## _0599annpdf — World Economic Outlook Statistical Appendix (excerpt)

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---

### Exchange rate, oil price, and interest rate assumptions
- Exchange rate assumptions:
  - Average U.S. dollar/SDR conversion rate of 1.370 in 1999.
  - Average U.S. dollar/SDR conversion rate of 1.369 in 2000.
  - Established policies of national authorities are assumed to be maintained.
  - More specific policy assumptions underlying the projections for selected advanced economies are described in Box 1.1.
- Oil price assumption:
  - Price of oil assumed to average $12.00 a barrel in 1999.
  - Price of oil assumed to average $13.60 a barrel in 2000.
  - In the medium term, the oil price is assumed to remain unchanged in real terms.
- Interest rate assumptions:
  - London interbank offered rate (LIBOR) on six-month U.S. dollar deposits assumed to average 5.2 percent in 1999 and in 2000.
  - Six-month interbank deposit rate in Japan assumed to average 0.2 percent in 1999 and 0.3 percent in 2000.
  - Six-month interbank deposit rate for the euro assumed to average 3.0 percent in 1999 and 3.1 percent in 2000.

### Introduction — Euro conversion rates
- Council of the European Union decision (December 31, 1998): effective January 1, 1999, irrevocably fixed conversion rates between the euro and currencies of member states adopting the euro:
  - 1 euro = 40.3399 Belgian francs
  - 1 euro = 1.95583 Deutsche mark
  - 1 euro = 166.386 Spanish pesetas
  - 1 euro = 6.55957 French francs
  - 1 euro = 0.787564 Irish pound
  - 1 euro = 1,936.27 Italian lire
  - 1 euro = 40.3399 Luxembourg francs
  - 1 euro = 2.20371 Netherlands guilders
  - 1 euro = 13.7603 Austrian schillings
  - 1 euro = 200.482 Portuguese escudos
  - 1 euro = 5.94573 Finnish markkaa
- Reference: See Box 5.4 in the October 1998 World Economic Outlook for details on how the conversion rates were established.

### Data and conventions used in the World Economic Outlook database
- Coverage and maintenance:
  - Data and projections for 184 countries form the statistical basis for the World Economic Outlook (the World Economic Outlook database).
  - Data maintained jointly by the IMF’s Research Department and area departments.
- Sources and harmonization:
  - National statistical agencies are ultimate providers of historical data and definitions.
  - International organizations involved in harmonizing methodologies, analytical frameworks, concepts, definitions, classifications, and valuation procedures.
  - The World Economic Outlook database reflects information from national source agencies and international organizations.
- SNA and BPM revisions:
  - Completion in 1993 of the System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA) and the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual (BPM) represented important improvements.
  - IMF was actively involved, particularly with the new BPM.
  - Process of adapting country balance of payments data to BPM definitions began with the May 1995 World Economic Outlook; estimates only partially adapted pending national revisions.
- Composite construction conventions:
  - Country group composites are sums or weighted averages of individual countries.
  - Arithmetically weighted averages used for all data except inflation and money growth for developing and transition country groups (geometric averages used for those).
  - Exchange rates, interest rates, and growth rates of monetary aggregates: weighted by GDP converted to U.S. dollars at market exchange rates (averaged over the preceding three years) as a share of world or group GDP.
  - Domestic economy data (growth rates or ratios): weighted by GDP valued at purchasing power parities (PPPs) as a share of total world or group GDP.
  - Composite unemployment rates and employment growth: weighted by labor force as a share of group labor force.
  - External economy composites: sums after conversion to U.S. dollars at average market exchange rates in the years indicated for balance of payments data, and at end-of-year market exchange rates for debt denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars.
  - Composites of changes in foreign trade volumes and prices: arithmetic averages of percentage changes for individual countries weighted by the U.S. dollar value of exports or imports as a share of total world or group exports or imports (in the preceding year).
- Special conversions:
  - For central and eastern European countries, external transactions in nonconvertible currencies (through 1990) are converted to U.S. dollars at implicit U.S. dollar/ruble conversion rates from each country’s national currency exchange rate for the U.S. dollar and the ruble.
- Growth rate convention:
  - Unless otherwise indicated, multiyear averages of growth rates are expressed as compound annual rates of change.

