## tablea — Summary of Key Macroeconomic Indicators

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### World Output and Value of Output
- World growth (annual percent change): 3.3 3.6 3.0 –2.7 6.7 3.8 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.1 (average 2008–17; 2018; 2019; 2020; 2021; 2022; 2023; 2024; 2025; 2026; 2027; 2031)
- Advanced Economies growth (annual percent change): 1.3 2.3 1.9 –3.9 6.2 3.0 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.5
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies growth (annual percent change): 5.0 4.6 3.8 –1.8 7.0 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.5 3.7 4.4 4.0
- Value of World Output at Market Exchange Rates (billions of US dollars): 73,748 87,191 88,465 86,124 98,527 102,734 107,324 111,906 118,485 128,004 135,093 161,725
- Value of World Output at Purchasing Power Parities (billions of international dollars): 101,457 132,798 140,623 140,135 157,220 174,602 187,067 198,533 210,790 224,262 239,133 291,548

### Advanced Economies — Real GDP, Demand, and Components
- Real GDP, Advanced Economies (Q4 over Q4, annual percent change): 1.3 2.3 1.9 –3.9 6.2 3.0 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.5
- United States, Real GDP (Q4 over Q4): 1.6 3.0 2.6 –2.1 6.3 2.4 2.9 3.0 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.8
- Real Total Domestic Demand, Advanced Economies (Q4 over Q4): 1.2 2.4 2.2 –3.8 6.2 3.4 1.1 2.0 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.5
- Key components (annual percent change):
  - Private Consumer Expenditure, Advanced Economies: 1.3 1.8 2.2 1.6 –5.4 6.2 4.2 1.5 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.9
  - Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Advanced Economies: 1.0 2.4 3.4 3.3 –2.9 6.2 2.3 2.6 1.4 3.0 3.0 2.4
  - Final Domestic Demand, Advanced Economies: 1.2 2.0 2.3 2.3 –3.4 5.7 3.1 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.2 1.9
  - Stock Building, Advanced Economies (percent of GDP in the preceding period): 0.1 0.0 0.2 –0.1 –0.3 0.5 0.5 –0.7 0.0 0.1 –0.1 0.1
  - Foreign Balance, Advanced Economies (percent of GDP in the preceding period): 0.2 0.0 –0.1 –0.2 –0.2 0.0 –0.3 0.6 0.0 –0.2 0.2 –0.1

### Emerging Market and Developing Economies — Growth and Selected Country Profiles
- Emerging and Developing Asia (regional average, annual percent change): 7.2 6.4 5.4 –0.5 7.8 4.7 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.1 4.9 4.5
- Selected country annual growth rates (annual percent change):
  - China: 8.3 6.8 6.1 2.3 8.6 3.1 5.4 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.3
  - India: 6.7 6.5 3.9 –5.8 9.7 7.6 7.3 7.2 7.8 7.0 7.0 6.8
  - Indonesia: 5.6 5.2 5.0 –2.1 3.7 5.3 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.2
  - Vietnam: 6.2 7.5 7.4 2.9 2.6 8.5 5.1 7.0 8.0 8.4 7.5 5.7
  - Türkiye: 4.9 3.5 1.3 1.8 11.8 5.4 5.0 3.5 3.7 2.7 3.6 4.0
- Sub-Saharan Africa (regional average from Online Table A1, annual percent change): 4.4 3.2 3.0 –3.1 3.9 4.4 3.8 4.2 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.7

### Inflation — GDP Deflators and Consumer Prices
- GDP Deflators, Advanced Economies (annual percent change): 1.3 1.7 1.5 1.7 3.3 5.8 4.3 3.0 2.6 3.6 2.8 1.9
- Consumer Prices, Advanced Economies (annual percent change): 1.5 2.0 1.4 0.7 3.1 7.3 4.6 2.6 2.5 3.1 2.7 2.0
- Consumer Prices, Emerging Market and Developing Economies (annual percent change): 5.7 4.9 5.2 5.3 5.9 9.6 8.2 8.0 5.2 5.7 5.1 3.8
- Regional consumer price series (annual percent change, selected):
  - Emerging and Developing Asia: 4.2 2.6 3.3 3.2 2.3 3.9 2.4 1.9 1.1 2.7 2.7 2.8
  - Emerging and Developing Europe: 7.7 6.3 6.6 5.2 9.2 5.7 17.4 17.2 13.5 11.3 9.5 6.0
  - Latin America and the Caribbean: 5.1 6.6 7.6 6.5 9.9 14.2 14.8 16.6 7.6 6.8 5.7 3.5
  - Middle East and Central Asia: 7.8 9.5 7.4 10.4 11.9 13.3 15.4 13.9 11.2 13.0 10.2 6.0
  - Sub-Saharan Africa: 9.1 8.7 9.4 12.3 12.0 16.0 19.4 20.9 12.6 8.6 8.6 6.3

### Consumer Prices — End of Period (Advanced Economies and Selected Countries)
- Advanced Economies (end of period, annual percent change): 1.5 2.0 1.4 0.7 3.1 7.3 4.6 2.6 2.5 3.1 2.7 2.0 2.4 3.5 2.2
- United States (end of period): 1.7 2.4 1.8 1.3 4.7 8.0 4.1 3.0 2.7 3.6 2.8 1.9 2.8 3.9 2.2
- Euro area (HICP, end of period): 1.4 1.8 1.2 0.3 2.6 8.4 5.4 2.4 2.1 3.1 2.8 2.0 2.0 3.8 2.3
- Japan (end of period): 0.3 1.0 0.5 0.0 –0.2 2.5 3.3 2.7 3.2 2.0 2.6 2.0 2.5 2.8 2.0

### Selected Emerging Market End-of-Period Consumer Prices (annual percent change)
- China: 2.6 2.1 2.9 2.5 0.9 2.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 1.0 1.4 2.0 0.9 1.3 1.2
- India: 7.6 3.4 4.8 6.2 5.5 6.6 5.4 4.6 2.0 5.0 4.4 4.0 3.1 5.7 3.8
- Türkiye (end of period): 8.3 16.3 15.2 12.3 19.6 72.3 53.5 39.9 58.5 34.9 31.2 26.5 13.2 30.9 23.7
- Argentina (includes Argentina from 2017 onward): 15.3 34.3 53.5 42.0 48.4 72.4 133.5 219.9 41.9 32.5 21.2 7.5 31.5 29.5 18.0
- Venezuela (end of period): 77.7 65,374.1 19,906.0 2,355.1 1,588.5 186.5 337.5 49.4 252.0 467.9 174.7 . . . 475.3 336.7 139.8
- Nigeria (end of period): 11.8 12.1 11.4 13.2 17.0 18.8 24.7 33.2 23.0 15.6 14.7 10.0 15.2 15.4 14.6
- Zimbabwe (end of period): 339.2 10.6 2,555.3 557.2 98.5 193.4 667.4 736.1 81.4 4.0 5.0 6.9 15.0 4.4 6.4

