## _cr06226 — EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ## Source details **Canonical URL:** [_cr06226 — EXECUTIVE SUMMARY](https://www.imf.org/-/media/websites/imf/imported-full-text-pdf/external/pubs/ft/scr/2006/_cr06226.pdf) ## Other formats - [Markdown version](/-/media/websites/imf/imported-full-text-pdf/external/pubs/ft/scr/2006/_cr06226.pdf.md) - [Structured JSON version](/-/media/websites/imf/imported-full-text-pdf/external/pubs/ft/scr/2006/_cr06226.pdf.json) --- ### INTRODUCTION - Third Annual Progress Report on the implementation of the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS) in 2004. - Purpose: monitor and evaluate achievements and impacts of programmes using indicators, triggers and targets across the five GPRS thematic areas. - Report inputs include sector MDAs, participatory M&E by NDPC, five PSIAs, and the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). - Outputs include status of GPRS communication strategy, linkages with the 2004 Budget, DACF/HIPC updates, core indicator tracking, and assessment of progress toward the MDGs. ### MONITORING & EVALUATION (M&E): COVERAGE, INSTITUTIONS, CAPACITY - Demand and ownership: - Increasing demand from MoFEP and Development Partners; low demand from other stakeholders due to limited awareness and perceived technical nature of APR. - Recommendation: more extensive and intensive dissemination; include support for GPRS M&E in annual performance contracts between Chief Directors and the Head of Civil Service. - Persistent data collection challenges (as in 2003 APR): - lack of feedback and incentives for MDA/Region/District staff; - inconsistencies between regional and district data; - differing M&E needs across stakeholders; - inadequate resources for M&E at all levels. - Institutional arrangements and status: - GPRS M&E Technical Committee proposed in the M&E Plan has not been established. - Need for greater coordination/harmonisation among MOFEP, NDPC, OOP, MLGRD, GSS, OHCS. - National Interagency Poverty Monitoring Groups (NIPMGs) active; Regional Poverty Monitoring Groups (RPMGs) inaugurated in eight (8) regions in 2004; District Poverty Monitoring Groups (DPMGs) not set up due to constraints. - Participatory M&E: - NDPC conducted a PM&E exercise late Q3 2004: sample of 1000 households from four randomly selected districts stratified into three poverty panels. - Focus on safe drinking water, sanitation, health access, primary education, quality, affordability, responsiveness, and perceived macroeconomic impact. - Poverty Social Impact Assessments (PSIAs): - Five PSIAs used: Economic transformation of agriculture; Tackling vulnerability and exclusion; Electricity tariffs; Enhancing capacity for pro-poor decentralisation (draft); Petroleum pricing policy (commissioned/drafted). - Findings used to inform policy; gender dimension often weak; dissemination of PSIA results largely pending. ### PARTICIPATION, COMMUNICATIONS, AND SEA - GPRS communication strategy implementation initiated in 2004: simplified GPRS translated into seven local languages; NDPC website launched; APR disseminated to all 10 regional capitals; two GPRS Bulletins produced. - Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA): - SEA Report finalized and approved in 2004. - SEA products finalized in 2004: three-volume report, Manual for MDAs/DAs/NGOs, NDPC SEA guidelines, Advisory Notes, pictorial brochure, SEA poster. Printing/dissemination planned for 2005. - SEA recommendations cover rural environment (primary source of more than 50% of GDP), natural resource conservation, sustainable development, disaster prevention, “green” taxes, gender equity (women’s access to land), environmental health and water, private sector considerations. - Example uptake: Bamboo and Rattan Regeneration Centres set up by Ministry of Lands and Forestry; Community Forest Resource Management Committees established. ### LINK BETWEEN THE BUDGET AND THE GPRS - Macroeconomic alignment: - Common objectives: reduce domestic debt; reduce inflation to single digits; increase revenue mobilization; pursue zero net domestic financing; rationalize expenditure through monitoring. - Budget process linkages: - Workshops for MDAs on MTEP; MDAs required to show GPRS progress and gaps to 2005; NDPC represented at budget preparation. - Key budget outcomes and figures (selected exact figures preserved): - Social Sector allocation increased: GPRS target 34.3% → Budget 2004 38.8%. - GoG spending in Social Sector: 55.1% of MDAs discretionary spending (CAGD reported), exceeding budget target of 48.1%. - Economic Services sector allocation declined: from 18.02% (2002) to 8.9% (2004) — below GPRS target of 10.3%. - Agriculture sub-sector allocation declined from 7.1% (2001) to 3.03% (2004). - Infrastructure share in 2004: 10.93% (GPRS target 19.1%). - Donor actual expenditure 2004: ¢5.8 trillion (more than double the 2004 budget target of ¢2.492 trillion). - Poverty-related spending: - 2004 planned poverty-related expenditures: 27.97% of total Govt exp.; 2004 actual: 28.13% (slightly exceeded planned). - Total poverty reduction exp. (¢billion): 2004 Actual ¢6,122.61 (2004 Budget ¢5,456.21). - Selected poverty spending items (¢billion, preserved): - Basic education 2004 Actual: ¢2,969.76 - Primary Health Care 2004 Actual: ¢1,088.20 - Poverty Focused Agriculture 2004 Actual: ¢145.05 - Rural Water 2004 Actual: ¢111.99 - Feeder Roads 2004 Actual: ¢337.98 - Rural electrification 2004 Actual: ¢187.81 - HIPC allocations (selected): macro stability/domestic debt servicing ¢301.4 billion; education ¢393.62 billion; health ¢178 billion; water & sanitation ¢79 billion; private sector/agriculture/infrastructure ¢677 billion; modernization of agriculture ¢72 billion; energy SHEP ¢228 billion; good governance ¢125 billion for 2004 elections. - Budget performance indicators (Table 2.1 snapshots, exact preserved entries): - Real GDP growth: GPRS 2004 targets 5.0; BUDGET 2004 5.2; Status 2004 5.8; GPRS 2005 targets 5.0. - Inflation Annual: GPRS 8.0; BUDGET 2004 Under 10%; Status 2004 12.6; GPRS 2005 targets 6.0. - Budget deficit as % of GDP: GPRS 1.6; BUDGET 2004 1.7; Status 2004 3.2; GPRS 2005 targets 0.6. - Ratio of revenues (excluding grants) to GDP: GPRS 22.5; BUDGET 2004 22.5; Status 2004 23.8; GPRS 2005 targets 22.3. ### ACHIEVEMENTS OF 2004 BUDGET INITIATIVES (selected) - Tax measures (fully implemented): - Individual income tax threshold raised from 1.2m to 1.5m. - Top bracket: income exceeding 60m (was 48m) attracts 30%. - Corporate tax reduced from 32.5% to 30%; first time listed companies 25%. - 5 year tax holiday for agro and