## tableb

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### Section 1 — Advanced Economies: Labor, Output, Prices, and Fiscal Indicators
- Advanced Economies — Unemployment Rate (Advanced Economies): 6.7 6.6 8.0 7.9 7.3 6.7 6.2 5.6 5.1 4.8 7.3 6.9
- United States unemployment rate: 6.5 6.0 8.1 7.4 6.2 5.3 4.9 4.3 3.9 3.7 8.9 7.3
- Euro Area unemployment rate: 9.0 9.9 11.4 12.0 11.6 10.9 10.0 9.1 8.2 7.6 8.9 9.1
- Growth in Employment (Advanced Economies): 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.5 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.2 –3.2 1.3
- United States growth in employment: 0.2 0.7 1.9 1.0 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.6 1.1 –6.9 2.7
- Growth in Real per Capita Output (Advanced Economies): 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.9 1.6 1.8 1.2 2.1 1.8 1.3 –6.2 3.6
- United States growth in real per capita output: 0.9 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.8 2.3 1.0 1.7 2.4 1.7 –4.7 2.6
- Euro Area growth in real per capita output (sum of individual euro area countries): 0.7 0.4 –1.2 –0.5 1.1 1.7 1.6 2.4 1.7 1.2 –8.5 5.1

- Hourly Earnings (Advanced Economies): 2.9 2.2 1.9 1.5 2.5 2.2 1.7 2.8 2.2 2.7 2.5 1.8
- United States hourly earnings: 3.2 2.5 1.7 0.6 2.7 2.5 0.5 3.2 2.1 2.9 5.5 3.3
- Productivity (Advanced Economies, labor productivity): 2.9 0.3 –0.4 0.4 1.4 –0.6 1.2 1.8 0.6 0.1 –2.5 1.0
- United States productivity: 3.6 –0.5 –1.0 1.2 –0.4 –1.8 –0.2 –0.4 0.3 0.1 –2.4 0.1
- Unit Labor Costs (Advanced Economies): 0.1 1.9 2.3 1.1 1.1 2.9 0.4 1.0 1.6 2.6 5.2 0.8
- United States unit labor costs: –0.4 3.0 2.7 –0.6 3.2 4.5 0.7 3.6 1.8 2.8 8.1 3.2

- Emerging Market and Developing Economies — Consumer Prices: 6.4 5.8 5.4 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.4 4.9 5.1 5.0 4.7 4.0
- Emerging and Developing Asia consumer prices: 4.6 4.6 4.6 3.4 2.6 2.8 2.4 2.7 3.3 3.2 2.9 3.1
- Latin America and the Caribbean consumer prices: 5.6 4.6 4.6 4.9 5.4 5.5 6.3 6.6 7.7 6.2 6.7 4.3
- Median — Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 5.2 4.6 3.7 3.1 2.6 2.7 3.3 3.1 2.6 2.9 2.9 3.0
- Note on country coverage: Excludes Venezuela but includes Argentina from 2017 onward.

- Advanced Economies — Central Government Net Lending/Borrowing (percent of GDP): –4.9 –3.3 –2.8 –2.5 –2.5 –2.4 –2.6 –3.2 –12.2 –6.1
- Advanced Economies — General Government Net Lending/Borrowing (percent of GDP): –5.5 –3.7 –3.1 –2.6 –2.7 –2.4 –2.7 –3.3 –14.2 –6.8
- Major Advanced Economies — General Government Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –4.0 –2.8 –2.3 –2.1 –2.4 –2.4 –2.9 –3.6 –11.0 –5.6
- Long-Term Interest Rate (Advanced Economies, period averages): 2.4 2.4 2.1 1.6 1.2 1.6 1.9 1.2 0.6 0.7
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies — Central Government Net Lending/Borrowing (weighted average): –0.4 –0.5 –1.2 –2.2 –2.4 –1.8 –1.2 –1.5 –4.4 –2.9
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies — General Government Net Lending/Borrowing (weighted average): –1.0 –1.7 –2.5 –4.3 –4.7 –4.1 –3.7 –4.8 –10.4 –8.8
- Growth of Broad Money — Emerging Market and Developing Economies (weighted average): 14.4 14.1 12.2 13.2 10.8 11.5 15.9 11.8 11.3 10.8

- General Government Net Lending/Borrowing — Advanced Economies: –5.5 –3.7 –3.1 –2.6 –2.7 –2.4 –2.7 –3.3 –14.2 –6.8
- United States — General Government Net Lending/Borrowing: –8.0 –4.6 –4.1 –3.6 –4.4 –4.6 –5.8 –6.3 –18.7 –8.7
- Euro Area — General Government Net Lending/Borrowing: –3.7 –3.0 –2.5 –2.0 –1.5 –1.0 –0.5 –0.6 –10.1 –5.0
- Major Advanced Economies — Net Lending/Borrowing Excluding Social Security Schemes (selected):
  - United States: –4.9 –2.2 –1.9 –1.4 –2.2 –2.5 –3.7 –4.0 –16.1 –5.5
  - Japan: –1.0 –0.4 1.3 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.7 3.1 –6.6 0.8
  - Germany: 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.2 –7.3 –2.3
- Central Government Net Lending/Borrowing — Advanced Economies (alternate series): –4.9 –3.3 –2.8 –2.5 –2.5 –2.4 –2.6 –3.2 –12.2 –6.1
- Japan — Central Government Net Lending/Borrowing (national income basis, excluding social security transactions): –7.5 –6.7 –5.4 –4.5 –4.4 –3.6 –3.1 –3.9 –14.2 –7.0

*Source: tableb - Section 1 (Statistical Appendix), International Monetary Fund | October 2020*

### Section 2 — Structural Balances, Government Fiscal Positions, and Exchange Rates
- Advanced Economies: General Government Structural Balances (Percent of potential GDP) — Advanced Economies: –4.0–2.8–2.3–2.1–2.4–2.4–2.9–3.6–11.0–5.6 (2012–2021 projections)
- United States structural balance: –4.9–3.0–2.6–2.6–3.7–4.3–5.7–6.8–15.0–7.6
- Euro Area structural balance: –2.0–1.1–0.7–0.6–0.6–0.6–0.5–0.6–5.3–3.1
- Japan structural balance: –7.6–7.5–5.5–4.3–4.1–3.3–2.5–3.0–12.7–5.6
- Major Advanced Economies — Memorandum: –4.6–3.2–2.6–2.4–2.9–3.0–3.6–4.3–12.5–6.2
- Note: Structural balance = actual net lending/borrowing minus effects of cyclical output from potential output, corrected for one-time and other factors.

- Emerging Market and Developing Economies — General Government Net Lending/Borrowing (Percent of GDP): –1.0–1.7–2.5–4.3–4.7–4.1–3.7–4.8–10.4–8.8 (2012–2021 projections)
- Regional groups:
  - Emerging and Developing Asia: –1.7–1.9–1.9–3.3–3.9–3.9–4.5–6.0–11.2–10.8
  - Latin America and the Caribbean: –2.8–3.2–4.9–6.5–5.9–5.4–5.1–4.0–10.8–5.3
  - Middle East and Central Asia: 4.5 2.4–1.5–7.3–8.9–5.3–2.1–3.4–9.6–6.9
  - Sub-Saharan Africa: –1.7–3.0–3.5–4.1–4.3–4.5–3.5–4.2–7.6–5.9

- Selected country overall fiscal balance (Percent of GDP):
  - Indonesia: –1.6–2.3–2.2–2.6–2.5–2.5–1.8–2.2–6.3–5.5
  - Brazil: –3.8–3.6–7.0–10.0–7.2–7.1–5.3–4.6–17.7–6.4
  - Vietnam: –5.8–6.3–5.7–5.5–3.6–2.3–1.3–3.5–6.2–5.3
  - Peru: 2.1 0.7–0.2–2.1–2.3–2.9–2.0–1.4–9.4–4.3
- Note: Net lending/borrowing series include policy lending; composites calculated as sum of US dollar values for relevant countries.

- Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Selected Country Net Lending/Borrowing (2012–2021, Percent of GDP):
  - China: –0.3–0.8–0.9–2.8–3.7–3.8–4.7–6.3–11.9–11.8
  - India: –7.5–7.0–7.1–7.2–7.1–6.4–6.3–8.2–13.1–10.9
  - Philippines: –0.3 0.2 0.8 0.6–0.4–0.4–1.6–1.8–8.1–7.3
  - South Africa: –4.4–4.3–4.3–4.8–4.1–4.4–4.1–6.3–14.0–11.1

- Selected Advanced Economies — Nominal Exchange Rates and Real Effective Exchange Rates:
  - Euro (US Dollars per national currency unit): 1.286 1.328 1.329 1.110 1.107 1.129 1.181 1.120 1.143
  - British Pound (US Dollars per national currency unit): 1.580 1.564 1.646 1.528 1.355 1.288 1.336 1.277 1.282
  - Japanese Yen (National Currency Units per US Dollar): 79.79 90.97 95.59 105.94 121.04 108.79 112.16 110.42 109.01 107.19
  - Korean Won: 1,126.471 1,094.853 1,052.961 1,131.158 1,160.522 1,130.425 1,100.500 1,165.358 1,197.389
  - Real Effective Exchange Rates (Index, 2010 = 100) — United States: 98.5 98.0 103.4 120.9 122.2 126.5 125.4 130.7 129.9
  - Real Effective Exchange Rates (Index, 2010 = 100) — Euro Area: 92.0 96.1 95.0 83.5 83.6 84.5 87.6 85.5 89.3
- Note: Real effective exchange rate defined as ratio of unit labor costs in manufacturing to weighted average of advanced economy trading partners, using moving trade weights (index 2010 = 100).