### Fiscal Balances and Debt — Major Advanced Economies (selected aggregates and countries)
- Major Advanced Economies, Net Lending/Borrowing (Percent of GDP): –5.5 –3.4 –3.8 –11.7 –8.9 –3.7 –6.1 –6.1 –5.4 –6.5 –6.0 –6.2
- Major Advanced Economies, Output gap (Percent of potential GDP): –1.4 0.0 0.2 –3.8 –0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 –0.2 –0.1 –0.1 0.0
- Major Advanced Economies, Structural Balance (Percent of GDP): –4.6 –3.2 –3.8 –8.7 –8.2 –4.3 –6.8 –5.8 –5.8 –6.0 –5.9 –6.2
- United States (selected fiscal and debt series, percent of GDP):
  - Net Lending/Borrowing: –7.0 –5.3 –5.8 –14.1 –11.5 –3.7 –7.9 –7.8 –7.1 –8.5 –7.8 –8.4
  - Structural Balance: –5.9 –4.9 –5.7 –10.5 –10.7 –4.6 –9.0 –7.5 –7.9 –8.0 –7.7 –8.4
  - Net Debt: 72.8 80.0 81.6 96.0 95.1 91.2 93.8 95.7 96.7 98.4 100.1 116.8
  - gross Debt: 99.0 107.7 108.8 132.6 125.0 119.2 120.0 122.3 124.4 126.8 128.7 145.0
- Japan (selected fiscal and debt series, percent of GDP):
  - Net Lending/Borrowing: –6.3 –2.4 –3.0 –9.0 –6.3 –4.2 –2.4 –1.7 –0.7 –1.4 –2.1 –4.0
  - Structural Balance: –6.2 –3.0 –3.3 –8.1 –5.8 –4.3 –2.4 –1.6 –0.9 –1.6 –2.2 –4.0
  - Net Debt: 134.2 146.7 148.2 160.8 157.5 159.7 149.3 141.1 132.4 127.0 123.9 116.5
  - gross Debt (Nonconsolidated basis): 190.3 203.7 206.3 228.8 222.6 228.0 220.1 213.6 204.8 199.4 196.4 188.9
- Euro Area (aggregate, percent of GDP):
  - Net Lending/Borrowing: –3.3 –0.4 –0.5 –7.0 –5.1 –3.3 –3.4 –3.0 –3.0 –3.6 –3.6 –3.2
  - Net Debt: 70.2 70.1 68.4 78.0 76.1 73.6 72.6 72.9 74.3 75.1 76.0 79.1
  - gross Debt: 86.4 85.1 83.1 95.9 93.2 88.7 86.3 86.3 87.3 88.0 88.5 90.4
- Country notes summary (verbatim points from table):
  - Debt data refer to the end of the year and are not always comparable across countries.
  - gross and net debt levels reported by national statistical agencies for countries that have adopted the system of National accounts 2008 (australia, Canada, hong Kong special administrative Region, United states) are adjusted to exclude unfunded pension liabilities of government employees’ defined-benefit pension plans.
  - Percent of potential GDP for output gap and structural balance.
  - Figures reported by the national statistical agency are adjusted to exclude items related to the accrual-basis accounting of government employees’ defined-benefit pension plans (United States).
  - gross Debt for Japan reported on a nonconsolidated basis.
  - Canada net debt includes equity shares.
- Selected country fiscal/debt figures for Germany, France, Italy, United Kingdom, Canada are reported in the table (series mirror the same structure as above).

### World Trade Volumes and Prices
- World Trade Volume (Trade in Goods and Services, annual percent change): 3.2 3.1 4.0 1.1 –8.4 10.8 5.8 0.8 3.8 5.0 4.6 4.7
- Price Deflator in US Dollars (Trade in Goods and Services, annual percent change): –0.2 3.1 5.5 –2.3 –1.6 12.7 6.8 –2.2 0.3 2.1 8.9 1.3
- Selected trade volume series (annual percent change):
  - advanced Economies exports volume: 2.8 2.7 3.5 1.4 –8.8 9.8 6.2 0.8 2.3 3.6 5.1 3.7
  - Emerging Market and Developing Economies exports volume: 3.9 3.8 4.1 0.4 –6.6 12.5 4.3 0.9 6.6 7.1 3.6 6.6
- World trade prices in US dollars (selected, annual percent change):
  - Manufactures: 0.1 2.2 2.0 0.4 –3.1 6.7 10.3 –1.6 1.2 1.2 3.9 1.5
  - Oil (average of UK Brent, Dubai Fateh, and West Texas Intermediate, percent change): –2.9 5.1 29.4 –10.4 –32.0 65.8 39.2 –16.4 –1.8 –14.4 41.3 –8.7
  - Nonfuel Primary Commodities: 0.4 6.8 1.3 0.7 6.5 26.7 7.9 –5.7 3.7 9.9 17.3 2.6
- Memorandum:
  - World exports in Billions of US Dollars, goods and services: 21,141 31,140 25,109 24,741 22,337 28,006 31,515 31,061 32,444 34,733 39,507 41,944
  - average Oil Price in Us Dollars a Barrel: 79.4 74.8 68.5 61.4 41.8 69.2 96.4 80.6 79.2 67.7 95.7 87.4

### Current Account Balances — Levels and Ratios
- Advanced Economies (current account, billions of US dollars, selected): 439.1 421.2 135.5 428.8 –252.1 18.6 30.1 13.8 283.4 256.8 167.2
- United States (current account, billions): –419.4 –404.3 –589.6 –855.2 –972.4 –931.4 –1,198.6 –1,177.1 –1,262.6 –1,319.0 –1,384.6
- Japan (current account, billions): 177.8 176.3 149.9 196.2 89.9 157.6 193.0 216.6 199.4 190.5 210.7
- Advanced Economies (percent of GDP): 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.7 –0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.2
- United States (percent of GDP): –2.0 –1.9 –2.8 –3.6 –3.7 –3.3 –4.1 –3.8 –3.9 –3.8 –3.5
- Japan (percent of GDP): 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.8 2.0 3.6 4.6 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.2
- Regional highlight (Emerging Market and Developing Economies, current account, billions): –44.8 –4.2 120.0 316.8 652.9 277.1 460.0 606.0 588.5 732.6 587.9
- By Source of Export Earnings — Fuel exporters (current account, billions): 216.0 76.4 –101.0 189.9 505.3 244.0 207.5 118.8 70.6 169.6 114.9

### Financial Account Balances and Reserves (Online Table A13 highlights)
- Advanced Economies, Financial account Balance (2018–2027, billions): 494.4 148.1 –15.9 438.4 –75.1 –46.6 13.6 39.1 244.7 240.3
- Advanced Economies: Change in Reserves (2018–2027, billions): 132.9 69.4 367.3 640.1 –207.1 –38.9 26.1 158.3 12.4 177.7
- United States, Financial account Balance (2018–2027, billions): –302.9 –558.4 –672.0 –825.6 –871.5 –1,025.8 –1,232.3 –1,302.6 –1,345.4 –1,319.0
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies (aggregate, Financial account Balance, 2018–2027, billions): –268.0 –145.4 27.7 205.7 548.0 202.3 428.5 631.3 613.5 755.3
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Change in Reserves (2018–2027, billions): 117.7 174.9 85.7 529.1 110.1 175.7 54.9 76.6 317.5 323.9
- Regional financial account balances (2018–2027, billions, selected):
  - Emerging and Developing Asia: –263.4 –55.2 153.8 135.5 206.2 216.5 425.4 757.8 752.1 822.2
  - Latin America and the Caribbean: –158.6 –123.1 –21.2 –106.8 –146.3 –92.5 –89.9 –76.4 –60.7 –79.7
  - Middle East and Central Asia: 93.2 29.8 –88.1 107.0 387.1 154.4 128.3 73.8 –48.3 58.3
- Memorandum — World Financial account Balance (2018–2027, billions): 226.4 2.6 11.8 644.1 472.9 155.8 442.1 670.5 858.2 995.6

