## tablea

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### Summary of World Output (Table A1)
- Series covers "Annual percent change" for World, Advanced Economies, Emerging Market and Developing Economies, regional and analytical groups, median growth rates, output per capita, and value of world output.
- World: 3.4, 3.8, 3.7, 2.9, –2.7, 6.6, 3.6, 3.5, 3.3, 2.8, 3.0, 3.1
- Advanced Economies: 1.3, 2.6, 2.3, 1.9, –4.0, 6.0, 2.9, 1.7, 1.8, 1.4, 1.5, 1.7
- United States: 1.5, 2.5, 3.0, 2.6, –2.2, 6.1, 2.5, 2.9, 2.8, 1.8, 1.7, 2.1
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 5.3, 4.8, 4.7, 3.7, –1.7, 7.0, 4.1, 4.7, 4.3, 3.7, 3.9, 4.0
- Emerging and Developing Asia: 7.6, 6.6, 6.4, 5.4, –0.5, 7.8, 4.7, 6.1, 5.3, 4.5, 4.6, 4.5
- Median Growth Rate — Advanced Economies: 1.5, 3.0, 2.8, 2.1, –3.9, 6.5, 3.2, 1.4, 1.2, 1.6, 1.8, 1.8
- Output per Capita (in international dollars at PPP) — Advanced Economies: 0.8, 2.1, 1.8, 1.5, –4.4, 5.8, 2.4, 0.9, 1.2, 0.9, 1.2, 1.4
- World Growth Rate Based on Market Exchange Rates: 2.4, 3.4, 3.2, 2.6, –3.0, 6.4, 3.3, 2.9, 2.8, 2.3, 2.4, 2.6
- Value of World Output (billions of US dollars) — At Market Exchange Rates: 71,098; 81,716; 86,772; 88,027; 85,764; 97,844; 101,948; 106,432; 110,549; 113,796; 119,095; 144,576
- Value of World Output (billions of US dollars) — At Purchasing Power Parities: 96,450; 124,130; 132,054; 139,874; 139,582; 156,179; 173,230; 185,576; 196,126; 206,878; 217,594; 265,697

### Advanced Economies — Real GDP, Demand, and Components (Tables A2–A3)
- Real GDP (Q4 over Q4, annual percent change) — Advanced Economies: 1.3, 2.6, 2.3, 1.9, –4.0, 6.0, 2.9, 1.7, 1.8, 1.4, 1.5, 1.7
- United States Real GDP: 1.5, 2.5, 3.0, 2.6, –2.2, 6.1, 2.5, 2.9, 2.8, 1.8, 1.7, 2.1
- Euro Area Real GDP: 0.7, 2.6, 1.8, 1.6, –6.0, 6.3, 3.5, 0.4, 0.9, 0.8, 1.2, 1.1
- Japan Real GDP: 0.4, 1.7, 0.6, –0.4, –4.2, 2.7, 0.9, 1.5, 0.1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.5
- Real Total Domestic Demand — Advanced Economies: 1.2, 2.6, 2.3, 2.1, –3.9, 6.0, 3.4, 1.1, 1.8, 1.6, 1.5, 1.6
- United States Real Total Domestic Demand: 1.4, 2.6, 3.1, 2.6, –1.9, 7.1, 2.8, 2.3, 3.1, 1.9, 1.7, 2.0
- Private Consumer Expenditure — Advanced Economies: 1.3, 1.7, 2.3, 2.1, 1.6, –5.4, 6.1, 4.1, 1.7, 1.7, 1.5, 1.3
- United States Private Consumer Expenditure: 1.7, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.1, –2.5, 8.8, 3.0, 2.5, 2.8, 2.0, 1.2
- Gross Fixed Capital Formation — Advanced Economies: 0.8, 2.3, 4.0, 3.3, 3.2, –3.0, 6.0, 2.1, 2.0, 1.5, 1.7, 2.3
- Stock Building — Advanced Economies (changes expressed as percent of GDP in the preceding period): 0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.1, –0.1, –0.3, 0.4, 0.5, –0.6, –0.1, 0.0, 0.0
- Foreign Balance — Advanced Economies (changes expressed as percent of GDP in the preceding period): 0.2, 0.0, 0.1, –0.1, –0.2, –0.2, 0.0, –0.4, 0.6, 0.0, –0.2, 0.0

### Emerging Market and Developing Economies — Real GDP and Country Examples (Table A4)
- Emerging and Developing Asia: 7.6, 6.6, 6.4, 5.4, –0.5, 7.8, 4.7, 6.1, 5.3, 4.5, 4.6, 4.5
- China: 9.0, 6.9, 6.8, 6.1, 2.3, 8.6, 3.1, 5.4, 5.0, 4.0, 4.0, 3.4
- India: 6.8, 6.8, 6.5, 3.9, –5.8, 9.7, 7.6, 9.2, 6.5, 6.2, 6.3, 6.5
- Indonesia: 5.8, 5.1, 5.2, 5.0, –2.1, 3.7, 5.3, 5.0, 5.0, 4.7, 4.7, 5.1
- Russia: 1.8, 1.8, 2.8, 2.2, –2.7, 5.9, –1.4, 4.1, 4.1, 1.5, 0.9, 1.2
- Türkiye: 4.7, 7.5, 3.0, 0.8, 1.9, 11.4, 5.5, 5.1, 3.2, 2.7, 3.2, 4.1
- Selected country examples (annual percent change):
  - Bangladesh: 6.2, 6.6, 7.3, 7.9, 3.4, 6.9, 7.1, 5.8, 4.2, 3.8, 6.5, 6.6
  - Philippines: 5.7, 6.9, 6.3, 6.1, –9.5, 5.7, 7.6, 5.5, 5.7, 5.5, 5.8, 6.3
  - Vietnam: 6.2, 6.9, 7.5, 7.4, 2.9, 2.6, 8.5, 5.1, 7.1, 5.2, 4.0, 5.3
  - Argentina: 2.2, 2.8, –2.6, –2.0, –9.9, 10.4, 5.3, –1.6, –1.7, 5.5, 4.5, 3.0

### Inflation and Consumer Prices (Tables A5–A7)
- GDP Deflators — Advanced Economies: 1.3 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.6 3.3 5.7 4.1 2.8 2.4 2.0 2.0
- United States GDP Deflator: 1.6 1.8 2.3 1.7 1.3 4.6 7.1 3.6 2.4 2.7 2.2 1.9
- Advanced Economies (consumer prices, average): 1.6 1.7 2.0 1.4 0.7 3.1 7.3 4.6 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.1
- United States (consumer prices): 1.8 2.1 2.4 1.8 1.3 4.7 8.0 4.1 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.2
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies (aggregate) consumer prices: 5.8 4.4 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.8 9.5 8.0 7.7 5.5 4.6 3.8
- Regional/high inflation examples (consumer prices, annual averages unless noted):
  - Türkiye: 8.1 11.1 16.3 15.2 12.3 19.6 72.3 53.9 58.5 35.9 22.8 15.0 44.4 31.0 19.0
  - Argentina: 13.6 25.7 34.3 53.5 42.0 48.4 72.4 133.5 219.9 35.9 14.5 7.5 117.8 20.0 12.0
  - Venezuela: 52.7 438.1 65,374.1 19,906.0 2,355.1 1,588.5 186.5 337.5 49.0 180.0 225.0 . . . 47.2 254.4 218.2
  - Sudan: 21.1 32.4 63.3 51.0 163.3 359.1 138.8 77.2 176.8 100.0 63.2 15.3 151.1 75.6 51.1
  - Zimbabwe (aggregate series): –2.2 0.9 10.6 255.3 557.2 98.5 193.4 667.4 736.1 92.2 9.6 8.0 686.8 26.1 8.0

