## tablea

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### Summary of world output and values (Table A1)
- World (Real GDP, Annual percent change): 3.7 3.3 3.8 3.6 2.8 –2.7 6.5 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1
- Advanced Economies (Real GDP, Annual percent change): 1.5 1.8 2.6 2.3 1.8 –3.9 5.7 2.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies (Real GDP, Annual percent change): 5.7 4.4 4.8 4.7 3.6 –1.8 7.0 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.2 3.9
- Value of World Output (billions of US dollars) At Market Exchange Rates: 68,328 76,395 81,256 86,246 87,494 85,258 96,990 100,663 104,791 109,529 114,828 139,049
- Value of World Output (billions of US dollars) At Purchasing Power Parities: 94,006 116,496 122,699 129,983 135,820 133,629 148,699 164,516 175,784 185,677 195,008 237,389

### Advanced economies — growth, demand, and GDP components (Tables A2, A3)
- Real GDP (Q4 over Q4, Annual percent change)
  - Advanced Economies: 1.5 1.8 2.6 2.3 1.8 –3.9 5.7 2.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.9 1.7
  - United States: 1.6 1.8 2.5 3.0 2.5 –2.2 5.8 1.9 2.5 2.7 1.9 2.1 3.1 2.1 1.8
  - Euro Area: 0.8 1.9 2.6 1.8 1.6 –6.1 5.9 3.4 0.4 0.8 1.5 1.2 0.1 1.4 1.4
- Real Total Domestic Demand (Annual percent change)
  - Advanced Economies: 1.3 2.1 2.6 2.3 2.1 –3.9 5.7 3.1 1.0 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.3 1.8 1.8
  - United States: 1.4 1.9 2.6 3.1 2.5 –1.9 6.9 2.3 1.9 2.7 1.8 2.1 2.8 2.2 1.8
  - Euro Area: 0.5 2.4 2.3 1.9 2.3 –5.7 4.7 3.6 0.2 0.8 1.4 1.3 0.3 0.6 1.8
- Components of Real GDP (Annual percent change)
  - Private Consumer Expenditure, Advanced Economies: 1.4 1.6 2.1 2.3 2.1 1.5 –5.3 5.8 3.5 1.5 1.6 1.7
  - Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Advanced Economies: 0.9 2.3 2.9 4.0 3.3 3.1 –3.1 5.6 1.8 1.5 1.6 2.5
  - Final Domestic Demand, Advanced Economies: 1.3 1.8 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.2 –3.5 5.3 2.6 1.5 1.6 1.8
  - Stock Building (percent of GDP preceding period), Advanced Economies: 0.0 0.0 –0.2 0.2 0.1 –0.1 –0.3 0.3 0.5 –0.5 –0.1 0.0
  - Foreign Balance (percent of GDP preceding period), Advanced Economies: 0.2 0.0 –0.1 0.1 –0.1 –0.2 –0.2 0.0 –0.5 0.6 0.2 0.1

### Emerging Market and Developing Economies — regional and country growth (Table A4)
- Emerging and Developing Asia (Annual percent change): 7.9 6.8 6.6 6.4 5.2 –0.5 7.7 4.4 5.6 5.2 4.9 4.5
  - China: 9.6 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.0 2.2 8.4 3.0 5.2 4.6 4.1 3.3
  - India: 6.8 8.3 6.8 6.5 3.9 –5.8 9.7 7.0 7.8 6.8 6.5 6.5
- Emerging and Developing Europe (Annual percent change): 3.2 1.8 4.2 3.6 2.5 –1.6 7.5 1.2 3.2 3.1 2.8 2.6
  - Türkiye: 5.1 3.3 7.5 3.0 0.8 1.9 11.4 5.5 4.5 3.1 3.2 3.5
  - Ukraine: –0.7 2.4 2.4 3.5 3.2 –3.8 3.4 –29.1 5.0 3.2 6.5 4.2
- Latin America and the Caribbean (Annual percent change): 3.0 –0.8 1.4 1.1 0.2 –7.0 7.3 4.2 2.3 2.0 2.5 2.4
  - Guyana: 3.8 3.8 3.7 4.4 5.4 43.5 20.1 62.3 33.0 33.9 18.7 11.9
- Sub-Saharan Africa (Annual percent change): 5.2 1.5 2.9 3.3 3.2 –1.6 4.7 4.0 3.4 3.8 4.0 4.3
  - Democratic Republic of the Congo: 6.9 0.4 3.7 4.8 4.5 1.7 6.0 8.8 6.1 4.7 5.7 4.1
  - Côte d’Ivoire: 4.3 7.2 7.4 4.8 6.7 0.7 7.1 6.9 6.2 6.5 6.4 6.0

### Inflation summaries (Table A5, A6, A7)
- GDP Deflators, Advanced Economies: 1.4 0.9 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.6 3.2 5.5 4.2 2.6 2.1 1.9
- Consumer Prices, Advanced Economies: 1.7 0.7 1.7 2.0 1.4 0.7 3.1 7.3 4.6 2.6 2.0 2.0
- Consumer Prices, United States: 2.0 1.3 2.1 2.4 1.8 1.2 4.7 8.0 4.1 2.9 2.0 2.1
- Consumer Prices, Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 6.0 4.4 4.5 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.9 9.8 8.3 8.3 6.2 4.2
- Selected country consumer-price highlights (Table A7):
  - India: 8.0 4.5 3.6 3.4 4.8 6.2 5.5 6.7 5.4 4.6 4.2 4.0 5.1 4.4 4.1
  - China: 2.9 2.0 1.6 2.1 2.9 2.5 0.9 2.0 0.2 1.0 2.0 2.0 –0.3 1.9 2.0
  - Venezuela (noted special entries in source): 36.3 254.9 438.1 65,374.1 19,906.0 2,355.1 1,588.5 186.5 337.5 100.0 150.0 . . . 190.0 160.0 150.0

### Selected country rows (statistical appendix extracts)
- Examples (annual series provided in the source file, compacted here):
  - Eswatini: 3.1 1.1 2.0 2.4 2.7 –1.6 10.7 0.5 5.1 3.7 3.3 2.7
  - Ethiopia (GDP growth row): 10.6 8.0 10.2 7.7 9.0 6.1 6.3 6.4 7.2 6.2 6.5 7.0
  - Nigeria (GDP growth row): 6.4 –1.6 0.8 1.9 2.2 –1.8 3.6 3.3 2.9 3.3 3.0 3.3
  - Zimbabwe (GDP growth row): 1 3.6 0.8 5.2 5.0 –6.3 –7.8 8.4 6.5 5.3 3.2 3.2 3.0

### Major advanced economies — fiscal balances and debt (Section 3)
- Major Advanced Economies (aggregates)
  - Net Lending/Borrowing: –5.2 (2006–15 average), –3.3 (2016), –3.3 (2017), –3.4 (2018), –3.8 (2019), –11.6 (2020), –8.7 (2021), –4.1 (2022), –7.0 (2023), –5.5 (2024), –5.3 (2025), –4.6 (2029)
  - Output Gap (percent of potential GDP): –2.4 (2006–15), –1.6 (2016), –0.7 (2017), 0.2 (2018), 0.4 (2019), –3.1 (2020), 0.1 (2021), 0.7 (2022), 0.3 (2023), –0.1 (2024), –0.2 (2025), –0.1 (2029)
  - Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –4.0 (2006–15), –2.7 (2016), –3.0 (2017), –3.3 (2018), –3.9 (2019), –8.1 (2020), –7.9 (2021), –5.5 (2022), –6.8 (2023), –5.3 (2024), –5.2 (2025), –4.5 (2029)
- United States fiscal and debt indicators
  - Net Lending/Borrowing: –6.6 (2006–15), –4.4 (2016), –4.8 (2017), –5.3 (2018), –5.8 (2019), –13.9 (2020), –11.1 (2021), –4.1 (2022), –8.8 (2023), –6.5 (2024), –7.1 (2025), –6.0 (2029)
  - Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –4.4 (2006–15), –3.6 (2016), –4.3 (2017), –5.1 (2018), –6.0 (2019), –10.6 (2020), –10.8 (2021), –6.8 (2022), –8.6 (2023), –6.7 (2024), –7.1 (2025), –5.9 (2029)
  - Net Debt (end of year, percent of GDP): 67.8 (2006–15), 82.0 (2016), 80.6 (2017), 81.4 (2018), 83.2 (2019), 98.0 (2020), 97.8 (2021), 94.7 (2022), 96.3 (2023), 97.6 (2024), 100.7 (2025), 108.0 (2029)
  - Gross Debt (end of year, percent of GDP): 90.0 (2006–15), 106.6 (2016), 105.5 (2017), 106.8 (2018), 108.1 (2019), 132.0 (2020), 125.0 (2021), 120.0 (2022), 122.1 (2023), 123.3 (2024), 126.6 (2025), 133.9 (2029)
- Country examples (selected)
  - Germany, Net Debt (end of year, percent of GDP): 57.0 (2006–15), 49.3 (2016), 45.5 (2017), 42.8 (2018), 40.3 (2019), 45.7 (2020), 46.8 (2021), 47.1 (2022), 46.4 (2023), 46.4 (2024), 45.7 (2025), 43.0 (2029)
  - Japan, Gross Debt (end of year, percent of GDP, nonconsolidated basis): 206.9 (2006–15), 232.4 (2016), 231.3 (2017), 232.4 (2018), 236.4 (2019), 258.3 (2020), 253.9 (2021), 257.2 (2022), 252.4 (2023), 254.6 (2024), 252.6 (2025), 251.7 (2029)
  - Italy, Net Debt (end of year, percent of GDP): 109.2 (2006–15), 121.6 (2016), 121.3 (2017), 121.8 (2018), 121.7 (2019), 141.5 (2020), 134.8 (2021), 129.1 (2022), 126.6 (2023), 128.9 (2024), 130.3 (2025), 135.8 (2029)