### Net Lending and Borrowing, Savings, and Investment (Percent of GDP)
- World (memorandum, percent of GDP):
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6
  - Current account Balance: 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6
  - savings: 25.7 26.4 26.7 27.9 27.9 26.8 26.6 26.5 26.8 27.0 27.2
  - Investment: 25.3 25.9 26.4 27.2 27.5 26.6 26.3 26.0 26.2 26.3 26.7
- Advanced Economies (aggregates, percent of GDP): Net Lending and Borrowing: 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, –0.2, 0.1, 0.1, 0.0, 0.4, 0.3, 0.3
  - savings: 21.8, 22.7, 22.8, 23.7, 23.2, 22.6, 22.3, 22.6, 22.8, 22.8, 22.7
  - Investment: 21.7, 22.1, 22.7, 23.0, 23.6, 22.8, 22.4, 22.5, 22.5, 22.5, 22.4
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies (aggregate, percent of GDP): Net Lending and Borrowing: 1.0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.3, 1.2, 1.3, 1.1
  - savings: 32.4, 32.1, 32.6, 34.0, 34.3, 32.7, 32.7, 32.1, 32.3, 32.8, 33.1
  - Investment: 31.5, 32.0, 32.3, 33.3, 33.0, 32.2, 31.8, 31.0, 31.3, 31.7, 32.3

### Methodological Note (verbatim summary)
- The estimates in these tables are based on individual countries’ national accounts and balance of payments statistics.
- Country group composites are calculated as the sum of the US dollar values for the relevant individual countries. This differs from the calculations in the april 2005 and earlier issues of the World Economic Outlook, in which the composites were weighted by gDP valued at purchasing power parities as a share of total world gDP.
- The estimates of gross national savings and investment (or gross capital formation) are from individual countries’ national accounts statistics.
- The estimates of the current account balance, the capital account balance, and the financial account balance (or net lending/net borrowing) are from the balance of payments statistics.
- Accounting identities: savings (s) minus investment (I) is equal to the current account balance (CaB) (s – I = CaB). Net lending/net borrowing (NLB) is the sum of the current account balance and the capital account balance (KaB) (NLB = CaB + KaB).
- In practice, these identities do not hold exactly; imbalances result from imperfections in source data and compilation as well as from asymmetries in group composition due to data availability.

*Source: World Economic Outlook, October 2026, International Monetary Fund.*

### Section 1

### tablea - Section 1

### Online Table A1 — Summary of World Output (Annual percent change)
- World growth: 3.3 3.6 3.0 –2.7 6.7 3.8 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.1 (average 2008–17; 2018; 2019; 2020; 2021; 2022; 2023; 2024; 2025; 2026; 2027; 2031)
- Advanced Economies: 1.3 2.3 1.9 –3.9 6.2 3.0 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.5
- United States: 1.6 3.0 2.6 –2.1 6.3 2.4 2.9 3.0 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.8
- Euro area: 0.7 1.8 1.7 –6.0 6.4 3.7 0.4 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies: 5.0 4.6 3.8 –1.8 7.0 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.5 3.7 4.4 4.0
- Emerging and Developing Asia: 7.2 6.4 5.4 –0.5 7.8 4.7 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.1 4.9 4.5
- Value of World Output at Market Exchange Rates (billions of US dollars): 73,748 87,191 88,465 86,124 98,527 102,734 107,324 111,906 118,485 128,004 135,093 161,725
- Value of World Output at Purchasing Power Parities (billions of international dollars): 101,457 132,798 140,623 140,135 157,220 174,602 187,067 198,533 210,790 224,262 239,133 291,548

### Online Table A2 — Advanced Economies: Real GDP and Total Domestic Demand (Q4 over Q4, Annual percent change)
- Real GDP, Advanced Economies: 1.3 2.3 1.9 –3.9 6.2 3.0 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.5
- United States, Real GDP: 1.6 3.0 2.6 –2.1 6.3 2.4 2.9 3.0 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.8
- Euro area, Real GDP: 0.7 1.8 1.7 –6.0 6.4 3.7 0.4 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1
- Japan, Real GDP: 0.5 0.8 –0.3 –4.3 3.6 1.2 0.9 0.1 1.2 0.7 0.7 0.6
- Major advanced Economies (memorandum), Real GDP: 1.2 2.1 1.7 –4.2 6.0 2.7 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.4
- Real Total Domestic Demand, Advanced Economies: 1.2 2.4 2.2 –3.8 6.2 3.4 1.1 2.0 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.5
- United States, Real Total Domestic Demand: 1.5 3.1 2.6 –1.8 7.3 2.7 2.4 3.3 2.5 2.4 2.7 1.6

### Online Table A3 — Advanced Economies: Components of Real GDP (Annual percent change)
- Private Consumer Expenditure, Advanced Economies: 1.3 1.8 2.2 1.6 –5.4 6.2 4.2 1.5 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.9
- United States, Private Consumer Expenditure: 1.7 2.7 2.7 2.1 –2.5 8.8 2.9 2.3 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.7
- Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Advanced Economies: 1.0 2.4 3.4 3.3 –2.9 6.2 2.3 2.6 1.4 3.0 3.0 2.4
- Final Domestic Demand, Advanced Economies: 1.2 2.0 2.3 2.3 –3.4 5.7 3.1 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.2 1.9
- Stock Building, Advanced Economies (changes expressed as percent of GDP in the preceding period): 0.1 0.0 0.2 –0.1 –0.3 0.5 0.5 –0.7 0.0 0.1 –0.1 0.1
- Foreign Balance, Advanced Economies (changes expressed as percent of GDP in the preceding period): 0.2 0.0 –0.1 –0.2 –0.2 0.0 –0.3 0.6 0.0 –0.2 0.2 –0.1

### Online Table A4 — Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Real GDP (Annual percent change, selected entries)
- Emerging and Developing Asia (regional average): 7.2 6.4 5.4 –0.5 7.8 4.7 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.1 4.9 4.5
- China: 8.3 6.8 6.1 2.3 8.6 3.1 5.4 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.3
- India: 6.7 6.5 3.9 –5.8 9.7 7.6 7.3 7.2 7.8 7.0 7.0 6.8
- Indonesia: 5.6 5.2 5.0 –2.1 3.7 5.3 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.2
- Vietnam: 6.2 7.5 7.4 2.9 2.6 8.5 5.1 7.0 8.0 8.4 7.5 5.7
- Emerging and Developing Europe (regional average): 2.3 3.7 2.6 –1.7 7.2 0.5 3.6 3.9 2.0 1.7 2.1 2.3
- Türkiye: 4.9 3.5 1.3 1.8 11.8 5.4 5.0 3.5 3.7 2.7 3.6 4.0
- Latin America and the Caribbean (regional average): 2.0 1.1 0.2 –6.9 7.5 4.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.7
- Brazil: 1.6 1.8 1.2 –3.3 4.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.5
- Mexico: 1.6 2.0 –0.4 –8.4 6.0 3.7 3.1 1.5 0.5 1.5 1.8 2.1
- Middle East and Central Asia (regional average): 3.8 2.5 2.1 –2.2 4.7 6.4 2.6 3.0 3.7 –0.3 6.3 3.8
- Saudi Arabia: 4.2 3.2 1.7 –3.8 6.5 12.0 0.5 2.6 4.6 –3.3 7.9 3.6
- Sub-Saharan Africa (regional average from Online Table A1): 4.4 3.2 3.0 –3.1 3.9 4.4 3.8 4.2 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.7