*Source — tableb - Section 2, WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK: A LONG AND DIFFICULT ASCENT — Statistical Appendix (October 2020).*

### Section 3 — Money Aggregates, Trade Volumes, Terms of Trade, and Current Account (Advanced Economies and Emerging Markets)
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies — Broad Money (Annual percent change): 14.4 14.1 12.2 13.2 10.8 11.5 15.9 11.8 11.3 10.8
- China broad money: 14.4 13.6 11.0 13.3 11.3 9.0 8.1 8.7 11.0 9.5
- India broad money: 13.6 13.4 10.9 10.1 10.1 9.2 10.5 8.9 7.8 8.6
- Latin America and the Caribbean broad money: 17.9 14.5 14.9 16.8 14.9 21.1 52.7 24.8 18.4 16.0

- Table B12 — Advanced Economies, Export and Import Volumes, Terms of Trade:
  - Export Volume — Advanced Economies (Average/Projections): 4.5 1.9 2.9 3.1 3.9 3.7 2.0 4.8 3.5 1.3 –11.6 7.0
  - Import Volume — Advanced Economies: 4.1 2.0 1.7 2.6 3.9 4.8 2.6 4.8 3.6 1.7 –11.5 7.3
  - Terms of Trade — Advanced Economies (annual percent change): –0.2 0.4 –0.6 1.0 0.3 1.8 1.2 –0.2 –0.5 0.1 0.6 0.3

- Table B13 — Emerging Market and Developing Economies by Region — Total Trade in Goods (Annual percent change):
  - Exports (Value in US Dollars): 17.1 0.3 4.0 2.6 –0.5 –15.8 –5.1 13.7 11.5 –2.6 –11.3 11.0
  - Imports (Value in US Dollars): 16.7 1.1 4.9 3.2 –0.1 –12.8 –4.3 13.1 11.2 –2.4 –10.1 12.4
  - Exports (volume): 8.5 2.8 3.8 4.6 2.7 1.2 2.7 6.6 4.0 –0.5 –5.5 8.8
  - Imports (volume): 10.0 3.0 5.2 4.7 2.6 –0.5 2.1 7.4 5.0 –0.4 –6.4 10.9
  - Terms of Trade — Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 1.8 –0.5 0.7 –0.5 –0.5 –4.3 –1.6 1.1 1.2 –0.1 –2.0 0.7

- Table B15 — Summary of Current Account Transactions (Billions of US dollars):
  - Current Account Balance (Advanced Economies): –256.6 –151.7 248.1 297.2 391.1 480.5 392.6 339.3 242.2 314.1 385.9
  - Trade Balance (Advanced Economies): –148.4 –74.9 274.8 346.5 413.1 426.4 355.2 306.2 294.6 336.3 453.3
  - Exports of Goods (Advanced Economies): 7,736.1 9,479.0 10,998.7 9,778.2 9,641.0 10,496.4 11,358.9 11,006.0 9,691.3 10,817.8 12,378.2
  - Imports of Goods (Advanced Economies): 8,094.1 9,901.3 11,333.4 9,959.7 9,758.8 10,649.4 11,684.7 11,301.5 9,936.9 11,054.6 12,658.0

- Selected country current account balances (Billions of US dollars):
  - United States — Current Account Balance: –588.0 –534.0 –367.8 –407.4 –394.9 –365.3 –449.7 –480.2 –441.7 –463.0 –504.1
  - Germany — Current Account Balance: 158.3 218.1 280.3 288.8 295.1 286.7 292.4 273.2 217.6 294.9 328.9
  - Japan — Current Account Balance: 162.6 141.4 36.8 136.4 197.9 203.5 176.6 184.3 143.5 165.6 173.0

*International Monetary Fund | Table content from "tableb - Section 3" (PDF).*

### Section 4 — Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Current Account, External Debt, and Debt-Service Summaries
- Summary of Current Account Transactions (Emerging Market and Developing Economies, Averages/Projections):
  - Current Account Balance: 372.6; 412.3; 173.9; –57.9; –82.3; 7.4; –46.2; 62.8; –39.5; –144.7; –167.9
  - Trade Balance: 421.9; 536.3; 382.5; 135.8; 106.6; 179.2; 233.1; 263.2; 143.8; 68.8; 10.3
  - Exports of Goods: 4,147.5; 5,912.9; 7,661.6; 6,444.5; 6,109.3; 6,952.8; 7,759.3; 7,555.6; 6,687.6; 7,427.1; 8,633.7
  - Imports of Goods: 3,582.7; 5,147.0; 6,845.8; 5,957.0; 5,697.0; 6,441.8; 7,167.2; 6,996.9; 6,290.8; 7,064.7; 8,343.6
  - Services Balance: –123.9; –205.2; –444.6; –357.3; –307.6; –326.5; –352.6; –290.6; –263.1; –297.0; –278.6
  - Primary Income Balance: –271.7; –388.2; –443.1; –400.1; –403.0; –426.9; –561.8; –523.3; –457.7; –514.5; –539.6
  - Secondary Income Balance: 205.5; 243.5; 250.3; 212.2; 215.1; 248.9; 277.5; 318.1; 283.5; 303.8; 361.1

- Regional current account snapshots (selected):
  - Emerging and Developing Asia — Current Account Balance: 208.2; 240.0; 228.3; 308.6; 223.3; 173.1; –49.2; 133.0; 201.2; 64.8; 20.6
  - Middle East and Central Asia — Current Account Balance: 192.0; 283.7; 201.9; –138.9; –143.2; –26.9; 108.4; 26.8; –133.3; –106.7; –61.2
  - Latin America and the Caribbean — Current Account Balance: –16.6; –67.8; –186.0; –171.9; –99.7; –86.2; –130.2; –89.7; –21.6; –37.3; –58.0
  - Sub-Saharan Africa — Current Account Balance: 3.4; –7.5; –62.4; –92.0; –56.1; –36.3; –44.4; –62.2; –76.6; –69.8; –64.3

- Emerging Market and Developing Economies — External Debt and Debt Service (Billions of US dollars):
  - External Debt (2012–2021): 7,508.5; 8,375.5; 8,831.0; 8,355.4; 8,706.3; 9,654.3; 10,112.8; 10,569.3; 10,897.0; 11,328.5
  - Debt-Service Payments: 2,600.3; 2,982.9; 3,420.4; 3,545.6; 3,065.7; 3,125.9; 3,548.4; 3,786.9; 3,885.8; 3,973.3
- Regional totals (Total Debt, 2012 and 2021):
  - Emerging and Developing Asia: 2,417.0; 4,306.4
  - Latin America and the Caribbean: 1,716.9; 2,475.6
  - Sub-Saharan Africa: 363.4; 746.0

- External Debt by maturity (Billions of US dollars, 2012–2021):
  - Short Term: 2,109.1; 2,537.7; 2,640.3; 2,147.1; 2,161.1; 2,562.8; 2,791.5; 2,907.9; 2,980.1; 3,080.6
  - Long Term: 5,399.3; 5,837.8; 6,190.7; 6,208.3; 6,545.2; 7,091.5; 7,321.3; 7,661.3; 7,916.8; 8,247.9

- Ratio of External Debt to GDP (selected series):
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies (Total debt at end of year in percent of GDP): 26.6; 28.6; 30.6; 30.7; 30.3; 30.2; 31.0; 30.0; 32.7; 30.8
  - Emerging and Developing Europe: 45.2; 48.6; 56.5; 58.9; 56.4; 51.2; 50.3; 46.8; 52.8; 48.7
  - Latin America and the Caribbean: 29.6; 33.0; 37.6; 44.2; 42.8; 42.4; 48.0; 48.5; 60.4; 56.6
  - Sub-Saharan Africa: 23.2; 23.0; 25.7; 31.6; 35.2; 37.1; 41.3; 42.0; 45.9; 44.0

*Table B15–B19, Summary of Current Account Transactions; External Debt and Debt Service; External Debt by Maturity; Ratio of External Debt to GDP (selected entries).*

### Section 5 — Debt-Service Ratios, Interest, Amortization, and Selected Indicators
- Interest Payments (Percent of exports of goods and services) — Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 2.9, 3.1, 3.4, 4.4, 4.2, 4.6, 4.5, 4.6, 5.4, 4.9
- Amortization (Percent of exports of goods and services) — Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 27.5, 30.7, 35.2, 42.1, 37.7, 33.2, 34.1, 37.3, 44.1, 40.3
- Debt-Service Payments (interest + amortization) — Emerging Market and Developing Economies (percent of exports of goods and services): 32.2, 34.1, 37.9, 38.7, 41.9, 49.5, 45.2, 40.7 (selected projection rows)

- Regional debt-service highlights (percent of exports of goods and services):
  - Emerging and Developing Asia — Interest Payments: 2.5, 2.8, 3.2, 3.3, 3.2, 3.4, 3.8, 4.3, 5.0, 4.8; Amortization: 31.7, 34.2, 42.5, 49.1, 39.0, 34.4, 38.9, 42.8, 47.5, 45.5
  - Emerging and Developing Europe — Interest Payments: 4.2, 4.3, 4.1, 4.1, 4.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.5, 3.0; Amortization: 43.1, 48.7, 49.9, 50.2, 48.2, 43.4, 39.9, 39.2, 47.9, 40.4
  - Latin America and the Caribbean — Interest Payments: 5.6, 5.8, 6.2, 10.9, 8.9, 11.9, 9.4, 7.5, 8.5, 7.3; Amortization: 30.5, 33.5, 36.6, 47.4, 47.7, 41.2, 37.1, 41.8, 48.4, 41.4
  - Sub-Saharan Africa — Interest Payments: 1.8, 1.9, 2.4, 4.0, 4.3, 4.1, 4.5, 4.9, 6.5, 5.6; Amortization: 11.3, 13.9, 13.5, 20.3, 22.8, 19.3, 21.8, 23.5, 30.2, 25.5

- Analytical groups (selected):
  - Fuel exporters — Interest Payments: 1.9, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.9, 3.4, 3.7, 4.1, 5.1, 4.5; Amortization: 10.1, 13.3, 13.4, 15.1, 15.7, 13.4, 13.2, 14.7, 22.4, 20.3
  - Nonfuel — Interest Payments: 3.4, 3.5, 3.8, 4.7, 4.3, 4.9, 4.7, 4.7, 5.4, 5.0; Amortization: 34.8, 37.5, 43.2, 49.4, 43.2, 38.4, 40.1, 43.2, 48.7, 44.5

- Table B21 — Selected indicators (annual percent change; averages and projections):
  - Real GDP (Averages/Projections): 6.5 (2002–11 average), 3.9 (2012–21 average), 4.5 (2018), 3.7 (2019), –3.3 (2020), 6.0 (2021), 2.7 (2018–21 average), 4.9 (2022–25)
  - Export Volume (annual percent change): 8.7, 2.9, 4.1, 0.9, –7.7, 9.5, 1.5, 4.9
  - Import Volume (annual percent change): 9.9, 2.8, 5.0, –0.6, –9.4, 11.0, 1.2, 5.2

- Table B21 — External positions and debt indicators (percent of exports of goods and services; selected projections):
  - Total External Debt: 99.2, 94.5, 116.3, 109.6, 116.5, 138.5, 128.7, 117.9
  - Debt-Service Payments (interest + amortization): 32.2, 34.1, 37.9, 38.7, 41.9, 49.5, 45.2, 40.7
  - Interest Payments: 3.4, 3.1, 4.6, 4.5, 4.6, 5.4, 4.9, 4.4
  - Amortization: 28.9, 30.7, 33.2, 34.1, 37.3, 44.1, 40.3, 36.4

- Notes:
  - Interest and amortization exclude service payments to the IMF.
  - Estimates through 2019 reflect debt-service payments actually made. Estimates for 2020 and 2021 incorporate projected exceptional-financing items, including accumulation of arrears and rescheduling arrangements.