waste processing firms implemented. - Non-tax revenue and automation: - Non-Tax receipts: ¢1,136.3 billion (exceeded budgeted estimates by nearly 68%); represented 1.4 percent of GDP (2004) vs 0.5 percent of GDP (2003). - GCMS deployed to Aflao (operational); Elubo to be operational in March 2005. - Financial sector reforms: - Venture Capital Fund Bill and Long Term Savings Bill passed by Parliament. - Central Settlement and Depository System (CSDS) made operational initially for government securities. - Petroleum sector: - Preparatory work for deregulation carried out in 2004; TOR operations restricted to processing crude; private OMCs agreed to finance procurement/importation of shortfall finished products. - Policy recommendations (selected): - Strengthen MTEF and link between Budget and APR; strengthen gender budgeting; circulate APR-2004 policy initiatives to Chief Directors and PPMEs for 2006 Budget planning. ### DISTRICT FINANCE, DACF, IGF, AND HIPC - DACF disbursements 2004: - Disbursements by Administrator to districts: ¢857,172,000,000 (Grand TOTAL). - Four quarterly releases to MMDAs: ¢771,454,800,000; remainder ¢85,717,200,000 to MP’s Fund, Reserve fund, Administration. - Regional DACF totals 2004 (selected exact figures preserved): ASHANTI ¢112,646,855,808 (15%); BRONG AHAFO ¢106,316,594,164 (14%); NORTHERN ¢104,772,944,274 (14%). - DACF utilisation (2004): - Total utilized for development projects/programmes: ¢593,544,509,824 (2003: ¢403,864,538,000). - Major expenditure shares: Governance & Local Government Administration 46%; Production & Employment 23%; Basic Education 17%; Water & Sanitation 12%. - Observation: large proportion spent on governance/administration not fully aligned with DACF guidelines. - Internally Generated Funds (IGF) by DAs: - TOTAL IGF by year (Amounts in Cedis): - 2000: ¢70,357,045,141 - 2001: ¢95,685,687,891 - 2002: ¢142,897,520,545 - 2003: ¢188,775,332,515 - 2004: ¢225,819,115,201 - Composition averages (2000–2004): Fees & fines ~32%; Rates ~23%; Licences ~15%; Lands ~13%; Miscellaneous ~10%; Investment ~3%; Rent ~4%; Health ~2%. - Regional TOTAL IGF 2004 selected: Greater Accra ¢85,726,748,624; Ashanti ¢40,212,592,864; Western ¢34,339,657,784. - Comparing DACF to IGF: - IGF as % of DACF declined from 54% (2002) to 26% (2004). - Recommendation: independent verification/audit of IGF declarations; MLGRD to insist on compliance with revised Financial Memoranda replacing Act 59. - HIPC relief funds 2004: - Total HIPC disbursements 2004: ¢1,816,861,751,626.46 (100.00%). - Selected allocations (exact preserved): - BANK OF GHANA (Payment for Domestic Debt): ¢301,400,000,000.00 — 16.59% - Ministry of Local Government & Rural Dev.: ¢294,727,354,384.03 — 16.22% - Ministry of Education Youth & Sports: ¢287,809,895,286.29 — 15.84% - Ministry of Works & Housing: ¢149,000,041,538.84 — 8.20% - Ministry of Energy: ¢116,116,806,326.36 — 6.39% - Ministry of Health: ¢110,926,091,856.21 — 6.11% - Total HIPC transfers: 2002 ¢268,822,659,999; 2003 ¢842,078,572,861; 2004 ¢1,816,861,751,626. - Concern: absence of clear budget/guidelines for HIPC disbursement to MDAs; recommendation: Ministry of Finance to adopt transparent allocation formula/budget. ### MACROECONOMIC STABILITY AND PERFORMANCE (2004) - Growth and sectoral contributions: - GDP growth 2004: 5.8% (budget projection 5.2%; GPRS medium-term target 5.0%). - Real per capita GDP growth 2004 Actual: 3.2 (Table data). - Agriculture growth 2004: 7.5%; cocoa sub-sector surge 29.9% (mass spraying and better husbandry). - Industry growth 2004: 5.1%; Services 4.7%. - Inflation and exchange rates: - End-2004 inflation rate: 11.8%; annual inflation Status 2004 12.6. - Food component decreased from 21.5% (Dec 2003) to 15.5% (Dec 2004). - Cedi depreciation 2004: 2.2% against the dollar; 12.1% against the pound; 10.7% against the euro. - Fiscal/monetary and debt indicators: - Domestic revenue as % of GDP: 23.8% in 2004 (from 20.7% in 2002). - Overall budget deficit 2004: 3.2% of GDP (target 1.7%; 2003 deficit 3.4%). - Domestic debt/GDP ratio: 26.8% (2001); 22.6% (2003); 17.6% (2004) [other tables cite 15.2% end-2004 in alternate reporting—source preserves multiple series]. - HIPC funds applied to domestic debt: ¢301.4 billion (16.4% of HIPC funds). - 91-day Treasury Bill rate: declined from 18.71% (end-2003) to 17.08% (end-2004). - Commercial bank base rates: reduced from average 29% to 25.4% in 2004. - Credit to private sector growth: 31.3% in 2004. - Policy actions implemented: - Reduction/restructuring of domestic debt; issuance of Medium Term Bonds (2-3 year Floating Rate Notes and Fixed Rate Notes). - Public Financial Management reforms: Financial Administration Regulations 2004 (LI 1802) passed; nationwide educational programme on three Public Financial Management laws; Public Procurement and Internal Audit Agency Boards inaugurated August 2004; Domestic Debt Management Unit created in MOFEP; BPEMS set up at five MDAs with hands-on training. - Fiscal resource mobilization: Dividend Policy for State Owned Enterprises introduced; ¢11.5 billion released to 18 MDAs for revenue enhancement; prosecutions of 25 illegal operators linked to forgery/duplication of Value Books. - Financial sector diversification: FINSSP implementation; CSDS operational for government securities; Venture Capital Fund Bill passed; Long Term Savings law enacted; separation of Bank of Ghana OMOs from PSBR. ### PRODUCTION AND GAINFUL EMPLOYMENT - Thematic focus: Modernised Agriculture; Environmental Protection through Re-afforestation; Enhanced Infrastructure Development; Strengthening Private Sector. - Summary of indicator results and key figures: - Modernised Agriculture: - Post-harvest losses for cereals: Target 15-20%; Indicator Status 2004 cereals 15-20% (target achieved); perishables 33-35% (modest progress). - Tons of major crops (2003 → 2004): Maize 1.29m Mt → 1.16m Mt; Rice 0.239m Mt → 0.242m Mt; Cassava 10.2m Mt → 9.7m Mt; Yam 3.8m Mt → 3.89m Mt; Plantain 2.3m Mt → 2.38m Mt. - Extension Officer to Farmer Ratio: Target 1:1200; 2003 1:1,500 → 2004 1:1,400; plan to lower to 1:1,000 in five years. - Farmer access to mechanized tillage: 2003 8% → 2004 12% (target 15%). - Dugouts/water facilities: increased from 713 (2003) to about 999 out of 1,309 in 2004. - Recruitment: PRSC-3/MDBS measure to engage 250 additional Extension Agents and 50 agricultural graduates annually; successful candidates recruited and posted starting November 2004. - Environmental protection / re-afforestation: - Hectares planted 2004: 28,400 in 2004 only; cumulative 58,726 hectares by end-2004 — exceeding 40,000ha target