*Source: World Economic Outlook, October 2026, International Monetary Fund.*

### Section 2

### tablea - Section 2

### Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Real GDP (continued)
- Sub-Saharan Africa (annual percent change): 4.43.23.0–3.13.94.43.84.24.54.54.54.7
- Selected country entries (annual percent change):
  - angola: 3.8–0.6–0.2–4.02.14.21.35.03.14.43.33.3
  - Benin: 4.16.67.13.87.26.36.47.58.17.06.86.7
  - Botswana: 2.64.23.0–8.711.95.53.2–2.8–0.74.42.24.0
  - Ethiopia: 10.17.79.06.16.36.47.28.19.29.27.87.7
  - Nigeria: 4.91.92.2–6.41.14.33.34.14.04.24.34.2
  - south sudan: . . .–2.10.9–6.55.3–5.25.3–28.141.410.53.92.9

### Online Table A5 — Summary of Inflation (Percent)
- GDP Deflators, Advanced Economies (annual percent change): 1.31.71.51.73.35.84.33.02.63.62.81.9
- Consumer Prices, Advanced Economies (annual percent change): 1.52.01.40.73.17.34.62.62.53.12.72.0
- Consumer Prices, Emerging Market and Developing Economies (annual percent change): 5.74.95.25.35.99.68.28.05.25.75.13.8
- Regional groups (Consumer Prices, annual percent change):
  - Emerging and Developing Asia: 4.22.63.33.22.33.92.41.91.12.72.72.8
  - Emerging and Developing Europe: 7.76.36.65.29.225.717.417.213.511.39.56.0
  - Latin America and the Caribbean: 5.16.67.66.59.914.214.816.67.66.85.73.5
  - Middle East and Central asia: 7.89.57.410.411.913.315.413.911.213.010.26.0
  - sub-saharan africa: 9.18.79.412.312.016.019.420.912.68.68.66.3

### Online Table A6 — Advanced Economies: Consumer Prices (End of Period, annual percent change)
- Advanced Economies (end of period averages and projections): 1.52.01.40.73.17.34.62.62.53.12.72.02.43.52.2
- United states (end of period): 1.72.41.81.34.78.04.13.02.73.62.81.92.83.92.2
- Euro area (end of period, based on Eurostat’s harmonized index of consumer prices): 1.41.81.20.32.68.45.42.42.13.12.82.02.03.82.3
- Japan (end of period): 0.31.00.50.0–0.22.53.32.73.22.02.62.02.52.82.0
- United Kingdom (end of period): 2.42.51.80.92.69.17.32.53.43.32.82.03.43.82.0

### Online Table A7 — Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Consumer Prices (End of Period, annual percent change)
- Emerging and Developing Asia (end of period): 4.22.63.33.22.33.92.41.91.12.72.72.81.93.12.3
- Selected country entries (end of period):
  - China: 2.62.12.92.50.92.00.20.20.01.01.42.00.91.31.2
  - India: 7.63.44.86.25.56.65.44.62.05.04.44.03.15.73.8
  - Indonesia: 5.53.32.82.01.64.13.72.31.93.32.82.52.93.22.6
  - Türkiye: 8.316.315.212.319.672.353.958.534.931.226.513.230.929.923.7
  - Iran: 17.326.934.836.540.245.840.732.550.678.642.025.071.858.840.0
  - Argentina (includes argentina from 2017 onward): 15.334.353.542.048.472.4133.5219.941.932.521.27.531.529.518.0
  - Venezuela: 77.765,374.119,906.02,355.11,588.5186.5337.549.4252.0467.9174.7. . .475.3336.7139.8
- Sub-Saharan Africa (end of period): 9.18.79.412.312.016.019.420.912.68.68.66.3
  - Nigeria (end of period): 11.812.111.413.217.018.824.733.223.015.614.710.015.215.414.6
  - Zimbabwe (end of period): 339.210.6255.3557.298.5193.4667.4736.181.44.05.06.915.04.46.4

*World Economic Outlook: REsILIENCE UNDER sTRaIN, URgENT ChOICEs — International Monetary Fund | October 2026*

### Section 3

### Major Advanced Economies: General Government Fiscal Balances and Debt

### Major Advanced Economies — Fiscal Balances, Output Gap, and Structural Balance
- Net Lending/Borrowing (Percent of GDP), Major Advanced Economies: –5.5 –3.4 –3.8 –11.7 –8.9 –3.7 –6.1 –6.1 –5.4 –6.5 –6.0 –6.2
- Output gap (Percent of potential GDP), Major Advanced Economies: –1.4 0.0 0.2 –3.8 –0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 –0.2 –0.1 –0.1 0.0
- Structural Balance (Percent of GDP), Major Advanced Economies: –4.6 –3.2 –3.8 –8.7 –8.2 –4.3 –6.8 –5.8 –5.8 –6.0 –5.9 –6.2

### Country-level Fiscal and Debt Figures (selected)
- United States
  - Net Lending/Borrowing (Percent of GDP): –7.0 –5.3 –5.8 –14.1 –11.5 –3.7 –7.9 –7.8 –7.1 –8.5 –7.8 –8.4
  - Output gap (Percent of potential GDP): –1.7 0.6 0.1 –3.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
  - Structural Balance (Percent of GDP): –5.9 –4.9 –5.7 –10.5 –10.7 –4.6 –9.0 –7.5 –7.9 –8.0 –7.7 –8.4
  - Net Debt (Percent of GDP): 72.8 80.0 81.6 96.0 95.1 91.2 93.8 95.7 96.7 98.4 100.1 116.8
  - gross Debt (Percent of GDP): 99.0 107.7 108.8 132.6 125.0 119.2 120.0 122.3 124.4 126.8 128.7 145.0

- Euro Area (aggregate)
  - Net Lending/Borrowing (Percent of GDP): –3.3 –0.4 –0.5 –7.0 –5.1 –3.3 –3.4 –3.0 –3.0 –3.6 –3.6 –3.2
  - Output gap (Percent of potential GDP): –1.5 0.1 0.4 –5.3 –1.5 0.7 0.0 –0.2 –0.2 –0.2 –0.2 0.0
  - Structural Balance (Percent of GDP): –2.2 –0.4 –0.5 –3.5 –4.0 –3.5 –3.5 –3.0 –2.9 –3.5 –3.6 –3.3
  - Net Debt (Percent of GDP): 70.2 70.1 68.4 78.0 76.1 73.6 72.6 72.9 74.3 75.1 76.0 79.1
  - gross Debt (Percent of GDP): 86.4 85.1 83.1 95.9 93.2 88.7 86.3 86.3 87.3 88.0 88.5 90.4

- Germany
  - Net Lending/Borrowing (Percent of GDP): –0.5 1.9 1.3 –4.3 –3.2 –1.9 –2.2 –2.7 –2.9 –4.3 –4.6 –4.0
  - Output gap (Percent of potential GDP): –0.1 0.9 0.5 –2.6 –0.6 0.9 –0.7 –1.2 –1.3 –0.6 –0.2 0.0
  - Structural Balance (Percent of GDP): –0.1 1.5 1.0 –3.1 –2.9 –1.7 –1.9 –2.1 –2.2 –4.0 –4.5 –4.0
  - Net Debt (Percent of GDP): 54.9 41.9 39.6 45.0 45.8 45.6 45.3 45.4 47.1 49.6 52.5 62.8
  - gross Debt (Percent of GDP): 73.2 60.5 58.3 67.5 67.4 64.1 61.8 61.4 62.7 64.6 66.9 75.6