*Source: tableb - Section 5 (WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK: A LONG AND DIFFICULT ASCENT — Statistical Appendix).*

### Section 1

### tableb - Section 1

### Advanced Economies — Unemployment, Employment Growth, and Real GDP per Capita
- Unemployment Rate (Advanced Economies): 6.7 6.6 8.0 7.9 7.3 6.7 6.2 5.6 5.1 4.8 7.3 6.9
- United States unemployment rate: 6.5 6.0 8.1 7.4 6.2 5.3 4.9 4.3 3.9 3.7 8.9 7.3
- Euro Area unemployment rate: 9.0 9.9 11.4 12.0 11.6 10.9 10.0 9.1 8.2 7.6 8.9 9.1
- Growth in Employment (Advanced Economies): 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.5 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.2 –3.2 1.3
- United States growth in employment: 0.2 0.7 1.9 1.0 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.6 1.1 –6.9 2.7
- Growth in Real per Capita Output (Advanced Economies): 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.9 1.6 1.8 1.2 2.1 1.8 1.3 –6.2 3.6
- United States growth in real per capita output: 0.9 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.8 2.3 1.0 1.7 2.4 1.7 –4.7 2.6
- Euro Area growth in real per capita output (sum of individual euro area countries): 0.7 0.4 –1.2 –0.5 1.1 1.7 1.6 2.4 1.7 1.2 –8.5 5.1

### Emerging Market and Developing Economies — Real GDP and Output per Capita
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies real GDP (annual percent change): 6.5 5.4 5.1 4.7 4.3 4.5 4.8 4.5 3.7 –3.3 6.0 4.7
- Emerging and Developing Asia real GDP: 8.6 7.0 6.9 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.3 5.5 –1.7 8.0 5.9
- Latin America and the Caribbean real GDP: 3.6 2.9 2.9 1.3 0.4 –0.6 1.4 1.1 0.0 –8.1 3.6 2.5
- Output per Capita — Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 4.7 3.7 3.5 3.1 2.8 3.0 3.4 3.2 2.3 –4.7 4.8 3.6
- Output per Capita — Emerging and Developing Asia: 7.3 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.5 4.6 –2.7 7.2 5.2

### Advanced Economies — Hourly Earnings, Productivity, and Unit Labor Costs in Manufacturing
- Hourly Earnings (Advanced Economies): 2.9 2.2 1.9 1.5 2.5 2.2 1.7 2.8 2.2 2.7 2.5 1.8
- United States hourly earnings: 3.2 2.5 1.7 0.6 2.7 2.5 0.5 3.2 2.1 2.9 5.5 3.3
- Productivity (Advanced Economies, labor productivity): 2.9 0.3 –0.4 0.4 1.4 –0.6 1.2 1.8 0.6 0.1 –2.5 1.0
- United States productivity: 3.6 –0.5 –1.0 1.2 –0.4 –1.8 –0.2 –0.4 0.3 0.1 –2.4 0.1
- Unit Labor Costs (Advanced Economies): 0.1 1.9 2.3 1.1 1.1 2.9 0.4 1.0 1.6 2.6 5.2 0.8
- United States unit labor costs: –0.4 3.0 2.7 –0.6 3.2 4.5 0.7 3.6 1.8 2.8 8.1 3.2

### Emerging Market and Developing Economies — Consumer Prices
- Consumer Prices — Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 6.4 5.8 5.4 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.4 4.9 5.1 5.0 4.7 4.0
- Emerging and Developing Asia consumer prices: 4.6 4.6 4.6 3.4 2.6 2.8 2.4 2.7 3.3 3.2 2.9 3.1
- Latin America and the Caribbean consumer prices: 5.6 4.6 4.6 4.9 5.4 5.5 6.3 6.6 7.7 6.2 6.7 4.3
- Median — Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 5.2 4.6 3.7 3.1 2.6 2.7 3.3 3.1 2.6 2.9 2.9 3.0
- Note on country coverage: Excludes Venezuela but includes Argentina from 2017 onward.

### Summary of Fiscal and Financial Indicators
- Advanced Economies — Central Government Net Lending/Borrowing (percent of GDP): –4.9 –3.3 –2.8 –2.5 –2.5 –2.4 –2.6 –3.2 –12.2 –6.1
- Advanced Economies — General Government Net Lending/Borrowing (percent of GDP): –5.5 –3.7 –3.1 –2.6 –2.7 –2.4 –2.7 –3.3 –14.2 –6.8
- Major Advanced Economies — General Government Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –4.0 –2.8 –2.3 –2.1 –2.4 –2.4 –2.9 –3.6 –11.0 –5.6
- Long-Term Interest Rate (Advanced Economies, period averages): 2.4 2.4 2.1 1.6 1.2 1.6 1.9 1.2 0.6 0.7
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies — Central Government Net Lending/Borrowing (weighted average): –0.4 –0.5 –1.2 –2.2 –2.4 –1.8 –1.2 –1.5 –4.4 –2.9
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies — General Government Net Lending/Borrowing (weighted average): –1.0 –1.7 –2.5 –4.3 –4.7 –4.1 –3.7 –4.8 –10.4 –8.8
- Growth of Broad Money — Emerging Market and Developing Economies (weighted average): 14.4 14.1 12.2 13.2 10.8 11.5 15.9 11.8 11.3 10.8

### Advanced Economies — Detailed Government Balances (selected series)
- General Government Net Lending/Borrowing — Advanced Economies: –5.5 –3.7 –3.1 –2.6 –2.7 –2.4 –2.7 –3.3 –14.2 –6.8
- United States — General Government Net Lending/Borrowing: –8.0 –4.6 –4.1 –3.6 –4.4 –4.6 –5.8 –6.3 –18.7 –8.7
- Euro Area — General Government Net Lending/Borrowing: –3.7 –3.0 –2.5 –2.0 –1.5 –1.0 –0.5 –0.6 –10.1 –5.0
- Major Advanced Economies — Net Lending/Borrowing Excluding Social Security Schemes (selected): United States –4.9 –2.2 –1.9 –1.4 –2.2 –2.5 –3.7 –4.0 –16.1 –5.5; Japan –1.0 –0.4 1.3 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.7 3.1 –6.6 0.8; Germany 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.2 –7.3 –2.3
- Central Government Net Lending/Borrowing — Advanced Economies (alternate series): –4.9 –3.3 –2.8 –2.5 –2.5 –2.4 –2.6 –3.2 –12.2 –6.1
- Japan — Central Government Net Lending/Borrowing (national income basis, excluding social security transactions): –7.5 –6.7 –5.4 –4.5 –4.4 –3.6 –3.1 –3.9 –14.2 –7.0

*Source: tableb - Section 1 (Statistical Appendix), International Monetary Fund | October 2020*

### Section 2

### tableb - Section 2

### Advanced Economies: General Government Structural Balances (Percent of potential GDP)
- Advanced Economies –4.0–2.8–2.3–2.1–2.4–2.4–2.9–3.6–11.0–5.6 (2012–2021 projections)
- United States –4.9–3.0–2.6–2.6–3.7–4.3–5.7–6.8–15.0–7.6
- Euro Area –2.0–1.1–0.7–0.6–0.6–0.6–0.5–0.6–5.3–3.1
- Germany 0.0 0.6 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 –5.8 –1.8
- France –4.0–2.9–2.6–2.2–2.1–2.1–1.7–2.0–4.5–4.0
- Italy –1.6–0.5–1.0–0.6–1.3–1.8–1.9–1.3–3.8–3.4
- Spain –2.8–1.8–1.3–2.2–2.6–2.5–2.4–3.1–7.3–4.1
- Netherlands –2.7–1.1–0.5–0.8 0.8 1.3 0.9 1.0 –7.2 –4.5
- Belgium –3.5–2.9–2.6–2.0–1.8–0.9–1.3–2.1–5.1–4.9
- Austria –2.1–1.8–0.6 0.2–1.1–0.9–0.4–0.8–8.9–3.4
- Ireland –5.7–4.7–3.3–1.6–1.5–0.9–0.5–0.2–4.8–2.4
- Portugal –2.3–1.2 0.1–0.5–0.5–0.4–0.1 0.5–4.5–1.8
- Greece 1.9 4.8 2.8 3.0 5.6 4.8 4.0 3.5 3.5 2.7
- Finland –1.7–1.0–0.8 0.3 0.3–0.1–0.3–0.3–3.3–2.7
- Slovak Republic –3.4–1.6–2.7–3.2–3.0–1.6–1.8–1.8–3.9–3.5
- Lithuania –2.3–1.6–0.9–0.1 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.3–3.2–3.1
- Slovenia –1.9–10.9–3.2–0.8–0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3–6.8–2.6
- Luxembourg 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.0 0.7 2.5 1.9–5.3–1.1
- Latvia –0.4–1.4–1.2–1.6 0.0–1.1–1.2–0.6–4.1–1.5
- Estonia 1.1 0.8 1.4 1.2 0.5–0.3–1.1–1.1–5.5–4.6
- Cyprus –4.2–2.2 1.3 3.0 0.6 0.7 1.2 0.3–3.9–1.5
- Malta –3.2–1.4–1.5–2.1 0.6 3.3 1.2 0.2–1.7–1.9
- Japan –7.6–7.5–5.5–4.3–4.1–3.3–2.5–3.0–12.7–5.6
- United Kingdom –6.1–4.3–4.9–4.3–3.3–2.6–2.3–2.2–14.0–6.4
- Canada –2.3–1.5–0.6 0.0 0.0–0.3–0.7–0.6–16.5–7.9
- Other Advanced Economies –1.5–1.5–1.3–1.1–0.7–0.4–0.4–1.6–5.9–4.4
- Korea 1.5 0.6 0.5 0.7 1.8 2.3 2.7 0.6–1.0–1.0
- Australia –3.5–2.7–2.8–2.6–2.3–1.6–1.2–3.7–9.2–9.8
- Sweden –0.8–0.9–1.0–0.9 0.5 0.6 0.0–0.5–4.9–1.5
- Norway –4.5–4.8–5.6–6.6–7.6–7.7–7.1–8.1–14.0–10.6
- Denmark –1.8–1.3 1.4 1.5–0.5 0.1–0.6 0.1–0.8–1.0
- New Zealand –1.1–0.3 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.2–2.4–7.3–7.8
- Memorandum: Major Advanced Economies –4.6–3.2–2.6–2.4–2.9–3.0–3.6–4.3–12.5–6.2

