## Annex I. Data Collection and Methodology

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---

### Context and objectives
- Surge in international prices on energy and food amplified by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine triggered a cost-of-living crisis and constituted significant terms-of-trade shock for many countries.
- Prices moderated at the turn of 2023 but energy and food prices remain elevated and account for significant shares of household consumption baskets.
- Disproportionate impact on low-income households.
- During 2022, governments took swift policy actions to mitigate impacts on households and firms; those with existing broad-based price subsidies often maintained them, increasing fiscal costs.
- Paper documents policy actions announced in the first half of 2022 with special attention to fiscal measures.

### Data collection approach and DEFPA scope
- Analysis based on IMF survey of 174 country teams conducted in two rounds (April and June/July 2022).
- DEFPA records announced measures between January and June 2022 and gathers information on targeting, duration, temporary nature, announcement date, fiscal cost, and existing subsidies.
- Coverage: 174 countries representing 88 percent of the IMF membership.
- Country coverage by income group: advanced and emerging market economies coverage at 90 percent; low-income developing countries coverage at 80 percent.
- Total measures recorded: nearly 750 announced measures (about 750 measures recorded in total).
- DEFPA excludes measures that increase domestic prices (e.g., subsidy removals); 23 such excluded measures in 14 countries described in Table A2.
- DEFPA focuses on announced measures, not on implementation.

### Classification and treatment of measures
- Classification aligned with GFSM 2014 into spending, revenue, transactions in financial assets and liabilities, and non-fiscal measures.
- Revenue subcategories include: VAT/Sales Tax; Excises; Custom duties (Import tariffs); Corporate Income Tax; Personal Income Tax; Property tax; Non-tax revenues; Other/unspecified Revenues.
- Spending subcategories include: Cash transfers; Semi-cash; Other (vouchers & discounts); In-kind transfers; (Price) Subsidies to energy companies; (Price) Subsidies to food companies; Other subsidies to all companies; Wage bill; Pensions; Other/unspecified Spending.
- Transactions in Financial Assets and Liabilities and Non-Fiscal Measures capture price freezes/incomplete pass-through and other non-fiscal interventions.
- Each announced measure is weighted equally in the DEFPA regardless of fiscal size.

### Participation and measures (Annex coverage summary)
- Participation breakdown (number of countries):
  - Not participated: Total 24 (4 AEs, 10 EME, 10 LIDC, 0 CCA, 8 ED-Asia, 0 ED-Europe, 8 LAC, 1 MENAP, 3 SSA).
  - Participated - No measure: Total 32 (2 AEs, 20 EME, 10 LIDC, 2 CCA, 6 ED-Asia, 2 ED-Europe, 3 LAC, 9 MENAP, 8 SSA).
  - Participated - At least one measure: Total 142 (36 AEs, 67 EME, 39 LIDC, 6 CCA, 16 ED-Asia, 14 ED-Europe, 22 LAC, 14 MENAP, 34 SSA).
  - Total: 198 (42 AEs, 97 EME, 59 LIDC, 8 CCA, 22 ED-Asia, 16 ED-Europe, 25 LAC, 24 MENAP, 42 SSA).
- Coverage (Percentage of Participated Countries): 90% AEs, 90% EME, 83% LIDC, 100% CCA, 73% ED-Asia, 100% ED-Europe, 76% LAC, 96% MENAP, 93% SSA, 88% Total.
- Most countries (142) announced at least one measure: 36 out of 38 advanced economies; 67 out of 97 emerging market economies; 39 out of 59 low income developing countries.
- DEFPA includes about 750 measures announced as a response to higher energy and food prices.

### Types of measures recorded
- Discretionary measures: actively taken by governments; automatic stabilizers or baseline measures excluded (e.g., indexation of benefits prescribed under law not included).
- Existing price subsidies: information on existing food and energy consumer price subsidies gathered for years 2020, 2021 and 2022, measured in percentage of GDP (detailed in Annex III).

---

### 2022. DEFPA findings and trends

### Trends in international energy and food prices (Section II)
- International energy: prices rose post-Covid-19 recovery and were exacerbated by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine; recent declines from peak but oil prices remain elevated.
- Natural gas: EU imports from Russia accounted for about 45 percent of the EU’s total gas imports; reduced Russian deliveries contributed to particularly high gas and electricity prices in Europe.
- International food: food prices began rising after mid-2020 driven by cereals; Russia and Ukraine account for one-quarter of global wheat, one-seventh of corn, and three-quarters of sunflower oils exports.
- Fertilizer: Russia and Belarus account for one-fifth of global fertilizer exports (one-third of global trade of potassic fertilizers); rise in natural gas contributed to higher fertilizer prices.

### Social impact of high energy and food prices (Section III)
- Cross-country average shares of food in household consumption:
  - Low income and developing countries: about 44 percent (and in some cases more than 60 percent).
  - Emerging economies: 27 percent.
  - Advanced economies: 16 percent.
- Within-country distribution (emerging and developing countries, average):
  - Lowest income group: about three-fifth of total expenditure on food.
  - Highest income group: about one-fifth of total expenditure on food.
- Examples:
  - Europe: lowest income quintile spend 16 percent of budget on food, compared with 12 percent in the highest quintile.
  - United States: lowest income quintile spend 27 percent of budget on food compared with 7 percent among the richest quintiles.
- Energy expenditure patterns:
  - In low-income developing countries, share of electricity, gas, and transport fuel increases with income; share of domestic fuel decreases with income.
  - In Europe, poorer households spend on average more on electricity and natural gas than richer households; transport fuels relatively flat across quintiles.
- Long-run risks for poor households absent policy support: switch to lower quality staples, reduced overall food consumption, altered intra-household allocation, disinvestment in children, and cuts in health and education spending.

### DEFPA findings on announced policy measures (Section IV)
- Objective:
  - About half of the measures aimed at reducing pass-through of international prices to domestic prices.
- Common measures by income group:
  - Advanced economies: vouchers and discounts; reduction in consumption taxes (VAT/sales tax) and excises; cash transfers; price subsidies.
  - Emerging market economies: direct price subsidies to energy and food companies; reduction in consumption taxes; cash transfers; customs duty reductions and price freezes also common.
  - Low-income developing countries: price subsidies and reductions in consumption taxes and customs duties; cash transfers rarely announced.
- Regional focus:
  - Advanced economies: more than 60 percent of measures focused on energy price increases; only 5 percent focused only on food.
  - SSA, MENA, CCA: majority of measures focused on higher food prices.
  - Emerging market economies, LAC, EDA: around half of measures related to energy.
- Targeting:
  - Almost 40 percent of all measures are untargeted (broad-based measures reducing pass-through).
  - Advanced economies: almost half of measures targeted to households (cash transfers, vouchers, pensions, PIT changes); about one third untargeted.
  - Low-income developing countries: almost 50 percent untargeted; measures targeted to households less than 20 percent.
- Fiscal size and frequency:
  - In more than half of countries, announced measures cost more than 0.2 percent of GDP on average (excluding existing subsidies).
  - More than one-fifth of countries have announced energy-related policy packages above 1 percent of GDP.
  - Food-related measures have the highest relative cost in low-income developing countries, reaching more than 0.75 percent of GDP for some countries.
  - Median number of announced measures on energy: advanced economies at least three measures; emerging market and low-income economies median of two measures.

---

### Policy guidance and principles (Section V)

### Overarching objectives for policy responses
- (i) induce demand and supply responses;
- (ii) reduce burden on poor and vulnerable households;
- (iii) ensure consistency with other policies, including macroeconomic stability.