### Current account balances and financial-account flows (Sections 4 and 5; Tables A12–A13, A14)
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Current Account Balance (regional aggregates and select country trajectories)
  - Emerging and Developing Asia (2016–2029 sample): 1.3, 0.9, –0.3, 0.5, 1.5, 1.2, 1.2, 1.0, 0.7, 0.7, 0.3
  - Latin America and the Caribbean (regional aggregate, 2016–2029): –2.2, –1.8, –2.7, –2.1, –0.3, –1.9, –2.4, –1.2, –1.0, –1.2, –1.3
  - Sub-Saharan Africa (regional aggregate, 2016–2029): –3.5, –2.0, –2.0, –3.1, –2.7, –1.0, –2.0, –2.8, –2.8, –2.6, –2.2
  - Notable country series: Guyana (1.5, –4.9, –29.0, –68.8, –16.3, –25.9, 23.7, 20.2, 22.9, 15.3, 36.6); Brunei Darussalam (12.9, 16.4, 6.9, 6.6, 4.3, 11.2, 19.6, 19.0, 18.6, 18.5, 16.7)
- Financial-account balances (world and regional)
  - Advanced Economies, Financial Account Balance (2016–2025): 426.9, 393.6, 416.5, 141.2, –5.8, 552.6, 58.1, 310.7, 482.7, 480.6
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies, Financial Account Balance (2016–2025): –401.6, –284.1, –267.2, –156.7, 34.4, 203.9, 474.7, 215.2, 127.0, 101.8
  - World, Financial Account Balance (memorandum, 2016–2025): 25.2, 109.5, 149.3, –15.5, 28.5, 756.5, 532.8, 525.9, 609.8, 582.4
- Components (selected)
  - United States, Financial Account Balance (2016–2025): –362.4, –373.2, –302.9, –558.4, –668.9, –788.8, –804.8, –811.2, –736.6, –762.5
  - Japan, Financial Account Balance (2016–2025): 266.5, 168.3, 183.9, 228.3, 132.2, 153.5, 48.4, 163.1, 140.0, 147.4
  - Emerging and Developing Asia, Change in Reserves (2016–2025): –384.6, 199.2, 22.1, 97.0, 165.8, 277.4, 52.9, 24.4, 181.3, 202.7
  - Latin America and the Caribbean, Direct Investment, Net (2016–2025): –124.5, –120.6, –148.0, –113.9, –93.0, –100.4, –120.6, –135.8, –107.1, –118.4

### Net lending/borrowing, savings, investment (Table A14) — selected aggregates and country highlights
- Advanced Economies (percent of GDP, selected): Net Lending and Borrowing: –0.2 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.3 1.0 –0.1 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.7; Savings: 21.8 22.1 23.2 23.4 22.8 23.8 23.3 22.3 22.1 22.3 22.6; Investment: 21.9 21.6 22.6 22.8 22.5 22.8 23.5 22.7 22.3 22.5 22.7
- United States (percent of GDP, selected): Net Lending and Borrowing: –3.3 –2.4 –2.1 –2.1 –2.8 –3.5 –3.8 –3.0 –2.6 –2.6 –2.3; Savings: 17.3 18.1 19.1 19.4 18.5 17.8 18.3 16.6 16.9 17.1 18.0; Investment: 20.5 20.3 21.6 21.7 21.4 21.4 21.9 21.3 21.5 21.6 22.1
- Regional highlights (percent of GDP)
  - Emerging and Developing Asia, Savings: 43.0 42.1 40.0 39.5 40.3 41.0 40.9 39.7 39.6 39.4 39.0
  - Middle East and Central Asia, Net Lending and Borrowing: 7.5 4.3 2.6 0.2 –3.4 3.1 8.1 3.9 1.7 1.2 0.0
  - Sub-Saharan Africa, Investment: 21.3 21.2 21.0 22.5 22.4 22.3 21.5 21.7 21.7 22.1 22.9
- Analytical groups (percent of GDP)
  - Fuel exporters, Net Lending and Borrowing: 9.5 5.6 5.2 1.7 –3.3 5.1 11.1 5.4 3.5 2.6 1.4
  - Net Debtor Economies, Net Lending and Borrowing: –2.0 –2.2 –2.2 –1.5 –0.4 –1.9 –2.5 –1.2 –1.5 –1.6 –1.6

### Medium-term baseline projections (Table A15)
- World Real GDP (annual percent change, baseline medium-term): 3.7, 3.0, 3.5, 3.2, 3.2, 3.2, 3.3, 3.1
- Advanced Economies, Real GDP: 1.5, 1.8, 2.6, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.7
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies, Real GDP: 5.7, 3.9, 4.1, 4.3, 4.2, 4.2, 4.2, 4.0
- Memorandum (selected)
  - Potential Output, Major Advanced Economies: 1.4, 1.4, 1.6, 2.2, 2.1, 1.7, 1.9, 1.6
  - World Trade, Volume (goods and services): 4.2, 2.7, 5.6, 0.3, 3.0, 3.3, 3.0, 3.3
  - Consumer Prices, Advanced Economies: 1.7, 2.6, 7.3, 4.6, 2.6, 2.0, 4.1, 2.0
  - World Real Long-Term Interest Rate (GDP-weighted major advanced economies): 1.2, –0.7, –5.0, –1.3, 1.0, 1.5, –0.9, 1.3
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies, Total External Debt (percent of GDP): 27.3, 30.1, 29.0, 29.8, 28.6, 27.9, 28.8, 27.1
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies, Debt Service (percent of exports): 9.7, 10.3, 10.5, 10.4, 9.7, 9.5, 10.0, 9.4

*Source: tablea - Section 5 (Table A14 and Table A15), WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK: STEADY BUT SLOW—RESILIENCE AMID DIVERGENCE, April 2024.*

### Section 1

### tablea - Section 1

### Summary of World Output (Table A1)
- World (Real GDP, Annual percent change): 3.7 3.3 3.8 3.6 2.8 –2.7 6.5 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1
- Advanced Economies (Real GDP, Annual percent change): 1.5 1.8 2.6 2.3 1.8 –3.9 5.7 2.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7
- United States (Real GDP, Annual percent change): 1.6 1.8 2.5 3.0 2.5 –2.2 5.8 1.9 2.5 2.7 1.9 2.1
- Euro Area (Real GDP, Annual percent change): 0.8 1.9 2.6 1.8 1.6 –6.1 5.9 3.4 0.4 0.8 1.5 1.2
- Japan (Real GDP, Annual percent change): 0.5 0.8 1.7 0.6 –0.4 –4.1 2.6 1.0 1.9 0.9 1.0 0.4
- Other Advanced Economies (Excludes euro area countries, Japan, and the United States): 2.4 2.2 3.0 2.4 1.9 –4.0 6.4 3.2 1.4 1.6 2.2 1.9
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies (Real GDP, Annual percent change): 5.7 4.4 4.8 4.7 3.6 –1.8 7.0 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.2 3.9
- Emerging and Developing Asia: 7.9 6.8 6.6 6.4 5.2 –0.5 7.7 4.4 5.6 5.2 4.9 4.5
- Emerging and Developing Europe: 3.2 1.8 4.2 3.6 2.5 –1.6 7.5 1.2 3.2 3.1 2.8 2.6
- Latin America and the Caribbean: 3.0 –0.8 1.4 1.1 0.2 –7.0 7.3 4.2 2.3 2.0 2.5 2.4
- Middle East and Central Asia: 4.2 4.2 2.6 2.8 1.7 –2.4 4.5 5.3 2.0 2.8 4.2 3.7
- Sub-Saharan Africa: 5.2 1.5 2.9 3.3 3.2 –1.6 4.7 4.0 3.4 3.8 4.0 4.3
- By Source of Export Earnings — Fuel: 4.2 2.0 0.8 0.9 –0.1 –3.8 4.4 5.2 2.3 3.0 4.1 3.1
- By Source of Export Earnings — Nonfuel: 5.9 4.7 5.3 5.1 4.1 –1.5 7.3 3.9 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.0
- Value of World Output (billions of US dollars) At Market Exchange Rates: 68,328 76,395 81,256 86,246 87,494 85,258 96,990 100,663 104,791 109,529 114,828 139,049
- Value of World Output (billions of US dollars) At Purchasing Power Parities: 94,006 116,496 122,699 129,983 135,820 133,629 148,699 164,516 175,784 185,677 195,008 237,389