### Classification of countries — structure and conventions
- Main groups:
  - World divided into three major groups: advanced economies, developing countries, and countries in transition.
  - Classification evolved to facilitate analysis; not based on strict criteria.
  - Some economies not included due to IMF membership or lack of compiled databases.
- Subgroups and notable distinctions:
  - Advanced economies subdivided (e.g., seven largest = major industrial countries; European Union (15), euro area (11), newly industrialized Asian economies).
  - Developing countries classified by region and analytical/other groups; special regional breakdowns include sub-Sahara, sub-Sahara excluding Nigeria and South Africa, and Asia excluding China and India.
  - Countries in transition divided into central and eastern Europe, Russia, and Transcaucasus and central Asia.
- Analytical classification criteria for developing countries:
  - By source of export earnings: fuel (SITC 3); manufactures (SITC 5 to 9, less 68); nonfuel primary products (SITC 0, 1, 2, 4, and 68); services, income, and private transfers; diversified.
    - Countries whose 1990–93 export earnings in any of the first four categories accounted for more than half of total export earnings are allocated to that group; otherwise classified as diversified (see Table C).
  - By external financing source: net creditor vs net debtor.
    - Net creditor countries: developing countries with positive net external assets at end-1997 (or substantial cumulated current account surplus over past 25 years where data unavailable).
    - Net debtor countries further classified by main external financing source (official financing, private financing, diversified financing) based on 1993–97 composition: more than two-thirds from one source to classify into that subgroup.
  - By debt-servicing experience: distinction between countries with arrears and/or rescheduling during 1993–97 (60 countries in that period) and other net debtor countries.
- Other groups:
  - Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs): 40 countries (all except Nigeria) considered by IMF and World Bank for HIPC Initiative.
  - Least developed countries: 46 of the 47 UN-designated least developed countries (Tuvalu excluded as not IMF member).
  - Middle East and north Africa (MENA): defined as Arab League countries plus the Islamic Republic of Iran; composition straddles Africa and Middle East and Europe regions.

### Key statistical tables and headline figures (selected extracts)
- Table A: Classification by WEO groups and their shares in aggregate PPP-valued GDP, exports of goods and services, and population, 1998 (percent shares and number of countries):
  - Advanced economies: Number of countries 28; GDP share 55.4 percent of world; exports share 77.9 percent of world; population share 15.6 percent of world.
  - Developing countries: Number of countries 128; GDP share 39.8 percent; exports share 17.7 percent; population share 75.5 percent.
  - Countries in transition: Number of countries 28; GDP share 4.8 percent; exports share 4.4 percent; population share 6.9 percent.
- Table 1. Summary of World Output (Real GDP, annual percent change):
  - World growth, selected years/averages:
    - Ten-Year Averages 1981–90: World 3.4
    - Ten-Year Averages 1991–2000: World 3.1
    - 1998: World 4.2
    - 1999: World 2.5
    - 2000: World 2.3
  - Advanced economies:
    - Ten-Year Averages 1981–90: 3.1
    - Ten-Year Averages 1991–2000: 2.3
    - 1998: 3.2; 1999: 2.2; 2000: 2.3
  - Developing countries:
    - Ten-Year Averages 1981–90: 4.2
    - Ten-Year Averages 1991–2000: 5.4
    - 1998: 5.7; 1999: 3.3; 2000: 3.1
  - Countries in transition:
    - Ten-Year Averages 1981–90: 2.1
    - Ten-Year Averages 1991–2000: –3.2
    - 1998: –0.2; 1999: –0.9; 2000: 2.5
- Selected macro aggregates (Table 22, world trade):
  - World trade volume (goods and services), 1998: 9.9 percent; 1999: 3.3 percent; 2000: 3.8 percent.
  - Price deflator in U.S. dollars for world trade, 1998: –5.9 percent; 1999: –3.7 percent; 2000: 0.5 percent.
  - World exports in billions of U.S. dollars (goods and services):
    - 1991: 2,866
    - 1998: 6,569
    - 2000: 7,482
- Inflation (Table 8):
  - Advanced economies consumer prices: Ten-Year Averages 1981–90: 5.6 percent; 1991–2000: 2.5 percent; 1998: 2.1 percent; 1999: 1.6 percent; 2000: 1.4 percent.
  - Developing countries consumer prices: Ten-Year Averages 1981–90: 39.0 percent; 1991–2000: 23.6 percent; 1998: 14.3 percent; 1999: 10.4 percent; 2000: 8.8 percent.
- Financial indicators (Table 14, selected):
  - Advanced economies central government fiscal balance (percent of GDP), 1999: –1.2; 2000: –0.9.
  - Growth of broad money (advanced economies), 1998: 6.7 percent.
  - Short-term interest rates (LIBOR), 1999: 5.2 percent.
- Current account (Table 27, summary):
  - Total world errors/omissions and residuals (Total): 1991: –117.8 billion; 1999: –123.5 billion; 2000: –134.6 billion.
  - Advanced economies current account balance, 1999: –39.9 billion; 2000: –40.6 billion.
  - Developing countries current account balance, 1999: –70.5 billion; 2000: –83.4 billion.
- External debt and debt service (Table 38):
  - Developing countries total external debt (billions of U.S. dollars):
    - 1991: 1,245.0; 1998: 1,922.0; 1999: 1,942.3; 2000: 2,013.1
  - Debt-service payments (developing countries, billions):
    - 1991: 149.9; 1998: 302.9; 1999: 306.3
  - Debt-service ratios (Table 42, percent of exports of goods and services):
    - Developing countries debt-service payments, 1991: 26.4 percent; 1998: 24.7 percent; 1999: 23.0 percent.

