), –4.7 (2018), –6.4 (2019), –11.2 (2020), –9.6 (2021).
  - India: –7.5 (2012), –7.0 (2013), –7.1 (2014), –7.2 (2015), –7.1 (2016), –6.4 (2017), –6.3 (2018), –7.4 (2019), –7.4 (2020), –7.3 (2021).
  - Brunei Darussalam (large swings): 15.8 (2012), 13.0 (2013), 3.6 (2014), –14.5 (2015), –21.7 (2016), –10.6 (2017), –3.6 (2018), –10.5 (2019), –26.6 (2020), –21.6 (2021).
  - China and India show widening deficits into 2020 with partial improvement in 2021; Brunei Darussalam exhibits very large volatility and deep deficits in 2020–2021.

### Emerging and Developing Europe — regional trajectory and notable country values
- Regional aggregate (Emerging and Developing Europe): –1.1 (2012), –1.9 (2013), –1.8 (2014), –2.5 (2015), –2.7 (2016), –1.6 (2017), 0.2 (2018), –0.8 (2019), –6.0 (2020), –4.1 (2021).
- Selected notable country figures (Percent of GDP):
  - Poland: –3.7 (2012), –4.2 (2013), –3.6 (2014), –2.6 (2015), –2.4 (2016), –1.5 (2017), –0.2 (2018), –0.7 (2019), –6.7 (2020), –3.5 (2021).
  - Russia: 0.4 (2012), –1.2 (2013), –1.1 (2014), –3.4 (2015), –3.7 (2016), –1.5 (2017), 2.9 (2018), 1.9 (2019), –4.8 (2020), –3.0 (2021).
  - Croatia: –5.4 (2012), –5.3 (2013), –5.3 (2014), –3.3 (2015), –1.0 (2016), 0.8 (2017), 0.2 (2018), 0.0 (2019), –6.5 (2020), –2.6 (2021).
  - Turkey: –1.8 (2012), –1.5 (2013), –1.4 (2014), –1.3 (2015), –2.4 (2016), –2.2 (2017), –3.7 (2018), –5.3 (2019), –7.5 (2020), –6.7 (2021).
- Several countries in the region move from small surpluses or modest deficits in 2019 to significantly larger deficits in 2020 with partial narrowing in 2021.

### Latin America and the Caribbean — regional trajectory and notable country values
- Regional aggregate (Latin America and the Caribbean): –2.8 (2012), –3.2 (2013), –4.9 (2014), –6.5 (2015), –5.9 (2016), –5.2 (2017), –5.1 (2018), –4.0 (2019), –6.6 (2020), –4.0 (2021).
- Selected notable country figures (Percent of GDP):
  - Brazil: –2.5 (2012), –3.0 (2013), –6.0 (2014), –10.3 (2015), –9.0 (2016), –7.9 (2017), –7.2 (2018), –6.0 (2019), –9.3 (2020), –6.1 (2021).
  - Argentina (note: country-specific notes apply): –3.0 (2012), –3.3 (2013), –4.3 (2014), –6.0 (2015), –6.7 (2016), –6.7 (2017), –5.5 (2018), –3.9 (2019), .  . (2020), .  . (2021).
  - Chile: 0.7 (2012), –0.5 (2013), –1.5 (2014), –2.1 (2015), –2.6 (2016), –2.6 (2017), –1.5 (2018), –2.6 (2019), –6.3 (2020), –3.5 (2021).
  - Venezuela (methodology change starting 2010; country-specific note): –10.4 (2012), –11.3 (2013), –15.6 (2014), –10.7 (2015), –10.8 (2016), –16.6 (2017), –31.3 (2018), –10.0 (2019), .  . (2020), .  . (2021).
- The region shows large deficits overall, with Brazil and Chile moving toward larger deficits in 2020 and partial improvement in 2021; several countries carry country-specific notes and methodological caveats.

### Middle East and Central Asia — regional trajectory and notable country values
- Regional aggregate (Middle East and Central Asia): 4.5 (2012), 2.4 (2013), –1.6 (2014), –8.1 (2015), –8.9 (2016), –5.3 (2017), –2.1 (2018), –3.4 (2019), –10.1 (2020), –7.8 (2021).
- Selected notable country figures (Percent of GDP):
  - Saudi Arabia: 11.9 (2012), 5.6 (2013), –3.5 (2014), –15.8 (2015), –17.2 (2016), –9.2 (2017), –5.9 (2018), –4.5 (2019), –12.6 (2020), –9.0 (2021).
  - Kuwait: 32.4 (2012), 34.1 (2013), 22.4 (2014), 5.6 (2015), 0.3 (2016), 6.3 (2017), 9.0 (2018), 4.8 (2019), –11.3 (2020), –14.1 (2021).
  - Iraq: 4.1 (2012), –6.1 (2013), –5.6 (2014), –12.8 (2015), –13.9 (2016), –1.6 (2017), 7.9 (2018), –0.8 (2019), –22.3 (2020), –14.7 (2021).
  - Libya (high volatility and methodological note): 28.6 (2012), –5.1 (2013), –73.8 (2014), –130.8 (2015), –113.2 (2016), –43.5 (2017), –0.2 (2018), 8.8 (2019), –7.2 (2020), –19.1 (2021).
- The region includes very large positive balances in some hydrocarbon-rich countries in earlier years and widespread large deficits by 2020.

### Sub-Saharan Africa — regional trajectory and notable country values
- Regional aggregate (Sub-Saharan Africa): –1.7 (2012), –3.0 (2013), –3.6 (2014), –4.2 (2015), –4.4 (2016), –4.5 (2017), –3.6 (2018), –4.3 (2019), –7.0 (2020), –6.0 (2021).
- Selected notable country figures (Percent of GDP):
  - South Africa: –4.4 (2012), –4.3 (2013), –4.3 (2014), –4.8 (2015), –4.1 (2016), –4.4 (2017), –4.1 (2018), –6.3 (2019), –13.3 (2020), –12.7 (2021).
  - Nigeria: 0.2 (2012), –2.3 (2013), –2.1 (2014), –3.2 (2015), –4.0 (2016), –5.4 (2017), –4.3 (2018), –5.0 (2019), –6.4 (2020), –5.8 (2021).
  - Angola: 4.1 (2012), –0.3 (2013), –5.7 (2014), –2.9 (2015), –4.5 (2016), –6.3 (2017), 2.2 (2018), 0.7 (2019), –6.0 (2020), –2.5 (2021).
  - Kenya: –5.0 (2012), –5.7 (2013), –7.4 (2014), –8.1 (2015), –8.5 (2016), –7.9 (2017), –7.4 (2018), –7.8 (2019), –7.7 (2020), –6.9 (2021).
- Sub-Saharan Africa shows overall larger deficits by 2020 with some countries (e.g., South Africa) experiencing very large deficit widenings in 2020 and persistent deficits into 2021.

### Notes and caveats contained in the table
- For some countries, the general government series are the same as those for the central government level; Table G lists government finance subsectors coverage for each country.
- Country-specific notes apply for: Argentina, Belarus, Ecuador, Lebanon, Libya, Ukraine, and Uruguay.
- Venezuela: methodology changed starting in 2010; see country-specific note.
- Sudan: data for 2011 exclude South Sudan after July 9; data for 2012 onward pertain to the current Sudan.
- Syria: data excluded for 2011 onward owing to the uncertain political situation.

*Source: Table B6. Emerging Market and Developing Economies: General Government Net Lending/Borrowing (Percent of GDP), projections and historical values as provided in the supplied content.*

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_Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/weo/2020/april/english/statsappendixb.pdf_