### Sub-Saharan Africa — Selected Consumer Price Series (Table A7 continuation)
- Angola: 13.1 29.8 19.6 17.1 22.3 25.8 21.4 13.6 28.2 22.0 16.4 9.8 27.5 20.5 13.4
- Ethiopia (annual averages): 16.1 10.7 13.8 15.8 20.4 26.8 33.9 30.2 21.7 21.5 12.2 12.2 21.1 15.6 10.3
- Nigeria (annual averages): 10.7 16.5 12.1 11.4 13.2 17.0 18.8 24.7 33.2 26.5 37.0 10.0 34.8 30.0 25.0
- South Sudan (annual averages): . . . 213.0 83.4 49.3 24.0 30.2 –3.2 39.7 128.4 65.7 8.3 8.0 216.6 12.0 8.6

### Major Advanced Economies — Fiscal Balances and Debt (Section 3)
- Composite: Major Advanced Economies
  - Net Lending/Borrowing: –5.3–3.4–3.4–3.8–11.7–8.8–3.7–5.8–5.8–5.3–4.7–4.9
  - Output Gap (percent of potential GDP): –1.0 0.0 0.5 0.6 –3.7 –0.6 0.2 0.3 0.3 –0.1 –0.2 0.0
  - Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –4.7–3.3–3.4–4.0–8.0–7.7–5.0–5.7–5.8–5.2–4.6–4.9
- United States
  - Net Lending/Borrowing: –6.8–4.8–5.3–5.8–14.1–11.4–3.7–7.2–7.3–6.5–5.5–5.6
  - Output Gap (percent of potential GDP): –1.0 0.0 0.7 1.2 –3.0 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0
  - Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –6.0–4.8–5.4–6.2–10.7–10.6–6.1–7.2–7.7–6.7–5.5–5.6
  - Net Debt: 69.2 78.6 79.4 81.1 95.6 95.5 91.6 94.0 96.5 98.0 99.2 104.0
  - Gross Debt: 94.4 105.7 107.0 108.2 132.0 124.7 118.8 119.0 120.8 122.5 123.7 128.2
- Euro Area (Aggregate)
  - Net Lending/Borrowing: –3.3–1.0–0.5–0.5–7.0–5.1–3.5–3.6–3.1–3.2–3.4–3.7
  - Output Gap (percent of potential GDP): –1.2–0.4 0.1 0.4 –5.3 –1.6 0.6 0.1 –0.2 –0.4 –0.3 0.1
  - Net Debt: 68.4 72.0 70.3 68.6 78.4 76.6 74.8 73.8 74.7 76.0 77.4 81.8
  - Gross Debt: 84.6 87.5 85.6 83.6 96.5 93.9 89.5 87.4 87.7 88.7 89.7 92.9
- Country highlights (selected)
  - Germany Net Debt: 55.7 44.7 42.1 39.8 45.3 46.3 46.3 46.2 47.7 49.6 51.6 61.3; Gross Debt: 73.2 64.0 60.8 58.7 68.0 68.1 65.0 62.9 63.9 65.4 67.0 74.8
  - France Net Debt: 77.9 89.5 89.4 89.0 101.6 100.5 101.1 101.6 105.0 108.2 111.0 120.3
  - Italy Net Debt: 111.1 120.9 121.6 121.4 140.9 133.6 127.1 124.1 125.1 127.3 128.8 129.0
  - Japan Net Debt: 131.5 148.1 151.1 151.6 162.0 156.0 149.5 136.0 134.6 134.2 134.3 138.1; Gross Debt (nonconsolidated basis): 212.7 231.3 232.4 236.4 258.4 253.7 248.3 240.0 236.7 234.9 233.7 231.7
  - United Kingdom Net Debt: 67.3 77.2 76.6 75.8 93.1 91.6 89.8 91.8 93.7 95.1 96.4 97.0
  - Canada Net Debt (includes equity shares): 24.2 12.7 11.7 8.7 16.3 14.2 13.6 14.4 11.9 12.5 13.2 14.1
- Notes and Methodological Points (as provided)
  - Debt data refer to the end of the year and are not always comparable across countries.
  - Gross and net debt levels reported by national statistical agencies for countries that have adopted the System of National Accounts 2008 (Australia, Canada, Hong Kong SAR, United States) are adjusted to exclude unfunded pension liabilities of government employees’ defined-benefit pension plans.
  - Percent of potential GDP for Output Gap and Structural Balance.
  - Figures reported by the national statistical agency are adjusted to exclude items related to the accrual-basis accounting of government employees’ defined-benefit pension plans.
  - Nonconsolidated basis for certain gross debt series.
  - Net Debt for Canada includes equity shares.

### Emerging Market and Developing Economies — Current Account and Financial Account Balances (Section 4; Tables A12–A13)
- Select country series (first block of rows; annual percent changes unless noted):
  - Eswatini: 2.6 2.0 2.4 2.7 –1.6 10.7 0.5 0.5 3.0 3.7 5.1 4.9 2.5
  - Ethiopia: 10.2 10.2 7.7 9.0 6.1 6.3 6.4 7.2 8.1 6.6 7.1 7.5
  - Nigeria: 5.6 0.8 1.9 2.2 –1.8 3.6 3.3 2.9 3.4 3.0 2.7 3.5
  - South Sudan: . . . –5.8 –2.1 0.9 –6.5 5.3 –5.2 2.5 –27.6 –4.3 64.5 4.9
  - Zimbabwe: 4.1 5.2 5.0 –6.3 –7.8 8.5 6.1 5.3 2.0 6.0 4.6 3.5
- Table A13 — Financial Account Balances (billions of US dollars; selected aggregates)
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies (Financial Account Balance): –277.0–262.9–139.247.9224.3564.3187.6340.6137.862.3
  - Emerging and Developing Asia (Financial Account Balance): –58.5–261.0–51.4157.2141.5207.2216.3406.0316.4262.7
  - Latin America and the Caribbean (Financial Account Balance): –110.9–166.3–123.2–11.1–106.2–149.5–97.6–85.8–90.7–110.4
  - Sub-Saharan Africa (Financial Account Balance): –44.0–37.2–53.9–18.3–15.0–48.7–62.0–27.5–40.3–35.7
  - Middle East and Central Asia (Financial Account Balance): –36.996.330.6–89.7109.8395.5156.073.9–8.5–23.1
  - Change in Reserves, Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 186.4113.9171.892.7518.2111.7185.492.0260.0365.9