### Advanced Economies — Real GDP and Total Domestic Demand (Table A2)
- Real GDP (Q4 over Q4, Annual percent change)
  - Advanced Economies: 1.5 1.8 2.6 2.3 1.8 –3.9 5.7 2.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.9 1.7
  - United States: 1.6 1.8 2.5 3.0 2.5 –2.2 5.8 1.9 2.5 2.7 1.9 2.1 3.1 2.1 1.8
  - Euro Area: 0.8 1.9 2.6 1.8 1.6 –6.1 5.9 3.4 0.4 0.8 1.5 1.2 0.1 1.4 1.4
- Selected major countries (Real GDP, Q4 over Q4, Annual percent change)
  - Germany: 1.4 2.2 2.7 1.0 1.1 –3.8 3.2 1.8 –0.3 0.2 1.3 0.7 –0.2 0.7 1.8
  - France: 0.9 1.1 2.3 1.9 1.8 –7.5 6.3 2.5 0.9 0.7 1.4 1.3 0.7 1.1 1.5
  - Japan: 0.5 0.8 1.7 0.6 –0.4 –4.1 2.6 1.0 1.9 0.9 1.0 0.4 0.4 1.3 1.7 0.5
  - United Kingdom: 1.2 1.9 2.7 1.4 1.6 –10.4 8.7 4.3 0.1 0.5 1.5 1.4 –0.2 1.5 1.3
- Real Total Domestic Demand (Annual percent change)
  - Advanced Economies: 1.3 2.1 2.6 2.3 2.1 –3.9 5.7 3.1 1.0 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.3 1.8 1.8
  - United States: 1.4 1.9 2.6 3.1 2.5 –1.9 6.9 2.3 1.9 2.7 1.8 2.1 2.8 2.2 1.8
  - Euro Area: 0.5 2.4 2.3 1.9 2.3 –5.7 4.7 3.6 0.2 0.8 1.4 1.3 0.3 0.6 1.8

### Advanced Economies — Components of Real GDP (Table A3)
- Private Consumer Expenditure (Annual percent change)
  - Advanced Economies: 1.4 1.6 2.1 2.3 2.1 1.5 –5.3 5.8 3.5 1.5 1.6 1.7
  - United States: 1.7 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.0 –2.5 8.4 2.5 2.2 2.3 1.6
  - Euro Area: 0.5 1.1 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.4 –7.7 4.4 4.2 0.5 1.3 1.8
- Public Consumption (Annual percent change)
  - Advanced Economies: 1.2 1.8 2.0 0.8 1.6 3.0 2.1 3.3 0.9 1.6 1.7 1.2
  - United States: 0.4 1.6 1.8 –0.1 1.4 3.9 2.9 0.3 –0.9 2.7 2.1 1.4
  - Euro Area: 1.2 1.5 1.9 1.1 1.0 1.8 1.0 4.2 1.6 0.7 0.8 0.6
- Gross Fixed Capital Formation (Annual percent change)
  - Advanced Economies: 0.9 2.3 2.9 4.0 3.3 3.1 –3.1 5.6 1.8 1.5 1.6 2.5
  - United States: 1.2 2.9 2.9 4.3 5.0 2.9 –1.0 5.3 0.9 2.0 3.8 3.0
  - Euro Area: –0.1 2.0 4.0 3.9 3.1 6.9 –5.9 3.5 2.5 1.1 0.1 1.5
- Final Domestic Demand (Annual percent change)
  - Advanced Economies: 1.3 1.8 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.2 –3.5 5.3 2.6 1.5 1.6 1.8
  - United States: 1.4 2.4 2.4 2.6 3.0 2.4 –1.5 6.6 1.7 2.2 2.6 1.8
  - Euro Area: 0.5 1.4 2.4 2.1 1.8 2.7 –5.5 4.1 3.2 0.7 0.9 1.5
- Stock Building (Changes expressed as percent of GDP in the preceding period)
  - Advanced Economies: 0.0 0.0 –0.2 0.2 0.1 –0.1 –0.3 0.3 0.5 –0.5 –0.1 0.0
- Foreign Balance (Changes expressed as percent of GDP in the preceding period)
  - Advanced Economies: 0.2 0.0 –0.1 0.1 –0.1 –0.2 –0.2 0.0 –0.5 0.6 0.2 0.1

### Emerging Market and Developing Economies — Real GDP (Table A4)
- Emerging and Developing Asia (Annual percent change): 7.9 6.8 6.6 6.4 5.2 –0.5 7.7 4.4 5.6 5.2 4.9 4.5
  - China: 9.6 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.0 2.2 8.4 3.0 5.2 4.6 4.1 3.3
  - India: 6.8 8.3 6.8 6.5 3.9 –5.8 9.7 7.0 7.8 6.8 6.5 6.5
  - Indonesia: 5.8 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.0 –2.1 3.7 5.3 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.1
  - Vietnam: 6.2 6.7 6.9 7.5 7.4 2.9 2.6 8.1 5.0 5.8 6.5 6.5
- Emerging and Developing Europe (Annual percent change): 3.2 1.8 4.2 3.6 2.5 –1.6 7.5 1.2 3.2 3.1 2.8 2.6
  - Türkiye: 5.1 3.3 7.5 3.0 0.8 1.9 11.4 5.5 4.5 3.1 3.2 3.5
  - Ukraine: –0.7 2.4 2.4 3.5 3.2 –3.8 3.4 –29.1 5.0 3.2 6.5 4.2
- Latin America and the Caribbean (Annual percent change): 3.0 –0.8 1.4 1.1 0.2 –7.0 7.3 4.2 2.3 2.0 2.5 2.4
  - Brazil: 2.8 –3.3 1.3 1.8 1.2 –3.3 4.8 3.0 2.9 2.2 2.1 2.0
  - Mexico: 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.0 –0.3 –8.6 5.7 3.9 3.2 2.4 1.4 2.1
  - Colombia: 4.6 2.1 1.4 2.6 3.2 –7.2 10.8 7.3 0.6 1.1 2.5 3.0
  - Guyana: 3.8 3.8 3.7 4.4 5.4 43.5 20.1 62.3 33.0 33.9 18.7 11.9
- Middle East and Central Asia (Annual percent change): 4.2 4.2 2.6 2.8 1.7 –2.4 4.5 5.3 2.0 2.8 4.2 3.7
  - Saudi Arabia: 4.1 1.9 0.9 3.2 1.1 –3.6 5.1 7.5 –0.8 2.6 6.0 3.5
  - United Arab Emirates: 4.0 5.6 0.7 1.3 1.1 –5.0 4.4 7.9 3.4 3.5 4.2 4.5
- Sub-Saharan Africa (Annual percent change): 5.2 1.5 2.9 3.3 3.2 –1.6 4.7 4.0 3.4 3.8 4.0 4.3
  - Democratic Republic of the Congo: 6.9 0.4 3.7 4.8 4.5 1.7 6.0 8.8 6.1 4.7 5.7 4.1
  - Côte d’Ivoire: 4.3 7.2 7.4 4.8 6.7 0.7 7.1 6.9 6.2 6.5 6.4 6.0