for 2008. - Ha of degraded forest reserve planted 2004: 27,050 (HIPC plantation-10,950; Forestry commission-16,100). - Amount permanent employment generated 2004: 88,000 (HIPC-18,000; Forestry commission-70,000). - Some indicators show weak progress (CRMAS establishment nil; some land admin indicators slow). - Infrastructure development (ICT, Energy, Roads): - Fixed telephone lines: 283,000 (2003) → 315,682 (2004); target 400,000 by 2005. - Schools with ICT: 257 (2003) → 360 (2004); target 514 by 2005. - Community Information Centres: 12 (2003) → 52 (2004). - Teledensity improved to 9.1% with total fixed + mobile lines 1,835,000 by Dec 2004. - Energy: Households with electricity 50.6% (2003) → 52% (2004). - Roads: Engineered feeder roads length increased to 23,000 km (2004) from 12,700 km (2001); road condition mix improved (2003 → 2004: good 29%→36%, fair 29.8%→26%, poor 40.8%→38% in reported series). - Private sector development: - Trade Policy approved by Cabinet October 2004; launched February (timing preserved as in source). - GCnet operational at Aflao; Elubo connection delayed to 2005. - Registrar-General’s Department automation progressed; average registration time reduced to about 3 days from baseline 19 days (software testing stage). - Manpower development: STEP Phase 2 trained about 12,750 people (2004); about 7,000 trained and set up in agricultural vocations. - Policy recommendations (summary): - Arrest decline in cropped acreage via deliverable irrigation; improve extension service efficiency; speed land reform and titling; resource forestry and environmental institutions; maintain momentum in infrastructure development; institute cost-sharing for urban roads to free resources for feeder roads; MDAs to assign benchmarks and indicators for private sector-related objectives. ### HUMAN RESOURCES & BASIC SERVICES — EDUCATION, HEALTH, WATER & SANITATION - Education (selected exact figures preserved): - National primary gross enrolment ratio (GPER): 85.7% (2002/2003) → 86.3% (2003/2004). - Northern and Upper West regions have exceeded 2005 targets; National and Upper East need increases of 2.2% and 1.9% respectively to achieve 2005 targets. - Pupil: Teacher Ratio (PTR) primary: 31.3:1 (2002/2003) → 34.0:1 (2003/2004); targeted 32.7:1. - % of trained teachers (national): 69.9 (2001/2002) → 73.9 (2003/2004); target 81.3 (2004/2005) — potential unlikely. - Classroom construction: 216 out of 440 6-unit blocks completed in 2004 at cost of ¢103 billion. - Capitation grants introduced in 40 deprived districts; GES provided ¢13,746,974,999 for first and second terms of 2004/2005 academic year to 40 deprived districts; capitation grant of ¢35,000 per female pupil paid in 40 deprived districts first term 2004/2005. - Textbooks: ¢16 billion transferred in 2004 to Ministry for textbooks but no disbursements due to delay in new procurement policy; pupil/core textbook ratios worsened in deprived districts. - Teacher retention and supply: ¢20 billion spent on teachers’ residences; District Assemblies Sponsorship Scheme produced 3,812 trained teachers; National Service posted 6,981 teachers; National Volunteer Service Programme posted 52 teachers. - Health (selected exact figures preserved): - Guinea worm cases: 8,290 (2003) → 7,276 (2004). - Immunization coverage: 76% (2003) → 75% (2004) (MOH); GDHS 2003 immunization 69.4% (table references). - Antenatal coverage: 91.2% (2003) → 89.2% (2004). - CHPS compounds completed 2004: 18 at cost of 10 billion cedis from HIPC funds (improvement on 15 compounds in 2003). - NHIS developments: National Health Insurance Act 650 enacted; LI 1809 approved; NHIS operationalisation: operational in 15 districts; registration and contributions collected in 78 districts; as at November 2004, approximately 484,000,000,000 cedis raised by the National Health Insurance Fund from accredited sources (VAT, SSNIT, CEPS components summed in source). - Exemptions: amount allocated to exemption increased from ¢24 billion (2003) to ¢26 billion (2004); ¢13 billion allocated in 2005 budget for exemptions/subsidy for the poor. - Water & Sanitation (selected exact figures preserved): - Proportion rural population with access to safe water: 46.4% (2003) → 51.7% (2004). - New boreholes constructed: 622 (2002) → 1,290 (2003) → 2,098 (2004). - Small community pipe systems: 65 (2003) → 97 (2004) (source lists small community and small town systems separately). - Guinea worm cases and containment: reported cases decreased to 7,275 (2004); endemic regions Volta, Northern, Brong Ahafo; as at June 2004 over 40% of endemic villages had potable water; case containment mid-2004 57% (target 70%). - Citizens’ Assessment (PM&E) findings (2004): - Drinking water: 56.2% of poor rural households and 62.3% of very poor households obtain drinking water from boreholes; 31.6% still depend on unsafe sources. - Sanitation: 40.5% of poor households and 80.9% of very poor households reported having no toilet facility; overall about 66% expressed dissatisfaction with sanitation services. - Health: 71% of households indicate distance to nearest health facility is far (76% among the poor); 66.3% rated health care provision satisfactory overall but satisfaction declines with poverty status (non-poor 75.8%; poor 65.5%; very poor 50.5%). - Education: majority report permanent school structures; cost of education cited as barrier; satisfaction with education quality: urban 83%; rural 63.1%. ### GOOD GOVERNANCE, SECURITY, DECENTRALISATION, PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM - Security & police: - Crime total: 226,669 (2003) → 225,341 (2004) (change -0.59%). - Rape cases: 952 (2003) → 631 (2004) (% change -33.72). - Robbery: 690 → 728 (% change 5.51); Murder: 436 → 452 (% change 3.67). - Police/citizen ratio: 1:1142 (2002) → 1:1121 (2003) → 1:1055 (2004); target 1:925 for 2004 (not achieved). - Recruitment: 2,000 new police personnel recruited in 2004; 1,514 trained and passed out. - Police gender composition (December 2004): TOTAL FEMALE 2706; MALE 14,352; TOTAL personnel 17,058. - Administration of justice and anti-corruption: - 183 lawyers trained and called to the bar in 2004; Attorney-General recruited 8 new lawyers (against target 15). - Anti-corruption: Public Procurement and Internal Audit Agency Boards inaugurated August 2004; awareness programs for over 10,000 people. - Civil society and media active in anti-corruption advocacy. - Decentralisation: - NDAP endorsed by Cabinet Feb 2004; Presidential Advisory Committee on Decentralisation and Decentralisation Secretariat in place. - New districts created: 28 in 2004. - Composite