### Financial Account, Net Lending and Borrowing, and World Medium-Term Reference Forecast (Section 5; Tables A14–A15)
- Financial Account and Reserves (selected lines)
  - Other Investment, Net: –12.7–5.71.88.76.9–24.7–25.69.4–58.2–19.4
  - Change in Reserves: 16.94.91.3–15.89.1–20.210.629.524.412.7
  - World Financial Account Balance: 123.3214.8–10.78.1668.6467.4232.0314.272.7128.7
- Table A14 — Summary of Net Lending and Borrowing (percent of GDP; selected aggregates)
  - World (Memorandum) Net Lending and Borrowing: 0.40.40.40.40.90.50.30.50.10.10.1
  - Advanced Economies Net Lending and Borrowing: 0.00.50.60.20.8–0.20.10.1–0.10.10.2
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies Net Lending and Borrowing: 1.40.50.10.61.01.60.70.90.30.10.0
  - World Savings: 25.526.226.826.627.927.926.526.426.026.226.8
  - World Investment: 25.125.726.526.327.127.426.426.125.926.226.7
- Selected country and regional net lending/current account/savings/investment profiles (selected lines)
  - United States Net Lending and Borrowing: –3.0–2.3–2.1–2.8–3.7–3.9–3.3–3.9–3.7–3.2–2.7; Savings: 17.218.619.318.217.618.317.417.317.818.419.2; Investment: 20.320.721.721.421.321.921.521.721.521.621.8
  - Germany Net Lending and Borrowing: 6.87.57.76.06.83.34.95.35.25.04.6; Savings: 26.727.929.228.029.426.927.226.826.226.026.0; Investment: 19.920.221.321.722.523.021.721.021.021.021.4
  - Japan Net Lending and Borrowing: 2.52.43.42.93.82.13.74.83.33.33.2; Savings: 27.027.229.228.229.728.929.931.029.829.629.3; Investment: 24.424.725.825.225.826.826.226.226.426.326.1
  - Emerging and Developing Asia Net Lending and Borrowing: 2.51.00.51.51.21.31.01.51.10.90.6; Savings: 42.641.339.339.940.640.639.039.038.538.338.8; Investment: 40.240.338.838.339.439.238.037.537.337.538.2
  - Middle East and Central Asia Net Lending and Borrowing: 6.04.10.7–3.03.08.03.61.9–0.2–0.4–0.3; Savings: 34.131.227.523.028.233.230.027.626.025.725.8; Investment: 28.026.826.826.025.225.526.826.226.626.827.1
- Analytical groups — by source of export earnings (selected)
  - Fuel exporters Net Lending and Borrowing: 7.65.52.1–2.85.111.15.54.21.51.01.2; Current Account Balance: 7.65.52.4–2.75.411.45.94.51.71.21.4
  - Nonfuel exporters Net Lending and Borrowing: 0.3–0.3–0.10.90.60.50.20.60.20.0–0.1
- Table A15 — World Medium-Term Reference Forecast (annual percent change; selected lines)
  - World Real GDP: 3.43.03.53.32.83.03.13.2
  - Advanced Economies real GDP: 1.31.81.71.81.41.51.61.7
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies real GDP: 5.33.94.74.33.73.94.14.1
  - Potential Output (Major Advanced Economies): 1.31.61.81.71.61.51.71.5
  - World trade (volume): 3.42.71.03.81.72.52.23.1
  - Consumer Prices — Advanced Economies: 1.62.84.62.62.52.23.02.1
  - Consumer Prices — Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 5.86.18.07.75.54.66.53.9
  - World Real Long-Term Interest Rate (GDP-weighted average): 1.0–0.6–1.30.81.01.20.51.3
  - Total External Debt, Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 27.629.829.228.729.028.728.928.0
  - Debt Service, Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 9.710.110.19.99.89.79.99.6

*Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook database (April 2025). https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/weo/2025/april/english/tablea.pdf*

### Section 1

### tablea - Section 1

### Summary of World Output (Table A1)
- Series covers "Annual percent change" for World, Advanced Economies, Emerging Market and Developing Economies, regional and analytical groups, median growth rates, output per capita, and value of world output.
- World: 3.4, 3.8, 3.7, 2.9, –2.7, 6.6, 3.6, 3.5, 3.3, 2.8, 3.0, 3.1
- Advanced Economies: 1.3, 2.6, 2.3, 1.9, –4.0, 6.0, 2.9, 1.7, 1.8, 1.4, 1.5, 1.7
- United States: 1.5, 2.5, 3.0, 2.6, –2.2, 6.1, 2.5, 2.9, 2.8, 1.8, 1.7, 2.1
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 5.3, 4.8, 4.7, 3.7, –1.7, 7.0, 4.1, 4.7, 4.3, 3.7, 3.9, 4.0
- Emerging and Developing Asia: 7.6, 6.6, 6.4, 5.4, –0.5, 7.8, 4.7, 6.1, 5.3, 4.5, 4.6, 4.5
- Emerging and Developing Europe: 2.6, 4.2, 3.7, 2.5, –1.8, 7.1, 0.5, 3.6, 3.4, 2.1, 2.1, 2.5
- Latin America and the Caribbean: 2.4, 1.4, 1.1, 0.2, –6.9, 7.4, 4.2, 2.4, 2.4, 2.0, 2.4, 2.6
- Middle East and Central Asia: 4.0, 2.6, 2.7, 1.9, –2.2, 4.4, 5.5, 2.2, 2.4, 3.0, 3.5, 3.7
- Sub-Saharan Africa: 4.7, 3.0, 3.3, 3.2, –1.5, 4.7, 4.1, 3.6, 4.0, 3.8, 4.2, 4.5
- By Source of Export Earnings — Fuel: 3.9, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2, –3.8, 4.1, 5.3, 2.5, 2.8, 2.5, 3.1, 3.0
- By Source of Export Earnings — Nonfuel: 5.5, 5.3, 5.2, 4.2, –1.5, 7.4, 4.0, 4.9, 4.4, 3.8, 4.0, 4.1
- Net Debtor Economies: 4.5, 4.7, 4.5, 3.3, –3.6, 6.9, 5.1, 5.0, 4.2, 4.0, 4.4, 4.8
- Median Growth Rate — Advanced Economies: 1.5, 3.0, 2.8, 2.1, –3.9, 6.5, 3.2, 1.4, 1.2, 1.6, 1.8, 1.8
- Output per Capita (in international dollars at PPP) — Advanced Economies: 0.8, 2.1, 1.8, 1.5, –4.4, 5.8, 2.4, 0.9, 1.2, 0.9, 1.2, 1.4
- World Growth Rate Based on Market Exchange Rates: 2.4, 3.4, 3.2, 2.6, –3.0, 6.4, 3.3, 2.9, 2.8, 2.3, 2.4, 2.6
- Value of World Output (billions of US dollars) — At Market Exchange Rates: 71,098; 81,716; 86,772; 88,027; 85,764; 97,844; 101,948; 106,432; 110,549; 113,796; 119,095; 144,576
- Value of World Output (billions of US dollars) — At Purchasing Power Parities: 96,450; 124,130; 132,054; 139,874; 139,582; 156,179; 173,230; 185,576; 196,126; 206,878; 217,594; 265,697