### Medium-Term Baseline Scenario (summary)
- Table 45: World medium-term baseline scenario (annual percent change unless noted):
  - World real GDP: 1999: 2.3; 2000: 3.4; 2001–2004 average: 4.1
  - Advanced economies real GDP: 1999: 2.2; 2000: 2.3; 2001–2004 average: 2.8
  - Developing countries real GDP: 1999: 3.3; 2000: 3.1; 2001–2004 average: 5.8
  - World trade volume (goods and services): 1999: 3.3; 2000: 3.8; 2001–2004 average: 6.2
  - World prices in U.S. dollars:
    - Manufactures, 1999: –1.5; 2000: 2.3
    - Oil, 1999: –32.1; 2000: –8.3; 2001–2004 average: 13.4
    - Nonfuel primary commodities, 1999: –14.8; 2000: –4.0; 2001–2004 average: 1.8
  - Consumer prices:
    - Advanced economies, 1999: 1.6; 2000: 1.4; 2001–2004 average: 1.9
    - Developing countries, 1999: 9.4; 2000: 10.4; 2001–2004 average: 6.3
- Table 46: Developing countries — selected indicators under medium-term baseline:
  - Developing countries real GDP: 1999: 3.3; 2000: 3.1; 2001–2004 average: 5.8
  - Developing countries current account balance (percent of exports of goods and services): 1999: –7.7; 2000: –5.7; 2001–2004 average: –6.4
  - Developing countries total external debt (percent of exports of goods and services): 1999: 158.1; 2000: 151.2; 2001–2004 average: 128.3
  - Developing countries debt-service payments (percent of exports of goods and services): 1999: 24.0; 2000: 24.7; 2001–2004 average: 23.0

### World Economic and Financial Surveys series overview and selected IMF publications
- Series (ISSN 0258-7440) contains biannual, annual, and periodic studies covering monetary and financial issues of importance to the global economy.
- Core elements: World Economic Outlook report (usually published in May and October) and the annual report on International Capital Markets.
- Selected titles and details (excerpted):
  - Issues in International Exchange and Payments Systems — Price: $20.00 (academic rate: $12.00); paper. Publication details: 1998. ISBN 1-55775-702-X. Stock #WEO-1397.
  - Staff Studies for the World Economic Outlook — Price: $25.00 (academic rate: $20.00); paper. Publication details: 1995. ISBN 1-55775-480-2. Stock #WEO-895.
  - International Capital Markets: Developments, Prospects, and Key Policy Issues — Price: $25.00 (academic rate: $20.00); paper. Publication details: 1997. ISBN 1-55775-701-1. Stock #WEO-397.
  - Private Market Financing for Developing Countries — Price: $20.00 (academic rate: $12.00); paper. Publication details: 1997. ISBN 1-55775-686-4. Stock #WEO-697.
  - Toward a Framework for Financial Stability — Price: $25.00 (academic rate: $20.00); paper. Publication details: 1995. ISBN 1-55775-526-4. Stock #WEO-1595.
  - Trade Liberalization in IMF-Supported Programs — Price: $25.00 (academic rate: $20.00); paper. Publication details: 1998. ISBN 1-55775-706-2. Stock #WEO-016.
- Series availability: by series subscription or single title (including back issues); academic rate available only to full-time university faculty and students.