*Source: tablea - Section 1.*

### Section 2

### tablea - Section 2

### Selected country rows (top of file)
- Eswatini: 3.11.12.02.42.7–1.610.70.55.13.73.32.7
- Ethiopia: 10.68.010.27.79.06.16.36.47.26.26.57.0
- Gabon: 3.62.10.50.93.8–1.81.53.02.32.92.72.6
- The Gambia: 2.31.94.87.26.20.65.34.95.66.25.85.0
- Ghana: 6.63.48.16.26.50.55.13.12.32.84.45.0
- Guinea: 3.910.810.36.45.64.75.64.05.74.15.65.6
- Guinea-Bissau: 3.45.34.83.84.51.56.44.24.25.05.04.5
- Kenya: 4.84.23.85.75.1–0.37.64.85.55.05.35.3
- Lesotho: 3.51.9–2.7–1.5–3.1–5.31.71.61.92.42.52.1
- Liberia: 6.4–1.62.51.2–2.5–3.05.04.84.65.36.26.2
- Madagascar: 2.74.03.93.24.4–7.15.74.03.84.54.64.5
- Malawi: 5.72.34.04.45.40.94.60.81.63.33.84.6
- Mali: 4.15.95.34.74.8–1.23.13.54.54.04.54.9
- Mauritius: 4.23.93.94.0 2.9–14.53.48.96.94.93.73.3
- Mozambique: 7.44.72.63.52.3–1.22.44.46.05.05.08.5
- Namibia: 4.30.0–1.01.1–0.8–8.13.54.63.22.62.62.6
- Niger: 5.65.75.07.06.13.51.411.91.410.46.16.0
- Nigeria: 6.4–1.60.81.92.2–1.83.63.32.93.33.03.3
- Rwanda: 7.86.03.98.59.5–3.410.98.26.96.97.07.3
- São Tomé and Príncipe: 4.25.24.14.42.02.61.90.1–0.32.94.13.3
- Senegal: 3.56.47.46.24.61.36.54.04.18.310.24.0
- Seychelles: 5.212.17.04.95.5–11.70.615.03.73.23.83.6
- Sierra Leone: 4.76.43.83.55.3–2.04.13.53.44.04.54.5
- South Africa: 2.60.71.21.60.3–6.04.71.90.60.91.21.4
- South Sudan: . . .–13.3–5.8–2.10.9–6.55.3–5.2–0.15.66.85.8
- Tanzania: 6.36.96.77.06.94.54.84.75.05.56.06.5
- Togo: 4.85.74.04.84.92.06.05.85.45.35.35.5
- Uganda: 6.90.26.85.67.6–1.15.56.34.85.66.57.0
- Zambia: 6.93.83.54.01.4–2.86.25.24.34.74.84.9
- Zimbabwe: 1 3.60.85.25.0–6.3–7.88.46.55.33.23.23.0

### Table A5. Summary of Inflation (Percent) — GDP Deflators (selected rows)
- Advanced Economies (GDP Deflators): 1.40.91.51.71.51.63.25.54.22.62.11.9
- United States (GDP Deflators): 1.81.01.82.31.71.34.67.03.62.41.81.9
- Euro Area (GDP Deflators): 1.40.91.11.51.71.82.24.76.02.92.51.9
- Japan (GDP Deflators): –0.40.4–0.10.00.60.9–0.20.33.82.32.32.0
- Other Advanced Economies (GDP Deflators): 1.81.21.91.71.32.03.65.83.12.52.22.0

### Table A5. Summary of Inflation (Percent) — Consumer Prices (selected rows)
- Advanced Economies (Consumer Prices): 1.70.71.72.01.40.73.17.34.62.62.02.0
- United States (Consumer Prices): 2.01.32.12.41.81.24.78.04.12.92.02.1
- Euro Area (Consumer Prices): 1.70.21.51.81.20.32.68.45.42.42.11.9
- Japan (Consumer Prices): 0.3–0.10.51.00.50.0–0.22.53.32.22.12.0
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies (Consumer Prices): 6.04.44.55.05.15.25.99.88.38.36.24.2

### Table A6. Advanced Economies: Consumer Prices (selected country rows)
- Advanced Economies (Average): 1.70.71.72.01.40.73.17.34.62.62.02.0
- United States: 2.01.32.12.41.81.24.78.04.12.92.02.13.22.42.0
- Euro Area (HICP note present): 1.70.21.51.81.20.32.68.45.42.42.11.92.92.32.0
- Germany: 1.60.41.71.91.40.43.28.76.02.42.02.03.02.22.0
- France: 1.50.31.22.11.30.52.15.95.72.41.81.74.21.81.9
- Italy: 1.8–0.11.31.20.6–0.11.98.75.91.72.02.00.52.21.9
- Japan (consumer prices row repeated): 0.3–0.10.51.00.50.0–0.2 2.53.32.22.12.02.92.02.0
- United Kingdom: 2.50.72.72.51.80.92.69.17.32.52.02.04.02.22.0
- Korea: 2.51.01.91.50.40.52.55.13.62.52.02.03.22.22.0
- Canada: 1.71.41.62.31.90.73.46.83.92.61.92.03.22.11.9
- Australia: 2.61.32.01.91.60.92.86.65.63.53.02.54.03.42.8

### Table A7. Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Consumer Prices (selected aggregated rows)
- Emerging and Developing Asia (Consumer Prices): 4.72.82.52.73.33.22.33.92.42.42.82.71.82.82.8
- Emerging and Developing Europe (Consumer Prices): 8.15.65.66.46.75.49.627.819.418.813.17.720.415.210.4
- Latin America and the Caribbean (Consumer Prices): 4.85.56.36.67.66.49.814.014.416.77.73.616.612.76.5
- Middle East and Central Asia (Consumer Prices): 8.35.97.19.97.610.312.713.916.715.511.86.616.714.29.5
- Sub-Saharan Africa (Consumer Prices): 8.010.110.58.38.110.211.014.516.215.312.49.016.613.710.7

### Table A7. Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Consumer Prices (selected country rows)
- India: 8.04.53.63.44.86.25.56.75.44.64.24.05.14.44.1
- China: 2.92.01.62.12.92.50.92.00.21.02.02.0–0.31.92.0
- Indonesia: 6.73.53.83.32.82.01.64.13.72.62.62.52.82.52.6
- Malaysia: 2.62.13.81.00.7–1.12.53.42.52.82.52.12.52.82.5
- Philippines: 3.91.22.95.32.42.43.95.86.03.63.03.03.93.23.0
- Vietnam: 9.32.73.53.52.83.21.83.23.33.73.43.43.63.63.4
- Brazil: 5.78.73.43.73.73.28.39.34.64.13.03.04.63.83.0
- Mexico: 4.02.86.04.93.63.45.77.95.54.03.33.04.43.53.0
- Argentina (noted special entries in source): . . .. . .25.734.353.542.048.472.4133.5249.859.68.9211.4149.445.0
- Venezuela (noted special entries in source): 36.3254.9438.165,374.119,906.02,355.11,588.5186.5337.5100.0150.0. . .190.0160.0150.0

### Table A7. Middle East and Central Asia / Special cases (selected country rows)
- Iran: 19.09.19.630.234.736.440.245.841.537.532.525.040.035.030.0
- Pakistan: 10.22.94.13.96.710.78.912.129.224.812.76.529.419.69.5
- Egypt: 10.210.223.520.913.95.74.58.524.432.525.76.135.732.115.3
- Lebanon (noted special entries in source): 3.8–0.84.56.12.984.9154.8171.2. . .. . .. . ..
- Sudan (noted special entries in source): 20.017.832.463.351.0163.3359.1138.8171.5145.562.78.3146.6114.643.0

### Table A7. Sub-Saharan Africa (selected country rows and notable entries)
- Ethiopia (consumer prices row): 16.86.610.713.815.820.426.833.930.225.618.214.328.721.515.7
- Nigeria (consumer prices row): 10.015.716.512.111.413.217.018.824.726.323.014.028.924.019.0
- Zimbabwe (consumer prices row, notable sequence): 0.8–1.60.910.6255.3557.298.5193.4667.4561.0554.7400.0778.8602.7533.6
- South Sudan (consumer prices row, notable sequence): . . .346.1213.083.449.324.030.2–3.240.254.821.78.370.360.39.1
- Malawi (consumer prices row): 14.721.711.59.29.48.69.320.830.327.914.76.540.018.39.8
- Mozambique (consumer prices row): 7.817.415.13.92.83.15.79.86.14.45.55.54.34.75.5

*Source: tablea - Section 2 (from the Statistical Appendix tables in the provided PDF content).*

### Section 3

### Major Advanced Economies: General Government Fiscal Balances and Debt

### Overview — Major Advanced Economies (aggregates)
- Net Lending/Borrowing: –5.2 (2006–15 average), –3.3 (2016), –3.3 (2017), –3.4 (2018), –3.8 (2019), –11.6 (2020), –8.7 (2021), –4.1 (2022), –7.0 (2023), –5.5 (2024), –5.3 (2025), –4.6 (2029)
- Output Gap (percent of potential GDP): –2.4 (2006–15), –1.6 (2016), –0.7 (2017), 0.2 (2018), 0.4 (2019), –3.1 (2020), 0.1 (2021), 0.7 (2022), 0.3 (2023), –0.1 (2024), –0.2 (2025), –0.1 (2029)
- Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –4.0 (2006–15), –2.7 (2016), –3.0 (2017), –3.3 (2018), –3.9 (2019), –8.1 (2020), –7.9 (2021), –5.5 (2022), –6.8 (2023), –5.3 (2024), –5.2 (2025), –4.5 (2029)