### Advanced Economies: Real GDP and Total Domestic Demand (Table A2)
- Real GDP (Q4 over Q4, annual percent change) — Advanced Economies: 1.3, 2.6, 2.3, 1.9, –4.0, 6.0, 2.9, 1.7, 1.8, 1.4, 1.5, 1.7
- United States Real GDP: 1.5, 2.5, 3.0, 2.6, –2.2, 6.1, 2.5, 2.9, 2.8, 1.8, 1.7, 2.1
- Euro Area Real GDP: 0.7, 2.6, 1.8, 1.6, –6.0, 6.3, 3.5, 0.4, 0.9, 0.8, 1.2, 1.1
- Japan Real GDP: 0.4, 1.7, 0.6, –0.4, –4.2, 2.7, 0.9, 1.5, 0.1, 0.6, 0.6, 0.5
- Major Advanced Economies (memorandum) Real GDP: 1.1, 2.4, 2.1, 1.7, –4.2, 5.8, 2.6, 1.9, 1.7, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5
- Real Total Domestic Demand — Advanced Economies: 1.2, 2.6, 2.3, 2.1, –3.9, 6.0, 3.4, 1.1, 1.8, 1.6, 1.5, 1.6
- United States Real Total Domestic Demand: 1.4, 2.6, 3.1, 2.6, –1.9, 7.1, 2.8, 2.3, 3.1, 1.9, 1.7, 2.0
- Euro Area Real Total Domestic Demand: 0.4, 2.3, 1.9, 2.4, –5.7, 5.1, 3.8, 0.1, 0.5, 1.3, 1.3, 1.2

### Advanced Economies: Components of Real GDP (Table A3)
- Private Consumer Expenditure — Advanced Economies: 1.3, 1.7, 2.3, 2.1, 1.6, –5.4, 6.1, 4.1, 1.7, 1.7, 1.5, 1.3
- United States Private Consumer Expenditure: 1.7, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.1, –2.5, 8.8, 3.0, 2.5, 2.8, 2.0, 1.2
- Gross Fixed Capital Formation — Advanced Economies: 0.8, 2.3, 4.0, 3.3, 3.2, –3.0, 6.0, 2.1, 2.0, 1.5, 1.7, 2.3
- Final Domestic Demand — Advanced Economies: 1.2, 1.9, 2.4, 2.2, 2.3, –3.5, 5.6, 3.0, 1.8, 1.8, 1.7, 1.5
- Stock Building — Advanced Economies (changes expressed as percent of GDP in the preceding period): 0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.1, –0.1, –0.3, 0.4, 0.5, –0.6, –0.1, 0.0, 0.0
- Foreign Balance — Advanced Economies (changes expressed as percent of GDP in the preceding period): 0.2, 0.0, 0.1, –0.1, –0.2, –0.2, 0.0, –0.4, 0.6, 0.0, –0.2, 0.0

### Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Real GDP (Table A4)
- Emerging and Developing Asia: 7.6, 6.6, 6.4, 5.4, –0.5, 7.8, 4.7, 6.1, 5.3, 4.5, 4.6, 4.5
- China: 9.0, 6.9, 6.8, 6.1, 2.3, 8.6, 3.1, 5.4, 5.0, 4.0, 4.0, 3.4
- India: 6.8, 6.8, 6.5, 3.9, –5.8, 9.7, 7.6, 9.2, 6.5, 6.2, 6.3, 6.5
- Indonesia: 5.8, 5.1, 5.2, 5.0, –2.1, 3.7, 5.3, 5.0, 5.0, 4.7, 4.7, 5.1
- Emerging and Developing Europe: 2.6, 4.2, 3.7, 2.5, –1.8, 7.1, 0.5, 3.6, 3.4, 2.1, 2.1, 2.5
- Russia: 1.8, 1.8, 2.8, 2.2, –2.7, 5.9, –1.4, 4.1, 4.1, 1.5, 0.9, 1.2
- Türkiye: 4.7, 7.5, 3.0, 0.8, 1.9, 11.4, 5.5, 5.1, 3.2, 2.7, 3.2, 4.1
- Latin America and the Caribbean: 2.4, 1.4, 1.1, 0.2, –6.9, 7.4, 4.2, 2.4, 2.4, 2.0, 2.4, 2.6
- Brazil: 2.1, 1.3, 1.8, 1.2, –3.3, 4.8, 3.0, 3.2, 3.4, 2.0, 2.0, 2.5
- Mexico: 1.6, 1.9, 2.0, –0.4, –8.4, 6.0, 3.7, 3.3, 1.5, –0.3, 1.4, 2.1
- Middle East and Central Asia: 4.0, 2.6, 2.7, 1.9, –2.2, 4.4, 5.5, 2.2, 2.4, 3.0, 3.5, 3.7
- Saudi Arabia: 4.1, 0.9, 3.2, 1.1, –3.6, 5.1, 7.5, –0.8, 1.3, 3.0, 3.7, 3.3
- Sub-Saharan Africa: 4.7, 3.0, 3.3, 3.2, –1.5, 4.7, 4.1, 3.6, 4.0, 3.8, 4.2, 4.5
- Selected country examples (annual percent change):
  - Bangladesh: 6.2, 6.6, 7.3, 7.9, 3.4, 6.9, 7.1, 5.8, 4.2, 3.8, 6.5, 6.6
  - Philippines: 5.7, 6.9, 6.3, 6.1, –9.5, 5.7, 7.6, 5.5, 5.7, 5.5, 5.8, 6.3
  - Vietnam: 6.2, 6.9, 7.5, 7.4, 2.9, 2.6, 8.5, 5.1, 7.1, 5.2, 4.0, 5.3
  - Argentina: 2.2, 2.8, –2.6, –2.0, –9.9, 10.4, 5.3, –1.6, –1.7, 5.5, 4.5, 3.0

*Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook database (April 2025). https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/weo/2025/april/english/tablea.pdf*