### Ordering and contact information
- Address: International Monetary Fund, Publication Services, 700 19th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20431, U.S.A.
- Tel.: (202) 623-7430
- Telefax: (202) 623-7201
- E-mail: publications@imf.org
- Internet: http://www.imf.org

*Source: _0599annpdf - 3.1 percent in 2000. World Economic Outlook Statistical Appendix (IMF). Canonical URL: https://www.imf.org/-/media/websites/imf/imported-flagship-issues/external/pubs/ft/weo/1999/01/_0599annpdf.pdf*

### 1999. For 1999 and 2000, these assumptions imply av-

### _0599annpdf - 1999. For 1999 and 2000, these assumptions imply av-

### Exchange rate assumptions
- Average U.S. dollar/SDR conversion rate of 1.370 in 1999.
- Average U.S. dollar/SDR conversion rate of 1.369 in 2000.
- Established policies of national authorities are assumed to be maintained.
- More specific policy assumptions underlying the projections for selected advanced economies are described in Box 1.1.

### Oil price assumption
- Price of oil assumed to average $12.00 a barrel in 1999.
- Price of oil assumed to average $13.60 a barrel in 2000.
- In the medium term, the oil price is assumed to remain unchanged in real terms.

### Interest rate assumptions
- London interbank offered rate (LIBOR) on six-month U.S. dollar deposits assumed to average 5.2 percent in 1999 and in 2000.
- Six-month interbank deposit rate in Japan assumed to average 0.2 percent in 1999 and 0.3 percent in 2000.
- Six-month interbank deposit rate for the euro assumed to average 3.0 percent in 1999 and [text truncated in source].

*Source: _0599annpdf - 1999. For 1999 and 2000, these assumptions imply av-*

### 3.1 percent in 2000.

### _0599annpdf - 3.1 percent in 2000.

### Introduction — Euro conversion rates
- Council of the European Union decision (December 31, 1998): effective January 1, 1999, irrevocably fixed conversion rates between the euro and currencies of member states adopting the euro:
  - 1 euro = 40.3399 Belgian francs
  - = 1.95583 Deutsche mark
  - = 166.386 Spanish pesetas
  - = 6.55957 French francs
  - = 0.787564 Irish pound
  - = 1,936.27 Italian lire
  - = 40.3399 Luxembourg francs
  - = 2.20371 Netherlands guilders
  - = 13.7603 Austrian schillings
  - = 200.482 Portuguese escudos
  - = 5.94573 Finnish markkaa
- See Box 5.4 in the October 1998 World Economic Outlook for details on how the conversion rates were established.

### Data and conventions used in the World Economic Outlook database
- Coverage and maintenance:
  - Data and projections for 184 countries form the statistical basis for the World Economic Outlook (the World Economic Outlook database).
  - Data maintained jointly by the IMF’s Research Department and area departments.
- Sources and harmonization:
  - National statistical agencies are ultimate providers of historical data and definitions.
  - International organizations involved in harmonizing methodologies, analytical frameworks, concepts, definitions, classifications, and valuation procedures.
  - The World Economic Outlook database reflects information from national source agencies and international organizations.
- SNA and BPM revisions:
  - Completion in 1993 of the System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA) and the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual (BPM) represented important improvements.
  - IMF was actively involved, particularly with the new BPM.
  - Process of adapting country balance of payments data to BPM definitions began with the May 1995 World Economic Outlook; estimates only partially adapted pending national revisions.
- Composite construction conventions:
  - Country group composites are sums or weighted averages of individual countries.
  - Arithmetically weighted averages used for all data except inflation and money growth for developing and transition country groups (geometric averages used for those).
  - Exchange rates, interest rates, and growth rates of monetary aggregates: weighted by GDP converted to U.S. dollars at market exchange rates (averaged over the preceding three years) as a share of world or group GDP.
  - Domestic economy data (growth rates or ratios): weighted by GDP valued at purchasing power parities (PPPs) as a share of total world or group GDP.
  - Composite unemployment rates and employment growth: weighted by labor force as a share of group labor force.
  - External economy composites: sums after conversion to U.S. dollars at average market exchange rates in the years indicated for balance of payments data, and at end-of-year market exchange rates for debt denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars.
  - Composites of changes in foreign trade volumes and prices: arithmetic averages of percentage changes for individual countries weighted by the U.S. dollar value of exports or imports as a share of total world or group exports or imports (in the preceding year).
- Special conversions:
  - For central and eastern European countries, external transactions in nonconvertible currencies (through 1990) are converted to U.S. dollars at implicit U.S. dollar/ruble conversion rates from each country’s national currency exchange rate for the U.S. dollar and the ruble.
- Growth rate convention:
  - Unless otherwise indicated, multiyear averages of growth rates are expressed as compound annual rates of change.