### Induce demand and supply responses
- Preserve price signals by allowing domestic prices to rise in line with international prices where possible.
- Evidence on short-term cross-country price elasticities of demand for energy:
  - Overall: -0.21
  - Gasoline: -0.29
  - Natural gas: -0.18
  - Diesel: -0.15
- Food price elasticities vary by income and food type; examples cited:
  - Meat: -0.78
  - Cereals: -0.43
- Discouraged measures:
  - Broad-based price subsidies and unrestricted price caps—costly, distortionary, fiscally unsustainable, and counterproductive for demand response.
- Where domestic subsidies already exist:
  - Allow gradual adjustment and announce medium-term plans to eliminate uniform price subsidies.
  - Consider differentiating adjustment by fuel type (e.g., LPG and kerosene slower adjustment than gasoline/diesel).
- Rationing and quantitative controls:
  - May be warranted when mismatch between supply and demand is extreme; rationing and blackouts are costly and last-resort.
- Export restrictions:
  - Disruptive to international trade and contributors to higher global prices; empirical evidence indicates export bans by several countries increased prices by more than 5 percent for several internationally traded food items.

### Reduce burden on poor and vulnerable households
- Prefer targeted cash transfers where social safety nets are strong:
  - Cash transfers are independent of consumption choices, do not distort relative prices, and are not fiscally costly.
- Estimated fiscal cost example:
  - Compensating all poor households in food-insecurity vulnerable countries for food price increases points to an average annual cost of 0.15-0.30 percent of GDP (temporary six-month compensation assumed; perfect targeting assumed).
- Financing options:
  - Increased tax revenues due to higher prices and ad valorem taxes; one-time solidarity taxes on high-income households and businesses; permanent excess profits taxes on economic rents.
- Alternatives where SSNs are weak:
  - Expand existing programs (e.g., school feeding).
  - Use demographic/categorical, geographic, self-selection, community targeting, or proxy-means testing depending on capacity.
  - Leverage digital solutions and big data (G2P mobile payments, online registration, telecom metadata, satellite imagery) while recognizing exclusion risks for those without digital access.
  - Consider temporary reductions in taxes or tariffs on staple foods with clear sunset clauses when food security is acute and targeting infeasible.
- Other household measures:
  - Lump-sum discounts on utility bills below an income threshold; smoothing of energy bills.
  - Lifeline tariffs generally inferior to targeted transfers.

### Ensure consistency with macroeconomic and climate objectives
- Avoid broad-based support that undermines fiscal discipline and conflicts with monetary tightening aimed at disinflation.
- Targeted and temporary measures preferred to preserve fiscal space for development spending.
- Crisis response should be consistent with climate goals: use crisis as opportunity to diversify energy away from fossil fuels, promote renewables, energy efficiency, and climate-resilient agriculture.

### Political economy considerations
- Political pressures help explain prevalence of measures that limit pass-through (social unrest risk from price hikes).
- Conditions increasing unrest risk: high poverty, inequality, electoral cycles, perception of corruption, strong organized interest groups benefiting from the status quo.
- Recommendation: avoid entrenching temporary measures (e.g., tax cuts) and accompany subsidy reforms with communication strategies and concrete plans to protect vulnerable groups.

---

### Annex summaries (selected numerical findings from Annex Tables)

### Subsidies in Food and Energy products in 2022 (selected regional entries, Size as % of GDP)
- Energy subsidies (Number of subsidies; Size (% of GDP)):
  - AE: Number of subsidies 16; Size (% of GDP) 0.06
  - CCA: Number of subsidies 10; Size (% of GDP) 1.4
  - ED-Asia: Number of subsidies 16; Size (% of GDP) 0.57
  - ED-Europe: Number of subsidies 10; Size (% of GDP) 0.58
  - LAC: Number of subsidies 44; Size (% of GDP) 0.76
  - MENAP: Number of subsidies 38; Size (% of GDP) 1.09
  - SSA: Number of subsidies 76; Size (% of GDP) 0.65
- Food subsidies (Number of subsidies; Size (% of GDP)):
  - CCA: Number of subsidies 2; Size (% of GDP) 0.03
  - ED-Asia: Number of subsidies 2; Size (% of GDP) 0.94
  - LAC: Number of subsidies 11; Size (% of GDP) 0.07
  - MENAP: Number of subsidies 13; Size (% of GDP) 0.2
  - SSA: Number of subsidies 38; Size (% of GDP) 0.29

### Selected country subsidy figures (Annex III, expressed as % of GDP)
- Azerbaijan Energy Subsidies Total: 4.7 (2020), 3.4 (2021).
- Uzbekistan (Natural) gas: 2.5 (2020), 2.1 (2021), 1 (2022); Electricity: 2.8 (2020), 3.3 (2021), 2.8 (2022).
- India: Bread/Wheat/Grains/Cereal/Flour 2 (2020), 1.2 (2021), 1.1 (2022); Fertilizer 0.65 (2020), 0.65 (2021), 0.8 (2022).
- Indonesia Energy Subsidies Total: 0.71 (2020), 0.83 (2021), 0.96 (2022).
- Malaysia Energy Subsidies Total: 0.1 (2020), 0.7 (2021), 2.4 (2022).
- Spain Energy Subsidies Total: 0.2 (2022); Diesel . . 0.2 (2022).
- Tunisia Energy Subsidies Total: 1.2 (2020), 2.5 (2021), 5.1 (2022).
- Ecuador Energy Subsidies Total: 1.1 (2020), 2.1 (2021), 2.7 (2022); Diesel . 0.0083 (2021), 1.1 (2022).
- Suriname Electricity: 2.3 (2020), 4.1 (2021), 4.3 (2022).
- Venezuela Electricity: 8.7 (2020); Gasoline: 8.3 (2020).
- Iraq Electricity: 6.2 (2020), 6.9 (2021), 8.6 (2022).
- Pakistan Electricity: 0.76 (2021), 0.44 (2022); Fertilizer 0.037 (2021), 0.026 (2022).
- Zambia Fuel (diesel, petrol, kerosene): 1.5 (2020), 3.8 (2021), 2.3 (2022); Fertilizer 3.6 (2020), 3 (2021), 2.8 (2022).
- Nigeria Gasoline: 0.1 (2020), 1.1 (2021), 2.5 (2022).
- South Africa Energy Subsidies Total: 1.6 (2020), 1.3 (2021), 1.5 (2022); Diesel 0.29 (2020), 0.29 (2021), 0.39 (2022); Gasoline 0.37 (2020), 0.38 (2021), 0.55 (2022).
- Malawi Fertilizer: 0.89 (2020), 1.6 (2021), 0.89 (2022).

### Annex Table examples of announced measures (selected, preserved verbatim)
- Advanced economies examples:
  - Austria: 300 euros each for vulnerable, 180 for family allowance; 150 euros for all, 300 euros for vulnerable individuals; 250 euros for all for each instrument; 100 euros in 2022, 200 euros in 2023; Tax concession up to euro 3,000; 500 euros deductible.
  - Belgium: Winter discount on energy bill of 80 euro/household; Heating voucher of 100 euro/household; Heating voucher of 200 euro/household for heating oil.
  - Netherlands: Rise in energy tax credit for low-income households (EUR 265); Increase in energy allowance from EUR200 to 800; Reduction of excise duties on petrol and diesel by 21%; Reduction of VAT on natural gas, electricity and district heating from 21% to 9%.
  - United Kingdom: Cash transfers to low-income households (£650); Rebate for household energy bills (£400); Cash transfers to those who receive disability benefits (£150).
- Latin America examples:
  - Ecuador: increased social assistance to US$55 from US$50.
  - Honduras: tax reduction for gasoline and diesel of $ 0.4140 per gallon (10 lempiras).
  - Peru: inclusion of Diesel 2, midgrade and regular gasoline, and vehicle LPG to Fuel Price Stabilization Mechanism.
  - Nicaragua: subsidy to diminish cost of wheat imports by 20%.
  - Jamaica: increased cash transfers from Rs500 to Rs1000.

---

*Source: IMF Working Paper — DEFPA (Database of Energy and Food Price Actions), June 2022 Update, Annex I–III excerpts as provided.*

### Annex I. Data Collection and Methodology ...............................................................................