budgeting pilot: initiated in 3 districts (Dangme East, Dangme West, Akuapem North); 22 more districts tentatively selected. - DACF increase to 7.5% of tax revenue not implemented (remained 5% in 2004). - Public Sector Reform: - Public Sector Reform framework refined; Office of Senior Minister pursuing retooling/restructuring; pilot BPEMS Oracle installations completed at seven MDAs HQs; IA and Procurement Boards operationalising. ### THE VULNERABLE AND EXCLUDED - Definition includes women and children, persons with disability, PLWHAs, extreme poor and destitute. - Social protection and services: - Legal Aid: almost 6,000 applied in 2004; 5,090 received legal aid. - DSW outputs (selected): PWDs provided with employable skills 653 (2003) → 537 (2004); PWDs provided with inclusive education 19 (2003) → 70 (2004); street children assisted 2,500 under Community Poverty Reduction Programme. - Women’s Development Fund & other microcredit: multiple disbursements recorded (selected preserved figures: ¢35 billion disbursed to over 80,000 women farmers; other allocations and machine purchases detailed in source). - HIV/AIDS: national median prevalence 2000–2004 mean 3.5%; prevalence 2003 3.6% → 2004 3.1% (decline noted in sentinel data); PLWHAs on ART by mid-2004: 1,176 (target 2,000 for full year); VCT centres established mid-2004: 29 (target 66). - Social Protection Strategy: - NDPC working with sector ministries on Social Protection Strategy; technical committee operational; Strategy expected for Cabinet submission May 31, 2005. ### MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs) — STATUS HIGHLIGHTS - Poverty (GOAL 1): - Poverty incidence declined from 42% (1997) to 35% (2003) — a 7% decline; breakdown attributes ~87% of decline to economic growth and 13% to income redistribution. - Further decline assumed for 2004 given above-target GDP growth driven by agriculture. - Current growth trajectory (approx. 5% p.a.) deemed insufficient to reach rapid poverty reduction targets without higher sustained growth. - Hunger and nutrition (GOAL 1/2): - Underweight children increased from 25% (1998) to 35.8% (2003); stunting increased 26% (1998) → 30% (2003); wasting decreased 25% → 22% (2003). - Projection: unlikely to meet MDG target to halve incidence of underweight by 2015 at current trends. - Education (GOAL 2/3): - GPER: 83.8% (2001/02) → 85.7% (2002/03) → 86.3% (2003/04); projections suggest 100% GPER by 2010 if trends continue. - Gender Parity Index improving but 2005 targets for parity unlikely in some regions. - Health and child mortality (GOAL 4/5/6): - U5MR 108 (1998) → 111 (2003); projections 65–70 per 1000 by 2015 (short of MDG target 53). - Maternal mortality estimates variable; deprived northern regions have very high MMR estimates (over 800 in some estimates). - Malaria and HIV/AIDS remain major constraints; malaria accounts for a large share of outpatient cases and child mortality. - Environment, water, slums (GOAL 7): - Rural access to safe water improved 46.4% (2003) → 51.7% (2004); boreholes constructed 1,290 (2003) → 2,098 (2004). - Deforestation rate reportedly slowed; replanting achieved substantial hectares (degraded reserve planting 27,050 in 2004). - Slum conditions widespread; UN-Habitat indicated about 70% of urban population in slum conditions (source). - Debt sustainability & global partnership (GOAL 8): - Ghana reached HIPC completion point mid-2004; HIPC transfers increased substantially (2002 ¢268,822,659,999 → 2003 ¢842,078,572,861 → 2004 ¢1,816,861,751,626). - IMF DSA projects NPV of external debt/exports ratio declining over 2004–2015; outlook cautiously optimistic. ### SELECTED POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS (consolidated, as in source) - Strengthen M&E: establish GPRS M&E Technical Committee; include M&E targets in Chief Directors’ performance contracts; focus on a minimal core indicator set. - Improve dissemination and participatory M&E: expand simplified GPRS materials, regional training and RPMG support; NDPC to establish GPRS Documentation Centre. - Budget and PEM: strengthen link between GPRS and Budget/MTEF; operationalise BPEMS across MDAs; continue PUFMARP implementation; enforce Financial Administration Regulations, LI 1802. - District finance: implement DACF increase to 7.5%; MLGRD to enforce compliance with Financial Memoranda; improve IGF accounting and independent verification; Ministry of Finance to adopt transparent HIPC allocation formula. - Agriculture and rural growth: translate irrigation facilities into expanded irrigated area; improve extension efficiency; accelerate mechanisation and value addition; recruit AEAs and agricultural graduates to reach 1:1,000 target in five years. - Human resources & basic services: scale up CHPS and model hospitals; accelerate NHIS roll-out and targeting of exemptions; ensure timely delivery of core textbooks; expand capitation grants beyond 40 deprived districts. - Governance and security: resource WAJU and DSW; expand community policing and Neighbourhood Watch; improve judicial capacity and Legal Aid resourcing; strengthen anti-corruption institutions. - Social protection and vulnerable groups: finalize and implement Social Protection Strategy; resource DSW and Legal Aid Board; expand skills and microcredit support for women, youth and PWDs; expand ART and VCT coverage; improve NGO monitoring in HIV/AIDS. - Macro policy: pursue diversified growth above 5% (sustained ~6% recommended to reach per capita $1000 by 2015); continue domestic debt reduction; maintain fiscal discipline, improve revenue mobilization (IRS and VAT Secretariat), and deepen MDBS donor coordination. - Environment: mainstream SEA recommendations into GPRS and MTEF; strengthen EPA, Town & Country Planning, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission and forestry institutions; operationalise log tracking and plantation programs. *Source: IMF Staff Report content unit _cr06226 — EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (selected chapters and annexed tables/extracts as provided in the source PDF).* ### EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... ### _cr06226 - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ### Chapters and major sections (table of contents) - CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION - 1.1 BACKGROUND - 1.2 USE OF 2003 APR - 1.3 GPRS M&E AND CHALLENGES TO DATA COLLECTION - 1.3.1 PARTICIPATORY M&E - 1.3.2 POVERTY SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS (PSIAS) - 1.3 POVERTY MONITORING GROUPS - 1.4 GPRS M&E TECHNICAL COMMITTEE - 1.5 GPRS COMMUNICATION AND DISSEMINATION - 1.6 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA) - 1.7 RECOMMENDATIONS IN APR 2003 ON GPRS MONITORING AND EVALUATION - 1.8 SUMMARY OF PROGRESS – GPRS CORE INDICATORS - CHAPTER TWO: THE LINKS BETWEEN THE GPRS AND THE 2004 BUDGET - 2.1 INTRODUCTION - 2.2 DISCRETIONARY BUDGET FOR 2004 AND THE MEDIUM TERM PRIORITIES - 2.3 DONOR RESOURCES AND GPRS PRIORITIES - 2.4 ACHIEVEMENTS OF 2004 BUDGET INITIATIVES - 2.5 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS - CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW OF THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF DISTRICT ASSEMBLIES - 3.1 SOURCES OF FUNDS TO DISTRICTS - 3.2 GATHERING OF DATA - 3.3 COMPOSITE BUDGETING - 3.4 THE DISTRICT ASSEMBLIES’ COMMON FUND (DACF) - 3.5 DACF RELEASES FOR 2004 - 3.6 UTILISATION OF THE DACF IN 2004 - 3.7 INTERNALLY GENERATED REVENUE BY DISTRICT ASSEMBLIES - 3.8 COMPARING NOMINAL GROWTH TO REAL GROWTH IN IGF - 3.10 PROBLEMS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DACF & INTERNALLY GENERATED FUND - 3.11 DISBURSEMENT OF HIPC RELIEF FUNDS IN 2004 - 3.12 UTILISATION OF HIPC FUNDS - CHAPTER FOUR: MACROECONOMIC STABILITY - 4.1 INTRODUCTION - 4.2 REVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF 2003 APR POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS - 4.3 TRENDS IN MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS - 4.3.1 REAL GDP/PER CAPITA GROWTH - 4.3.2 TRENDS IN INFLATION - 4.3.3 EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS - 4.3.4 GOVERNMENT BUDGET - 4.3.5 TRENDS IN DOMESTIC DEBT - 4.3.6 REAL AGRICULTURAL GROWTH RATE - 4.3.7 REAL FOOD CROP/PER CAPITA GROWTH - 4.4 POVERTY REDUCTION IMPACT OF GROWTH AND GOVERNMENT POVERTY SPENDING - 4.5 MACROECONOMIC STABILITY POLICY DEVELOPMENTS - CHAPTER FIVE: PRODUCTION AND GAINFUL EMPLOYMENT - 5.1 INTRODUCTION - 5.2 REVIEW OF 2003 APR POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS - 5.3 OUTCOME AND IMPACT INDICATORS - 5.3.1 MODERNISED AGRICULTURE - 5.3.2 SUSTAINED ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION THROUGH RE-AFFORESTATION - 5.3.3 ENHANCED INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT - 5.3.4 STRENGTHENING THE PRIVATE SECTOR - 5.4 SUMMARY OF POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS - 5.4.1 MODERNIZED AGRICULTURE - 5.4.2 SUSTAINED ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION - 5.4.3 ENHANCED INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT - 5.4.4 STRENGTHENING THE PRIVATE SECTOR - CHAPTER SIX: HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND BASIC SERVICES - 6.1 INTRODUCTION - 6.2 REVIEW OF 2003 APR POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS - 6.3 EDUCATION SECTOR - 6.3.1 PERFORMANCE OF THE EDUCATION SECTOR - 6.4 HEALTH SECTOR - 6.4.1 PERFORMANCE OF THE HEALTH SECTOR - 6.5 WATER AND SANITATION SECTOR - 6.5.1 PERFORMANCE OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SECTOR - 6.5.2 INCIDENCE OF GUINEA WORM - 6.6 CITIZENS’ ASSESSMENT OF PROVISION OF BASIC SERVICES - 6.6.1 DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION - 6.6.2 HEALTH SERVICES - 6.6.3 EDUCATION - CHAPTER SEVEN: GOVERNANCE - 7.1 INTRODUCTION - 7.2 REVIEW OF 2003 APR POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS - 7.3 PROGRESS ON POLICY IMPLEMENTATION ON SECURITY AND RULE OF LAW - 7.3.1 STRENGTHENING THE POLICE - 7.3.2 IMPROVING THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE - 7.3.3 REDUCING CORRUPTION - 7.3.4 SUPPORT TO PARLIAMENT - 7.4 DECENTRALISATION - 7.5 PUBLIC SECTOR REFORMS - CHAPTER EIGHT: THE VULNERABLE AND THE EXCLUDED - 8.1 INTRODUCTION - 8.2 STATUS OF APR 2003 VULNERABLE AND EXCLUDED POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS - 8.3 PROGRESS ON POLICY IMPLEMENTATION - 8.3.1 POLICY AREA: DISABILITY - 8.3.2 POLICY AREA: SOCIAL JUSTICE - 8.3.3 POLICY AREA: HIV/AIDS - CHAPTER NINE: PROGRESS ON THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS ### Appendices - APPENDIX I: COMMENTS/FEEDBACK ON THE GPRS AND APR IN 2004 - APPENDIX II: RECORD OF BILLS - FOURTH SESSION—THIRD PARLIAMENT OF THE FOURTH REPUBLIC OF GHANA2004 ### Inventory of tabulated and visual material (as listed) - Lists of tables include TABLE 1.1 through TABLE 9.1 with multiple sector- and indicator-specific tables (examples preserved exactly as listed: TABLE 1.2: GPRS CORE INDICATORS; TABLE 2.1: COMPARISON OF GPRS AND 2004 BUDGET MACROECONOMIC FRAMEWORK; TABLE 3.2: DISBURSEMENTS OF DACF TO DISTRICT ASSEMBLIES IN 2003 & 2004; TABLE 4.2: SELECTED MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS; TABLE 6.11A: BASIC HEALTH SECTOR INDICATORS, 1988-2003 (%) BASED ON GDHS; TABLE 9.1: STATUS AT A GLANCE, 2004 — GHANA’S PROGRESS TOWARDS THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS). - Charts listed: CHART 3.1, CHART 3.2 (titles preserved). - Figures listed: FIGURE 3.2, FIGURE 3.1, FIGURE 3.4, FIGURE 4.1, FIGURE 7.1 (titles preserved). *Source: _cr06226 - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY* ### EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ### _cr06226 - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ### INTRODUCTION - This is the third Annual Progress Report on the implementation of the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS) in 2004. - The report uses a set of indicators, triggers and targets for monitoring and evaluating achievements and impacts of key policy and programme interventions in the five thematic areas of the GPRS. - Policy recommendations are made to address key weaknesses identified in GPRS implementation and to inform the new development policy framework. ### MONITORING & EVALUATION (M&E): COVERAGE, INSTITUTIONS, AND CAPACITY - Demand for GPRS M&E results: - Increasing demand from Ministry of Finance & Economic Planning (MoFEP) and Development Partners (DPs). - Lower demand from other stakeholders due to limited awareness about the contents and process of preparation; recommendation: more extensive and intensive dissemination. - Ownership and incentives: - Recommendation: include support for the M&E of the GPRS in annual performance contracts negotiated between Chief Directors and the Head of Civil Service to enhance ownership and commitment of key stakeholders in government. - Persistent data collection challenges (same as identified in the 2003 APR): - lack of feedback and incentives to motivate staff in MDAs, Regions and Districts to institutionalise M&E activities; - inconsistencies in data between the regions and districts; - challenges of addressing different M&E needs of different stakeholders; - inadequate resources for M&E at all levels. - Resource and coordination needs: - Additional resources and attention required for national, regional and district level M&E to address key shortcomings. - Development Partners are encouraged to harmonize their M&E requirements and use the GPRS M&E process as the major point of reference to ease burden on MDAs & District Assemblies (DAs). - Institutional arrangements: - The GPRS M&E Technical Committee proposed in the M&E Plan has not been established yet. - Greater coordination and harmonisation needed between core central organisations (MOFEP, NDPC, OOP, MLGRD, GSS, and OHCS) with focus on better information flows and incentives to improve GPRS monitoring and evaluation. - National and regional groups: - National Interagency Monitoring Groups (NIPMGs) were actively involved in the preparation of the APRs. - Regional Poverty Monitoring Groups (RPMGs) were inaugurated in eight (8) regions in 2004; to fulfil their mandate, guidance from national level and additional technical and financial resources are required to ensure RPMGs are effective and sustainable. ### PARTICIPATION, COMMUNICATIONS, AND ANALYTICAL INPUTS - GPRS communication strategy: - Implementation of the communication strategy developed in 2003 was initiated in 2004. - Objective: “To create a national understanding of the goals, objectives and strategies of the GPRS, and to ensure commitment to, and effective participation of communities, groups and individuals in the implementation of the GPRS”. - Participatory M&E: - A participatory M&E exercise was undertaken by the NDPC at the end of the 3rd quarter of 2004 to obtain feedback from local citizens on access to basic services and citizens’ experience of gains in the macroeconomic sector vis-à-vis living conditions. - Results of the survey have been used in various thematic areas of the APR. - Poverty and social impact analysis: - The APR used results of five PSIAs to improve understanding of potential linkages between policies and poverty impact, the need for pro poor targeting, and the importance of identifying specific poor groups and their needs. - The gender dimension could have been stronger; more information and more analysis of measures is needed. - Dissemination of PSIA results beyond the PSIA Technical Committees is in most cases yet to take place. - Strategic Environment Assessment (SEA): - Ghana is one of the first countries to use a Strategic Environment Assessment as a vehicle for reviewing and refining the Poverty Reduction Strategy. - The SEA Report was finalized and approved in 2004. - SEA recommendations cover each thematic area of the GPRS with suggestions on rural environment (primary source of more than 50% of GDP), natural resource conservation, sustainable development, disaster prevention, “green” taxes and accounting, measures to protect the poor and the environment, root causes of lack of gender equity (include women’s access to land), environmental health and water, private sector considerations, etc. ### LINK BETWEEN THE BUDGET AND THE GPRS - Policy alignment: - The macroeconomic issues proposed by the 2004 budget are similar to those of the GPRS with only a few exceptions. - Common objectives include: reduction in the domestic debt; reduction of inflation to single digits; increasing revenue mobilization; curtailing deficit financing by pursuing a policy of zero net domestic financing; rationalization of expenditure through effective monitoring. - Capacity-building and planning integration: - Workshops were organised to improve MDAs understanding of the MTEP process and linking the GPRS and APR to the Budget. - MDAs were required to show progress made in achieving targets set in the GPRS and the remaining gaps up to 2005 and incorporate poverty reduction policies of the GPRS into their Strategic Plans. - Budget allocations and outcomes: - Budget allocations to the Social Service sector have increased consistently since the beginning of GPRS implementation. - The 2004 spending reported by CAGD indicates that GoG spending in the Social Sector of 55.1% of MDAs discretionary spending exceeded the budget target of 48.1%. - The consistent increase in resources to the Social Services sector translates into increased resources to activities directed to the poor, vulnerable and excluded, reflecting broad GPRS priorities. - Within the Social Services sector there was a switch in resources to the Health sub-sector at the expense of Education. - Allocation to education in 2004 was slightly below that of 2003. *Source: _cr06226 - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY* ### 2003. Economic Services sector’s allocation has declined since 2002 declining by almost 50 ### _cr06226 - 2003. Economic Services sector’s allocation has declined since 2002 declining by almost 50 ### Sector allocations and donor funding - Economic Services sector allocation declined by almost 50 percent from 18.02% to 8.9%, which is below the GPRS target of 10.3%. - Agriculture sub-sector allocation declined from 7.1% in 2001 to 3.03% in 2004. - Infrastructure share in 2004 was 10.93%, below the GPRS target of 19.1%. - Public Safety allocation increased slightly from 11.52% in 2003 to 11.9% in 2004, reflecting emphasis on rule of law, public order and safety as pillars of the GPRS. - Donor allocations: - Ministry of Health donor share increased from 8.0% in 2002 to 9.9% in 2003 to 15.44% in 2004. - Infrastructure donor allocation declined from 51.5% to 43.49%. - Administration allocation increased relative to 2002 and 2003, reversing a downward trend since 2001. - Unexpected increase in actual donor expenditure to ¢5.8 trillion, more than double the 2004 budget target of ¢2.492 trillion. ### Government poverty reduction spending - 2004 poverty-related government spending constituted about 28.1% of total government spending in 2004. - Planned poverty-related expenditures for 2004 were 27.97%; actual slightly exceeded planned by constituting 28.1%. - Despite financial difficulties, poverty-related activities were funded in full. - Donor resources to sectors broadly conformed with Medium Term Priorities of the GPRS. ### Financial performance of the District Assemblies (DAs) - Disbursements by the Administrator to districts in 2004 amounted to ¢857,172,000,000. - Total Internally Generated Funds (IGF) for all DAs in 2004 amounted to ¢225,819,115,201 compared to ¢188,775,332,515 in 2003. - Many Districts were several months in arrears in submission of monthly Trial Balances to the MLGRD. - Recommendation: With the new Financial Memoranda replacing Act 59, MLGRD should insist on compliance with financial management rules in DAs. - Total HIPC disbursements