- France
  - Net Lending/Borrowing (Percent of GDP): –4.9 –2.3 –2.4 –8.9 –6.6 –4.7 –5.4 –5.8 –5.1 –5.4 –5.2 –3.9
  - Output gap (Percent of potential GDP): –1.6 –0.8 0.0 –4.5 –2.1 –0.8 –0.3 –0.2 –0.2 –0.6 –0.7 –0.2
  - Structural Balance (Percent of GDP): –3.9 –1.6 –1.4 –5.9 –5.1 –4.2 –5.3 –5.7 –5.0 –5.0 –4.8 –3.8
  - Net Debt (Percent of GDP): 80.9 89.4 89.0 101.6 100.5 101.1 101.4 104.5 108.4 111.3 113.2 116.5
  - gross Debt (Percent of GDP): 90.5 98.5 98.2 114.9 112.8 111.4 109.5 112.6 115.5 118.5 120.4 123.6

- Italy
  - Net Lending/Borrowing (Percent of GDP): –3.1 –2.2 –1.5 –9.4 –8.9 –8.1 –7.1 –3.4 –3.1 –2.9 –2.8 –2.7
  - Output gap (Percent of potential GDP): –3.7 –1.9 –1.9 –11.2 –3.9 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
  - Structural Balance (Percent of GDP): –1.4 –1.3 –0.5 –3.0 –7.9 –8.6 –7.6 –3.7 –3.2 –2.9 –2.8 –2.7
  - Net Debt (Percent of GDP): 115.2 123.4 123.0 141.4 134.0 127.9 123.9 125.3 127.7 128.5 128.2 126.2
  - gross Debt (Percent of GDP): 125.5 134.2 133.9 154.4 145.8 138.4 133.9 134.7 137.1 137.9 137.6 135.6

- Japan
  - Net Lending/Borrowing (Percent of GDP): –6.3 –2.4 –3.0 –9.0 –6.3 –4.2 –2.4 –1.7 –0.7 –1.4 –2.1 –4.0
  - Output gap (Percent of potential GDP): –0.4 1.9 0.7 –3.0 –1.3 –0.6 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.0
  - Structural Balance (Percent of GDP): –6.2 –3.0 –3.3 –8.1 –5.8 –4.3 –2.4 –1.6 –0.9 –1.6 –2.2 –4.0
  - Net Debt (Percent of GDP): 134.2 146.7 148.2 160.8 157.5 159.7 149.3 141.1 132.4 127.0 123.9 116.5
  - gross Debt (Percent of GDP) (Nonconsolidated basis): 190.3 203.7 206.3 228.8 222.6 228.0 220.1 213.6 204.8 199.4 196.4 188.9

- United Kingdom
  - Net Lending/Borrowing (Percent of GDP): –6.1 –2.2 –2.4 –12.9 –7.5 –4.6 –6.0 –6.0 –5.3 –3.8 –3.0 –1.4
  - Output gap (Percent of potential GDP): –1.6 1.8 1.9 –3.1 0.8 2.4 0.1 –0.1 –0.3 –0.3 –0.3 0.1
  - Structural Balance (Percent of GDP): –5.2 –3.0 –3.1 –10.9 –7.8 –5.6 –6.0 –5.9 –5.1 –3.6 –2.9 –1.4
  - Net Debt (Percent of GDP): 70.8 75.7 74.8 91.9 89.8 87.6 89.9 92.0 93.6 93.4 93.8 91.7
  - gross Debt (Percent of GDP): 78.7 85.3 84.5 104.4 103.0 97.1 98.3 99.4 102.1 102.0 102.5 100.2

- Canada
  - Net Lending/Borrowing (Percent of GDP): –1.6 0.4 0.0 –10.9 –3.1 0.6 –0.2 –2.1 –1.7 –2.5 –2.4 –1.7
  - Output gap (Percent of potential GDP): –0.4 0.6 0.4 –3.4 –1.4 0.8 0.0 –0.7 –0.9 –0.9 –0.6 0.0
  - Structural Balance (Percent of GDP): –1.4 0.0 –0.2 –8.2 –2.0 0.1 –0.2 –0.8 –1.1 –1.9 –2.0 –1.7
  - Net Debt (Percent of GDP) (Includes equity shares): 23.5 11.8 8.7 16.2 14.1 13.3 12.7 10.8 10.4 9.3 9.6 10.2
  - gross Debt (Percent of GDP): 85.7 90.8 90.1 118.1 112.6 103.5 105.1 110.0 113.6 115.6 113.4 107.0

### Notes from the table
- Debt data refer to the end of the year and are not always comparable across countries. gross and net debt levels reported by national statistical agencies for countries that have adopted the system of National accounts 2008 (australia, Canada, hong Kong special administrative Region, United states) are adjusted to exclude unfunded pension liabilities of government employees’ defined-benefit pension plans.
- Percent of potential GDP for output gap and structural balance.
- Figures reported by the national statistical agency are adjusted to exclude items related to the accrual-basis accounting of government employees’ defined-benefit pension plans (United States).
- Italy: see the country-specific note for Italy in the “Country Notes” section of the Online statistical appendix.
- gross Debt for Japan reported on a nonconsolidated basis.
- Canada net debt includes equity shares.

*World Economic Outlook, International Monetary Fund, October 2026.*

---

### World Trade Volumes and Prices (Online Table A9)

### World Trade — Volume and Price Deflators (annual percent change)
- World Trade Volume (Trade in Goods and Services): 3.2 3.1 4.0 1.1 –8.4 10.8 5.8 0.8 3.8 5.0 4.6 4.7
- Price Deflator in US Dollars (Trade in Goods and Services): –0.2 3.1 5.5 –2.3 –1.6 12.7 6.8 –2.2 0.3 2.1 8.9 1.3
- Price Deflator in sDRs (Trade in Goods and Services): 0.8 3.1 3.4 0.1 –2.3 10.2 13.8 –2.0 0.8 0.5 7.4 0.9

### Volume of Trade — Exports (selected)
- advanced Economies exports volume: 2.8 2.7 3.5 1.4 –8.8 9.8 6.2 0.8 2.3 3.6 5.1 3.7
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies exports volume: 3.9 3.8 4.1 0.4 –6.6 12.5 4.3 0.9 6.6 7.1 3.6 6.6

### World Trade Prices in US Dollars (selected)
- Manufactures: 0.1 2.2 2.0 0.4 –3.1 6.7 10.3 –1.6 1.2 1.2 3.9 1.5
- Oil (Percent change of the average of UK Brent, Dubai Fateh, and West Texas Intermediate): –2.9 5.1 29.4 –10.4 –32.0 65.8 39.2 –16.4 –1.8 –14.4 41.3 –8.7
- Nonfuel Primary Commodities: 0.4 6.8 1.3 0.7 6.5 26.7 7.9 –5.7 3.7 9.9 17.3 2.6

### Memorandum
- World exports in Billions of US Dollars, goods and services: 21,141 31,140 25,109 24,741 22,337 28,006 31,515 31,061 32,444 34,733 39,507 41,944
- average Oil Price in Us Dollars a Barrel: 79.4 74.8 68.5 61.4 41.8 69.2 96.4 80.6 79.2 67.7 95.7 87.4