### Annex I. Data Collection and Methodology

### Context and objectives
- The surge in international prices on energy and food, which were amplified by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, triggered a cost-of-living crisis, and constituted significant terms-of-trade shock for many countries.
- Despite some moderation in prices at the turn of 2023, global prices on main products such as energy and food, which account for significant shares of household consumption baskets, remain elevated.
- These developments have a disproportionate impact on low-income households.
- During 2022, the shock triggered swift policy actions by governments with the aim to mitigate the impact on households and firms.
- Governments with existing broad-based price subsidies on energy and food continued maintaining these policies, without necessarily announcing new discretionary actions, leading to higher fiscal costs.
- This paper documents policy actions announced by governments in the first half of 2022 to mitigate the impact from high energy and food prices on households and firms, with a special attention to fiscal measures.

### Data collection approach
- Analysis is based on a survey of 174 IMF country teams conducted in two rounds in April and June/July of ...

### Content inventory (figures and table referenced in the source)
- Figures:
  - 1. International Price Developments
  - 2. Share of Food in Consumer Basket and GDP per Capita
  - 3. Share of Various Budget Components in Overall Household Expenditure
  - 4. Estimates of Pass-Through of Prices for Fuel, by region
  - 5. Correlation between Domestic and International Food Prices
  - 6. Policy Responses
  - 7. Announced Measures by Income Group
  - 8. Distribution of Announced Policy Measures by Product
  - 9. Targeting of Policy Measures
  - 10. Size and Number of Announced Policies, by Income Group
- Table:
  - 1. Measures Announced by Country and by Type of Measures

*Annex I. Data Collection and Methodology — extracted from the IMF Working Paper content unit provided.*

### 2022. Over 700 policy announcements are recorded in the Database of Energy and Food Price Actions

### 2022. Over 700 policy announcements are recorded in the Database of Energy and Food Price Actions

### Overview and database coverage
- DEFPA (Database of Energy and Food Price Actions) records announced measures related to revenue (e.g., reduction in excise tax rate), expenditure (e.g., cash transfers), below-the-line measures (e.g., loans or guarantees to state-owned energy companies), non-fiscal measures (e.g., export bans), and existing subsidies for energy and food.
- Coverage: 174 countries representing 88 percent of the IMF membership.
- Country coverage by income group: advanced and emerging market economies coverage at 90 percent; low-income developing countries coverage at 80 percent.
- Total measures recorded: nearly 750 announced measures across all countries.

### Trends in international energy and food prices (Section II)
- International energy: prices rose post-Covid-19 recovery and were exacerbated by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine; recent declines from peak but oil prices remain elevated.
- Natural gas: EU imports from Russia accounted for about 45 percent of the EU’s total gas imports; reduced Russian deliveries contributed to particularly high gas and electricity prices in Europe.
- International food: food prices began rising after mid-2020 driven by cereals; Russia and Ukraine account for one-quarter of global wheat, one-seventh of corn, and three-quarters of sunflower oils exports.
- Fertilizer: Russia and Belarus account for one-fifth of global fertilizer exports (one-third of global trade of potassic fertilizers); rise in natural gas contributed to higher fertilizer prices.

### Social impact of high energy and food prices (Section III)
- Cross-country average shares of food in household consumption:
  - Low income and developing countries: about 44 percent (and in some cases more than 60 percent).
  - Emerging economies: 27 percent.
  - Advanced economies: 16 percent.
- Within-country distribution (emerging and developing countries, average):
  - Lowest income group: about three-fifth of total expenditure on food.
  - Highest income group: about one-fifth of total expenditure on food.
- European example: households in the lowest income quintile spend 16 percent of budget on food, compared with 12 percent in the highest quintile.
- United States example: lowest income quintile spend 27 percent of budget on food compared with 7 percent among the richest quintiles.
- Energy expenditure: share of electricity, gas, and transport fuel increases with income in low-income developing countries; share of domestic fuel decreases with income. In Europe, poorer households spend on average more on electricity and natural gas than richer households; transport fuels relatively flat across quintiles.
- Long-run risks for poor households absent policy support: switch to lower quality staples, reduced overall food consumption, altered intra-household allocation, disinvestment in children, and cuts in health and education spending.

### DEFPA findings on policy announcements (Section IV)
- Main objective of announced measures: about half of the measures aimed at reducing pass-through of international prices to domestic prices.
- Common measures by income group:
  - Advanced economies: vouchers and discounts; reduction in consumption taxes (VAT/sales tax) and excises; cash transfers; price subsidies.
  - Emerging market economies: direct price subsidies to energy and food companies; reduction in consumption taxes; cash transfers; customs duty reductions and price freezes also common.
  - Low-income developing countries: price subsidies and reductions in consumption taxes and customs duties; cash transfers rarely announced.
- Regional focus of measures:
  - Advanced economies: more than 60 percent of measures focused on energy price increases; only 5 percent focused only on food.
  - SSA, MENA, CCA: majority of measures focused on higher food prices.
  - Emerging market economies, LAC, EDA: around half of measures related to energy.
- Targeting:
  - Almost 40 percent of all measures are untargeted (broad-based measures reducing pass-through).
  - Advanced economies: almost half of measures targeted to households (cash transfers, vouchers, pensions, PIT changes); about one third untargeted.
  - Low-income developing countries: almost 50 percent untargeted; measures targeted to households less than 20 percent.
- Fiscal size and frequency:
  - In more than half of countries, announced measures cost more than 0.2 percent of GDP on average (excluding existing subsidies).
  - More than one-fifth of countries have announced energy-related policy packages above 1 percent of GDP.
  - Food-related measures have the highest relative cost in low-income developing countries, reaching more than 0.75 percent of GDP for some countries.
  - Median number of announced measures on energy: advanced economies at least three measures; emerging market and low-income economies median of two measures.

### Policy guidance and principles (Section V)
- Overarching objectives for policy responses:
  - (i) induce demand and supply responses;
  - (ii) reduce burden on poor and vulnerable households;
  - (iii) ensure consistency with other policies, including macroeconomic stability.
- Induce demand and supply responses
  - Preserve price signals by allowing domestic prices to rise in line with international prices where possible.
  - Evidence on price elasticities (energy):
    - Short-term cross-country price elasticity of demand for energy: -0.21 overall; gasoline: -0.29; natural gas: -0.18; diesel: -0.15.
  - Food price elasticities vary by income and food type; larger in low-income countries (meat: -0.78; cereals: -0.43).
  - Discouraged measures: broad-based price subsidies and unrestricted price caps (costly, distortionary, fiscally unsustainable, and counterproductive for demand response).
  - Where domestic subsidies already exist: allow gradual adjustment and announce medium-term plans to eliminate uniform price subsidies; consider differentiating adjustment by fuel type (e.g., LPG and kerosene slower adjustment than gasoline/diesel).
  - Rationing and quantitative controls may be warranted when mismatch between supply and demand is extreme; rationing and blackouts are costly and last-resort.
  - Export restrictions: noted as disruptive to international trade and contributors to higher global prices; empirical evidence indicates export bans by several countries increased prices by more than 5 percent for several internationally traded food items.
- Reduce burden on poor and vulnerable households
  - Prefer targeted cash transfers where social safety nets are strong: cash transfers are independent of consumption choices, do not distort relative prices, and are not fiscally costly.
  - Estimated fiscal cost example: compensating all poor households in food-insecurity vulnerable countries for food price increases points to an average annual cost of 0.15-0.30 percent of GDP (temporary six-month compensation assumed; perfect targeting assumed).
  - Financing options: increased tax revenues due to higher prices and ad valorem taxes; one-time solidarity taxes on high-income households and businesses; permanent excess profits taxes on economic rents.
  - Alternative approaches where SSNs are weak:
    - Expand existing programs (e.g., school feeding).
    - Use demographic/categorical, geographic, self-selection, community targeting, or proxy-means testing depending on capacity.
    - Leverage digital solutions and big data (G2P mobile payments, online registration, telecom metadata, satellite imagery) while recognizing exclusion risks for those without digital access.
    - Consider temporary reductions in taxes or tariffs on staple foods with clear sunset clauses when food security is acute and targeting infeasible.
  - Other household measures: lump-sum discounts on utility bills below an income threshold; smoothing of energy bills; lifeline tariffs are generally inferior to targeted transfers.
- Ensure consistency with macroeconomic and climate objectives
  - Avoid broad-based support that undermines fiscal discipline and conflicts with monetary tightening aimed at disinflation.
  - Targeted and temporary measures preferred to preserve fiscal space for development spending.
  - Crisis response should be consistent with climate goals: use crisis as opportunity to diversify energy away from fossil fuels, promote renewables, energy efficiency, and climate-resilient agriculture.
- Political economy considerations
  - Political pressures help explain prevalence of measures that limit pass-through (social unrest risk from price hikes).
  - Conditions increasing unrest risk: high poverty, inequality, electoral cycles, perception of corruption, strong organized interest groups benefiting from the status quo.
  - Recommendation: avoid entrenching temporary measures (e.g., tax cuts) and accompany subsidy reforms with comprehensive communication strategies and concrete plans to protect vulnerable groups.