Note: The structural balance definition and caveats are provided in the source (national income accounts basis; structural balance = actual net lending/borrowing minus effects of cyclical output from potential output, corrected for one-time and other factors; interpret as broad orders of magnitude).

### Emerging Market and Developing Economies: General Government Net Lending/Borrowing and Overall Fiscal Balance (Percent of GDP)
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies (Net Lending/Borrowing) –1.0–1.7–2.5–4.3–4.7–4.1–3.7–4.8–10.4–8.8 (2012–2021 projections)
- Regional groups:
  - Emerging and Developing Asia –1.7–1.9–1.9–3.3–3.9–3.9–4.5–6.0–11.2–10.8
  - Emerging and Developing Europe –1.1–1.9–1.8–2.5–2.7–1.6 0.2–0.8–7.2–4.4
  - Latin America and the Caribbean –2.8–3.2–4.9–6.5–5.9–5.4–5.1–4.0–10.8–5.3
  - Middle East and Central Asia 4.5 2.4–1.5–7.3–8.9–5.3–2.1–3.4–9.6–6.9
  - Sub-Saharan Africa –1.7–3.0–3.5–4.1–4.3–4.5–3.5–4.2–7.6–5.9
- Analytical groups:
  - Fuel exporters 3.4 1.5–1.3–6.1–7.6–4.5–0.4–1.2–8.2–5.2
  - Nonfuel –2.3–2.5–2.8–3.9–4.2–4.0–4.3–5.4–10.7–9.4
  - Primary products –1.7–2.3–2.8–4.0–4.1–4.5–3.5–3.9–9.3–6.2
- By external financing:
  - Net Debtor Economies –3.1–3.4–4.1–4.9–4.7–4.2–3.9–4.5–9.2–6.5
  - Economies with Arrears and/or Rescheduling during 2015–19 –5.4–7.2–6.8–7.0–8.0–5.9–5.4–4.7–7.1–5.9
- Other groups:
  - Heavily Indebted Poor Countries –2.6–3.5–3.8–3.7–3.8–3.4–3.3–3.4–5.7–4.2
  - Low-Income Developing Countries –2.1–3.3–3.2–3.8–3.7–3.6–3.3–3.9–6.2–5.0
  - Middle East and North Africa 5.5 3.1–1.8–8.0–10.1–5.6–2.1–3.4–10.3–7.4
- Memorandum medians:
  - Median Emerging Market and Developing Economies –2.3–2.7–3.1–3.3–3.1–2.8–2.3–2.3–7.2–5.0
  - Emerging and Developing Asia median –1.6–1.1–1.9–2.8–2.5–2.4–1.7–2.8–6.7–6.3
  - Emerging and Developing Europe median –2.6–2.9–2.8–2.7–1.8–1.4–1.1–1.7–7.9–4.3
  - Latin America and the Caribbean median –2.5–3.3–3.4–2.4–2.6–2.7–2.2–2.6–8.6–4.9
  - Middle East and Central Asia median 0.5 1.4–2.6–4.8–4.7–4.0–2.2–2.0–8.1–5.9
  - Sub-Saharan Africa median –2.3–3.1–3.4–4.4–4.3–3.0–3.0–2.5–6.0–4.5

General Government Overall Fiscal Balance — selected country lines (Percent of GDP)
- Indonesia –1.6–2.3–2.2–2.6–2.5–2.5–1.8–2.2–6.3–5.5
- Brazil –3.8–3.6–7.0–10.0–7.2–7.1–5.3–4.6–17.7–6.4
- Thailand –1.2 0.0–1.1–0.2 0.2–0.7–0.2–1.1–5.5–5.2
- Malaysia –3.1–3.5–2.6–2.5–2.6–2.4–3.3–3.7–6.5–4.7
- Philippines 0.8–0.1 0.6 0.3–0.5–0.3–1.6–1.9–8.1–7.3
- Colombia 0.2–1.0–1.7–3.5–2.3–2.5–4.7–2.5–9.5–6.2
- Vietnam –5.8–6.3–5.7–5.5–3.6–2.3–1.3–3.5–6.2–5.3
- Chile 0.7–0.5–1.5–2.1–2.6–2.6–1.5–2.6–8.7–4.0
- Peru 2.1 0.7–0.2–2.1–2.3–2.9–2.0–1.4–9.4–4.3

Note: Net lending/borrowing series include policy lending; composites calculated as sum of US dollar values for relevant countries.

### Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Selected Country Net Lending/Borrowing (Table B9 excerpts, Percent of GDP)
- Emerging and Developing Asia aggregate –1.7–1.9–1.9–3.3–3.9–3.9–4.5–6.0–11.2–10.8
- Selected country lines within Emerging and Developing Asia (2012–2021):
  - Bangladesh –3.0–3.4–3.1–4.0–3.4–3.3–4.6–5.4–6.8–6.1
  - China –0.3–0.8–0.9–2.8–3.7–3.8–4.7–6.3–11.9–11.8
  - India –7.5–7.0–7.1–7.2–7.1–6.4–6.3–8.2–13.1–10.9
  - Indonesia –1.6–2.2–2.1–2.6–2.5–2.5–1.8–2.2–6.3–5.5
  - Philippines –0.3 0.2 0.8 0.6–0.4–0.4–1.6–1.8–8.1–7.3
  - Vietnam –5.5–6.0–5.0–5.0–3.2–2.0–1.0–3.3–6.0–5.2
- Emerging and Developing Europe aggregate –1.1–1.9–1.8–2.5–2.7–1.6 0.2–0.8–7.2–4.4
  - Poland –3.7–4.2–3.6–2.6–2.4–1.5–0.2–0.7–10.5–4.3
  - Russia 0.4–1.2–1.1–3.4–3.7–1.5 2.9 1.9–5.3–2.6
  - Turkey –1.8–1.5–1.4–1.3–2.3–2.2–3.7–5.6–7.9–7.9
- Latin America and the Caribbean aggregate –2.8–3.2–4.9–6.5–5.9–5.4–5.1–4.0–10.8–5.3
  - Brazil –2.5–3.0–6.0–10.3–9.0–7.9–7.2–6.0–16.8–6.5
  - Mexico –3.7–3.7–4.5–4.0–2.8–1.1–2.2–2.3–5.8–3.4
  - Peru 2.1 0.7–0.2–2.1–2.3–2.9–2.0–1.4–9.4–4.3
- Middle East and Central Asia aggregate 4.5 2.4–1.5–7.3–8.9–5.3–2.1–3.4–9.6–6.9
  - Saudi Arabia 11.9 5.6–3.5–15.8–17.2–9.2–5.9–4.5–10.6–6.0
  - Qatar 10.5 21.6 15.4 21.7–4.8–2.5 5.9 4.9 3.0 3.3
  - Iraq 4.1–6.1–5.6–12.8–13.9–1.6 7.8 0.9–17.5–13.1
- Sub-Saharan Africa aggregate –1.7–3.0–3.5–4.1–4.3–4.5–3.5–4.2–7.6–5.9
  - South Africa –4.4–4.3–4.3–4.8–4.1–4.4–4.1–6.3–14.0–11.1
  - Kenya –5.0–5.7–7.4–8.1–8.5–7.8–7.4–7.7–8.4–8.5
  - Nigeria 0.3–2.2–2.0–3.2–4.0–5.4–4.3–4.8–6.7–5.0

Notes: Country-specific notes apply for select countries; for some countries general government series equal central government series.