### Section 2

### tablea - Section 2

### Select country series (first block of rows)
- Eswatini: 2.6 2.0 2.4 2.7 –1.6 10.7 0.5 0.5 3.0 3.7 5.1 4.9 2.5
- Ethiopia: 10.2 10.2 7.7 9.0 6.1 6.3 6.4 7.2 8.1 6.6 7.1 7.5
- Gabon: 3.7 0.5 0.9 3.8 –1.8 1.5 3.0 2.4 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.9
- The Gambia: 2.6 4.8 7.2 6.2 0.6 5.3 5.5 4.8 5.8 5.9 5.0 5.0
- Ghana: 6.4 8.1 6.2 6.5 0.5 5.1 3.8 3.1 5.7 4.0 4.8 5.0
- Guinea: 4.7 10.3 6.4 5.6 4.7 5.6 4.0 6.2 6.1 7.1 10.6 7.7
- Guinea-Bissau: 3.7 4.8 3.8 4.5 1.5 6.2 4.6 5.2 4.7 5.1 5.0 4.5
- Kenya: 4.6 3.8 5.7 5.1 –0.3 7.6 4.9 5.6 4.5 4.8 4.9 5.0
- Lesotho: 3.2 –2.7 –1.5 –2.9 –5.3 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.6 1.5 1.4 1.7
- Liberia: 5.4 2.5 1.2 –2.5 –3.0 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.8 5.3 5.5 5.6
- Madagascar: 2.6 3.9 3.2 4.4 –7.1 4.7 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.9 4.2 5.0
- Malawi: 5.5 4.0 4.4 5.4 1.0 4.6 0.9 1.9 1.8 3.5 4.3 4.6
- Mali: 4.2 5.3 4.7 4.8 –1.2 3.1 3.5 4.7 4.4 4.9 5.1 5.1
- Mauritius: 4.1 3.9 4.0 2.9 –14.5 3.4 8.7 5.0 4.7 3.0 3.0 3.0
- Mozambique: 6.9 2.6 3.5 2.3 –1.2 2.4 4.4 4.5 4.4 1.9 2.5 3.5 11.4
- Namibia: 3.9 –1.0 1.1 –0.8 –8.1 3.6 5.4 4.4 4.3 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.0
- Niger: 5.6 5.0 7.0 6.1 3.5 1.4 11.9 2.4 10.3 6.6 6.7 6.0
- Nigeria: 5.6 0.8 1.9 2.2 –1.8 3.6 3.3 2.9 3.4 3.0 2.7 3.5
- Rwanda: 7.5 3.9 8.5 9.4 –3.4 10.9 8.2 8.3 8.9 7.1 7.5 7.0
- São Tomé and Príncipe: 3.8 4.1 4.4 2.0 2.6 1.9 0.2 0.4 0.9 3.1 4.8 3.5
- Senegal: 3.9 7.4 6.2 4.6 1.3 6.5 4.0 4.3 6.7 8.4 4.1 5.5
- Seychelles: 5.4 7.0 4.9 5.5 –11.7 0.6 12.7 2.3 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.5
- Sierra Leone: 4.2 3.9 3.4 5.5 –1.3 5.9 5.3 5.7 3.7 4.7 4.9 4.6
- South Africa: 2.1 1.2 1.6 0.3 –6.2 5.0 1.9 0.7 0.6 1.0 1.3 1.8
- South Sudan: . . . –5.8 –2.1 0.9 –6.5 5.3 –5.2 2.5 –27.6 –4.3 64.5 4.9
- Tanzania: 6.5 6.7 7.0 6.9 4.5 4.8 4.7 5.1 5.4 6.0 6.3 6.2
- Togo: 5.1 4.0 4.8 4.9 2.0 6.0 5.8 5.8 5.6 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.5
- Uganda: 6.1 6.8 5.6 7.6 –1.1 5.5 6.2 4.9 6.3 6.1 7.6 6.0
- Zambia: 6.5 3.5 4.1 1.4 –2.8 6.2 5.2 5.4 4.0 6.2 6.8 4.8
- Zimbabwe: 4.1 5.2 5.0 –6.3 –7.8 8.5 6.1 5.3 2.0 6.0 4.6 3.5

### Table A5 — Summary of Inflation: GDP Deflators (select rows)
- Advanced Economies: 1.3 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.6 3.3 5.7 4.1 2.8 2.4 2.0 2.0
- United States: 1.6 1.8 2.3 1.7 1.3 4.6 7.1 3.6 2.4 2.7 2.2 1.9
- Euro Area: 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.7 1.8 2.1 5.1 5.9 2.9 2.2 2.0 2.1
- Japan: –0.3 –0.1 0.0 0.6 0.9 –0.2 0.4 4.1 2.9 1.9 1.7 2.0
- Other Advanced Economies: 1.7 1.9 1.7 1.3 2.0 3.9 6.2 2.8 3.2 2.2 2.0 2.1

### Table A6 — Advanced Economies: Consumer Prices (select rows)
- Advanced Economies (average): 1.6 1.7 2.0 1.4 0.7 3.1 7.3 4.6 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.1
- United States: 1.8 2.1 2.4 1.8 1.3 4.7 8.0 4.1 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.2
- Euro Area (HICP): 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.2 0.3 2.6 8.4 5.4 2.4 2.4 1.9 2.0
- Japan: 0.3 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 –0.2 2.5 3.3 2.7 2.4 1.7 2.0
- United Kingdom: 2.3 2.7 2.5 1.8 0.9 2.6 9.1 7.3 2.5 3.1 2.2 2.0

### Table A7 — Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Consumer Prices (select regions and notable country figures)
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies (aggregate): 5.8 4.4 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.8 9.5 8.0 7.7 5.5 4.6 3.8
- Emerging and Developing Asia: 4.5 2.4 2.7 3.3 3.2 2.3 3.9 2.4 2.0 1.7 2.0 2.7
- Emerging and Developing Europe: 7.8 5.6 6.3 6.5 5.1 9.0 25.2 17.1 16.8 13.5 8.7 6.2
- Latin America and the Caribbean: 4.9 6.3 6.7 7.6 6.5 9.9 14.2 14.8 16.6 7.2 4.8 3.6
- Middle East and Central Asia: 8.1 7.0 9.6 7.4 10.3 11.9 13.4 15.5 14.4 11.1 9.9 6.1
- Sub-Saharan Africa: 8.3 10.5 8.4 8.7 11.2 11.6 15.2 17.6 18.3 13.3 12.9 6.7

- Selected country highlights (consumer prices, annual averages unless noted):
  - China: 2.9 1.6 2.1 2.9 2.5 0.9 2.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.6 2.0 0.0 0.4 0.9
  - India: 7.8 3.6 3.4 4.8 6.2 5.5 6.7 5.4 4.7 4.2 4.1 3.0 3.9 4.1 4.1
  - Türkiye: 8.1 11.1 16.3 15.2 12.3 19.6 72.3 53.9 58.5 35.9 22.8 15.0 44.4 31.0 19.0
  - Argentina: 13.6 25.7 34.3 53.5 42.0 48.4 72.4 133.5 219.9 35.9 14.5 7.5 117.8 20.0 12.0
  - Venezuela: 52.7 438.1 65,374.1 19,906.0 2,355.1 1,588.5 186.5 337.5 49.0 180.0 225.0 . . . 47.2 254.4 218.2
  - Iran: 18.4 8.2 26.9 34.8 36.5 40.2 45.8 40.7 32.6 43.3 42.5 25.0 38.2 45.0 35.0
  - Sudan: 21.1 32.4 63.3 51.0 163.3 359.1 138.8 77.2 176.8 100.0 63.2 15.3 151.1 75.6 51.1
  - Zimbabwe (aggregate series): –2.2 0.9 10.6 255.3 557.2 98.5 193.4 667.4 736.1 92.2 9.6 8.0 686.8 26.1 8.0

### Sub-Saharan Africa — Consumer prices (select rows from Table A7 continuation)
- Angola: 13.1 29.8 19.6 17.1 22.3 25.8 21.4 13.6 28.2 22.0 16.4 9.8 27.5 20.5 13.4
- Burundi: 9.9 15.8 –2.8 –0.8 7.5 8.4 18.9 27.1 20.2 39.1 31.3 12.6 36.4 36.3 28.0
- Democratic Republic of the Congo: 11.8 35.7 29.3 4.7 11.4 9.0 9.3 19.9 17.7 8.9 7.2 7.0 11.7 8.0 7.0
- Ethiopia (annual averages): 16.1 10.7 13.8 15.8 20.4 26.8 33.9 30.2 21.7 21.5 12.2 12.2 21.1 15.6 10.3
- Nigeria (annual averages): 10.7 16.5 12.1 11.4 13.2 17.0 18.8 24.7 33.2 26.5 37.0 10.0 34.8 30.0 25.0
- South Sudan (annual averages): . . . 213.0 83.4 49.3 24.0 30.2 –3.2 39.7 128.4 65.7 8.3 8.0 216.6 12.0 8.6

*Source: Table A5–A7, "WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK: A CRITICAL JUNCTURE AMID POLICY SHIFTS", Statistical Appendix (selected rows and figures as provided).*