*Source: IMF Working Paper — Policy Responses to High Energy and Food Prices (DEFPA findings and related sections as provided).*

### Annex I. Data Collection and Methodology

### Annex I. Data Collection and Methodology

### Database scope and survey coverage
- The Database of Energy and Food Prices Actions (DEFPA) compiles the IMF survey conducted in March/April and June/July 2022 for 174 country teams.
- For each country, measures announced by the governments in response to higher energy and food prices between January and June 2022 were collected, together with information on:
  - targeting,
  - the duration,
  - temporary nature or not of the measure,
  - the announcement date,
  - the fiscal cost.
- The DEFPA also gathers information on existing energy and food subsidies prevailing in the country.
- Coverage summary (Annex Table 1.1):
  - Not participated: 4 AEs, 10 EME, 10 LIDC, 0 CCA, 8 ED-Asia, 0 ED-Europe, 8 LAC, 1 MENAP, 3 SSA, Total 24
  - Participated - No measure: 2 AEs, 20 EME, 10 LIDC, 2 CCA, 6 ED-Asia, 2 ED-Europe, 3 LAC, 9 MENAP, 8 SSA, Total 32
  - Participated - At least one measure: 36 AEs, 67 EME, 39 LIDC, 6 CCA, 16 ED-Asia, 14 ED-Europe, 22 LAC, 14 MENAP, 34 SSA, Total 142
  - Total: 42 AEs, 97 EME, 59 LIDC, 8 CCA, 22 ED-Asia, 16 ED-Europe, 25 LAC, 24 MENAP, 42 SSA, Total 198
  - Coverage (Percentage of Participated Countries): 90% AEs, 90% EME, 83% LIDC, 100% CCA, 73% ED-Asia, 100% ED-Europe, 76% LAC, 96% MENAP, 93% SSA, 88% Total
- Participation and measures:
  - Most countries (142) announced at least one measure:
    - 36 out of 38 advanced economies,
    - 67 out of 97 emerging market economies,
    - 39 out of 59 low income developing countries.
  - In total, the DEFPA includes about 750 measures announced as a response to higher energy and food prices.
- Exclusions:
  - Measures announced as a response to higher energy and food prices but resulting in an increase in prices (for instance, removal of a subsidy) are not included in DEFPA.
  - These excluded measures entail 23 measures, in 14 countries and are described in Table A2.

### Classification of measures (framework and mapping)
- DEFPA classification aligns with the Government Financial Statistics Manual 2014 (GFSM 2014).
- Measures are organized into categories:
  - spending,
  - revenue,
  - transactions in financial assets and liabilities,
  - and non-fiscal measures.
- Detailed breakdowns of types of revenue and spending measures follow GFSM 2014 classifications.
- Measures that relate to reducing or preventing the pass-through of international prices to domestic prices are categorized in line with GFSM 2014:
  - Example: lowering excises to reduce pass-through is recorded under excises.
  - Example: subsidies to reduce pass-through are recorded under expenses or transactions in financial assets and liabilities as appropriate.
  - Measures that prevent pass-through but are not financed through fiscal operations are recorded under Non-Fiscal Measures (e.g., price caps where public/private companies pay through lower profit margins).

- Mapping of measure categories and subcategories (Annex Table 1.2):
  - Revenues:
    - VAT/Sales Tax
    - Excises
    - Custom duties (Import tariffs)
    - Corporate Income Tax
    - Personal Income Tax
    - Property tax
    - Non-tax revenues
    - Other/unspecified Revenues
  - Spending:
    - Cash transfers
    - Semi-cash
    - Other (vouchers & discounts)
    - In-kind transfers
    - (Price) Subsidies to energy companies
    - (Price) Subsidies to food companies
    - Other subsidies to all companies
    - Wage bill
    - Pensions
    - Other/unspecified Spending
  - Transactions in Financial Assets and Liabilities:
    - Price Freeze / incomplete pass-through
    - Price Freeze / incomplete pass-through (listed under Transactions as well)
    - Other
  - Non-Fiscal Measures:
    - Price Freeze / incomplete pass-through

### Types of measures recorded
- DEFPA records two types of information:
  - Discretionary measures:
    - Measures actively taken by governments.
    - Automatic stabilizers or measures under the baseline are not included.
    - Example: indexation of benefits prescribed under the law is not included.
  - Existing price subsidies:
    - Information on existing food and energy consumer price subsidies prevailing in the country.
    - Subsidies for a set of food and energy products are gathered in the database for years 2022, 2021 and 2022, measured in percentage of GDP.
    - The detail of subsidies identified in the DEFPA is reported in Annex III.

### Implementation stage and methodological focus
- DEFPA focuses on announced policy measures, rather than measures implemented.
- Purpose:
  - Provides an overview of actions taken by countries.
  - Enables rapid, evidence-based policy advice (referenced to FM April 2021, IMF Note, June 2022, September 2023 and Fiscal Monitor, October 2023 + REO if relevant).
- Methodological notes:
  - The approach raises several issues from a methodological point of view (not detailed here).

### Treatment of measure size
- Each measure has the same weight in the DEFPA regardless of size.
- There is heterogeneity in fiscal significance: some measures are of a very small size in terms of GDP, others are more significant.

### Subsidies in Food and Energy products in 2022 (Annex Table 1.3)
- Energy subsidies (Number of subsidies; Size (% of GDP)):
  - AE: Number of subsidies 16; Size (% of GDP) 0.06
  - CCA: Number of subsidies 10; Size (% of GDP) 1.4
  - ED-Asia: Number of subsidies 16; Size (% of GDP) 0.57
  - ED-Europe: Number of subsidies 10; Size (% of GDP) 0.58
  - LAC: Number of subsidies 44; Size (% of GDP) 0.76
  - MENAP: Number of subsidies 38; Size (% of GDP) 1.09
  - SSA: Number of subsidies 76; Size (% of GDP) 0.65
- Food subsidies (Number of subsidies; Size (% of GDP)):
  - CCA: Number of subsidies 2; Size (% of GDP) 0.03
  - ED-Asia: Number of subsidies 2; Size (% of GDP) 0.94
  - LAC: Number of subsidies 11; Size (% of GDP) 0.07
  - MENAP: Number of subsidies 13; Size (% of GDP) 0.2
  - SSA: Number of subsidies 38; Size (% of GDP) 0.29
- Source noted for tables: IMF DEFPA country desk survey.