for 2004 were ¢1,816,861,751,626, an increase of 116% over the 2003 figure. - Amount to District Assemblies/MLGRD from HIPC in 2004 was ¢294,727,354,384, representing about 16.22% of total disbursement. - Recommendation: Ministry of Finance should improve the allocation and disbursement process for HIPC funds, guided by a budget or a transparent allocation formula. ### Incidence of poverty in Ghana - Poverty levels declined by 7% from 42% in 1997 to 35% in 2003. - Further decline is assumed for 2004 due to above-target GDP growth driven primarily by increased agricultural output. - Breakdown of the 7% decline (1997–2003) using asset measures: - About 87% of the decline in poverty is due to economic growth. - Income redistribution accounted for the remaining 13 percent. - Finding: The poorest among the poor benefited less from growth, experiencing lower increases in incomes than the population at large. - Patterns from CWIQ surveys (1997 and 2003): - Poverty is higher in rural than urban areas. - Coastal belt relatively better off than the savanna. - Urban employees in regular employment are relatively better off than rural counterparts. - Workers in agriculture are poorer than those in other sectors. ### Macroeconomic stability and performance (2004) - GDP growth rate in 2004 was 5.8%, exceeding the budget projection of 5.2% and the GPRS medium-term target of 5.0%. - Agricultural sector growth was 7.5% in 2004, underpinned by a 29.9% surge in cocoa production. - End-2004 inflation rate was 11.8%; food component decreased from 21.5% in December 2003 to 15.5% in December 2004. - Exchange rate movements in 2004: - Cedi depreciated by 2.2% against the dollar. - Cedi depreciated by 12.1% against the pound. - Cedi depreciated by 10.7% against the euro. - Domestic revenue as a percentage of GDP grew from 20.7% in 2002 to 23.8% of GDP in 2004. - Overall budget deficit in 2004 was equal to 3.2% of GDP, exceeding the target of 1.7% but below the 2003 deficit of 3.4%. - Domestic debt/GDP ratio: - 26.8% in 2001. - 22.6% in 2003. - 17.6% in 2004. - Reduction in domestic debt brought relief to the private sector with an increase in credit to the sector. ### Policy actions underpinning macro stability - Measures included reduction and restructuring of domestic debt, improved public expenditure management, improved fiscal resource mobilization, pursuit of price and exchange rate stability, and creation of a more diversified financial sector. - Reducing and restructuring domestic debt: - ¢301.4 billion, constituting 16.4% of HIPC funds, was used to repay domestic debt. - Government issued Medium Term Bonds: 2-3 year Floating Rate Notes tied to Treasury Bill interest rates and 2-3 Year Fixed Rate Notes. - Improvement in Public Expenditure Management (PEM): - Financial Administration Regulations, 2004, LI 1802 for the Financial Administration Act, 2003 passed by Parliament in August 2004. - Nationwide educational and awareness programme to operationalise three Public Financial Management laws. - Summary expenditure reports prepared in conventional and GFS formats and circulated to line Ministries. - PUFMARP implementation progress in MOFEP and CAGD; BPEMS set up at five MDAs with hands-on training. - Public Procurement and Internal Audit Agency Boards inaugurated in August 2004. - Domestic Debt Management Unit created in MOFEP responsible for forecasting Cash and PSBR; enhanced monthly cash management system implemented. - Improvement in fiscal resource mobilization: - Dividend Policy for State Owned Enterprises and Joint Venture companies introduced. - ¢11.5 billion released to 18 MDAs to implement revenue enhancement measures. - Exercise initiated with Security Agencies to track illegal operators in 10 MDAs suspected of forgery and duplication of Value Books to curtail revenue leakages. - Pursuance of price and exchange rate stability: - Bank of Ghana Monetary Policy Committee used monetary instruments, particularly the prime rate, to influence inflationary expectations. - Policies improved foreign exchange liquidity and fiscal discipline, accounting for cedi stability against the dollar and other major currencies. - Creation of a more diversified financial sector: - Implementation of FINSSP and initiation of improved administrative framework for microfinance. - Central Settlement and Depository System (CSDS) made operational initially for government securities. - Venture Capital Fund Bill passed and Long term Savings law for private pension and housing schemes enacted. - Government separated Open Market Operations (OMO) of Bank of Ghana from PSBR. - Continuous capacity development and training programmes in Microfinance for ARB APEX Bank and related institutions. ### Production and gainful employment - Thematic focus areas: Modernisation of Agriculture for Rural Development; Environmental Protection through Re-afforestation; Enhanced Infrastructure Development; Strengthening Private Sector Development. - Progress summary: - Most progress: Infrastructure development. - Least progress: Environmental protection through re-afforestation. - Modernisation of agriculture: - Reduction in post-harvest losses for cereals and perishables reported. - Increase in dugouts from 713 in 2003 to about 999 out of 1309 water facilities in 2004. - Farmer access to mechanized tillage increased from 8% in 2003 to 12% in 2004; target of 15%. - Concerns: area under cultivation decreased in some cases causing output declines. - Recommendation: Increase efficiency and effectiveness of extension services (not just officer-to-farmer ratio). - Environmental protection: - Only 2 of 11 indicators showed good progress (hectares of degraded forest reserves planted increased; rate of deforestation slowed). - Weak progress in indicators such as permanent employment generated and land administration improvements. - Constraint cited: lack of resources for implementing agencies. - Recommendation: Resource and equip implementing institutions to get policies back on track. - Enhanced infrastructure development: - Assessment based on 11 indicators for ICT, Energy, and Road Transport; all indicators showed good progress, some exceeding targets. - Fixed telephone lines increased from 283,000 in 2003 to 315,682 in 2004; target of 400,000 by 2005. - Number of schools with ICT increased from 257 in 2003 to 360 in 2004; target of 514 by 2005. - Community centres with ICT increased from 12 in 2003 to 52 in 2004. - Energy: increase in proportion of households with electricity and steady progress toward phasing out petroleum subsidies. - Road sector: - Road condition mix improved from 2003 (29% good, 