### United States — Fiscal and Debt Indicators
- Net Lending/Borrowing: –6.6 (2006–15), –4.4 (2016), –4.8 (2017), –5.3 (2018), –5.8 (2019), –13.9 (2020), –11.1 (2021), –4.1 (2022), –8.8 (2023), –6.5 (2024), –7.1 (2025), –6.0 (2029)
- Output Gap (percent of potential GDP): –4.1 (2006–15), –2.1 (2016), –1.3 (2017), 0.0 (2018), 0.7 (2019), –2.5 (2020), 1.5 (2021), 1.3 (2022), 0.7 (2023), 0.4 (2024), 0.1 (2025), 0.0 (2029)
- Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –4.4 (2006–15), –3.6 (2016), –4.3 (2017), –5.1 (2018), –6.0 (2019), –10.6 (2020), –10.8 (2021), –6.8 (2022), –8.6 (2023), –6.7 (2024), –7.1 (2025), –5.9 (2029)
- Net Debt (end of year, percent of GDP): 67.8 (2006–15), 82.0 (2016), 80.6 (2017), 81.4 (2018), 83.2 (2019), 98.0 (2020), 97.8 (2021), 94.7 (2022), 96.3 (2023), 97.6 (2024), 100.7 (2025), 108.0 (2029)
- Gross Debt (end of year, percent of GDP): 90.0 (2006–15), 106.6 (2016), 105.5 (2017), 106.8 (2018), 108.1 (2019), 132.0 (2020), 125.0 (2021), 120.0 (2022), 122.1 (2023), 123.3 (2024), 126.6 (2025), 133.9 (2029)

### Euro Area — Fiscal and Debt Indicators
- Net Lending/Borrowing: –3.2 (2006–15), –1.5 (2016), –0.9 (2017), –0.4 (2018), –0.6 (2019), –7.0 (2020), –5.2 (2021), –3.7 (2022), –3.5 (2023), –2.9 (2024), –2.6 (2025), –2.3 (2029)
- Output Gap (percent of potential GDP): –1.1 (2006–15), –1.7 (2016), –0.6 (2017), –0.1 (2018), 0.1 (2019), –4.6 (2020), –1.7 (2021), 0.3 (2022), –0.2 (2023), –0.6 (2024), –0.4 (2025), –0.1 (2029)
- Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –2.4 (2006–15), –0.5 (2016), –0.5 (2017), –0.3 (2018), –0.5 (2019), –4.0 (2020), –4.0 (2021), –3.5 (2022), –3.3 (2023), –2.6 (2024), –2.4 (2025), –2.2 (2029)
- Net Debt (end of year, percent of GDP): 66.4 (2006–15), 74.6 (2016), 72.5 (2017), 70.8 (2018), 69.1 (2019), 79.0 (2020), 77.6 (2021), 75.5 (2022), 74.5 (2023), 74.9 (2024), 74.9 (2025), 75.4 (2029)
- Gross Debt (end of year, percent of GDP): 82.5 (2006–15), 90.4 (2016), 88.1 (2017), 86.1 (2018), 84.1 (2019), 97.2 (2020), 94.7 (2021), 90.8 (2022), 88.6 (2023), 88.7 (2024), 88.3 (2025), 87.7 (2029)

### Germany — Fiscal and Debt Indicators
- Net Lending/Borrowing: –0.8 (2006–15), 1.2 (2016), 1.3 (2017), 1.9 (2018), 1.5 (2019), –4.3 (2020), –3.6 (2021), –2.5 (2022), –2.1 (2023), –1.5 (2024), –1.3 (2025), –0.5 (2029)
- Output Gap (percent of potential GDP): 0.0 (2006–15), 0.1 (2016), 1.0 (2017), 0.8 (2018), 0.4 (2019), –3.1 (2020), –1.1 (2021), 0.8 (2022), –0.5 (2023), –1.3 (2024), –0.9 (2025), 0.0 (2029)
- Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –0.6 (2006–15), 1.2 (2016), 1.2 (2017), 1.6 (2018), 1.3 (2019), –2.9 (2020), –3.0 (2021), –2.2 (2022), –1.9 (2023), –0.9 (2024), –0.8 (2025), –0.5 (2029)
- Net Debt (end of year, percent of GDP): 57.0 (2006–15), 49.3 (2016), 45.5 (2017), 42.8 (2018), 40.3 (2019), 45.7 (2020), 46.8 (2021), 47.1 (2022), 46.4 (2023), 46.4 (2024), 45.7 (2025), 43.0 (2029)
- Gross Debt (end of year, percent of GDP): 73.8 (2006–15), 69.0 (2016), 65.2 (2017), 61.9 (2018), 59.6 (2019), 68.8 (2020), 69.0 (2021), 66.1 (2022), 64.3 (2023), 63.7 (2024), 62.3 (2025), 57.7 (2029)

### France — Fiscal and Debt Indicators
- Net Lending/Borrowing: –4.4 (2006–15), –3.6 (2016), –3.0 (2017), –2.3 (2018), –3.1 (2019), –9.0 (2020), –6.5 (2021), –4.8 (2022), –5.5 (2023), –4.9 (2024), –4.9 (2025), –3.9 (2029)
- Output Gap (percent of potential GDP): –0.9 (2006–15), –2.7 (2016), –1.5 (2017), –0.8 (2018), 0.0 (2019), –4.5 (2020), –2.1 (2021), –0.9 (2022), –0.9 (2023), –0.8 (2024), –0.7 (2025), –0.2 (2029)
- Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –3.9 (2006–15), –1.9 (2016), –1.9 (2017), –1.5 (2018), –2.1 (2019), –6.0 (2020), –5.0 (2021), –4.2 (2022), –4.9 (2023), –4.3 (2024), –4.4 (2025), –3.8 (2029)
- Net Debt (end of year, percent of GDP): 73.0 (2006–15), 89.2 (2016), 89.4 (2017), 89.2 (2018), 88.9 (2019), 101.2 (2020), 100.4 (2021), 101.2 (2022), 102.4 (2023), 103.4 (2024), 104.6 (2025), 106.9 (2029)
- Gross Debt (end of year, percent of GDP): 82.9 (2006–15), 98.0 (2016), 98.1 (2017), 97.8 (2018), 97.4 (2019), 114.7 (2020), 113.0 (2021), 111.8 (2022), 110.6 (2023), 111.6 (2024), 112.8 (2025), 115.2 (2029)

### Italy — Fiscal and Debt Indicators
- Net Lending/Borrowing: –3.2 (2006–15), –2.4 (2016), –2.4 (2017), –2.2 (2018), –1.5 (2019), –9.4 (2020), –8.7 (2021), –8.6 (2022), –7.2 (2023), –4.6 (2024), –3.2 (2025), –3.0 (2029)
- Output Gap (percent of potential GDP): –2.8 (2006–15), –3.6 (2016), –2.2 (2017), –1.5 (2018), –1.2 (2019), –5.9 (2020), –3.1 (2021), 0.1 (2022), 0.3 (2023), 0.3 (2024), 0.2 (2025), –0.7 (2029)
- Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –1.8 (2006–15), –0.8 (2016), –1.3 (2017), –1.5 (2018), –0.8 (2019), –5.8 (2020), –8.1 (2021), –9.2 (2022), –7.8 (2023), –4.8 (2024), –3.6 (2025), –2.5 (2029)
- Net Debt (end of year, percent of GDP): 109.2 (2006–15), 121.6 (2016), 121.3 (2017), 121.8 (2018), 121.7 (2019), 141.5 (2020), 134.8 (2021), 129.1 (2022), 126.6 (2023), 128.9 (2024), 130.3 (2025), 135.8 (2029)
- Gross Debt (end of year, percent of GDP): 120.2 (2006–15), 134.8 (2016), 134.2 (2017), 134.5 (2018), 134.2 (2019), 154.9 (2020), 147.1 (2021), 140.5 (2022), 137.3 (2023), 139.2 (2024), 140.4 (2025), 144.9 (2029)

### Japan — Fiscal and Debt Indicators
- Net Lending/Borrowing: –6.3 (2006–15), –3.6 (2016), –3.1 (2017), –2.5 (2018), –3.0 (2019), –9.1 (2020), –6.1 (2021), –4.4 (2022), –5.8 (2023), –6.5 (2024), –3.2 (2025), –3.8 (2029)
- Output Gap (percent of potential GDP): 0.1 (2006–15), 0.1 (2016), 1.0 (2017), 1.9 (2018), 0.7 (2019), –2.9 (2020), –1.6 (2021), –0.9 (2022), 0.2 (2023), 0.1 (2024), 0.1 (2025), 0.0 (2029)
- Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –6.2 (2006–15), –4.5 (2016), –3.7 (2017), –3.0 (2018), –3.3 (2019), –8.1 (2020), –5.4 (2021), –4.3 (2022), –5.8 (2023), –6.6 (2024), –3.2 (2025), –3.9 (2029)
- Net Debt (end of year, percent of GDP): 125.8 (2006–15), 149.5 (2016), 148.1 (2017), 151.1 (2018), 151.7 (2019), 162.0 (2020), 156.4 (2021), 150.3 (2022), 155.9 (2023), 157.7 (2024), 155.7 (2025), 152.9 (2029)
- Gross Debt (end of year, percent of GDP, nonconsolidated basis): 206.9 (2006–15), 232.4 (2016), 231.3 (2017), 232.4 (2018), 236.4 (2019), 258.3 (2020), 253.9 (2021), 257.2 (2022), 252.4 (2023), 254.6 (2024), 252.6 (2025), 251.7 (2029)