*Annex I. Data Collection and Methodology, IMF DEFPA country desk survey.*

### Annex Table 2.1 - Announced Responses to Higher Food and Energy Prices - Advanced economies

### Annex Table 2.1 - Announced Responses to Higher Food and Energy Prices - Advanced economies

### Measure categories (as recorded)
- Spending
  - Cash transfers
  - Semi-cash (rebates, vouchers, discounts, bill credits)
  - (Price) Subsidies to energy companies, food companies, or energy-intensive firms
  - Other subsidies to all companies
  - Pensions and wage adjustments
  - Other/unspecified spending
- Revenue measures
  - VAT/Sales Tax reductions or extensions
  - Excises (reductions, temporary cuts, eliminations)
  - Personal income tax measures (deductions, credits, indexation)
  - Corporate income tax measures (tax concessions, loss offsetting, tax credits)
  - Custom duties (import tariffs) reductions or removals
  - Other/unspecified revenue measures (tax deferrals, suspension of taxes)
- Other policy instruments
  - Below the line (btl): loans, guarantees, state-guaranteed bank loans, credit lines, liquidity support
  - Other (non-fiscal): price freezes, price caps, incomplete pass-through, extra-budgetary measures, release of stocks, procurement of imports

### Patterns and common interventions (examples preserved verbatim)
- Direct household support
  - Electricity/energy bill rebates, discounts, or vouchers (many countries)
  - One-off payments and increased social transfers to vulnerable groups
  - Cash transfers targeted to low-income households, pensioners, families with children, disabled persons
- Tax and excise relief
  - Reductions in excises on petrol, diesel, gasoline, fuel, and electricity
  - Reductions or extensions of reduced VAT on electricity, gas, natural gas, district heating, and fuels
  - Removal or reduction of import tariffs on food and raw materials
- Business support
  - Subsidies and grants to energy-intensive companies and affected sectors (agriculture, transport, fisheries)
  - Tax concessions or credits for firms (e.g., corporate income tax concessions, extended loss offsetting)
  - Loans, guarantees, and credit lines for SMEs, fuel importers, and vulnerable companies
- Market interventions
  - Price caps / price ceilings for electricity, gas, or selected food products
  - Freeze on regulated tariffs or rent increases
  - Suspension of energy-related levies or contributions

### Selected country-specific measures and exact figures (preserved verbatim)
- Andorra
  -  Increase in social transfers and increased subsidies to facilitate school attendance.
  -  Support for energy transition (Plan Renova)
- Austria
  -  300 euros each for vulnerable, 180 for family allowance
  -  150 euros for all, 300 euros for vulnerable individuals
  -  250 euros for all for each instrument
  -  100 euros in 2022, 200 euros in 2023
  -  Tax concession up to euro 3,000
  -  500 euros deductible
- Belgium
  -  Winter discount on energy bill of 80 euro/household
  -  Heating voucher of 100 euro/household; Heating voucher of 200 euro/household for heating oil
  -  Extension of the social tariff until end-Jun 2022; end-Mar 2022; end-Dec 2022; end-Sep 2022 (as listed)
- Canada
  -  Electricity rebates in Alberta
  -  One-off electricity bill credits in British Columbia
  -  Temporary reduction of excises on gas and fuel
- Estonia
  -  One-off payments of €50 in November 2022 to vulnerable groups
  -  Price ceiling for household electricity and gas consumption
- France
  -  Cash transfers of €100 to low-income earners
  -  A freeze on regulated natural gas tariff (bouclier tarifare)
- Germany
  -  Subsidy program for energy intensive companies to cushion the increase in gas and electricity prices
  -  Extension of special regulations for short-time work benefits and the maximum duration
- Lithuania
  -  Cash transfers and subsidy for heating
  -  Subsidy for energy for businesses
- Luxembourg
  -  Grant program for energy efficient renovations and subsidy for network costs for gas
  -  Increase of the rental allowance and tertiary education allowance
  -  Progressive income tax credit to low- and middle-income households
- Malta
  -  Subsidy for energy prices
  -  Subsidy to support grain importers
- Netherlands
  -  Rise in energy tax credit for low-income households (EUR 265)
  -  Increase in energy allowance from EUR200 to 800
  -  Grant for energy-saving insulation in low-income households
  -  Reduction of excise duties on petrol and diesel by 21%
  -  Reduction of VAT on natural gas, electricity and district heating from 21% to 9%
- Norway
  -  Increased housing allowance of NOK1500/month over winter
- Portugal
  -  Vat suspension on fertilizers
  -  Temporary suspension of carbon tax increase
- Spain
  -  Reduction of VAT rate on electricity from 21% to 10%
  -  Reduction of tax rate on special tax on electricity consumption (from 5.1% to 0.5%)
  -  Reduction of VAT rate from 10% to 5%
  -  Cap on the regulated tariff of natural gas limiting price increases to 35%, for consumers who are no
- Sweden
  -  Temporary reduction in petrol and diesel taxes
  -  Travel deduction in the PIT
- United Kingdom
  -  Cash transfers to low-income households (£650)
  -  Cash transfers to low-income households eligible for the Winter Fuel Payment (£300)
  -  Rebate for household energy bills (£400)
  -  Cash transfers to those who receive disability benefits (£150)
  -  Rebate on domestic tax (council tax)

### Examples of below-the-line and non-fiscal measures (as recorded)
- State-guaranteed bank loans (Prêt garanti par l’État Résilience) — France
- Financing of the new terminal with increased regasification capacity; Loans and guarantees — Germany
- Corporate credit line — Spain
- Liquidity support guarantee scheme for businesses; Liquidity support guarantee for fuel and oil importers; Subsidized loan schemes — Malta
- Guarantees to support firms — Luxembourg
- Credit guarantees for SMEs — Japan

*Source. DEFPA, June 2022 Update, IMF.*

### Annex Table 2.2 - Announced Responses to Higher Food and Energy Prices - Caucasus and Central

### Annex Table 2.2 - Announced Responses to Higher Food and Energy Prices - Caucasus and Central Asia

### Azerbaijan
- Spending (Price) — Subsidies to food companies
- Spending (Price) — Interest subsidies to SME food producers (agriculture processing)
- Revenue — Custom duties (import tariffs): Reduction of custom duties on imported foods and a number of intermediate products used in domestic 
- Revenue — VAT/Sales Tax: Reduction of VAT on wheat and bread

### Georgia
- Spending — Semi-cash: Vouchers to farmers in fertilizer purchase
- Spending — Cash transfers: Increase in cash transfers

### Kazakhstan
- Other (non-fiscal) — Export restriction: Export ban of gasoline and fuel
- Other (non-fiscal) — Export restriction: Export restrictions on wheat and wheat flour
- Price Freeze / incomplete pass-through — Price ceiling on LPG (liquified petroleum gas), diesel fuel and gasoline
- Other (non-fiscal) — Export restriction: Export ban on sugar
- Price Freeze / incomplete pass-through — Price cap on basic food products
- Price Freeze / incomplete pass-through — Price freeze on utilities

### Kyrgyz Republic
- Spending — Other/unspecified Spending: Fiscal provision for food reserve
- Spending — Wage bill: Public wage and pension increase
- Revenue — VAT/Sales Tax: Reduction of VAT rates on imported agricultural goods
- Revenue — Custom duties (import tariffs): Tax reduction to facilitate basic food products imports
- Below the line — Other (btl): Concessional lending to SMEs (e.g., farms) through capital increases in bank sector
- Other (non-fiscal) — Export restriction: Export ban on selected cereals

### Tajikistan
- Spending (Price) — Subsidies to food companies
- Spending (Price) — Subsidy (in-kind) for farmers
- Spending — In-kind transfers: In kind staple food supply to vulnerable households
- Other (non-fiscal) — Other (non-fiscal): Increase access to FX for selected sectors
- Price Freeze / incomplete pass-through — Incomplete pass-through to food products
- Other (non-fiscal) — Securing a duty-free (customs fee exempted) grain quota from Russia
- Price Freeze / incomplete pass-through — Increase in production of food products
- Price Freeze / incomplete pass-through — Incomplete pass-through to electricity tariffs
- Other (non-fiscal) — Explore opportunities for diversification of imports of basic goods
- Other (non-fiscal) — Increase fertilizers supply

### Uzbekistan
- Revenue — VAT/Sales Tax: Reduction of VAT on meat
- Revenue — VAT/Sales Tax: Reduction of VAT on vegetable oil

*Source. DEFPA, June 2022 Update, IMF.*

### Annex Table 2.5 - Announced Responses to Higher Food and Energy Prices - Latin America

### Annex Table 2.5 - Announced Responses to Higher Food and Energy Prices - Latin America

### Major policy response categories (overview)
- Spending measures
  - Cash transfers, semi-cash transfers (vouchers), in-kind transfers, wage bill increases, pensions, and other direct subsidies to households and companies.
- Price interventions
  - Direct subsidies to energy and food companies, price freezes, price stabilization mechanisms, and benchmark price schemes.
- Revenue measures
  - Reductions, suspensions, or deferrals of VAT/Sales Tax, excises, corporate and personal income tax adjustments, and reductions or removals of custom duties (import tariffs).
- Non-fiscal measures
  - Export restrictions, import rule changes, credit lines and concessional financing via public banks, regulatory exemptions, and incomplete pass-through/administrative price-setting.
- Below-the-line (btl) and other support
  - Loan grace periods, injections into agricultural development banks, financing of external arrears for energy, and other contingent or balance-sheet operations.