### Selected Advanced Economies: Exchange Rates (Table B10 excerpts)
Nominal exchange rates (US Dollars per national currency unit; 2012–2020)
- Euro 1.286 1.328 1.329 1.110 1.107 1.129 1.181 1.120 1.143
- British Pound 1.580 1.564 1.646 1.528 1.355 1.288 1.336 1.277 1.282
- Japanese Yen (National Currency Units per US Dollar) 79.79 90.97 95.59 105.94 121.04 108.79 112.16 110.42 109.01 107.19
- Korean Won 1,126.471 1,094.853 1,052.961 1,131.158 1,160.522 1,130.425 1,100.500 1,165.358 1,197.389
- Canadian Dollar 0.999 1.030 1.105 1.279 1.326 1.298 1.296 1.327 1.348
- Australian Dollar 0.965 1.033 1.108 1.329 1.344 1.304 1.337 1.438 1.453
- New Taiwan Dollar 29.616 29.771 30.370 31.908 32.325 30.442 30.163 30.927 29.661
- Singapore Dollar 1.250 1.251 1.267 1.375 1.382 1.381 1.349 1.364 1.386
- Swiss Franc 0.938 0.927 0.916 0.962 0.985 0.985 0.978 0.994 0.936
- Swedish Krona 6.775 6.514 6.861 8.435 8.562 8.549 8.693 9.458 9.191
- Hong Kong Dollar 7.756 7.756 7.754 7.752 7.762 7.793 7.839 7.836 7.769
- Norwegian Krone 5.817 5.875 6.302 8.064 8.400 8.272 8.133 8.800 9.391
- Israeli New Shekel 3.856 3.611 3.578 3.887 3.841 3.600 3.591 3.565 3.461
- Danish Krone 5.792 5.616 5.612 6.728 6.732 6.603 6.315 6.669 6.555
- Icelandic Króna 125.083 122.179 116.767 131.919 120.812 106.840 108.300 122.607 135.971
- Real Effective Exchange Rates (Index, 2010 = 100) — selected:
  - United States 98.5 98.0 103.4 120.9 122.2 126.5 125.4 130.7 129.9
  - Euro Area 92.0 96.1 95.0 83.5 83.6 84.5 87.6 85.5 89.3
  - Germany 96.5 101.3 99.9 95.8 94.7 95.2 97.5 99.7 103.1
  - Japan 106.0 85.4 76.9 72.0 81.6 75.7 74.5 75.4 72.9
  - United Kingdom 103.9 107.4 111.4 116.6 104.2 96.2 99.1 100.3 97.4
  - Korea 104.9 118.9 134.4 148.9 148.1 153.1 155.4 146.8 137.5
  - Canada 102.3 100.9 91.9 81.0 77.2 76.5 72.1 71.8 69.2
  - Australia 112.0 105.5 100.0 91.7 91.1 94.8 91.4 87.7 85.5
  - Switzerland 111.7 110.0 110.7 119.4 116.4 114.6 109.1 109.4 119.1
  - Sweden 106.4 110.4 108.0 96.5 98.1 97.7 93.4 88.9 93.9
  - Hong Kong SAR 104.1 109.3 112.1 120.4 121.3 121.8 121.1 127.2 132.1

Note: Real effective exchange rate defined as ratio of unit labor costs in manufacturing to weighted average of advanced economy trading partners, using moving trade weights (index 2010 = 100).

_Italic: Source — tableb - Section 2, WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK: A LONG AND DIFFICULT ASCENT — Statistical Appendix (October 2020)._

### Section 3

### tableb - Section 3

### Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Broad Money Aggregates (Annual percent change)
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 14.4 14.1 12.2 13.2 10.8 11.5 15.9 11.8 11.3 10.8
- Emerging and Developing Asia: 14.1 13.6 11.0 12.1 11.0 9.1 8.4 8.5 9.4 9.5
- China: 14.4 13.6 11.0 13.3 11.3 9.0 8.1 8.7 11.0 9.5
- India: 13.6 13.4 10.9 10.1 10.1 9.2 10.5 8.9 7.8 8.6
- Emerging and Developing Europe: 10.2 14.7 11.9 15.8 6.0 9.5 12.7 11.3 13.5 10.5
- Russia: 13.1 16.0 14.8 19.7 –0.9 7.4 12.3 5.1 12.8 7.7
- Latin America and the Caribbean: 17.9 14.5 14.9 16.8 14.9 21.1 52.7 24.8 18.4 16.0
- Brazil: 15.9 8.9 13.5 9.7 12.4 4.6 8.1 9.1 10.2 6.3
- Mexico: 10.1 8.3 12.2 12.2 12.3 11.2 5.3 6.8 8.3 6.4
- Middle East and Central Asia: 14.5 17.3 11.1 9.2 8.3 11.6 9.0 10.3 10.2 10.9
- Sub-Saharan Africa: 15.0 7.7 14.7 12.9 13.4 9.3 12.8 12.5 8.5 11.7

Analytical Groups
- By Source of Export Earnings — Fuel: 17.7 19.0 14.6 16.0 7.4 20.1 55.4 22.6 17.6 15.5
- By Source of Export Earnings — Nonfuel: 13.5 12.8 11.5 12.5 11.6 9.8 9.6 9.6 10.2 9.9
- By Source of Export Earnings — Of Which, Primary Products: 18.3 14.8 13.8 19.6 15.1 15.0 21.1 19.1 17.2 16.6
- By External Financing Source — Net Debtor Economies: 12.8 11.7 11.8 11.2 11.6 9.6 10.0 10.1 8.4 9.9

Other Groups
- Economies with Arrears and/or Rescheduling during 2015–19: 14.7 15.5 12.7 10.1 14.7 26.2 19.5 18.1 16.8 16.8
- Heavily Indebted Poor Countries: 16.3 13.7 16.7 15.6 10.5 16.7 18.1 16.4 11.7 14.5
- Low-Income Developing Countries: 21.3 11.9 17.3 15.1 17.2 15.0 15.8 14.6 12.7 14.0
- Middle East and North Africa: 14.4 17.6 11.1 7.2 7.1 11.6 9.1 10.4 9.7 10.8

Memorandum (Median)
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 11.4 11.6 10.4 10.2 8.8 8.8 8.1 8.8 4.9 8.9
- Emerging and Developing Asia: 14.4 16.3 12.0 12.4 12.8 9.2 9.2 8.7 7.8 10.1
- Emerging and Developing Europe: 6.7 8.4 7.7 7.8 8.0 7.8 8.9 8.2 7.8 8.8
- Latin America and the Caribbean: 10.4 8.9 8.9 9.7 6.0 6.4 5.8 8.9 –0.7 6.6
- Middle East and Central Asia: 11.9 13.3 7.9 9.1 8.4 12.0 5.6 10.0 6.9 8.1
- Middle East and North Africa: 9.4 10.2 7.5 5.4 7.1 9.9 3.9 8.2 3.0 5.7
- Sub-Saharan Africa: 14.1 10.9 12.6 11.7 8.7 8.8 10.1 8.7 6.2 9.4

### Table B12 — Advanced Economies: Export Volumes, Import Volumes, and Terms of Trade in Goods and Services (Annual percent change; Averages and Projections)
Export Volume (Averages/Projections rows condensed)
- Advanced Economies (Average/Projections series): 4.5 1.9 2.9 3.1 3.9 3.7 2.0 4.8 3.5 1.3 –11.6 7.0
- United States: 5.0 1.2 3.4 3.6 4.2 0.4 0.3 3.9 3.0 –0.1 –12.6 7.2
- Euro Area: 3.6 2.3 2.4 2.3 4.5 6.2 2.7 5.4 3.6 2.4 –13.0 8.3
- Japan: 5.3 2.0 –0.1 0.8 9.3 2.9 1.7 6.8 3.5 –1.6 –11.6 9.6
- Other Advanced Economies: 6.9 2.0 4.6 5.1 2.1 2.2 1.8 4.1 3.9 0.2 –7.9 4.7
- Memorandum — Major Advanced Economies: 3.8 1.5 2.5 2.0 4.4 3.0 1.5 4.8 2.8 0.9 –13.5 8.1

Import Volume
- Advanced Economies: 4.1 2.0 1.7 2.6 3.9 4.8 2.6 4.8 3.6 1.7 –11.5 7.3
- United States: 3.7 1.9 2.7 1.5 5.0 5.2 1.7 4.7 4.1 1.1 –12.3 7.0
- Euro Area: 3.3 2.3 –1.3 1.7 4.6 7.4 4.1 4.9 3.6 3.8 –11.7 7.8
- Memorandum — Major Advanced Economies: 3.4 1.9 1.5 2.0 4.7 4.6 2.3 4.6 3.5 1.6 –12.5 8.5

Terms of Trade (annual percent change)
- Advanced Economies: –0.2 0.4 –0.6 1.0 0.3 1.8 1.2 –0.2 –0.5 0.1 0.6 0.3
- United States: –0.7 0.9 0.6 1.6 0.9 3.2 1.5 0.4 0.5 1.1 –0.9 –0.2
- Euro Area: –0.3 0.5 –0.6 1.0 0.7 2.3 1.3 –1.0 –0.9 0.5 1.7 0.2
- Memorandum — Major Advanced Economies: –0.4 0.7 –0.6 1.3 0.9 2.1 1.8 –0.5 –0.5 0.7 0.9 0.5

Trade in Goods — Memorandum (Advanced Economies)
- Export Volume: 4.5 1.8 2.7 2.6 3.1 3.1 1.5 4.6 3.1 0.7 –9.7 7.3
- Import Volume: 4.2 1.9 1.1 2.3 3.3 3.7 2.3 4.9 3.6 0.5 –9.4 7.6
- Terms of Trade: –0.3 0.4 –1.0 1.0 0.2 1.8 1.4 –0.1 –0.7 –0.1 0.6 0.7

Notes:
- Euro area calculations are the average of individual euro area countries.
- "Other Advanced Economies" excludes G7 and euro area countries.