### United Kingdom — Fiscal and Debt Indicators
- Net Lending/Borrowing: –6.0 (2006–15), –3.3 (2016), –2.5 (2017), –2.3 (2018), –2.5 (2019), –13.1 (2020), –7.9 (2021), –4.7 (2022), –6.0 (2023), –4.6 (2024), –3.7 (2025), –3.4 (2029)
- Output Gap (percent of potential GDP): –1.6 (2006–15), –1.4 (2016), –0.3 (2017), –0.3 (2018), 0.0 (2019), –3.6 (2020), 0.5 (2021), 1.8 (2022), –0.3 (2023), –1.1 (2024), –1.1 (2025), 0.0 (2029)
- Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –4.8 (2006–15), –2.3 (2016), –2.1 (2017), –2.0 (2018), –2.4 (2019), 0.5 (2020), –3.3 (2021), –3.0 (2022), –4.7 (2023), –2.9 (2024), –2.9 (2025), –3.3 (2029)
- Net Debt (end of year, percent of GDP): 63.2 (2006–15), 78.8 (2016), 77.2 (2017), 76.6 (2018), 75.8 (2019), 93.1 (2020), 91.7 (2021), 90.5 (2022), 92.5 (2023), 92.5 (2024), 94.7 (2025), 98.0 (2029)
- Gross Debt (end of year, percent of GDP): 70.3 (2006–15), 87.8 (2016), 86.7 (2017), 86.3 (2018), 85.7 (2019), 105.8 (2020), 105.2 (2021), 100.4 (2022), 101.1 (2023), 104.3 (2024), 106.4 (2025), 110.1 (2029)

### Canada — Fiscal and Debt Indicators
- Net Lending/Borrowing: –1.2 (2006–15), –0.5 (2016), –0.1 (2017), 0.4 (2018), 0.0 (2019), –10.9 (2020), –2.9 (2021), 0.1 (2022), –0.6 (2023), –1.1 (2024), –0.9 (2025), –0.4 (2029)
- Output Gap (percent of potential GDP): 0.0 (2006–15), –0.9 (2016), 0.4 (2017), 0.6 (2018), 0.4 (2019), –3.4 (2020), –1.4 (2021), 0.8 (2022), 0.0 (2023), –0.6 (2024), –0.1 (2025), 0.1 (2029)
- Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –1.2 (2006–15), 0.0 (2016), –0.3 (2017), 0.0 (2018), –0.2 (2019), –8.2 (2020), –1.9 (2021), –0.4 (2022), –0.6 (2023), –0.8 (2024), –0.8 (2025), –0.5 (2029)
- Net Debt (end of year, percent of GDP; includes equity shares): 24.9 (2006–15), 18.0 (2016), 12.7 (2017), 11.7 (2018), 8.7 (2019), 16.1 (2020), 14.3 (2021), 15.6 (2022), 12.8 (2023), 13.3 (2024), 13.4 (2025), 12.9 (2029)
- Gross Debt (end of year, percent of GDP): 81.0 (2006–15), 92.4 (2016), 90.9 (2017), 90.8 (2018), 90.2 (2019), 118.2 (2020), 113.5 (2021), 107.4 (2022), 107.1 (2023), 104.7 (2024), 102.1 (2025), 95.4 (2029)

*Source: tablea - Section 3 (Major Advanced Economies: General Government Fiscal Balances and Debt), tablea.pdf*

### Section 4

### tablea - Section 4

### Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Current Account Balance (Percent of GDP)
- Emerging and Developing Asia (2016–2029): 1.3, 0.9, –0.3, 0.5, 1.5, 1.2, 1.2, 1.0, 0.7, 0.7, 0.3
- Select country trajectories (2016–2029):
  - Bangladesh: 1.6, –0.5, –3.0, –1.3, –1.5, –1.1, –4.1, –0.7, –0.8, –2.7, –3.0
  - China: 1.7, 1.5, 0.2, 0.7, 1.7, 2.0, 2.3, 1.5, 1.3, 1.4, 1.1
  - India: –0.6, –1.8, –2.1, –0.9, 0.9, –1.2, –2.0, –1.2, –1.4, –1.6, –2.3
  - Indonesia: –1.8, –1.6, –2.9, –2.7, –0.4, 0.3, 1.0, –0.1, –0.9, –1.3, –1.3
  - Malaysia: 2.4, 2.8, 2.2, 3.5, 4.2, 3.9, 3.1, 1.2, 2.4, 2.7, 3.0
  - Vietnam: 0.2, –0.6, 1.9, 3.8, 4.3, –2.2, 0.0, 5.1, 2.3, 2.0, 0.9
- Notable large deficits/surpluses (selected):
  - Brunei Darussalam: 12.9, 16.4, 6.9, 6.6, 4.3, 11.2, 19.6, 19.0, 18.6, 18.5, 16.7
  - Tuvalu: 29.9, 2.1, 60.9, –22.2, 16.3, 24.1, 4.6, 2.7, –1.2, –4.5, –4.5
  - Bhutan: –29.4, –22.1, –17.4, –19.2, –14.8, –11.2, –28.1, –34.5, –12.3, –6.4, –8.6

### Emerging and Developing Europe (Percent of GDP)
- Regional aggregate (2016–2029): –0.3, –0.7, 1.6, 1.3, 0.1, 1.5, 2.7, –0.5, –0.3, –0.5, –0.3
- Select country trajectories (2016–2029):
  - Russia: 1.9, 2.0, 7.0, 3.9, 2.4, 6.6, 10.5, 2.5, 2.7, 2.7, 3.0
  - Poland: –1.0, –1.1, –1.9, –0.2, 2.5, –1.2, –2.4, 1.6, 0.7, –0.2, –1.0
  - Romania: –1.6, –3.1, –4.6, –4.9, –4.9, –7.2, –9.1, –7.1, –7.1, –6.8, –6.0
  - Hungary: 4.5, 2.0, 0.2, –0.8, –1.1, –4.2, –8.2, 0.3, –0.2, –0.3, 0.1
  - Moldova: –3.6, –5.8, –10.8, –9.4, –7.7, –12.4, –15.8, –12.8, –11.5, –10.3, –8.3

### Latin America and the Caribbean (Percent of GDP)
- Regional aggregate (2016–2029): –2.2, –1.8, –2.7, –2.1, –0.3, –1.9, –2.4, –1.2, –1.0, –1.2, –1.3
- Select country trajectories (2016–2029):
  - Argentina: –2.7, –4.8, –5.2, –0.8, 0.7, 1.4, –0.7, –3.5, 0.9, 0.9, 1.5
  - Brazil: –1.7, –1.2, –2.9, –3.6, –1.9, –2.8, –2.5, –1.3, –1.4, –1.5, –2.0
  - Chile: –2.6, –2.8, –4.5, –5.2, –1.9, –7.3, –8.7, –3.5, –3.9, –3.7, –3.0
  - Guyana: 1.5, –4.9, –29.0, –68.8, –16.3, –25.9, 23.7, 20.2, 22.9, 15.3, 36.6
  - Mexico: –2.3, –1.8, –2.1, –0.3, 2.4, –0.3, –1.2, –0.3, –0.8, –0.8, –0.9

### Middle East and Central Asia (Percent of GDP)
- Regional aggregate (2016–2029): –4.0, –1.0, 2.9, 0.4, –3.5, 3.4, 8.4, 4.0, 1.8, 1.4, –0.4
- Select country trajectories (2016–2029):
  - Saudi Arabia: –3.7, 1.7, 8.6, 4.6, –3.5, 4.8, 13.7, 3.9, 0.5, –0.6, –2.9
  - United Arab Emirates: 3.6, 7.0, 9.7, 8.9, 6.0, 11.5, 11.6, 9.3, 7.8, 6.9, 6.4
  - Kazakhstan: –5.1, –2.1, –1.0, –3.9, –6.4, –1.4, 3.1, –3.8, –4.5, –2.7, –4.3
  - Iran: 2.9, 3.1, 7.9, –0.7, –0.4, 3.9, 4.1, 4.4, 3.6, 3.4, 3.2
  - Qatar: 5.5, 4.0, 9.1, 2.4, –2.1, 14.6, 26.7, 18.7, 15.6, 13.2, 10.2