### Selected country-level measures and notable numeric details
- Antigua and Barbuda
  - Fuel voucher programs; revised fuel voucher programs.
- Argentina
  - Cash transfers to vulnerable households; higher cash assistances (semi-cash).
  - Deferral of excise tax on fuels.
  - Increase in non-taxable income tax threshold for wage earners.
  - Incentives to increase the supply of biofuels; export regulations of beef; increase in minimum wages.
  - Extension of benchmark price schemes (Precios Cuidados).
- Bahamas
  - Reduction of custom duties on selected food imports.
- Barbados
  - Reduction of VAT on diesel and gasoline; freight costs cap (custom duties).
- Brazil
  - Increment in coverage and monthly benefit of Auxílio Brasil (cash transfers).
  - Emergency aid to subsidize diesel for truck drivers; vouchers for cooking gas.
  - Full removal ("zeroing") of contributions on domestic transactions and imports of diesel (corporate income tax).
  - Reduction of excises on industrialized products and on fuel products; reduction of custom duties on imports.
  - Imperfect pass-through of international oil prices to domestic retail prices by Petrobras.
- Chile
  - Subsidies to energy companies; fixed public transportation prices; reduction of excises on gasoline.
- Colombia
  - Reduction of custom duties for agricultural products.
- Costa Rica
  - Smaller increase in excises on fuel; reduction of custom duties on shipping products?.
- Dominican Republic
  - Subsidy for fuel for public transport; expanded cash transfers for food and fuel.
  - Subsidy for retail fuel price; cash transfers for mototaxi sectors; in-kind food assistance.
  - Reduction of excises on fuel; reduction of custom duties on basic foods.
  - Agriculture loan grace period (btl).
- Ecuador
  - Subsidize fertilizers for small and medium farmers; fuel subsidies for gasoline and diesel.
  - Increased social assistance to US$55 from US$50.
  - Credit lines, lower interest rates and credit forgiveness by public banks.
- El Salvador
  - Subsidies for LPG; price freeze for gasoline and diesel.
  - Temporary suspension of excise taxes on fuels; suspension of VAT on gasoline and diesel.
  - Incomplete pass-through of electricity price increases.
- Guatemala
  - Price subsidies for diesel, gas for low-income households, electricity for low-consumption households; subsidies for agriculture inputs.
- Honduras
  - Price freeze/subsidy for regular gasoline; subsidy eliminating electricity tariffs for consumers consuming less than 150 kilowatts per [period]; subsidy on transportation (bus) tariff; price freeze on LPG gas for domestic use.
  - Tax reduction for gasoline and diesel of $ 0.4140 per gallon (10 lempiras).
  - Reduction of freight costs by 75 percent.
  - Injection for National Agricultural Development Bank (Banadesa) to provide subsidized loans (btl).
- Jamaica
  - Cash transfers to vulnerable households; vouchers for taxi operators; price subsidies for low-consumption households; loans to public transportation companies (btl).
- Mexico
  - Removal of import tariffs on some staple foods; VAT and CIT deductions for additional gasoline price increases; reduction of excise tax on petroleum products.
  - Agreement with large companies to freeze prices on selected food staples.
- Nicaragua
  - Subsidy for transportation (public transportation and taxi); subsidy to diminish cost of wheat imports by 20%; subsidy to freeze utility prices; subsidy for fertilizers to small producers.
- Peru
  - Inclusion of Diesel 2, midgrade and regular gasoline, and vehicle LPG to Fuel Price Stabilization Mechanism.
  - Subsidy for fertilizers; increase in social assistance benefit; increase voucher on LPG purchases.
  - Suspension of fuel excise taxes and VAT exemption; exemption of VAT for basic food products (chicken, corn, wheat, sugar).
- St. Vincent and the Grenadines
  - In-kind food support; subsidy for fertilizers; reduction of VAT for residential electricity for lower consumption; reduction of custom duties on cooking gas and on flour; temporary reduction of excises on diesel and gasoline.
- Suriname
  - Subsidies for electricity and fuel products; cash transfer targeted to vulnerable households.

### Notable numeric and programmatic specifics across the region (preserve exact values)
- Ecuador: increased benefits for social assistance to US$55 from US$50.
- Pakistan (in South Asia/Middle East North Africa table): increased cash transfers of 7.7 percent for low-income population; cash transfer of PRs 2000/household for middle income quintile and below who are not eligible to the main cash transfer program; additional cash transfer of PRs 2000/household to the recipients of existing Social Safety Net; reduction of petroleum development levy; removal of sale tax for fuels.
- Jamaica: increased cash transfers from Rs500 to Rs1000.
- Malawi: maintaining bread price at CFAF 150 (Burkina Faso also referenced CFAF 150 and a maximum CFAF 150,000 payment for bakeries’ utilities).
- Madagascar: increased public wage by 5 to 25 percent.
- Honduras: tax reduction for gasoline and diesel of $ 0.4140 per gallon (10 lempiras).
- Nicaragua: subsidy to diminish the cost of wheat imports by 20%.
- Peru: inclusion of Diesel 2 and vehicle LPG in Fuel Price Stabilization Mechanism.
- DR Congo: increase in base wages for certain civil servants.
- Many countries used suspensions or reductions of custom duties, excises, and VAT on staple food and fuel imports or domestic sales (multiple specific country entries).

### Cross-cutting patterns and implementation modalities
- Widespread use of targeted cash transfers and expansion of existing social assistance programs to protect vulnerable households.
- Extensive reliance on temporary tax and tariff relief: suspension or reduction of VAT/Sales Tax, excises, and custom duties on fuels and staple foods.
- Common price-side interventions: subsidies to energy companies, fuel and electricity price freezes, benchmark price schemes, and incomplete pass-through arrangements to shield domestic consumers.
- Support to agriculture and fertilizer markets: subsidies for fertilizers, procurement support, and measures to increase domestic fertilizer production or imports.
- Non-fiscal and regulatory measures: export restrictions, import rule relaxations, credit provision via public banks, and regulatory exemptions to facilitate supply or reduce costs.
- Below-the-line interventions and balance-sheet support in some cases: financing external energy arrears, loan grace periods, and injections into development banks to extend subsidized finance.

*Source. DEFPA, June 2022 Update, IMF.*

### Annex III. Existing Food and Energy Subsidies

### Annex III. Existing Food and Energy Subsidies

### Overview
- Annex III presents country-level estimates of food and energy subsidies reported in DEFPA, June 2022 Update, IMF, across multiple regional tables (Advanced economies; Caucasus and Central Asia; Emerging and Developing Asia; Emerging and Developing Europe; Latin America; Middle East North Africa Pakistan; Sub‑Saharan Africa).
- Data are presented as "Size" in 2020, 2021, and 2022 expressed as (% of GDP) for specific subsidy types and products.