*World Economic Outlook, International Monetary Fund, October 2026.*

---

### Summary of Current Account Balances (Online Table A10 — selected)

### Current Account Balances (Billions of US dollars)
- Advanced Economies (aggregate): 439.1 421.2 135.5 428.8 –252.1 18.6 30.1 13.8 283.4 256.8 167.2 (projections across years shown in table)
- United States (current account, billions): –419.4 –404.3 –589.6 –855.2 –972.4 –931.4 –1,198.6 –1,177.1 –1,262.6 –1,319.0 –1,384.6
- Japan (current account, billions): 177.8 176.3 149.9 196.2 89.9 157.6 193.0 216.6 199.4 190.5 210.7
- Euro Area (current account, billions): 410.0 324.7 245.0 408.6 –28.4 275.5 429.1 305.4 234.1 263.0 373.6

### Current Account Balances (Percent of GDP)
- Advanced Economies (percent of GDP): 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.7 –0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.2
- United States (percent of GDP): –2.0 –1.9 –2.8 –3.6 –3.7 –3.3 –4.1 –3.8 –3.9 –3.8 –3.5
- Japan (percent of GDP): 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.8 2.0 3.6 4.6 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.2
- Euro Area (percent of GDP): 2.9 2.4 1.8 2.7 –0.2 1.7 2.6 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.7

### Current Account Balances (Percent of exports of goods and services) — selected
- Advanced Economies: 2.8 2.7 1.0 2.5 –1.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.2 1.0 0.6
- United States: –16.5 –15.8 –27.1 –33.1 –31.8 –30.1 –37.0 –34.3 –33.1 –31.6 –29.1
- Japan: 19.1 19.5 18.9 21.3 9.7 17.1 20.7 22.3 18.6 18.5 20.0

### Regional and Analytical Highlights (selected)
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies (current account, billions): –44.8 –4.2 120.0 316.8 652.9 277.1 460.0 606.0 588.5 732.6 587.9
- By Source of Export Earnings — Fuel exporters (current account, billions): 216.0 76.4 –101.0 189.9 505.3 244.0 207.5 118.8 70.6 169.6 114.9

*World Economic Outlook, International Monetary Fund, October 2026.*

### Section 4

### tablea - Section 4

### Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Current Account Balance (Percent of GDP)
- Emerging and Developing Asia: –0.3 0.4 1.4 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.7 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.0 (2018–20231)
- Selected country examples (2018–20231):
  - Bangladesh: –3.0 –1.3 –1.5 –1.1 –4.0 –2.6 –1.4 0.0 –0.3 –2.1 –2.3
  - China: 0.2 0.6 1.5 1.6 2.2 1.4 2.4 3.7 4.0 3.9 3.5
  - India: –2.2 –0.9 0.9 –1.3 –2.1 –0.7 –0.6 –0.7 –1.5 –1.3 –2.0
  - Indonesia: –2.9 –2.7 –0.4 0.3 1.0 –0.1 –0.6 –0.1 –1.6 –1.0 –0.6
  - Vietnam: 1.9 3.8 4.3 –2.2 0.3 6.4 6.6 6.7 0.3 3.4 0.2
- Emerging and Developing Europe: 1.7 1.4 0.0 1.6 2.7 –0.4 –0.1 –1.3 –0.6 –0.6 –1.3 (2018–20231)
- Latin America and the Caribbean (aggregate): –2.6 –2.1 –0.4 –1.8 –2.2 –1.2 –1.1 –1.0 –0.7 –0.9 –1.1 (2018–20231)
- Middle East and Central Asia (aggregate): 3.0 0.6 –3.4 3.0 7.9 3.7 2.0 0.6 –1.0 0.9 0.1 (2018–20231)
- Sub-Saharan Africa (aggregate): –1.8 –2.6 –2.3 –0.7 –1.7 –2.3 –1.1 –0.8 –0.6 –0.9 –1.0 (2018–20231)
- Country-specific notes: see the country-specific notes for afghanistan, Central african Republic, Eritrea, Lebanon, Nigeria, senegal, sudan, syria, Timor-Leste, Venezuela, West Bank and gaza, and Yemen in the “Country Notes” section of the Online statistical appendix.

### Online Table A13: Summary of Financial Account Balances (Billions of US dollars)
- Advanced Economies (Financial account Balance, 2018–2027):
  - 494.4 148.1 –15.9 438.4 –75.1 –46.6 13.6 39.1 244.7 240.3
- Advanced Economies: Change in Reserves (2018–2027):
  - 132.9 69.4 367.3 640.1 –207.1 –38.9 26.1 158.3 12.4 177.7
- United States (Financial account Balance, 2018–2027):
  - –302.9 –558.4 –672.0 –825.6 –871.5 –1,025.8 –1,232.3 –1,302.6 –1,345.4 –1,319.0
- United States: Change in Reserves (2018–2027):
  - 5.0 4.7 9.0 114.0 5.8 0.0 5.8 7.8 0.6 0.0
- Euro Area: Financial account Balance (2018–2026):
  - 372.1 247.3 195.4 444.8 55.3 335.1 496.4 369.3 . . . .
- Japan (Financial account Balance, 2018–2027):
  - 183.9 228.3 132.2 153.3 53.1 176.1 165.7 199.8 197.2 188.1
- United Kingdom (Financial account Balance, 2018–2027):
  - –106.7 –79.4 –89.9 –33.6 –63.0 –100.4 –120.1 –112.8 –149.9 –152.8
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies (aggregate, Financial account Balance, 2018–2027):
  - –268.0 –145.4 27.7 205.7 548.0 202.3 428.5 631.3 613.5 755.3
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Change in Reserves (2018–2027):
  - 117.7 174.9 85.7 529.1 110.1 175.7 54.9 76.6 317.5 323.9

### Regional group breakdowns (Financial account Balance, 2018–2027)
- Emerging and Developing Asia:
  - –263.4 –55.2 153.8 135.5 206.2 216.5 425.4 757.8 752.1 822.2
- Emerging and Developing Europe:
  - 99.4 58.2 7.1 81.1 149.5 –12.2 –16.4 –94.4 –20.7 –30.8
- Latin America and the Caribbean:
  - –158.6 –123.1 –21.2 –106.8 –146.3 –92.5 –89.9 –76.4 –60.7 –79.7
- Middle East and Central Asia:
  - 93.2 29.8 –88.1 107.0 387.1 154.4 128.3 73.8 –48.3 58.3
- Sub-Saharan Africa:
  - –38.6 –55.2 –23.9 –11.1 –48.5 –63.8 –19.0 –29.5 –8.9 –14.7

### Analytical groups and memoranda (selected lines, 2018–2027)
- By Source of Export Earnings — Fuel (Financial account Balance, 2018–2027):
  - 168.2 64.1 –62.6 156.8 470.0 181.1 206.2 117.7 63.5 160.7
- By Source of Export Earnings — Nonfuel (Financial account Balance, 2018–2027):
  - –436.2 –209.5 90.3 49.0 78.0 21.3 222.3 513.6 550.0 594.5
- Memorandum — World (Financial account Balance, 2018–2027):
  - 226.4 2.6 11.8 644.1 472.9 155.8 442.1 670.5 858.2 995.6

*International Monetary Fund — Online Table A12 and Online Table A13 (October 2026).*

### Section 5

### Summary of Net Lending and Borrowing (Percent of GDP)

### Advanced Economies — aggregates and components
- Net Lending and Borrowing: 0.2, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8, –0.2, 0.1, 0.1, 0.0, 0.4, 0.3, 0.3
- Current account Balance: 0.2, 0.7, 0.3, 0.7, –0.4, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.4, 0.3, 0.3
- savings: 21.8, 22.7, 22.8, 23.7, 23.2, 22.6, 22.3, 22.6, 22.8, 22.8, 22.7
- Investment: 21.7, 22.1, 22.7, 23.0, 23.6, 22.8, 22.4, 22.5, 22.5, 22.5, 22.4
- Capital account Balance: 0.0, –0.1, 0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0