### Sub-Saharan Africa (Percent of GDP)
- Regional aggregate (2016–2029): –3.5, –2.0, –2.0, –3.1, –2.7, –1.0, –2.0, –2.8, –2.8, –2.6, –2.2
- Select country trajectories (2016–2029):
  - Nigeria: 1.3, 3.6, 1.7, –3.1, –3.7, –0.7, 0.2, 0.3, 0.6, –0.1, –0.9
  - South Africa: –2.7, –2.4, –2.9, –2.6, 1.9, 3.7, –0.5, –1.6, –1.8, –1.9, –2.2
  - Mozambique: –31.9, –19.5, –31.8, –19.0, –27.4, –22.6, –34.7, –11.0, –38.7, –42.9, –9.2
  - Rwanda: –15.3, –9.5, –10.1, –11.9, –12.1, –11.2, –9.8, –11.7, –12.1, –9.8, –7.7
  - Angola: –3.1, –0.5, 7.3, 6.1, 1.5, 11.2, 9.6, 3.1, 4.9, 4.6, 3.9

### Summary of Financial Account Balances (Billions of US dollars)
- World totals and Advanced Economies (2016–2025):
  - Advanced Economies, Financial Account Balance (2016–2025): 426.9, 393.6, 416.5, 141.2, –5.8, 552.6, 58.1, 310.7, 482.7, 480.6
  - Change in Reserves, Advanced Economies (2016–2025): 190.0, 247.7, 129.5, 68.0, 358.9, 636.2, –211.4, –21.7, 152.1, 166.7
- United States (2016–2025):
  - Financial Account Balance: –362.4, –373.2, –302.9, –558.4, –668.9, –788.8, –804.8, –811.2, –736.6, –762.5
  - Direct Investment, Net: –174.6, 28.6, –345.4, –201.1, 148.3, –99.0, 38.2, –29.4, –89.7, –92.3
  - Portfolio Investment, Net: –193.8, –250.1, 78.8, –244.9, –540.2, 97.3, –437.7, –856.4, –182.1, –164.4
- Euro Area highlights (2016–2023 shown): Financial Account Balance: 316.8, 373.7, 353.0, 266.9, 232.9, 485.2, 87.8, 358.1
- Japan (2016–2025):
  - Financial Account Balance: 266.5, 168.3, 183.9, 228.3, 132.2, 153.5, 48.4, 163.1, 140.0, 147.4
  - Direct Investment, Net: 137.5, 155.0, 134.6, 218.9, 87.5, 174.9, 122.4, 159.0, 122.4, 116.7
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies (2016–2025):
  - Financial Account Balance: –401.6, –284.1, –267.2, –156.7, 34.4, 203.9, 474.7, 215.2, 127.0, 101.8
  - Direct Investment, Net: –271.2, –306.7, –375.9, –355.4, –319.4, –482.4, –306.2, –148.2, –307.0, –341.1
  - Portfolio Investment, Net: –50.2, –210.2, –106.2, –73.4, –12.9, 113.8, 491.4, 159.8, –8.4, –52.1
  - Other Investment, Net: 405.6, 57.2, 95.7, 105.0, 260.5, 72.3, 173.9, 30.9, 162.2, 203.5
  - Change in Reserves: –481.0, 187.2, 125.8, 167.4, 82.5, 527.3, 126.9, 176.4, 287.2, 299.5

### Regional Financial Account Summaries (Billions of US dollars)
- Emerging and Developing Asia (2016–2025):
  - Financial Account Balance: –35.6, –66.8, –269.0, –59.8, 149.0, 131.1, 152.2, 196.6, 168.5, 182.0
  - Change in Reserves: –384.6, 199.2, 22.1, 97.0, 165.8, 277.4, 52.9, 24.4, 181.3, 202.7
- Latin America and the Caribbean (2016–2025):
  - Financial Account Balance: –113.0, –110.9, –163.3, –119.6, –10.4, –106.5, –150.0, –79.8, –72.8, –85.7
  - Direct Investment, Net: –124.5, –120.6, –148.0, –113.9, –93.0, –100.4, –120.6, –135.8, –107.1, –118.4
  - Change in Reserves: 21.0, 17.3, 13.7, –32.6, 16.2, 49.7, –19.0, 20.9, 26.8, 25.3
- Middle East and Central Asia (2016–2025):
  - Financial Account Balance: –198.6, –37.5, 96.5, 16.0, –91.6, 107.8, 356.5, 187.5, 83.2, 63.9
  - Change in Reserves: –148.0, –58.6, 39.3, 4.6, –87.3, 51.4, 67.5, 84.3, 36.4, 33.0
- Sub-Saharan Africa (2016–2025):
  - Financial Account Balance: –65.5, –43.5, –37.5, –53.6, –21.3, –14.0, –47.3, –51.8, –42.5, –43.6
  - Change in Reserves: –5.2, 16.1, 4.9, 6.2, –7.8, 21.7, –5.9, –10.5, 6.4, 6.5

### Analytical Groups and External Financing (Billions of US dollars)
- By Source of Export Earnings:
  - Fuel exporters, Financial Account Balance (2016–2025): –160.5, 17.7, 170.7, 56.0, –56.3, 159.0, 435.7, 225.8, 152.7, 118.8
  - Nonfuel exporters, Financial Account Balance (2016–2025): –241.2, –301.8, –437.9, –212.7, 90.7, 44.9, 39.0, –10.6, –25.7, –17.0
- By External Financing Source:
  - Net Debtor Economies, Financial Account Balance (2016–2025): –249.2, –308.1, –351.6, –271.9, –82.0, –327.2, –473.4, –284.1, –321.5, –354.1
  - Direct Investment, Net in Net Debtor Economies (2016–2025): –278.2, –264.2, –302.6, –288.0, –224.7, –294.3, –298.7, –278.5, –319.1, –343.9
  - Change in Reserves for Net Debtor Economies (2016–2025): 88.1, 115.6, 10.4, 118.0, 164.5, 213.5, –81.8, 144.8, 157.9, 159.9

*Italic: Source — tablea - Section 4, Table A12 and Table A13, World Economic Outlook Statistical Appendix (PDF).*

### Section 5

### tablea - Section 5

### Financial account and reserves (selected lines)
- Other Investment, Net: –35.0, –10.6, –4.7, 3.3, 10.9, 9.1, –22.6, –27.3, –32.0, –30.5
- Change in Reserves: 1.8, 15.9, 4.5, 0.5, –16.8, 8.0, –23.4, 9.9, 25.0, 12.4
- Financial Account Balance (World, memorandum): 25.2, 109.5, 149.3, –15.5, 28.5, 756.5, 532.8, 525.9, 609.8, 582.4

*Note: estimates based on national accounts and balance of payments statistics; country-group composites are sums of US dollar values for relevant individual countries.*

### Table A14 — Summary of Net Lending and Borrowing (Percent of GDP) — Advanced Economies (selected series)
- Advanced Economies, Net Lending and Borrowing (averages/projections): –0.2, 0.4, 0.7, 0.7, 0.3, 1.0, –0.1, 0.5, 0.8, 0.7, 0.7
- Advanced Economies, Current Account Balance: –0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.8, 0.3, 1.0, –0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.7, 0.7
- Advanced Economies, Savings: 21.8, 22.1, 23.2, 23.4, 22.8, 23.8, 23.3, 22.3, 22.1, 22.3, 22.6
- Advanced Economies, Investment: 21.9, 21.6, 22.6, 22.8, 22.5, 22.8, 23.5, 22.7, 22.3, 22.5, 22.7
- Advanced Economies, Capital Account Balance: 0.0, 0.0, –0.1, –0.1, 0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.0, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0