### Advanced economies (Annex Table 3.1) — selected entries
- Cyprus: energy subsidies for (Natural) gas, Diesel, Gasoline, LPG all shown as 0 in the table.
- Estonia: Diesel 0.1 (2020); Energy Subsidies Total . . 0.02 (2022); Other fuel/unspecified 0.01 (2020).
- Portugal: (Natural) gas . . 0.076 (2022); Diesel . . 0.067 (2022); Gasoline . . 0.032 (2022); LPG . . 0.0038 (2022).
- Slovak Republic: Electricity . . 0.1 (2022).
- Spain: Diesel . . 0.2 (2022); Energy Subsidies Total . . 0.2 (2022).
- Sweden: Diesel and Gasoline total . . 0.05 (2022); Electricity . . 0.1 (2022).

### Caucasus and Central Asia (Annex Table 3.2) — selected entries
- Azerbaijan:
  - (Natural) gas 2.1 (2020), 1.6 (2021).
  - Diesel 0.64 (2020), 0.27 (2021).
  - Electricity 1.8 (2020), 1.5 (2021).
  - Energy Subsidies Total 4.7 (2020), 3.4 (2021).
  - Other fuel/unspecified 0.85 (2020), 0.36 (2021).
- Georgia: Fertilizer . . 0.05 (2022).
- Kyrgyz Republic: Electricity . 0.6 (2021), 0.9 (2022); Heating . 0.6 (2021), 0.9 (2022).
- Uzbekistan: (Natural) gas 2.5 (2020), 2.1 (2021), 1 (2022); Electricity 2.8 (2020), 3.3 (2021), 2.8 (2022); Bread/Wheat/Grains/Cereal/Flour . 0.6 (2021), 0 (2022).

### Emerging and Developing Asia (Annex Table 3.3) — selected entries
- India:
  - LPG 0.19 (2020), 0.014 (2021), 0.045 (2022).
  - Bread/Wheat/Grains/Cereal/Flour 2 (2020), 1.2 (2021), 1.1 (2022).
  - Fertilizer 0.65 (2020), 0.65 (2021), 0.8 (2022).
- Indonesia: Electricity 0.4 (2020), 0.46 (2021), 0.58 (2022); Energy Subsidies Total 0.71 (2020), 0.83 (2021), 0.96 (2022).
- Malaysia: Energy Subsidies Total 0.1 (2020), 0.7 (2021), 2.4 (2022).
- Nauru: Energy Subsidies Total 0.01 (2020), 0.02 (2021), 0.02 (2022).
- Palau: Energy Subsidies Total . . 2.1 (2022).
- Philippines: Diesel (Pantawid Pasada Program) 0 (2020), 0.005 (2021), 0.02 (2022).
- Sri Lanka: Diesel -0.03 (2020), 0.21 (2021), . (2022); Electricity . 0.28 (2021), . (2022); Gasoline 0.06 (2020), 0.15 (2021), . (2022).
- Thailand: (Natural) gas . . 0.02 (2022); Electricity . . 0.37 (2022); Energy Subsidies Total . . 0.49 (2022); LPG . . 0.23 (2022).
- Tonga: Electricity . . 0.15 (2022).

### Emerging and Developing Europe (Annex Table 3.4) — selected entries
- Albania: Diesel 0.06 (2020), 0.06 (2021), 0.09 (2022); Electricity . . 1 (2022).
- Hungary: Gasoline . . 1 (2022).
- Kosovo: Electricity . 0.52 (2021), 1 (2022).
- Moldova: (Natural) gas . 0.83 (2021), 1.2 (2022); Electricity . . 0.33 (2022).
- Poland: (Natural) gas . . 0.34 (2022); Other fuel/unspecified - Coal . . 0.1 (2022).
- Serbia: (Natural) gas . 0.5 (2021), 0.6 (2022); Electricity . . 0.1 (2022).

### Latin America (Annex Table 3.5) — selected entries
- Antigua and Barbuda: Electricity 0.6 (2020); Other energy/unspecified -0.2 (2020), 0.2 (2021), 0.6 (2022).
- Bahamas: Electricity 0.61 (2020), 0.73 (2021), 0.77 (2022); Kerosene 0.16 (2020), 0.16 (2021), 0.18 (2022); LPG 0.074 (2020), 0.075 (2021), 0.082 (2022); Other fuel/unspecified 0.85 (2020), 0.8 (2021), 0.78 (2022).
- Bolivia: Energy Subsidies Total 1.7 (2020), 1.3 (2021), 3.7 (2022); Other (utilities) . . 0.042 (2022); Other fuel/unspecified 1.7 (2020), 1.3 (2021), 3.7 (2022); Staple foods 0.1 (2020), 0.1 (2021), 0.056 (2022).
- Colombia: Energy Subsidies Total 0.03 (2020), 0.6 (2021), 1 (2022).
- Costa Rica: Diesel 0.0017 (2020), 0.0018 (2021), 0.0019 (2022); Gasoline 0.0013 (2020), 0.00095 (2021), 0.00062 (2022).
- Dominican Republic: Electricity 0.42 (2020), 0.55 (2021), 0.48 (2022); Gasoline . 0.24 (2021), 0.65 (2022); multiple food subsidy lines in 2022 (e.g., Bread/Wheat/Grains/Cereal/Flour . . 0.049).
- Ecuador: Diesel . 0.0083 (2021), 1.1 (2022); Energy Subsidies Total 1.1 (2020), 2.1 (2021), 2.7 (2022); Fuel oil . 0.00036 (2021), 0.076 (2022); Fuel subsidies for gasoline and diesel . . 0.14 (2022); Gasoline . 0.0036 (2021), 0.5 (2022); LPG . 0.008 (2021), 0.82 (2022); Other (utilities) . 0.0006 (2021), 0.083 (2022).
- El Salvador: Diesel . . 0.22 (2022); Electricity 0.2 (2020), 0.2 (2021), 0.4 (2022); Gasoline . . 0.29 (2022); LPG 0.3 (2020), 0.3 (2021), 0.7 (2022).
- Guatemala: Electricity 0.19 (2020), 0.13 (2021), 0.067 (2022); Other food/unspecified 0.35 (2020), 0.31 (2021), 0.44 (2022).
- Mexico: Energy Subsidies Total . . 0.5 (2022).
- Suriname: Electricity 2.3 (2020), 4.1 (2021), 4.3 (2022); Gasoline . . 0.6 (2022).
- Trinidad and Tobago: Fuel Subsidies Total 0.3 (2020), 0.04 (2021), 0.2 (2022).
- Venezuela: (Natural) gas 0.84 (2020); Electricity 8.7 (2020); Gasoline 8.3 (2020).