### Classification of countries — structure and conventions
- Main groups:
  - World divided into three major groups: advanced economies, developing countries, and countries in transition.
  - Classification evolved to facilitate analysis; not based on strict criteria.
  - Some economies not included due to IMF membership or lack of compiled databases.
- Subgroups and notable distinctions:
  - Advanced economies subdivided (e.g., seven largest = major industrial countries; European Union (15), euro area (11), newly industrialized Asian economies).
  - Developing countries classified by region and analytical/other groups; special regional breakdowns include sub-Sahara, sub-Sahara excluding Nigeria and South Africa, and Asia excluding China and India.
  - Countries in transition divided into central and eastern Europe, Russia, and Transcaucasus and central Asia.
- Analytical classification criteria for developing countries:
  - By source of export earnings: fuel (SITC 3); manufactures (SITC 5 to 9, less 68); nonfuel primary products (SITC 0, 1, 2, 4, and 68); services, income, and private transfers; diversified.
    - Countries whose 1990–93 export earnings in any of the first four categories accounted for more than half of total export earnings are allocated to that group; otherwise classified as diversified (see Table C).
  - By external financing source: net creditor vs net debtor.
    - Net creditor countries: developing countries with positive net external assets at end-1997 (or substantial cumulated current account surplus over past 25 years where data unavailable).
    - Net debtor countries further classified by main external financing source (official financing, private financing, diversified financing) based on 1993–97 composition: more than two-thirds from one source to classify into that subgroup.
  - By debt-servicing experience: distinction between countries with arrears and/or rescheduling during 1993–97 (60 countries in that period) and other net debtor countries.
- Other groups:
  - Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs): 40 countries (all except Nigeria) considered by IMF and World Bank for HIPC Initiative.
  - Least developed countries: 46 of the 47 UN-designated least developed countries (Tuvalu excluded as not IMF member).
  - Middle East and north Africa (MENA): defined as Arab League countries plus the Islamic Republic of Iran; composition straddles Africa and Middle East and Europe regions.