### Select Advanced Economies — country series
- United States
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: –2.5, –2.0, –2.8, –3.6, –3.7, –3.4, –4.0, –3.8, –3.9, –3.8, –3.5
  - Current account Balance: –2.5, –2.0, –2.8, –3.6, –3.7, –3.3, –4.1, –3.8, –3.9, –3.8, –3.5
  - savings: 17.4, 19.0, 18.2, 17.6, 18.3, 17.8, 17.3, 17.9, 17.8, 17.8, 17.7
  - Investment: 20.1, 21.0, 21.4, 21.4, 22.0, 21.6, 21.6, 21.6, 21.6, 21.6, 21.2
  - Capital account Balance: 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0

- Euro Area (selected rows)
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 1.3, 2.4, 1.9, 3.1, 0.9, 2.1, 2.7, 1.9, . . ., . . ., . .
  - Current account Balance: 1.2, 2.4, 1.8, 2.7, –0.2, 1.7, 2.6, 1.7, 1.2, 1.3, 1.6
  - savings: 22.6, 23.7, 24.3, 26.3, 24.8, 25.0, 24.7, 24.4, 24.0, 23.8, 24.0
  - Investment: 20.6, 20.6, 21.9, 22.7, 23.8, 22.4, 21.5, 21.9, 21.8, 21.6, 21.7
  - Capital account Balance: 0.1, 0.0, 0.0, 0.4, 1.1, 0.3, 0.2, 0.2, . . ., . . ., . .

- Germany
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 6.8, 7.7, 6.0, 6.8, 3.6, 4.9, 5.3, 3.8, 4.5, 4.2, 3.9
  - Current account Balance: 6.8, 7.7, 6.3, 6.9, 4.1, 5.5, 5.8, 4.5, 4.5, 4.2, 3.9
  - savings: 26.7, 28.0, 27.8, 29.3, 27.0, 27.2, 26.7, 25.8, 25.8, 25.5, 25.6
  - Investment: 19.9, 20.2, 21.5, 22.4, 23.0, 21.8, 20.9, 21.4, 21.3, 21.2, 21.6
  - Capital account Balance: –0.1, –0.1, –0.3, –0.1, –0.5, –0.6, –0.5, –0.6, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0

- France
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: –0.8, –0.6, –2.0, 0.6, –1.0, –0.7, –0.1, –0.2, –0.5, 0.0, 0.3
  - Current account Balance: –0.8, –0.6, –2.1, 0.3, –1.4, –0.9, –0.3, –0.4, –0.7, –0.2, 0.2
  - savings: 21.1, 21.4, 20.8, 23.7, 22.6, 22.1, 21.7, 22.1, 21.3, 20.9, 21.1
  - Investment: 21.9, 22.0, 22.8, 23.4, 24.0, 23.0, 22.0, 22.4, 22.0, 21.1, 20.9
  - Capital account Balance: 0.0, 0.0, 0.1, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2

- Italy
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: –0.1, 1.9, 3.8, 2.1, –1.3, 1.0, 1.1, 1.3, 0.7, 1.2, 2.0
  - Current account Balance: –0.2, 1.8, 3.8, 2.0, –1.8, 0.2, 1.1, 1.1, 0.7, 1.2, 2.0
  - savings: 18.7, 19.6, 21.7, 24.0, 22.8, 23.3, 23.4, 23.4, 22.7, 22.8, 23.9
  - Investment: 18.8, 17.8, 17.9, 22.0, 24.6, 23.1, 22.3, 22.2, 22.1, 21.6, 22.0
  - Capital account Balance: 0.1, 0.1, 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 0.8, 0.0, 0.2, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1

- Spain
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: –0.3, 2.4, 1.2, 1.6, 1.3, 3.9, 4.5, 4.3, 3.8, 2.2, 1.9
  - Current account Balance: –0.7, 2.0, 0.8, 0.8, 0.4, 2.7, 3.3, 3.2, 2.6, 2.0, 1.7
  - savings: 20.0, 21.2, 21.4, 22.6, 23.1, 23.8, 24.5, 25.0, 24.3, 23.6, 23.2
  - Investment: 20.7, 19.2, 20.6, 21.9, 22.7, 21.0, 21.1, 21.7, 21.7, 21.7, 21.5
  - Capital account Balance: 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.9, 0.9, 1.1, 1.1, 1.0, 1.3, 0.2, 0.2

- Japan
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 2.4, 2.5, 2.9, 3.7, 2.0, 3.5, 4.6, 4.8, 4.5, 4.2, 4.1
  - Current account Balance: 2.5, 2.5, 2.9, 3.8, 2.0, 3.6, 4.6, 4.9, 4.6, 4.3, 4.2
  - savings: 28.0, 28.9, 29.8, 31.1, 30.3, 31.4, 32.5, 33.0, 32.5, 32.6, 32.3
  - Investment: 25.5, 26.3, 26.9, 27.3, 28.3, 27.9, 27.9, 28.1, 28.0, 28.3, 28.1
  - Capital account Balance: –0.1, –0.1, 0.0, –0.1, 0.0, –0.1, 0.0, –0.1, –0.1, –0.1, –0.1

- United Kingdom
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: –3.6, –4.0, –3.0, –0.9, –2.1, –2.7, –3.1, –3.3, –3.5, –3.4, –2.7
  - Current account Balance: –3.5, –3.8, –2.8, –0.8, –2.0, –2.5, –2.9, –3.0, –3.3, –3.2, –2.5
  - savings: 14.1, 14.5, 15.7, 18.0, 17.4, 16.5, 16.0, 15.8, 15.7, 16.2, 17.1
  - Investment: 17.6, 18.3, 18.5, 18.8, 19.4, 19.1, 18.9, 18.8, 19.0, 19.4, 19.6
  - Capital account Balance: –0.1, –0.1, –0.1, –0.1, –0.1, –0.2, –0.2, –0.3, –0.2, –0.2, –0.2

- Canada
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: –2.7, –2.8, –2.0, 0.0, –0.5, –0.7, –0.5, –1.0, –0.1, –0.2, 0.0
  - Current account Balance: –2.7, –2.8, –2.0, 0.0, –0.5, –0.7, –0.5, –0.9, –0.1, –0.2, 0.0
  - savings: 21.1, 21.1, 20.7, 24.3, 24.6, 22.9, 22.7, 22.2, 22.7, 22.6, 23.1
  - Investment: 23.8, 23.9, 22.7, 24.3, 25.0, 23.6, 23.2, 23.2, 22.8, 22.8, 23.1
  - Capital account Balance: 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, –0.1, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0

- Other Advanced Economies
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 4.3, 4.5, 5.0, 6.4, 6.5, 5.5, 6.7, 7.0, 9.8, 9.3, 7.8
  - Current account Balance: 4.4, 4.6, 5.0, 6.6, 6.4, 5.4, 6.7, 7.0, 9.8, 9.3, 7.8
  - savings: 30.4, 30.4, 31.2, 33.3, 33.3, 31.3, 32.1, 32.5, 34.8, 34.5, 33.7
  - Investment: 25.8, 25.7, 26.0, 26.4, 26.5, 25.8, 25.3, 25.5, 25.0, 25.2, 25.8
  - Capital account Balance: –0.1, –0.1, 0.1, –0.2, 0.1, 0.2, 0.1, 0.0, 0.1, 0.1, 0.0