### Section 3

### Major Advanced Economies: General Government Fiscal Balances and Debt (Section 3)

### Composite: Major Advanced Economies
- Net Lending/Borrowing: –5.3–3.4–3.4–3.8–11.7–8.8–3.7–5.8–5.8–5.3–4.7–4.9
- Output Gap (percent of potential GDP): –1.0 0.0 0.5 0.6 –3.7 –0.6 0.2 0.3 0.3 –0.1 –0.2 0.0
- Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –4.7–3.3–3.4–4.0–8.0–7.7–5.0–5.7–5.8–5.2–4.6–4.9

### United States
- Net Lending/Borrowing: –6.8–4.8–5.3–5.8–14.1–11.4–3.7–7.2–7.3–6.5–5.5–5.6
- Output Gap (percent of potential GDP): –1.0 0.0 0.7 1.2 –3.0 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0
- Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –6.0–4.8–5.4–6.2–10.7–10.6–6.1–7.2–7.7–6.7–5.5–5.6
- Net Debt: 69.2 78.6 79.4 81.1 95.6 95.5 91.6 94.0 96.5 98.0 99.2 104.0
- Gross Debt: 94.4 105.7 107.0 108.2 132.0 124.7 118.8 119.0 120.8 122.5 123.7 128.2

### Euro Area (Aggregate)
- Net Lending/Borrowing: –3.3–1.0–0.5–0.5–7.0–5.1–3.5–3.6–3.1–3.2–3.4–3.7
- Output Gap (percent of potential GDP): –1.2–0.4 0.1 0.4 –5.3 –1.6 0.6 0.1 –0.2 –0.4 –0.3 0.1
- Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –2.4–0.6–0.4–0.6–3.6–4.0–3.6–3.6–3.1–3.0–3.3–3.8
- Net Debt: 68.4 72.0 70.3 68.6 78.4 76.6 74.8 73.8 74.7 76.0 77.4 81.8
- Gross Debt: 84.6 87.5 85.6 83.6 96.5 93.9 89.5 87.4 87.7 88.7 89.7 92.9

### Germany
- Net Lending/Borrowing: –0.6 1.3 1.9 1.3 –4.4 –3.2 –2.1 –2.5 –2.8 –3.0 –3.5 –4.4
- Output Gap (percent of potential GDP): 0.0 1.0 0.8 0.4 –3.1 –1.0 0.6 –0.3 –1.1 –1.4 –0.9 0.5
- Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –0.3 1.1 1.6 1.1 –2.9 –2.6 –1.8 –2.3 –2.2 –2.2 –3.0 –4.7
- Net Debt: 55.7 44.7 42.1 39.8 45.3 46.3 46.3 46.2 47.7 49.6 51.6 61.3
- Gross Debt: 73.2 64.0 60.8 58.7 68.0 68.1 65.0 62.9 63.9 65.4 67.0 74.8

### France
- Net Lending/Borrowing: –4.9–3.4–2.3–2.4–8.9–6.6–4.7–5.4–5.8–5.5–5.9–6.1
- Output Gap (percent of potential GDP): –1.3–1.5–0.8 0.0 –4.5 –2.1 –0.9 –0.9 –0.7 –0.8 –0.6 –0.2
- Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –4.1–2.3–1.6–1.4–5.9–5.1–4.1–4.8–5.3–5.0–5.5–6.0
- Net Debt: 77.9 89.5 89.4 89.0 101.6 100.5 101.1 101.6 105.0 108.2 111.0 120.3
- Gross Debt: 87.2 98.7 98.5 98.1 114.8 112.7 111.3 109.7 113.1 116.3 119.1 128.4

### Italy
- Net Lending/Borrowing: –3.0–2.5–2.2–1.5–9.4–8.9–8.1–7.2–3.4–3.3–2.8–2.5
- Output Gap (percent of potential GDP): –3.4–2.3–1.8–1.8–11.0–3.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 –0.2 –0.1 –0.2
- Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –1.5–1.4–1.3–0.5–3.1–7.8–8.8–7.7–3.5–3.1–2.8–2.4
- Net Debt: 111.1 120.9 121.6 121.4 140.9 133.6 127.1 124.1 125.1 127.3 128.8 129.0
- Gross Debt: 122.5 133.7 134.1 133.8 154.3 145.7 138.3 134.6 135.3 137.3 138.5 137.7

### Japan
- Net Lending/Borrowing: –6.3–3.1–2.5–3.0–9.1–6.1–4.2–2.3–2.5–2.9–3.1–5.3
- Output Gap (percent of potential GDP): –0.1 1.1 1.9 0.7 –2.9 –1.6 –0.9 0.2 0.1 –0.2 –0.1 0.0
- Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –6.2–3.7–3.0–3.3–8.1–5.4–4.2–2.4–2.5–2.8–3.0–5.3
- Net Debt: 131.5 148.1 151.1 151.6 162.0 156.0 149.5 136.0 134.6 134.2 134.3 138.1
- Gross Debt (nonconsolidated basis): 212.7 231.3 232.4 236.4 258.4 253.7 248.3 240.0 236.7 234.9 233.7 231.7

### United Kingdom
- Net Lending/Borrowing: –6.1–2.5–2.3–2.5–13.2–7.7–4.6–6.1–5.7–4.4–3.7–2.3
- Output Gap (percent of potential GDP): –1.9–0.3–0.3 0.0 –3.5 0.5 1.9 –0.1 –0.3 –0.6 –0.5 –0.1
- Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –4.7–2.1–2.1–2.4 0.5 –3.2–2.9–4.8–4.5–4.0–3.3–2.2
- Net Debt: 67.3 77.2 76.6 75.8 93.1 91.6 89.8 91.8 93.7 95.1 96.4 97.0
- Gross Debt: 74.9 86.7 86.3 85.7 105.8 105.1 99.6 100.4 101.2 103.9 105.4 106.1

### Canada
- Net Lending/Borrowing: –1.4–0.1 0.4 0.0–10.9–3.1 0.6 0.1–2.1–1.9–1.6–0.8
- Output Gap (percent of potential GDP): –0.3 0.4 0.6 0.4 –3.4–1.4 0.8 0.0 –0.5–1.0–0.8 0.0
- Structural Balance (percent of potential GDP): –1.3–0.3 0.0 –0.2–8.2–2.0 0.0 0.0 –0.9–1.2–1.2–0.8
- Net Debt (includes equity shares): 24.2 12.7 11.7 8.7 16.3 14.2 13.6 14.4 11.9 12.5 13.2 14.1
- Gross Debt: 83.2 90.9 90.8 90.2 118.1 112.6 104.2 107.7 110.8 112.5 110.9 104.1

### Notes and Methodological Points (as provided in source)
- Debt data refer to the end of the year and are not always comparable across countries.
- Gross and net debt levels reported by national statistical agencies for countries that have adopted the System of National Accounts 2008 (Australia, Canada, Hong Kong SAR, United States) are adjusted to exclude unfunded pension liabilities of government employees’ defined-benefit pension plans.
- Percent of potential GDP for Output Gap and Structural Balance.
- Figures reported by the national statistical agency are adjusted to exclude items related to the accrual-basis accounting of government employees’ defined-benefit pension plans.
- Nonconsolidated basis for certain gross debt series.
- Net Debt for Canada includes equity shares.