### Key statistical tables and headline figures (selected extracts)
- Table A: Classification by WEO groups and their shares in aggregate PPP-valued GDP, exports of goods and services, and population, 1998 (percent shares and number of countries).
  - Advanced economies: Number of countries 28; GDP share 55.4 percent of world; exports share 77.9 percent of world; population share 15.6 percent of world.
  - Developing countries: Number of countries 128; GDP share 39.8 percent; exports share 17.7 percent; population share 75.5 percent.
  - Countries in transition: Number of countries 28; GDP share 4.8 percent; exports share 4.4 percent; population share 6.9 percent.
- Table 1. Summary of World Output (Real GDP, annual percent change)
  - World growth, selected years/averages:
    - Ten-Year Averages 1981–90: World 3.4
    - Ten-Year Averages 1991–2000: World 3.1
    - 1998: World 4.2
    - 1999: World 2.5
    - 2000: World 2.3
  - Advanced economies:
    - Ten-Year Averages 1981–90: 3.1
    - Ten-Year Averages 1991–2000: 2.3
    - 1998: 3.2; 1999: 2.2; 2000: 2.3
  - Developing countries:
    - Ten-Year Averages 1981–90: 4.2
    - Ten-Year Averages 1991–2000: 5.4
    - 1998: 5.7; 1999: 3.3; 2000: 3.1
  - Countries in transition:
    - Ten-Year Averages 1981–90: 2.1
    - Ten-Year Averages 1991–2000: –3.2
    - 1998: –0.2; 1999: –0.9; 2000: 2.5
- Selected macro aggregates (Table 22, world trade)
  - World trade volume (goods and services), 1998: 9.9 percent; 1999: 3.3 percent; 2000: 3.8 percent.
  - Price deflator in U.S. dollars for world trade, 1998: –5.9 percent; 1999: –3.7 percent; 2000: 0.5 percent.
  - World exports in billions of U.S. dollars (goods and services):
    - 1991: 2,866
    - 1998: 6,569
    - 2000: 7,482
- Inflation (Table 8)
  - Advanced economies consumer prices: Ten-Year Averages 1981–90: 5.6 percent; 1991–2000: 2.5 percent; 1998: 2.1 percent; 1999: 1.6 percent; 2000: 1.4 percent.
  - Developing countries consumer prices: Ten-Year Averages 1981–90: 39.0 percent; 1991–2000: 23.6 percent; 1998: 14.3 percent; 1999: 10.4 percent; 2000: 8.8 percent.
- Financial indicators (Table 14, selected)
  - Advanced economies central government fiscal balance (percent of GDP), 1999: –1.2; 2000: –0.9.
  - Growth of broad money (advanced economies), 1998: 6.7 percent.
  - Short-term interest rates (LIBOR), 1999: 5.2 percent.
- Current account (Table 27, summary)
  - Total world errors/omissions and residuals (Total): 1991: –117.8 billion; 1999: –123.5 billion; 2000: –134.6 billion.
  - Advanced economies current account balance, 1999: –39.9 billion; 2000: –40.6 billion.
  - Developing countries current account balance, 1999: –70.5 billion; 2000: –83.4 billion.
- External debt and debt service (Table 38)
  - Developing countries total external debt (billions of U.S. dollars):
    - 1991: 1,245.0; 1998: 1,922.0; 1999: 1,942.3; 2000: 2,013.1
  - Debt-service payments (developing countries, billions):
    - 1991: 149.9; 1998: 302.9; 1999: 306.3
  - Debt-service ratios (Table 42, percent of exports of goods and services):
    - Developing countries debt-service payments, 1991: 26.4 percent; 1998: 24.7 percent; 1999: 23.0 percent.

### Medium-Term Baseline Scenario (summary)
- Table 45: World medium-term baseline scenario (annual percent change unless noted)
  - World real GDP: 1999: 2.3; 2000: 3.4; 2001–2004 average: 4.1
  - Advanced economies real GDP: 1999: 2.2; 2000: 2.3; 2001–2004 average: 2.8
  - Developing countries real GDP: 1999: 3.3; 2000: 3.1; 2001–2004 average: 5.8
  - World trade volume (goods and services): 1999: 3.3; 2000: 3.8; 2001–2004 average: 6.2
  - World prices in U.S. dollars:
    - Manufactures, 1999: –1.5; 2000: 2.3
    - Oil, 1999: –32.1; 2000: –8.3; 2001–2004 average: 13.4
    - Nonfuel primary commodities, 1999: –14.8; 2000: –4.0; 2001–2004 average: 1.8
  - Consumer prices:
    - Advanced economies, 1999: 1.6; 2000: 1.4; 2001–2004 average: 1.9
    - Developing countries, 1999: 9.4; 2000: 10.4; 2001–2004 average: 6.3
- Table 46: Developing countries — selected indicators under medium-term baseline
  - Developing countries real GDP: 1999: 3.3; 2000: 3.1; 2001–2004 average: 5.8
  - Developing countries current account balance (percent of exports of goods and services): 1999: –7.7; 2000: –5.7; 2001–2004 average: –6.4
  - Developing countries total external debt (percent of exports of goods and services): 1999: 158.1; 2000: 151.2; 2001–2004 average: 128.3
  - Developing countries debt-service payments (percent of exports of goods and services): 1999: 24.0; 2000: 24.7; 2001–2004 average: 23.0

*Source: _0599annpdf - 3.1 percent in 2000. World Economic Outlook Statistical Appendix (IMF). Canonical URL: https://www.imf.org/-/media/websites/imf/imported-flagship-issues/external/pubs/ft/weo/1999/01/_0599annpdf.pdf*