### Emerging Market and Developing Economies — aggregates and regions
- Emerging Market and Developing Economies (aggregate)
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 1.0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.3, 1.2, 1.3, 1.1
  - Current account Balance: 0.9, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.5, 0.6, 1.0, 1.2, 1.1, 1.3, 1.0
  - savings: 32.4, 32.1, 32.6, 34.0, 34.3, 32.7, 32.7, 32.1, 32.3, 32.8, 33.1
  - Investment: 31.5, 32.0, 32.3, 33.3, 33.0, 32.2, 31.8, 31.0, 31.3, 31.7, 32.3
  - Capital account Balance: 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0

- Emerging and Developing Asia
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 2.0, 0.9, 1.4, 0.9, 1.2, 1.0, 1.7, 2.7, 2.5, 2.6, 2.3
  - Current account Balance: 1.9, 0.9, 1.4, 0.9, 1.2, 1.0, 1.7, 2.7, 2.5, 2.6, 2.3
  - savings: 42.2, 40.9, 40.1, 40.5, 40.5, 39.2, 39.4, 39.2, 39.9, 40.4, 40.6
  - Investment: 40.3, 40.0, 38.6, 39.5, 39.3, 38.2, 37.7, 36.6, 37.4, 37.9, 38.3
  - Capital account Balance: 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0

- Emerging and Developing Europe
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: –0.3, 0.4, 0.6, 2.0, 2.8, –0.2, 0.1, –1.0, –0.1, –0.4, –0.9
  - Current account Balance: –0.5, 0.2, 0.0, 1.6, 2.7, –0.4, –0.1, –1.3, –0.6, –0.6, –1.1
  - savings: 23.9, 24.7, 24.7, 27.0, 29.2, 26.6, 25.6, 24.6, 25.4, 25.1, 25.2
  - Investment: 24.3, 24.4, 24.6, 25.4, 26.4, 26.8, 25.6, 25.8, 26.1, 25.7, 26.2
  - Capital account Balance: 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.4, 0.1, 0.3, 0.3, 0.3, 0.5, 0.2, 0.2

- Latin America and the Caribbean
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: –2.2, –2.6, –0.3, –1.8, –2.2, –1.2, –1.1, –1.0, –0.7, –0.9, –1.0
  - Current account Balance: –2.3, –2.7, –0.4, –1.8, –2.2, –1.2, –1.1, –1.0, –0.7, –0.9, –1.1
  - savings: 19.4, 18.0, 17.7, 19.0, 18.9, 18.6, 19.1, 18.7, 18.8, 18.9, 19.6
  - Investment: 21.7, 20.7, 18.1, 20.9, 21.2, 19.9, 20.2, 19.8, 19.5, 19.9, 20.7
  - Capital account Balance: 0.1, 0.0, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0

- Middle East and Central Asia
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 4.8, 2.5, –3.4, 2.8, 7.6, 3.5, 1.9, 0.5, –1.0, 0.9, 0.4
  - Current account Balance: 4.8, 2.5, –3.4, 3.0, 7.9, 3.7, 2.0, 0.6, –1.0, 0.9, 0.5
  - savings: 33.0, 29.7, 21.9, 27.7, 32.8, 30.4, 28.9, 27.8, 26.0, 27.1, 26.1
  - Investment: 28.1, 26.8, 24.8, 24.9, 25.2, 27.0, 27.4, 28.1, 27.7, 27.2, 27.0
  - Capital account Balance: 0.1, 0.0, 0.0, –0.1, –0.1, –0.2, –0.2, –0.1, –0.1, –0.1, –0.1

- Sub-Saharan Africa
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: –1.3, –2.2, –1.9, –0.3, –1.5, –1.9, –0.6, –0.4, –0.3, –0.5, –0.7
  - Current account Balance: –1.9, –2.6, –2.3, –0.7, –1.7, –2.3, –1.1, –0.8, –0.6, –0.9, –1.0
  - savings: 17.6, 17.3, 18.3, 19.5, 18.6, 17.3, 17.9, 17.3, 18.6, 18.7, 18.8
  - Investment: 19.4, 19.7, 20.7, 20.7, 20.2, 19.5, 18.8, 18.1, 19.4, 19.6, 19.8
  - Capital account Balance: 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.4, 0.4, 0.3, 0.3

### Analytical groups by source of export earnings
- Fuel exporters
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 6.0, 3.8, –3.2, 4.7, 10.4, 5.0, 4.3, 2.4, 1.3, 3.0, 2.2
  - Current account Balance: 6.1, 3.8, –3.1, 5.0, 10.7, 5.3, 4.6, 2.6, 1.4, 3.1, 2.3
  - savings: 33.4, 30.4, 22.7, 30.2, 35.7, 32.8, 33.3, 31.5, 30.4, 31.0, 29.3
  - Investment: 27.1, 26.1, 25.6, 25.5, 25.5, 27.9, 29.6, 30.0, 29.9, 29.1, 28.8
  - Capital account Balance: 0.0, –0.1, –0.2, –0.2, –0.2, –0.3, –0.3, –0.2, –0.1, –0.1, –0.1

- Nonfuel exporters
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 0.1, –0.3, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.7, 1.2, 1.2, 1.2, 1.0
  - Current account Balance: 0.0, –0.4, 0.7, 0.3, 0.4, 0.1, 0.6, 1.1, 1.1, 1.1, 0.9
  - savings: 32.1, 32.3, 33.6, 34.4, 34.2, 32.7, 32.6, 32.2, 32.5, 33.0, 33.5
  - Investment: 32.2, 32.7, 32.9, 34.0, 33.8, 32.6, 32.0, 31.1, 31.5, 31.9, 32.6
  - Capital account Balance: 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.0, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1

### Memorandum — World aggregates and methodological note
- World
  - Net Lending and Borrowing: 0.5, 0.5, 0.3, 0.8, 0.5, 0.3, 0.5, 0.5, 0.7, 0.7, 0.6
  - Current account Balance: 0.4, 0.5, 0.3, 0.8, 0.4, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 0.7, 0.6
  - savings: 25.7, 26.4, 26.7, 27.9, 27.9, 26.8, 26.6, 26.5, 26.8, 27.0, 27.2
  - Investment: 25.3, 25.9, 26.4, 27.2, 27.5, 26.6, 26.3, 26.0, 26.2, 26.3, 26.7
  - Capital account Balance: 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0

- Methodological note (verbatim summary)
  - The estimates in this table are based on individual countries’ national accounts and balance of payments statistics.
  - Country group composites are calculated as the sum of the US dollar values for the relevant individual countries. This differs from the calculations in the april 2005 and earlier issues of the World Economic Outlook, in which the composites were weighted by gDP valued at purchasing power parities as a share of total world gDP.
  - The estimates of gross national savings and investment (or gross capital formation) are from individual countries’ national accounts statistics.
  - The estimates of the current account balance, the capital account balance, and the financial account balance (or net lending/net borrowing) are from the balance of payments statistics.
  - Accounting identities: savings (s) minus investment (I) is equal to the current account balance (CaB) (s – I = CaB). Net lending/net borrowing (NLB) is the sum of the current account balance and the capital account balance (KaB) (NLB = CaB + KaB).
  - In practice, these identities do not hold exactly; imbalances result from imperfections in source data and compilation as well as from asymmetries in group composition due to data availability.

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_Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/weo/2026/october/english/tablea.pdf_