### Table B13 — Emerging Market and Developing Economies by Region: Total Trade in Goods (Annual percent change; Averages and Projections)
Emerging Market and Developing Economies — Value in US Dollars
- Exports: 17.1 0.3 4.0 2.6 –0.5 –15.8 –5.1 13.7 11.5 –2.6 –11.3 11.0
- Imports: 16.7 1.1 4.9 3.2 –0.1 –12.8 –4.3 13.1 11.2 –2.4 –10.1 12.4

Volume
- Exports (volume): 8.5 2.8 3.8 4.6 2.7 1.2 2.7 6.6 4.0 –0.5 –5.5 8.8
- Imports (volume): 10.0 3.0 5.2 4.7 2.6 –0.5 2.1 7.4 5.0 –0.4 –6.4 10.9

Unit Value in US Dollars
- Exports (unit value): 8.1 –2.3 0.0 –1.9 –3.2 –16.1 –7.6 6.7 7.1 –2.1 –5.7 2.0
- Imports (unit value): 6.2 –1.8 –0.6 –1.4 –2.7 –12.4 –6.1 5.5 5.7 –2.0 –3.8 1.3

Terms of Trade
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 1.8 –0.5 0.7 –0.5 –0.5 –4.3 –1.6 1.1 1.2 –0.1 –2.0 0.7

Regional highlights (Value in US Dollars, Volume, Unit Value, Terms of Trade — selected lines)
- Emerging and Developing Asia — Exports (Value): 18.5 2.8 6.2 6.2 3.8 –6.5 –4.3 12.1 9.1 –0.9 –4.8 9.4
- Emerging and Developing Europe — Exports (Volume): 6.7 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.5 5.6 5.2 6.9 4.5 1.8 –8.4 8.0
- Latin America and the Caribbean — Imports (Volume): 6.3 1.3 3.7 3.1 0.5 –1.3 –3.0 5.0 5.5 –1.5 –12.1 15.0
- Middle East and Central Asia — Exports (Value): 19.2 –4.4 5.2 –0.5 –6.3 –31.1 –8.0 15.5 17.1 –8.4 –26.2 12.3
- Sub-Saharan Africa — Exports (Value): 17.2 –3.3 –3.8 –0.2 –5.4 –28.2 –8.6 17.0 15.3 –3.8 –19.6 15.4

Table continues with unit values, volumes, and terms of trade by region as reported.

### Table B14 — Emerging Market and Developing Economies by Source of Export Earnings: Total Trade in Goods (Annual percent change)
Fuel (selected)
- Exports (Value in US Dollars): 19.4 –5.3 4.1 –1.4 –6.9 –34.2 –12.0 19.0 19.8 –8.8 –28.0 12.1
- Exports (Unit Value in US Dollars): 13.1 –5.6 1.3 –3.2 –6.8 –35.4 –13.3 16.7 17.7 –5.0 –20.8 6.6
- Terms of Trade (Fuel): 5.9 –4.3 1.3 –3.3 –4.7 –27.0 –9.9 12.5 14.1 –4.6 –18.3 5.3

Nonfuel (selected)
- Exports (Value in US Dollars): 16.2 2.2 4.0 4.4 2.4 –8.5 –3.2 12.3 9.2 –0.7 –6.7 10.7
- Volume — Exports: 9.8 3.5 4.3 5.8 4.1 0.5 3.1 7.9 4.8 0.6 –4.9 9.6
- Terms of Trade (Nonfuel): 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.4 1.2 4.3 0.6 –1.6 –1.9 1.0 2.3 –0.3

Primary Products (selected)
- Exports (Value in US Dollars): 14.9 –0.5 –1.3 –1.2 –2.8 –15.8 –0.8 12.9 7.7 –2.1 –9.2 11.0
- Unit Value — Exports: 11.8 –2.1 –3.4 –5.0 –4.4 –15.9 –4.1 10.0 4.9 –3.9 –1.2 4.1
- Terms of Trade (Primary Products): 5.3 0.6 –1.7 –2.1 –1.5 –1.7 2.9 4.0 –0.9 0.2 4.2 2.6

### Table B15 — Summary of Current Account Transactions (Billions of US dollars; Averages and Projections)
Advanced Economies (selected aggregates and projections)
- Current Account Balance (Advanced Economies): –256.6 –151.7 248.1 297.2 391.1 480.5 392.6 339.3 242.2 314.1 385.9
- Trade Balance (Advanced Economies): –148.4 –74.9 274.8 346.5 413.1 426.4 355.2 306.2 294.6 336.3 453.3
- Goods Balance (Advanced Economies): –358.0 –422.3 –334.8 –181.5 –117.8 –152.9 –325.8 –295.5 –245.6 –236.8 –279.8
- Exports of Goods (Advanced Economies): 7,736.1 9,479.0 10,998.7 9,778.2 9,641.0 10,496.4 11,358.9 11,006.0 9,691.3 10,817.8 12,378.2
- Imports of Goods (Advanced Economies): 8,094.1 9,901.3 11,333.4 9,959.7 9,758.8 10,649.4 11,684.7 11,301.5 9,936.9 11,054.6 12,658.0
- Services Balance (Advanced Economies): 209.2 347.5 609.6 528.0 530.9 579.3 678.7 601.5 540.0 572.9 732.8
- Primary Income Balance (Advanced Economies): 180.4 270.2 361.6 298.9 336.1 418.1 434.9 431.0 331.4 386.8 415.1
- Secondary Income Balance (Advanced Economies): –288.6 –347.0 –388.1 –348.1 –357.9 –363.8 –397.2 –397.7 –384.0 –409.0 –482.5

Selected country current account highlights (Billions of US dollars)
- United States — Current Account Balance: –588.0 –534.0 –367.8 –407.4 –394.9 –365.3 –449.7 –480.2 –441.7 –463.0 –504.1
- Germany — Current Account Balance: 158.3 218.1 280.3 288.8 295.1 286.7 292.4 273.2 217.6 294.9 328.9
- Japan — Current Account Balance: 162.6 141.4 36.8 136.4 197.9 203.5 176.6 184.3 143.5 165.6 173.0
- United Kingdom — Current Account Balance: –68.0 –90.8 –144.8 –143.7 –140.9 –93.1 –110.7 –113.5 –54.0 –107.6 –110.7
- Canada — Current Account Balance: –4.2 –29.4 –41.9 –54.4 –47.2 –46.4 –42.8 –35.4 –31.8 –42.9 –47.7

Other Advanced Economies (aggregate)
- Current Account Balance: 186.3 237.7 358.4 364.7 345.6 323.7 344.2 392.0 314.2 337.5 373.6
- Trade Balance: 234.1 303.1 421.1 412.7 401.7 413.8 447.8 445.3 391.7 417.8 484.3

Note: Table B15 continues with detailed country- and component-level series for the euro area and individual advanced economies.

*International Monetary Fund | Table content from "tableb - Section 3" (PDF).*

### Section 4

### tableb - Section 4

### Summary of Current Account Transactions (Emerging Market and Developing Economies)
- Current Account Balance (Averages/Projections): 372.6; 412.3; 173.9; –57.9; –82.3; 7.4; –46.2; 62.8; –39.5; –144.7; –167.9
- Trade Balance: 421.9; 536.3; 382.5; 135.8; 106.6; 179.2; 233.1; 263.2; 143.8; 68.8; 10.3
- Goods Balance: 564.8; 765.9; 815.7; 487.5; 412.3; 511.0; 592.1; 558.7; 396.8; 362.4; 290.1
- Exports of Goods: 4,147.5; 5,912.9; 7,661.6; 6,444.5; 6,109.3; 6,952.8; 7,759.3; 7,555.6; 6,687.6; 7,427.1; 8,633.7
- Imports of Goods: 3,582.7; 5,147.0; 6,845.8; 5,957.0; 5,697.0; 6,441.8; 7,167.2; 6,996.9; 6,290.8; 7,064.7; 8,343.6
- Services Balance: –123.9; –205.2; –444.6; –357.3; –307.6; –326.5; –352.6; –290.6; –263.1; –297.0; –278.6
- Primary Income Balance: –271.7; –388.2; –443.1; –400.1; –403.0; –426.9; –561.8; –523.3; –457.7; –514.5; –539.6
- Secondary Income Balance: 205.5; 243.5; 250.3; 212.2; 215.1; 248.9; 277.5; 318.1; 283.5; 303.8; 361.1

### Summary of Current Account Transactions (Regional Groups — selected entries)
- Emerging and Developing Asia
  - Current Account Balance: 208.2; 240.0; 228.3; 308.6; 223.3; 173.1; –49.2; 133.0; 201.2; 64.8; 20.6
  - Trade Balance: 160.2; 194.0; 177.6; 328.0; 250.2; 169.6; –5.0; 109.5; 230.8; 100.2; 13.8
  - Exports of Goods: 1,645.5; 2,413.8; 3,463.2; 3,239.6; 3,101.5; 3,477.4; 3,792.4; 3,757.2; 3,577.8; 3,914.1; 4,551.7
  - Imports of Goods: 1,484.9; 2,215.6; 2,140.3; 2,766.8; 2,699.4; 3,144.8; 3,607.9; 3,496.1; 3,238.5; 3,666.3; 4,357.8
- Emerging and Developing Europe
  - Current Account Balance: –14.3; –36.0; –8.0; 36.3; –6.6; –16.3; 69.3; 54.9; –9.2; 4.3; –4.9
  - Exports of Goods: 705.9; 778.0; 1,193.9; 949.4; 894.9; 1,053.0; 1,214.7; 1,194.2; 1,020.1; 1,143.9; 1,347.9
  - Imports of Goods: 702.6; 968.3; 1,128.4; 886.7; 885.0; 1,051.3; 1,139.1; 1,122.8; 1,000.8; 1,116.2; 1,351.0
- Middle East and Central Asia
  - Current Account Balance: 192.0; 283.7; 201.9; –138.9; –143.2; –26.9; 108.4; 26.8; –133.3; –106.7; –61.2
  - Exports of Goods: 867.4; 1,267.4; 1,521.8; 1,045.7; 959.1; 1,114.2; 1,308.6; 1,199.3; 872.6; 984.9; 1,142.7
- Latin America and the Caribbean
  - Current Account Balance: –16.6; –67.8; –186.0; –171.9; –99.7; –86.2; –130.2; –89.7; –21.6; –37.3; –58.0
  - Exports of Goods: 680.9; 908.9; 1,083.6; 923.3; 891.8; 1,001.6; 1,090.2; 1,064.7; 943.8; 1,068.6; 1,205.0
  - Imports of Goods: 624.1; 856.7; 1,100.9; 977.6; 889.4; 966.4; 1,075.6; 1,036.8; 882.2; 1,019.7; 1,172.0
- Sub-Saharan Africa
  - Current Account Balance: 3.4; –7.5; –62.4; –92.0; –56.1; –36.3; –44.4; –62.2; –76.6; –69.8; –64.3
  - Exports of Goods: 247.9; 344.6; 399.0; 286.6; 262.0; 306.6; 353.5; 340.1; 273.4; 315.6; 386.4
  - Imports of Goods: 202.3; 287.3; 385.5; 335.3; 288.8; 300.6; 337.6; 347.7; 301.6; 331.1; 396.9