### Selected major economy highlights (Percent of GDP)
- United States
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: –3.3, –2.4, –2.1, –2.1, –2.8, –3.5, –3.8, –3.0, –2.6, –2.6, –2.3
  - Current Account Balance: –3.3, –2.3, –2.1, –2.1, –2.8, –3.5, –3.8, –3.0, –2.5, –2.5, –2.3
  - Savings: 17.3, 18.1, 19.1, 19.4, 18.5, 17.8, 18.3, 16.6, 16.9, 17.1, 18.0
  - Investment: 20.5, 20.3, 21.6, 21.7, 21.4, 21.4, 21.9, 21.3, 21.5, 21.6, 22.1
- Euro Area (partial series shown)
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 0.6, 1.8, 2.5, 2.2, 1.8, 3.2, 0.6, 2.1, . . ., . . ., . .
  - Current Account Balance: 0.5, 1.7, 2.8, 2.4, 1.8, 2.8, –0.5, 1.9, 2.3, 2.3, 2.3
  - Savings: 22.8, 23.1, 25.3, 25.9, 25.0, 27.2, 26.1, 26.4, 25.6, 25.7, 25.6
- Germany
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 6.6, 7.3, 8.0, 8.1, 6.8, 7.7, 3.9, 6.2, 7.0, 6.9, 6.4
  - Current Account Balance: 6.6, 7.2, 8.0, 8.2, 7.1, 7.7, 4.4, 6.8, 7.0, 6.9, 6.4
  - Savings: 26.9, 27.6, 29.9, 30.0, 29.0, 30.9, 29.4, 30.4, 29.6, 29.6, 29.5
- Japan
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 2.5, 2.4, 3.5, 3.4, 2.9, 3.8, 2.0, 3.4, 3.4, 3.4, 3.4
  - Current Account Balance: 2.6, 2.5, 3.5, 3.4, 3.0, 3.9, 2.0, 3.4, 3.5, 3.5, 3.4
  - Savings: 27.1, 26.8, 29.2, 29.2, 28.2, 29.6, 28.6, 29.6, 29.8, 29.9, 29.6
- United Kingdom
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: –3.6, –4.0, –4.1, –2.7, –3.0, –0.6, –3.2, –2.3, –2.7, –2.9, –2.9
  - Current Account Balance: –3.6, –3.9, –3.9, –2.7, –2.9, –0.5, –3.1, –2.2, –2.6, –2.8, –2.8
  - Savings: 13.3, 13.1, 14.1, 15.6, 14.7, 17.1, 16.2, 16.2, 14.2, 14.4, 14.7

### Selected other groups and regions (Percent of GDP)
- Canada
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: –1.9, –3.1, –2.4, –2.0, –2.0, 0.0, –0.4, –0.6, 0.3, 0.4, –0.2
  - Savings: 22.0, 21.0, 21.0, 21.1, 20.7, 24.3, 25.0, 23.3, 23.9, 23.9, 23.4
- Other Advanced Economies (excludes G7 and euro area)
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 4.1, 4.6, 4.7, 4.6, 5.2, 6.8, 7.1, 6.5, 6.7, 6.6, 6.2
  - Savings: 30.6, 30.7, 30.5, 30.3, 31.5, 33.4, 33.5, 31.9, 31.8, 32.0, 32.0
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies (aggregate)
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 1.9, 0.6, –0.1, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 0.7, 0.3, 0.2, 0.0
  - Savings: 32.6, 32.4, 32.4, 32.1, 32.9, 34.3, 34.4, 32.7, 32.5, 32.6, 32.3
  - Investment: 31.0, 31.9, 32.7, 32.2, 32.5, 33.5, 33.0, 32.2, 32.3, 32.4, 32.5

### Regional group highlights (Percent of GDP)
- Emerging and Developing Asia
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 3.0, 1.3, –0.3, 0.5, 1.5, 1.2, 1.2, 1.0, 0.7, 0.7, 0.4
  - Savings: 43.0, 42.1, 40.0, 39.5, 40.3, 41.0, 40.9, 39.7, 39.6, 39.4, 39.0
  - Investment: 40.2, 40.8, 40.2, 39.1, 38.7, 39.8, 39.7, 38.7, 38.9, 38.8, 38.6
- Latin America and the Caribbean
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: –1.6, –2.5, –2.7, –2.1, –0.1, –1.9, –2.3, –1.1, –1.0, –1.1, –1.2
  - Savings: 20.1, 18.6, 16.4, 16.7, 17.8, 18.5, 18.0, 18.3, 18.4, 18.4, 18.4
  - Investment: 21.8, 21.2, 19.2, 18.9, 18.1, 20.5, 20.4, 19.5, 19.5, 19.5, 19.6
- Middle East and Central Asia
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 7.5, 4.3, 2.6, 0.2, –3.4, 3.1, 8.1, 3.9, 1.7, 1.2, 0.0
  - Savings: 35.3, 31.7, 28.7, 27.1, 22.7, 28.5, 32.8, 29.9, 28.2, 28.0, 26.6
  - Investment: 27.8, 27.2, 26.0, 26.8, 26.2, 25.4, 24.8, 26.2, 26.5, 26.7, 26.7
- Sub-Saharan Africa
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: –0.1, –1.9, –1.6, –2.7, –2.2, –0.6, –1.7, –2.4, –2.3, –2.2, –1.9
  - Savings: 20.1, 18.9, 19.3, 19.4, 19.8, 21.4, 19.5, 19.0, 19.1, 19.6, 20.7
  - Investment: 21.3, 21.2, 21.0, 22.5, 22.4, 22.3, 21.5, 21.7, 21.7, 22.1, 22.9

### Analytical groups and external-financing classifications (Percent of GDP)
- Fuel exporters
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 9.5, 5.6, 5.2, 1.7, –3.3, 5.1, 11.1, 5.4, 3.5, 2.6, 1.4
  - Savings: 37.1, 33.0, 30.9, 29.5, 25.2, 32.5, 36.4, 32.8, 31.5, 30.9, 29.6
  - Investment: 27.5, 27.0, 25.5, 27.5, 28.4, 27.4, 25.3, 27.6, 27.6, 28.0, 28.6
- Nonfuel exporters
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 0.6, –0.2, –0.8, –0.1, 0.9, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.0, 0.0, –0.1
  - Savings: 31.9, 32.2, 32.6, 32.4, 33.6, 34.5, 34.2, 32.7, 32.6, 32.7, 32.6
  - Investment: 31.5, 32.6, 33.4, 32.7, 32.8, 34.0, 33.8, 32.7, 32.8, 32.8, 32.8
- Net Debtor Economies (aggregate)
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: –2.0, –2.2, –2.2, –1.5, –0.4, –1.9, –2.5, –1.2, –1.5, –1.6, –1.6
  - Current Account Balance: –2.3, –2.5, –2.4, –1.7, –0.7, –2.0, –2.7, –1.3, –1.7, –1.7, –1.8
  - Savings: 23.6, 23.1, 23.1, 23.0, 23.4, 23.8, 23.4, 23.5, 23.1, 23.3, 23.6

### Memorandum — World aggregates (Percent of GDP)
- World, Net Lending and Borrowing: 0.4, 0.5, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1.0, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4
- World, Current Account Balance: 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.9, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.4
- World, Savings: 25.5, 26.0, 26.9, 26.9, 26.8, 28.1, 28.0, 26.6, 26.5, 26.6, 26.8
- World, Investment: 25.1, 25.5, 26.6, 26.6, 26.5, 27.2, 27.5, 26.6, 26.5, 26.7, 26.9
- World, Capital Account Balance: 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.1, 0.0, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0

*Note: identities S − I = CAB and NLB = CAB + KAB do not hold exactly in practice because of data imperfections and group-composition asymmetries.*

### Table A15 — Summary of World Medium-Term Baseline Scenario (selected projections)
- World Real GDP (annual percent change): 3.7, 3.0, 3.5, 3.2, 3.2, 3.2, 3.3, 3.1
- Advanced Economies, Real GDP: 1.5, 1.8, 2.6, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.7
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies, Real GDP: 5.7, 3.9, 4.1, 4.3, 4.2, 4.2, 4.2, 4.0

Memorandum (selected)
- Potential Output, Major Advanced Economies: 1.4, 1.4, 1.6, 2.2, 2.1, 1.7, 1.9, 1.6
- World Trade, Volume (goods and services): 4.2, 2.7, 5.6, 0.3, 3.0, 3.3, 3.0, 3.3
- World Prices in US Dollars
  - Manufactures: 1.2, 1.2, 0.1, –1.6, 1.8, 1.7, 2.9, 1.5
  - Oil: –0.5, 3.8, 39.2, –16.4, –2.5, –6.3, 1.6, –2.2
  - Nonfuel Primary Commodities: 3.4, 4.0, 7.9, –5.7, 0.1, –0.4, 0.4, 0.5
- Consumer Prices
  - Advanced Economies: 1.7, 2.6, 7.3, 4.6, 2.6, 2.0, 4.1, 2.0
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 6.0, 6.2, 9.8, 8.3, 8.3, 6.2, 8.1, 4.4
- World Real Long-Term Interest Rate (GDP-weighted major advanced economies): 1.2, –0.7, –5.0, –1.3, 1.0, 1.5, –0.9, 1.3
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies, Total External Debt (percent of GDP): 27.3, 30.1, 29.0, 29.8, 28.6, 27.9, 28.8, 27.1
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies, Debt Service (percent of exports): 9.7, 10.3, 10.5, 10.4, 9.7, 9.5, 10.0, 9.4

*Data refer to trade in goods and services; world real long-term interest rate is GDP-weighted average of 10-year (or nearest-maturity) government bond rates for Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.*

*Source: tablea - Section 5 (Table A14 and Table A15), WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK: STEADY BUT SLOW—RESILIENCE AMID DIVERGENCE, April 2024.*

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_Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/weo/2024/april/english/tablea.pdf_