### Middle East, North Africa, Pakistan (Annex Table 3.6) — selected entries
- Algeria: Energy Subsidies Total . 12 . (2021).
- Bahrain: Bread/Wheat/Grains/Cereal/Flour 0.077 (2020); Meat 0.22 (2020).
- Djibouti: Diesel 0 (2020), 0 (2021), 0.0071 (2022); Kerosene . . 0.0031 (2022).
- Iraq: Electricity 6.2 (2020), 6.9 (2021), 8.6 (2022); Other food/unspecified 0.5 (2020), 0.5 (2021), 1.2 (2022).
- Jordan: Diesel 0 (2020), 0 (2021), 0.6 (2022); Gasoline 0 (2020), 0 (2021), 0.4 (2022); Kerosene 0 (2020), 0 (2021), 0.01 (2022); Bread/Wheat/Grains/Cereal/Flour 0.1 (2020), 0.2 (2021), 0.2 (2022).
- Kuwait: Electricity 3.6 (2020), 3.9 (2021), 2.8 (2022); Gasoline 1.2 (2020), 1.2 (2021), 1.2 (2022); Other food/unspecified 0.86 (2020), 0.55 (2021), 0.44 (2022).
- Libya: Electricity 2.7 (2020), 0.6 (2021), . (2022); Energy Subsidies Total 16 (2020), 7.4 (2021), . (2022); Other fuel/unspecified 13 (2020), 6.8 (2021), . (2022).
- Mauritania: Diesel 0.005 (2020), 0.0037 (2021), 0.016 (2022); Electricity 0.024 (2020), 0.024 (2021), 0.03 (2022); Fuel and kerosene lines with small negative/rounded entries across years; Other fuel/unspecified -0.004 (2020), 0.0021 (2021), 0.009 (2022); Fertilizer 8E-04 (2020), 0.0025 (2021), 0.0039 (2022); Staple foods 0.003 (2020), 0.0015 (2021), 0.0042 (2022).
- Morocco: Other energy/unspecified 0.008 (2020), 1.1 (2021), 0.017 (2022); Bread/Wheat/Grains/Cereal/Flour 0.001 (2020), 0.002 (2021), 0.0033 (2022).
- Oman: Electricity 2.6 (2020), 1.7 (2021), 1.3 (2022); Gasoline 0.081 (2020), 0.12 (2021), 1.3 (2022).
- Pakistan: (Natural) gas . (2020), 0.17 (2021), 0.08 (2022); Diesel 0 (2020), 0.28 (2021), 0 (2022); Electricity . (2020), 0.76 (2021), 0.44 (2022); Electricity (circular debt related) . (2020), 0.84 (2021), 0.26 (2022); Electricity (new circular debt) 0.53 (2020), 1.3 (2021), . (2022); Fertilizer . (2020), 0.037 (2021), 0.026 (2022); Food (UCT) . (2020), 0.031 (2021), 0.021 (2022); Other food/unspecified . (2020), 0.024 (2021), 0.018 (2022).
- Saudi Arabia: Energy Subsidies Total 3.6 (2020), 5 (2021), . (2022).
- Sudan: Energy Subsidies Total 4.1 (2020), 2.9 (2021), 2.1 (2022); Bread/Wheat/Grains/Cereal/Flour 0.7 (2020), 0.5 (2021), 0.1 (2022).
- Tunisia: Diesel, gasoline, LPG, kerosene 1.1 (2020), 1.8 (2021), 2.9 (2022); Electricity and natural gas 0.084 (2020), 0.79 (2021), 2.3 (2022); Energy Subsidies Total 1.2 (2020), 2.5 (2021), 5.1 (2022).
- United Arab Emirates: Other energy/unspecified 2.7 (2020), 2.1 (2021), . (2022).
- West Bank and Gaza: Fuel 0.4 (2020), 0.43 (2021), 1 (2022).
- Yemen: Electricity 0.007 (2020), 0.01 (2021), 0.019 (2022).

### Sub‑Saharan Africa (Annex Table 3.7) — selected entries
- Angola: Other fuel/unspecified . 2.6 . (2021).
- Benin: Gasoline and Diesel 0 (2020), . 1 (2022); Total cost food subsidies . . 0.048 (2022).
- Burkina Faso: Energy Subsidies Total 1 (2020), 0.3 (2021), 0.7 (2022); Petroleum-derived products and gas 1 (2020), 0.3 (2021), 0.7 (2022); Bread/Wheat/Grains/Cereal/Flour . . 0.044 (2022); Sugar, rice, and vegetable oil . . 0.13 (2022).
- Cameroon: Energy . 0.5 (2021), 2.9 (2022); Energy Subsidies Total . 0.5 (2021), 2.9 (2022).
- Central African Republic: Other energy/unspecified 0.65 (2020), 0.4 (2021), 0.4 (2022).
- Chad: Energy Subsidies Total . 0.012 (2021), 1.1 (2022); Bread/Wheat/Grains/Cereal/Flour . . 0.7 (2022).
- Comoros: Diesel . . 0.5 (2022); Electricity . 0.54 (2021), 0.49 (2022); Gasoline . . 0.06 (2022); Kerosene . 0.28 (2021), 0.49 (2022); Bread/Wheat/Grains/Cereal/Flour . . 0.011 (2022).
- Côte d'Ivoire: Diesel and Gasoline (total) . . 1.2 (2022).
- DR Congo: Diesel . . 0.3 (2022); Energy Subsidies Total . . 0.56 (2022); Gasoline . . 0.2 (2022); Kerosene . . 0.061 (2022).
- Equatorial Guinea: Fuels (diesel, gasoline, kerosene, and Jet A-1) 0.3 (2020), 0.5 (2021), 0.7 (2022).
- Gabon: Other fuel/unspecified 0.14 (2020), 0.38 (2021), 0.8 (2022).
- Gambia, the: Energy Subsidies Total 0.12 (2020), 0.16 (2021), 0.69 (2022); Fertilizer 0.47 (2020), 0.19 (2021), 0.45 (2022).
- Ghana: Electricity 2.6 (2020), 1.5 (2021), 1.5 (2022).
- Guinea: Diesel . . 0.9 (2022); Energy Subsidies Total 0 (2020), 0 (2021), 2.3 (2022); Gasoline . . 1.4 (2022).
- Kenya: Energy Subsidies Total 0 (2020), 0 (2021), 0.8 (2022); Other energy/unspecified . . 0.02 (2022).
- Lesotho: multiple zeros across 2020–2022 for energy lines; Energy Subsidies Total 0 (2020), 0 (2021), 0.02 (2022).
- Madagascar: Diesel -0.24 (2020); Gasoline -0.16 (2020); Total for Diesel, Gasoline and Kerosene -0.41 (2020), 0.34 (2021), 1.7 (2022).
- Malawi: Fertilizer 0.89 (2020), 1.6 (2021), 0.89 (2022); Maize seed 0.18 (2020), 0.13 (2021), 0.06 (2022).
- Mauritius: Diesel . 0.43 (2021); Gasoline . 0.12 (2021); LPG 0.44 (2020), 0.3 (2021); Bread/Wheat/Grains/Cereal/Flour 0.46 (2020), 0.38 (2021).
- Nigeria: Gasoline 0.1 (2020), 1.1 (2021), 2.5 (2022).
- Rwanda: Energy Subsidies Total . . 0.3 (2022).
- Senegal: Diesel 0.043 (2020), 0.16 (2021), 0.91 (2022); Electricity 0.3 (2020), 1.1 (2021), 1.1 (2022); various food lines including Bread/Wheat/Grains/Cereal/Flour . . 0.31 (2022); Fertilizer 0.36 (2020), 0.32 (2021), 0.41 (2022).
- Sierra Leone: Electricity 0.36 (2020), 0.71 (2021), 0.98 (2022); Agriculture and food 0.001 (2020), 0.28 (2021), 0.092 (2022).
- South Africa:
  - Diesel 0.29 (2020), 0.29 (2021), 0.39 (2022).
  - Electricity 0.98 (2020), 0.61 (2021), 0.5 (2022).
  - Energy Subsidies Total 1.6 (2020), 1.3 (2021), 1.5 (2022).
  - Gasoline 0.37 (2020), 0.38 (2021), 0.55 (2022).
  - Other fuel/unspecified 0.015 (2020), 0.015 (2021), 0.052 (2022).
  - Other food/unspecified 0.56 (2020), 0.58 (2021), 0.62 (2022).
- Tanzania: Diesel . . 0.3 (2022); Energy Subsidies Total . . 0.3 (2022); Gasoline . . 0.3 (2022); Kerosene . . 0.3 (2022); Fertilizer . . 0.1 (2022).
- Togo: (Natural) gas 0.038 (2020), 0.037 (2021), . (2022); Diesel, gasoline, and Kerosene 0.11 (2020), 0.18 (2021), 2.1 (2022); Bread/Wheat/Grains/Cereal/Flour 2E-04 (2020), 0.0009 (2021), 0.1 (2022); VAT suspension on various imported food items . . 0.21 (2022).
- Zambia: Electricity 0.049 (2020), 0.055 (2021), 0 (2022); Fuel (diesel, petrol, kerosene) 1.5 (2020), 3.8 (2021), 2.3 (2022); Fertilizer 3.6 (2020), 3 (2021), 2.8 (2022).
- Zimbabwe: Fertilizer, seed, pesticides 0.81 (2020), 0.83 (2021), 0.36 (2022); Bread/Wheat/Grains/Cereal/Flour 0.15 (2020), 0.052 (2021); Other food/unspecified 0.04 (2020).

*Source: DEFPA, June 2022 Update, IMF.*

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_Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/wp/2023/english/wpiea2023074-print-pdf.pdf_