### Summary by Source of Export Earnings (selected)
- Fuel-exporting economies
  - Current Account Balance: 326.8; 445.9; 311.3; –75.9; –74.9; 83.7; 311.0; 146.3; –95.6; –41.4; 11.2
  - Exports of Goods: 1,275.4; 1,856.7; 2,195.7; 1,444.0; 1,267.9; 1,514.5; 1,818.8; 1,659.4; 1,182.7; 1,330.6; 1,516.1
- Nonfuel-exporting economies
  - Current Account Balance: 46.4; –33.1; –137.4; 18.0; –7.4; –76.4; –357.2; –83.6; 56.1; –103.3; –179.0
  - Exports of Goods: 2,863.1; 4,048.5; 5,465.9; 5,000.5; 4,841.4; 5,438.3; 5,940.4; 5,896.2; 5,504.9; 6,096.5; 7,117.6

### By External Financing Source (selected)
- Net Debtor Economies
  - Current Account Balance: –117.9; –238.9; –348.6; –312.2; –219.2; –243.0; –333.8; –228.1; –167.5; –233.4; –304.4
  - Trade Balance: –127.9; –227.9; –329.1; –331.8; –230.0; –240.5; –305.3; –228.3; –187.9; –225.8; –289.1
  - Exports of Goods: 1,950.1; 2,664.4; 3,355.3; 2,886.8; 2,845.5; 3,242.7; 3,581.8; 3,548.1; 3,126.3; 3,534.0; 4,213.3

### Memorandum — World Current Account Balance (selected)
- World Current Account Balance: 116.0; 260.6; 422.0; 239.2; 308.9; 487.9; 346.4; 402.0; 202.6; 169.4; 218.0

### Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Summary of External Debt and Debt Service (Table B16)
- External Debt (Billions of US dollars, 2012–2021): 7,508.5; 8,375.5; 8,831.0; 8,355.4; 8,706.3; 9,654.3; 10,112.8; 10,569.3; 10,897.0; 11,328.5
- Regional totals (Total Debt, 2012 and 2021)
  - Emerging and Developing Asia: 2,417.0; 4,306.4
  - Emerging and Developing Europe: 1,996.6; 1,863.1
  - Latin America and the Caribbean: 1,716.9; 2,475.6
  - Middle East and Central Asia: 1,014.7; 1,937.3
  - Sub-Saharan Africa: 363.4; 746.0
- Debt-Service Payments (Emerging Market and Developing Economies): 2,600.3; 2,982.9; 3,420.4; 3,545.6; 3,065.7; 3,125.9; 3,548.4; 3,786.9; 3,885.8; 3,973.3
- Regional Debt-Service Payments (2012; 2021)
  - Emerging and Developing Asia: 1,242.8; 2,291.7
  - Emerging and Developing Europe: 671.9; 627.5
  - Latin America and the Caribbean: 443.7; 593.5
  - Middle East and Central Asia: 180.0; 345.6
  - Sub-Saharan Africa: 61.9; 115.0

### External Debt Ratios and Maturities (Tables B17–B18)
- Total Debt by year for Emerging Market and Developing Economies (Billions of US dollars): 7,508.5; 8,375.5; 8,831.0; 8,355.4; 8,706.3; 9,654.3; 10,112.8; 10,569.3; 10,897.0; 11,328.5
- By Maturity (Emerging Market and Developing Economies)
  - Short Term: 2,109.1; 2,537.7; 2,640.3; 2,147.1; 2,161.1; 2,562.8; 2,791.5; 2,907.9; 2,980.1; 3,080.6
  - Long Term: 5,399.3; 5,837.8; 6,190.7; 6,208.3; 6,545.2; 7,091.5; 7,321.3; 7,661.3; 7,916.8; 8,247.9
- Selected regional maturity splits (2021 projections, Billions of US dollars)
  - Emerging and Developing Asia — Short Term: 1,875.9; Long Term: 2,430.5
  - Emerging and Developing Europe — Short Term: 374.0; Long Term: 1,489.1
  - Latin America and the Caribbean — Short Term: 353.0; Long Term: 2,122.6
  - Middle East and Central Asia — Short Term: 388.6; Long Term: 1,548.6
  - Sub-Saharan Africa — Short Term: 89.1; Long Term: 656.9
- By Source of Export Earnings (Total Debt, 2012; 2021)
  - Fuel: 1,535.0; 2,204.0
  - Nonfuel: 5,973.5; 9,124.5
  - Nonfuel Primary Products: 677.1; 1,052.7
- Net Debtor Economies (Total Debt): 4,715.7; 6,773.4
  - Net Debtor Economies — Short Term: 912.8; 1,094.6
  - Net Debtor Economies — Long Term: 3,802.9; 5,678.9
- Economies with Arrears and/or Rescheduling during 2015–19 (Total Debt): 363.4; 580.7
  - Short Term: 89.4; 60.8
  - Long Term: 274.0; 519.9

### Ratio of External Debt to GDP (Table B19)
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies (Total debt at end of year in percent of GDP): 26.6; 28.6; 30.6; 30.7; 30.3; 30.2; 31.0; 30.0; 32.7; 30.8
- Regional ratios (selected series)
  - Emerging and Developing Asia: 18.9; 21.0; 21.4; 18.6; 18.2; 18.6; 19.2; 18.3; 19.3; 18.6
  - Emerging and Developing Europe: 45.2; 48.6; 56.5; 58.9; 56.4; 51.2; 50.3; 46.8; 52.8; 48.7
  - Latin America and the Caribbean: 29.6; 33.0; 37.6; 44.2; 42.8; 42.4; 48.0; 48.5; 60.4; 56.6
  - Sub-Saharan Africa: 23.2; 23.0; 25.7; 31.6; 35.2; 37.1; 41.3; 42.0; 45.9; 44.0
- Analytical groups (selected)
  - Fuel exporters: 25.4; 26.9; 30.9; 37.1; 38.3; 38.5; 38.7; 39.3; 45.5; 42.9
  - Nonfuel exporters: 26.9; 29.1; 30.6; 30.6; 29.5; 28.8; 28.7; 29.6; 28.4; 28.9
  - Net Debtor Economies: 34.6; 37.1; 39.6; 43.2; 42.1; 41.0; 42.3; 41.5; 47.7; 45.2
  - Economies with Arrears and/or Rescheduling during 2015–19: 43.8; 46.1; 51.3; 52.7; 57.6; 71.1; 68.2; 64.7; 73.8; 67.0

*Table B15–B19, Summary of Current Account Transactions; External Debt and Debt Service; External Debt by Maturity; Ratio of External Debt to GDP (selected entries).*

### Section 5

### Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Debt-Service Ratios (Table B, Section 5)

### Interest Payments (Percent of exports of goods and services)
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 2.9, 3.1, 3.4, 4.4, 4.2, 4.6, 4.5, 4.6, 5.4, 4.9
- Regional groups
  - Emerging and Developing Asia: 2.5, 2.8, 3.2, 3.3, 3.2, 3.4, 3.8, 4.3, 5.0, 4.8
  - Emerging and Developing Europe: 4.2, 4.3, 4.1, 4.1, 4.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.5, 3.0
  - Latin America and the Caribbean: 5.6, 5.8, 6.2, 10.9, 8.9, 11.9, 9.4, 7.5, 8.5, 7.3
  - Middle East and Central Asia: 1.4, 1.4, 1.6, 2.5, 3.5, 3.6, 3.9, 4.5, 5.5, 5.0
  - Sub-Saharan Africa: 1.8, 1.9, 2.4, 4.0, 4.3, 4.1, 4.5, 4.9, 6.5, 5.6
- Analytical groups (by source of export earnings)
  - Fuel: 1.9, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.9, 3.4, 3.7, 4.1, 5.1, 4.5
  - Nonfuel: 3.4, 3.5, 3.8, 4.7, 4.3, 4.9, 4.7, 4.7, 5.4, 5.0
  - Of which, Primary Products: 5.5, 5.7, 6.3, 17.9, 11.5, 18.7, 12.6, 6.5, 8.1, 6.9
- By external financing source
  - Net Debtor Economies: 3.2, 3.2, 3.3, 3.8, 4.0, 4.2, 4.4, 4.9, 5.8, 5.2
- Net Debtor Economies by debt-servicing experience
  - Economies with Arrears and/or Rescheduling during 2015–19: 2.4, 2.6, 3.3, 4.6, 5.8, 6.5, 7.1, 7.7, 8.5, 7.9
- Other groups
  - Heavily Indebted Poor Countries: 1.4, 1.7, 2.1, 3.2, 4.1, 3.9, 4.2, 4.7, 5.8, 5.2
  - Low-Income Developing Countries: 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 2.2, 2.5, 2.5, 2.7, 2.8, 3.4, 3.2
  - Middle East and North Africa: 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 2.0, 2.9, 3.0, 3.4, 4.0, 4.9, 4.5