### 1998. ISBN 1-55775-702-X. Stock #WEO-1397.

### _0599annpdf - 1998. ISBN 1-55775-702-X. Stock #WEO-1397.

### World Economic and Financial Surveys series overview
- Series (ISSN 0258-7440) contains biannual, annual, and periodic studies covering monetary and financial issues of importance to the global economy.
- Core elements: World Economic Outlook report (usually published in May and October) and the annual report on International Capital Markets.
- Other studies assess: international trade policy, private market and official financing for developing countries, exchange and payments systems, export credit policies, and issues discussed in the World Economic Outlook.
- Availability: by series subscription or single title (including back issues); academic rate available only to full-time university faculty and students.
- The IMF Catalog of Publications is available on-line (address provided in source).

### Selected titles, authorship, and key descriptions
- Issues in International Exchange and Payments Systems
  - by a staff team from the IMF’s Monetary and Exchange Affairs Department
  - Description: The global trend toward liberalization in countries’ international exchange and payments systems has been widespread in both industrial and developing countries and most dramatic in central and eastern Europe. Countries in general have brought their exchange systems more in line with market principles and moved toward more flexible exchange rate arrangements in recent years.
  - Price: $20.00 (academic rate: $12.00); paper.
  - Publication details in source header: 1998. ISBN 1-55775-702-X. Stock #WEO-1397.

- Staff Studies for the World Economic Outlook
  - by the IMF’s Research Department
  - Description: These studies, supporting analyses and scenarios of the World Economic Outlook, provide a detailed examination of theory and evidence on major issues currently affecting the global economy.
  - Price: $25.00 (academic rate: $20.00); paper.
  - Publication details in source header: 1995. ISBN 1-55775-480-2. Stock #WEO-895.

- International Capital Markets: Developments, Prospects, and Key Policy Issues
  - by a staff team led by Charles Adams, Donald J. Mathieson, Garry Schinasi, and Bankim Chadha
  - Description: The 1998 report provides a comprehensive survey of recent developments and trends in the advanced and emerging capital markets, focusing on financial market behavior during the Asian crisis, policy lessons for dealing with volatility in capital flows, banking sector developments in the advanced and emerging markets, initiatives in banking system supervision and regulation, and the financial infrastructure for managing systemic risk in EMU.
  - Price: $25.00 (academic rate: $20.00); paper.
  - Publication details in source header: 1997. ISBN 1-55775-701-1. Stock #WEO-397.

- Private Market Financing for Developing Countries
  - by a staff team from the IMF’s Policy Development and Review Department led by Steven Dunaway
  - Description: Surveys recent trends in flows to developing countries through banking and securities markets; analyzes institutional and regulatory framework for developing country finance; institutional investor behavior and pricing of developing country stocks; and progress in commercial bank debt restructuring in low-income countries.
  - Price: $20.00 (academic rate: $12.00); paper.
  - Publication details in source header: 1997. ISBN 1-55775-686-4. Stock #WEO-697.

- Toward a Framework for Financial Stability
  - by a staff team led by David Folkerts-Landau and Carl-Johan Lindgren
  - Description: Outlines the broad principles and characteristics of stable and sound financial systems, to facilitate IMF surveillance over banking sector issues of macroeconomic significance and to contribute to the general international effort to reduce the likelihood and diminish the intensity of future financial sector crises.
  - Price: $25.00 (academic rate: $20.00); paper.
  - Publication details in source header: 1995. ISBN 1-55775-526-4. Stock #WEO-1595.

- Trade Liberalization in IMF-Supported Programs
  - by a staff team led by Robert Sharer
  - Description: Assesses trade liberalization in programs supported by the IMF by reviewing multiyear arrangements in the 1990s and six detailed case studies; discusses the main economic factors affecting trade policy targets.
  - Price: $25.00 (academic rate: $20.00); paper.
  - Publication details in source header: 1998. ISBN 1-55775-706-2. Stock #WEO-016.

### Ordering and contact information (as provided)
- Address: International Monetary Fund, Publication Services, 700 19th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20431, U.S.A.
- Tel.: (202) 623-7430
- Telefax: (202) 623-7201
- E-mail: publications@imf.org
- Internet: http://www.imf.org

*Content extracted from the provided IMF PDF material.*

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_Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/websites/imf/imported-flagship-issues/external/pubs/ft/weo/1999/01/_0599annpdf.pdf_