*Source: tablea - Section 3, table of "Major Advanced Economies: General Government Fiscal Balances and Debt" (PDF).*

### Section 4

### tablea - Section 4

### Emerging and Developing Asia
- Emerging and Developing Asia: 0.9–0.30.41.51.21.31.01.51.10.90.5
- Bangladesh: –0.5–3.0–1.3–1.5–1.1–4.0–2.6–1.4–0.9–0.9–2.2
- China: 1.50.20.71.61.92.41.42.31.91.71.5
- India: –1.8–2.1–0.90.9–1.2–2.0–0.7–0.8–0.9–1.4–2.2
- Indonesia: –1.6–2.9–2.7–0.40.31.0–0.1–0.6–1.5–1.6–1.4
- Malaysia: 2.82.23.54.23.93.21.51.71.61.82.1
- Vietnam: –0.61.93.84.3–2.20.35.96.13.21.90.5

### Emerging and Developing Europe
- Emerging and Developing Europe: –0.61.81.40.11.72.7–0.30.0–1.0–1.0–1.1
- Albania: –7.4–6.7–7.5–8.6–7.6–5.8–1.2–2.4–3.1–3.1–2.9
- Poland: –1.2–2.0–0.32.4–1.3–2.31.80.1–0.3–0.7–1.6
- Romania: –3.2–4.6–4.9–5.1–7.2–9.5–6.6–8.3–7.6–7.4–6.1
- Russia: 2.07.03.92.46.810.42.42.91.91.81.3
- Türkiye: –4.1–1.82.0–4.3–0.8–5.1–3.5–0.8–1.2–1.2–1.6
- Ukraine: –2.2–3.3–2.73.3–1.94.9–5.4–7.0–15.9–10.6–4.1

### Latin America and the Caribbean
- Latin America and the Caribbean (aggregate): –1.8–2.7–2.1–0.2–1.8–2.2–1.1–0.9–1.1–1.4–1.2
- Argentina: –4.8–5.2–0.80.71.4–0.6–3.21.0–0.4–0.31.2
- Brazil: –1.2–2.8–3.5–1.7–2.4–2.2–1.3–2.8–2.3–2.2–1.8
- Chile: –2.8–4.5–5.2–1.9–7.3–8.8–3.1–1.5–2.1–2.4–3.0
- Colombia: –3.2–4.2–4.6–3.4–5.6–6.0–2.3–1.8–2.3–2.4–3.6
- Mexico: –1.8–2.1–0.32.4–0.3–1.2–0.3–0.3–0.5–1.1–1.1
- Peru: –0.8–1.1–0.60.9–2.1–4.10.72.21.71.3–1.5

### Middle East and Central Asia
- Middle East and Central Asia (aggregate): –0.63.30.9–3.03.38.33.92.0–0.1–0.4–0.3
- Algeria: –11.8–8.7–8.7–11.3–2.48.42.4–1.4–3.9–4.6–2.6
- Iran: 3.17.9–0.7–1.93.93.82.82.70.91.32.7
- Kuwait: 8.014.312.74.425.234.331.429.522.719.314.2
- Qatar: 4.09.12.4–2.114.626.817.117.210.810.311.8
- Saudi Arabia: 1.78.64.6–3.54.613.63.3–0.5–4.0–4.3–3.4
- United Arab Emirates: 7.09.78.96.011.513.210.79.16.66.46.1

### Sub-Saharan Africa
- Sub-Saharan Africa (aggregate): –2.0–2.0–3.0–2.6–0.8–2.1–2.6–1.7–2.5–2.2–2.1
- Angola: –0.56.55.41.310.08.33.85.42.11.42.0
- Botswana: 5.60.4–6.9–10.2–1.7–1.1–0.6–4.7–7.9–4.60.7
- Ghana: –3.3–3.0–2.2–2.5–2.7–2.3–1.61.61.61.30.2
- Nigeria: 3.61.7–2.9–3.7–0.70.21.79.16.95.20.9
- South Africa: –2.4–2.9–2.62.03.7–0.5–1.6–0.6–1.2–1.4–2.2
- Tanzania: –2.8–3.5–3.0–2.5–3.9–5.7–4.7–3.1–3.0–2.9–2.5

### Selected regional and group aggregates from Table A13 (Financial Account Balances, Billions of US dollars)
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies (Financial Account Balance): –277.0–262.9–139.247.9224.3564.3187.6340.6137.862.3
- Emerging and Developing Asia (Financial Account Balance): –58.5–261.0–51.4157.2141.5207.2216.3406.0316.4262.7
- Latin America and the Caribbean (Financial Account Balance): –110.9–166.3–123.2–11.1–106.2–149.5–97.6–85.8–90.7–110.4
- Sub-Saharan Africa (Financial Account Balance): –44.0–37.2–53.9–18.3–15.0–48.7–62.0–27.5–40.3–35.7
- Middle East and Central Asia (Financial Account Balance): –36.996.330.6–89.7109.8395.5156.073.9–8.5–23.1
- Change in Reserves, Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 186.4113.9171.892.7518.2111.7185.492.0260.0365.9

*Source: Table A12 and Table A13, Statistical Appendix (Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Current Account Balance; Summary of Financial Account Balances) from the provided content.*

### Section 5

### Table A14–A15: Section 5 (Financial Account; Net Lending and Borrowing; World Medium-Term Reference Forecast)

### Financial Account and Reserves (selected lines)
- Other Investment, Net: –12.7–5.71.88.76.9–24.7–25.69.4–58.2–19.4
- Change in Reserves: 16.94.91.3–15.89.1–20.210.629.524.412.7
- World Financial Account Balance: 123.3214.8–10.78.1668.6467.4232.0314.272.7128.7

### Table A14 — Summary of Net Lending and Borrowing (Percent of GDP): Global and Group Averages
- World (Memorandum)
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 0.40.40.40.40.90.50.30.50.10.10.1
  - Current Account Balance: 0.40.40.40.30.80.40.30.50.00.10.1
  - Savings: 25.526.226.826.627.927.926.526.426.026.226.8
  - Investment: 25.125.726.526.327.127.426.426.125.926.226.7
  - Capital Account Balance: 0.00.00.00.00.00.10.00.00.00.00.0

- Advanced Economies (Averages and projections)
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 0.00.50.60.20.8–0.20.10.1–0.10.10.2
  - Current Account Balance: 0.00.50.70.20.8–0.50.00.2–0.10.10.2
  - Savings: 21.622.323.222.623.523.022.122.221.922.222.6
  - Investment: 21.721.722.722.422.723.422.522.322.022.222.3

- Emerging Market and Developing Economies
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 1.40.50.10.61.01.60.70.90.30.10.0
  - Current Account Balance: 1.30.40.10.51.01.60.70.90.30.10.0
  - Savings: 32.532.332.132.734.334.532.632.331.731.932.4
  - Investment: 31.332.032.232.333.533.132.131.531.631.932.6

### Selected Country and Regional Profiles (Net Lending and Borrowing; Current Account; Savings; Investment; Capital Account)
- United States
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: –3.0–2.3–2.1–2.8–3.7–3.9–3.3–3.9–3.7–3.2–2.7
  - Current Account Balance: –2.9–2.2–2.1–2.8–3.7–3.9–3.3–3.9–3.7–3.2–2.7
  - Savings: 17.218.619.318.217.618.317.417.317.818.419.2
  - Investment: 20.320.721.721.421.321.921.521.721.521.621.8
  - Capital Account Balance: 0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0