### Amortization (Percent of exports of goods and services)
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 27.5, 30.7, 35.2, 42.1, 37.7, 33.2, 34.1, 37.3, 44.1, 40.3
- Regional groups
  - Emerging and Developing Asia: 31.7, 34.2, 42.5, 49.1, 39.0, 34.4, 38.9, 42.8, 47.5, 45.5
  - Emerging and Developing Europe: 43.1, 48.7, 49.9, 50.2, 48.2, 43.4, 39.9, 39.2, 47.9, 40.4
  - Latin America and the Caribbean: 30.5, 33.5, 36.6, 47.4, 47.7, 41.2, 37.1, 41.8, 48.4, 41.4
  - Middle East and Central Asia: 8.7, 10.6, 10.3, 14.7, 18.3, 16.3, 15.4, 18.0, 26.6, 23.9
  - Sub-Saharan Africa: 11.3, 13.9, 13.5, 20.3, 22.8, 19.3, 21.8, 23.5, 30.2, 25.5
- Analytical groups (by source of export earnings)
  - Fuel: 10.1, 13.3, 13.4, 15.1, 15.7, 13.4, 13.2, 14.7, 22.4, 20.3
  - Nonfuel: 34.8, 37.5, 43.2, 49.4, 43.2, 38.4, 40.1, 43.2, 48.7, 44.5
  - Of which, Primary Products: 38.2, 42.9, 41.5, 49.6, 50.7, 42.3, 42.4, 48.2, 55.5, 46.1
- By external financing source
  - Net Debtor Economies: 30.0, 33.1, 34.8, 40.0, 39.7, 35.3, 33.0, 34.2, 40.9, 35.4
- Net Debtor Economies by debt-servicing experience
  - Economies with Arrears and/or Rescheduling during 2015–19: 48.0, 54.3, 56.5, 67.9, 73.5, 68.7, 65.0, 64.8, 70.9, 58.4
- Other groups
  - Heavily Indebted Poor Countries: 7.1, 5.3, 6.7, 8.8, 9.0, 9.8, 10.0, 10.4, 13.0, 10.9
  - Low-Income Developing Countries: 8.5, 8.8, 9.1, 9.7, 14.4, 11.5, 12.9, 11.5, 15.2, 13.6
  - Middle East and North Africa: 8.5, 10.2, 9.7, 14.3, 18.3, 16.0, 15.3, 17.8, 26.6, 23.7

Notes on interest and amortization
- Excludes service payments to the IMF.
- Interest payments and amortization on total debt. Estimates through 2019 reflect debt-service payments actually made. Estimates for 2020 and 2021 take into account projected exceptional-financing items, including accumulation of arrears and rescheduling arrangements. In some cases, amortization on account of debt-reduction operations is included.

### Table B21 — Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Selected Economic Indicators (Annual percent change; Averages and Projections)
- Averages and projections (selected rows)
  - Real GDP (Averages/Projections): 6.5 (2002–11 average), 3.9 (2012–21 average), 4.5 (2018), 3.7 (2019), –3.3 (2020), 6.0 (2021), 2.7 (2018–21 average), 4.9 (2022–25)
  - Export Volume (annual percent change): 8.7, 2.9, 4.1, 0.9, –7.7, 9.5, 1.5, 4.9
  - Terms of Trade (annual percent change): 1.6, –0.7, 1.2, –1.1, –2.6, 0.3, –0.6, 0.0
  - Import Volume (annual percent change): 9.9, 2.8, 5.0, –0.6, –9.4, 11.0, 1.2, 5.2

- Regional highlights (Real GDP, Export Volume, Terms of Trade, Import Volume — selected entries)
  - Emerging and Developing Asia
    - Real GDP: 8.6, 5.9, 6.3, 5.5, –1.7, 8.0, 4.4, 6.1
    - Export Volume: 13.5, 8.6, 4.9, 1.6, –5.0, 9.8, 2.7, 5.1
    - Terms of Trade: –1.2, 0.5, –1.7, –0.6, 0.7, –1.4, –0.8, –0.2
    - Import Volume: 12.5, 4.2, 7.6, –1.6, –7.3, 12.1, 2.4, 5.6
  - Emerging and Developing Europe
    - Real GDP: 4.8, 1.9, 3.3, 2.1, –4.6, 3.9, 1.1, 3.0
    - Export Volume: 6.8, 3.2, 6.2, 2.7, –11.2, 10.0, 1.6, 5.1
    - Terms of Trade: 2.2, –1.4, 2.8, 0.2, –4.3, –0.1, –0.4, 0.2
    - Import Volume: 9.7, 1.5, 3.1, 2.9, –9.9, 7.9, 0.8, 5.6
  - Latin America and the Caribbean
    - Real GDP: 3.6, 0.4, 1.1, 0.0, –8.1, 3.6, –1.0, 2.6
    - Export Volume: 3.9, 1.8, 3.0, 0.1, –10.1, 9.6, 0.4, 3.9
    - Terms of Trade: 3.1, –0.7, –0.5, 0.1, –0.5, 3.7, 0.7, –0.4
    - Import Volume: 6.3, 1.1, 3.9, –1.4, –13.4, 15.2, 0.6, 4.1
  - Middle East and Central Asia
    - Real GDP: 5.6, 2.3, 2.1, 1.4, –4.1, 3.0, 0.6, 3.5
    - Export Volume: 6.6, 1.3, 0.7, –2.9, –10.4, 8.0, –1.4, 4.3
    - Terms of Trade: 4.3, –3.3, 9.7, –4.4, –12.8, 2.7, –1.6, 0.5
    - Import Volume: 8.9, 1.6, –1.0, –2.3, –12.5, 7.3, –2.4, 4.0
  - Sub-Saharan Africa
    - Real GDP: 5.9, 2.9, 3.3, 3.2, –3.0, 3.1, 1.6, 4.3
    - Export Volume: 3.9, 2.0, 3.4, 2.5, –7.3, 9.2, 1.8, 6.3
    - Terms of Trade: 4.8, –1.3, 4.6, –3.6, –6.8, 5.2, –0.3, 0.3
    - Import Volume: 8.8, 2.3, 6.9, 5.5, –8.3, 8.4, 2.9, 5.1

### Table B21 — External Positions and Debt Indicators (Percent of exports of goods and services; selected projections)
- World/aggregate projections (selected rows)
  - Current Account Balance (projections series): 4.3, 1.9, 0.1, –0.5, 0.7, –0.3, –1.6, –1.8
  - Total External Debt: 99.2, 94.5, 116.3, 109.6, 116.5, 138.5, 128.7, 117.9
  - Debt-Service Payments (interest + amortization): 32.2, 34.1, 37.9, 38.7, 41.9, 49.5, 45.2, 40.7
  - Interest Payments: 3.4, 3.1, 4.6, 4.5, 4.6, 5.4, 4.9, 4.4
  - Amortization: 28.9, 30.7, 33.2, 34.1, 37.3, 44.1, 40.3, 36.4

- Regional external debt and debt-service snapshots (selected entries)
  - Emerging and Developing Asia
    - Current Account Balance: 12.4, 2.6, 4.2, –1.1, 3.0, 4.8, 1.4, –0.1
    - Total External Debt: 60.3, 74.7, 82.5, 82.2, 85.8, 97.8, 94.5, 94.6
    - Debt-Service Payments: 24.1, 37.0, 37.8, 42.7, 47.1, 52.5, 50.3, 48.5
    - Interest Payments: 2.3, 2.8, 3.4, 3.8, 4.3, 5.0, 4.8, 4.4
    - Amortization: 21.8, 34.2, 34.4, 38.9, 42.8, 47.5, 45.5, 44.1
  - Emerging and Developing Europe
    - Current Account Balance: –1.4, –3.8, –1.2, 4.5, 3.6, –0.7, 0.3, –0.5
    - Total External Debt: 174.0, 147.4, 143.7, 119.0, 121.1, 144.0, 128.5, 101.5
    - Debt-Service Payments: 62.3, 53.0, 46.4, 42.9, 42.2, 51.4, 43.3, 32.4
    - Interest Payments: 5.8, 4.3, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.5, 3.0, 2.3
    - Amortization: 56.5, 48.7, 43.4, 39.9, 39.2, 47.9, 40.4, 30.1
  - Latin America and the Caribbean
    - Current Account Balance: –4.0, –13.7, –7.3, –10.3, –7.2, –2.0, –3.0, –4.8
    - Total External Debt: 138.4, 147.5, 191.8, 184.4, 193.0, 226.6, 202.1, 177.8
    - Debt-Service Payments: ... , 41.5, 54.1, 47.3, 49.8, 57.0, 48.8, 40.4
    - Interest Payments: 5.8, 5.8, 11.9, 9.4, 7.5, 8.5, 7.3, 6.2
    - Amortization: 36.5, 33.5, 41.2, 37.1, 41.8, 48.4, 41.4, 34.3
  - Middle East and Central Asia
    - Current Account Balance: 2.4, 18.8, –2.2, 7.0, 1.9, –11.3, –8.3, –3.5
    - Total External Debt: 86.8, 60.3, 113.2, 105.8, 125.1, 176.6, 161.6, 150.5
    - Debt-Service Payments: 17.6, 12.0, 19.8, 19.3, 22.5, 32.0, 28.9, 25.5
    - Interest Payments: 2.4, 1.4, 3.6, 3.9, 4.5, 5.5, 5.0, 4.8
    - Amortization: 15.2, 10.6, 16.3, 15.4, 18.0, 26.6, 23.9, 20.8
  - Sub-Saharan Africa
    - Current Account Balance: –8.7, –7.8, –9.9, –10.6, –15.3, –23.7, –18.5, –12.0
    - Total External Debt: 88.1, 78.5, 162.2, 154.8, 171.4, 220.3, 199.3, 175.0
    - Debt-Service Payments: 23.7, 15.8, 23.4, 26.3, 28.4, 36.7, 31.1, 28.3
    - Interest Payments: 1.7, 1.9, 4.1, 4.5, 4.9, 6.5, 5.6, 4.9
    - Amortization: 22.1, 13.9, 19.3, 21.8, 23.5, 30.2, 25.5, 23.4

- Analytical groups — Net Debtor Economies with arrears/rescheduling (selected entries)
  - Economies with Arrears and/or Rescheduling during 2015–19
    - Current Account Balance: –15.7, –22.9, –21.2, –18.2, –18.2, –19.5, –21.6, –11.3
    - Total External Debt: 158.0, 148.5, 233.4, 213.5, 220.4, 278.1, 253.4, 174.2
    - Debt-Service Payments: 55.0, 56.9, 75.2, 72.1, 72.5, 79.4, 66.2, 34.0
    - Interest Payments: 2.9, 2.6, 6.5, 7.1, 7.7, 8.5, 7.9, 5.5
    - Amortization: 52.1, 54.3, 68.7, 65.0, 64.8, 70.9, 58.4, 28.5

Notes on Table B21
- Data refer to trade in goods and services.
- Interest payments and amortization on total debt. The projections incorporate the impact of exceptional-financing items. Excludes service payments to the IMF.

*Source: tableb - Section 5 (WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK: A LONG AND DIFFICULT ASCENT — Statistical Appendix).*

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_Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/weo/2020/october/english/tableb.pdf_