- Euro Area (selected lines; projections constrained)
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 1.02.22.21.83.11.01.92.9. . .. . .. . .
  - Current Account Balance: 0.92.22.41.82.7–0.11.72.82.32.12.1
  - Savings: 22.623.325.424.426.424.925.025.124.324.224.3
  - Investment: 20.920.422.422.022.723.822.321.120.821.021.1

- Germany
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 6.87.57.76.06.83.34.95.35.25.04.6
  - Current Account Balance: 6.87.67.96.36.93.85.65.75.25.04.6
  - Savings: 26.727.929.228.029.426.927.226.826.226.026.0
  - Investment: 19.920.221.321.722.523.021.721.021.021.021.4

- Japan
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 2.52.43.42.93.82.13.74.83.33.33.2
  - Current Account Balance: 2.62.43.43.03.92.13.84.83.43.33.2
  - Savings: 27.027.229.228.229.728.929.931.029.829.629.3
  - Investment: 24.424.725.825.225.826.826.226.226.426.326.1

- United Kingdom
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: –3.9–4.2–2.7–3.1–0.5–2.2–3.7–3.5–3.8–3.8–3.4
  - Current Account Balance: –3.8–4.0–2.7–2.9–0.4–2.1–3.5–3.4–3.7–3.7–3.3
  - Savings: 13.013.215.614.617.216.614.314.313.313.313.9
  - Investment: 16.817.218.217.617.718.717.817.717.017.017.2

- Canada
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: –2.4–2.9–2.0–2.00.0–0.3–0.6–0.5–0.2–0.3–0.9
  - Current Account Balance: –2.4–2.9–2.0–2.00.0–0.3–0.6–0.5–0.1–0.3–0.9
  - Savings: 21.521.121.120.724.325.023.322.822.622.421.7
  - Investment: 23.924.023.022.724.325.323.923.322.722.722.6

- Regional groups (selected)
  - Emerging and Developing Asia
    - Net Lending and Borrowing: 2.51.00.51.51.21.31.01.51.10.90.6
    - Savings: 42.641.339.339.940.640.639.039.038.538.338.8
    - Investment: 40.240.338.838.339.439.238.037.537.337.538.2
  - Latin America and the Caribbean
    - Net Lending and Borrowing: –2.0–2.6–2.1–0.1–1.9–2.3–1.3–1.1–1.3–1.6–1.5
    - Savings: 19.618.216.717.718.618.118.318.518.318.218.5
    - Investment: 21.720.818.817.920.620.519.519.519.419.619.8
  - Middle East and Central Asia
    - Net Lending and Borrowing: 6.04.10.7–3.03.08.03.61.9–0.2–0.4–0.3
    - Savings: 34.131.227.523.028.233.230.027.626.025.725.8
    - Investment: 28.026.826.826.025.225.526.826.226.626.827.1
  - Sub-Saharan Africa
    - Net Lending and Borrowing: –1.2–2.1–2.6–2.1–0.4–1.8–2.2–1.2–2.1–1.8–1.7
    - Savings: 19.919.120.320.624.023.221.120.720.021.022.2
    - Investment: 21.621.523.323.224.725.323.722.222.423.224.3

### Analytical Groups and External Financing Source
- By Source of Export Earnings
  - Fuel exporters
    - Net Lending and Borrowing: 7.65.52.1–2.85.111.15.54.21.51.01.2
    - Current Account Balance: 7.65.52.4–2.75.411.45.94.51.71.21.4
    - Savings: 35.532.730.325.833.238.534.132.230.029.629.6
    - Investment: 27.726.827.928.628.427.829.128.529.229.429.6
  - Nonfuel exporters
    - Net Lending and Borrowing: 0.3–0.3–0.10.90.60.50.20.60.20.0–0.1
    - Current Account Balance: 0.2–0.4–0.20.80.50.50.10.50.10.0–0.1
    - Savings: 32.032.232.333.434.434.132.432.331.932.132.7
    - Investment: 31.932.732.632.632.933.632.331.831.832.132.8

- By External Financing Source
  - Net Debtor Economies
    - Net Lending and Borrowing: –2.4–2.5–1.9–0.7–1.8–2.6–1.3–1.4–1.7–1.8–1.9
    - Current Account Balance: –2.7–2.8–2.1–0.9–2.0–2.7–1.4–1.5–1.8–2.0–2.0
    - Savings: 23.222.622.523.024.023.823.623.323.123.323.8
    - Investment: 25.825.424.724.026.026.525.124.925.025.325.8

  - Economies with Arrears and/or Rescheduling during 2019–23
    - Net Lending and Borrowing: –3.4–4.0–3.1–1.8–2.2–1.9–2.4–2.8–4.7–3.6–2.6
    - Current Account Balance: –4.2–4.5–3.5–2.3–2.5–2.3–2.8–3.3–5.2–4.1–3.0
    - Savings: 20.519.419.418.419.219.316.815.614.416.318.2
    - Investment: 24.824.123.621.222.021.820.319.219.820.521.2

### Table A15 — Summary of World Medium-Term Reference Forecast (Annual percent change; selected lines)
- World Real GDP: 3.43.03.53.32.83.03.13.2
- Advanced Economies real GDP: 1.31.81.71.81.41.51.61.7
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies real GDP: 5.33.94.74.33.73.94.14.1

- Potential Output (Major Advanced Economies): 1.31.61.81.71.61.51.71.5

- World Trade, Volume (data refer to trade in goods and services)
  - World trade (volume): 3.42.71.03.81.72.52.23.1
  - Imports, Advanced Economies: 2.52.4–0.62.41.92.01.42.6
  - Imports, Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 5.53.13.15.82.03.43.64.1
  - Exports, Advanced Economies: 3.02.21.12.11.22.01.62.7
  - Exports, Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 4.43.31.16.71.63.03.13.8

- Prices and Terms of Trade
  - Terms of Trade, Advanced Economies: 0.20.20.50.90.40.10.40.1
  - Terms of Trade, Emerging Market and Developing Economies: –0.10.0–1.2–0.1–1.5–0.1–0.70.0
  - World Prices in US Dollars — Manufactures: 0.41.7–1.71.21.20.70.31.1
  - World Prices in US Dollars — Oil: –3.93.7–16.4–1.8–15.5–6.8–10.31.0
  - World Prices in US Dollars — Nonfuel Primary Commodities: 1.44.9–5.73.74.40.20.60.3

- Consumer Prices
  - Advanced Economies: 1.62.84.62.62.52.23.02.1
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 5.86.18.07.75.54.66.53.9

- Interest Rates and External Debt
  - World Real Long-Term Interest Rate (GDP-weighted average of 10-year (or nearest-maturity) government bond rates for Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States): 1.0–0.6–1.30.81.01.20.51.3
  - Total External Debt, Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 27.629.829.228.729.028.728.928.0
  - Debt Service, Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 9.710.110.19.99.89.79.99.6

*Source: tablea - Section 5; Table A14 and Table A15, Statistical Appendix, WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK: A CRITICAL JUNCTURE AMID POLICY SHIFTS (April 2025).*

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_Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/weo/2025/april/english/tablea.pdf_