29.8% fair, 40.8% poor) to 2004 (36% good, 26% fair, 38% poor). - Length of engineered feeder roads increased to 23,000 km in 2004 from 12,700 km in 2001. - Completions of portions of Accra/Yamoransa, Accra/Aflao, and Accra/Kumasi roads; large-scale maintenance and rehabilitation of feeder roads undertaken. - Strengthening private sector development: - Some progress in trade facilitation, business environment improvement, manpower development, and gender issues based on policy measures undertaken. - Key concern: policy objectives often lack benchmarks and, in some cases, indicators. - Recommendation: MDAs should urgently assign benchmarks and indicators for effective monitoring and evaluation. ### Human resources and basic services — Education - Focus: expand and improve efficiency in delivery of basic services, addressing geographical and gender equity. - Basic education access: - National primary gross enrolment ratio (GPER) increased from 85.7% in 2002/2003 to 86.3% in 2003/2004. - Northern and Upper West regions have exceeded their 2005 targets. - National-level and Upper East region need increases of 2.2% and 1.9% respectively to achieve 2005 targets. - Gender gap reduction measures are yielding positive results but progress is slow. - Education quality and inputs: - Ministry of Education and Sports introducing National Minimum Standards to assess student and sector performance. - Interim proxy input indicators used: PTRs and textbook ratios. - New textbook development and distribution policy led to delays and a fall in pupil-core textbook ratio, with deprived districts hardest hit. - Primary PTR increased from 31.3:1 in 2002/2003 to 34.0:1 in 2003/2004, exceeding targeted ratio of 32.7:1; wide variations at school and district levels. - Percentage of trained teachers at the primary level improved marginally; 40 deprived districts have the lowest levels. - Policy issues to address: - Insufficient progress in primary school enrolments. - Persistent geographical and gender disparities in access to quality education. - Less than satisfactory quality of education. - Need to strengthen efficiency of education service delivery. - Policy measures implemented in 2004 to enhance access: - Rehabilitation and construction of basic school classrooms. - Implementation of teacher retention schemes. - Elimination of all approved district levies. *Source: IMF content unit _cr06226 (2003–2004) from provided PDF content.* ### introduction of capitation grants in public primary schools in deprived districts; ensuring the ### introduction of capitation grants in public primary schools in deprived districts; ensuring the timely delivery of core textbooks for primary schools, particularly in most deprived regions; development of one model senior secondary school with libraries and science laboratories in each of the 110 districts in Ghana. ### Education — rehabilitate/construct classrooms; teacher supply; capitation grants; textbooks; model SSS; TVET; STEP; financing - Rehabilitate/construct classrooms: - 216 out of the 440 6-unit classroom blocks under construction were completed in 2004 at the cost of 103 billion cedis. - Expand Teacher Retention Scheme / improve teacher supply to remote areas: - 20 billion cedis was spent on the construction of teachers’ residences. - District Assemblies Sponsorship Scheme for Teacher Trainees produced 3,812 trained to teachers to work in remote areas. - National Service Secretariat posted 6,981 teachers through its normal posting of service personnel to schools in rural areas. - 52 teachers were posted to remote rural areas under the National Volunteer Service Programme. - Result: National PTR for primary schools increased overall; supply of teachers was not enough to improve the PTR in the Northern and Upper East regions due to higher overall enrolment without a corresponding increase in teacher supply. - Elimination of approved district levies and introduction of capitation grants in deprived districts: - School levies were abolished and capitation grants were introduced in 40 deprived districts during the year under review. - The grant provides all schools in these districts with a decentralised operating budget based on the number of students attending, with higher grant awarded for female students. - GES provided a total of ¢13,746,974,999 for the first and second terms of 2004/2005 academic year to the 40 deprived districts. - Ensure timely delivery of core textbooks in most deprived districts: - Pupil/core textbook ratios worsened between 2003 and 2004, particularly in the three deprived northern regions as no new books were procured and distributed. - Sixteen billion cedis was transferred in 2004 to the Ministry of Education and Sports for the provision of textbook, but no disbursements had yet been made due to a delay in the implementation of a new textbook development and distribution policy. - The policy requires strict adherence to the new procurement law which requires the Ministry to outsource the procurement of textbooks to the private sector. - Develop/upgrade one SSS to model status in each district: - The policy reached the second phase in 2004. - Work on the first batch of schools is near completion; preliminary studies to determine the scope of works under the second phase of upgrading 25 schools into model schools were completed in 2004. - Reduce gender disparities in education: - In 2004 ¢4.4 billion was disbursed to 40 deprived districts to provide scholarships for pupils, out of which 60% went to girls. - Capitation grant of ¢35,000 per female pupils was paid to all public primary schools in 40 deprived districts during the first term of the 2004/2005 academic year. - Improve vocational and technical training (TVET): - National policy on TVET was completed in 2004 to guide development of strategies to enhance technical and vocational skills. - Twenty new vocational and technical resource centers were established under GES in the 10 regions located mostly in the rural areas. - Support and enhance training for employable skills (STEP): - 6 billion cedis micro credit facility was released to the Ministry of Manpower Employment and Youth for disbursement to graduates of the STEP Programme. - Under Phase 2 of STEP, about 12,750 people were trained in various trade areas including food processing, dressmaking, hairdressing, masonry, and carpentry. - About 7,000 out of the 12,750 were trained and set up in agricultural vocations such as snail farming, grass-cutter rearing, bee-keeping and mushroom farming. - Improve efficiency and equity of financing education with attention to greater poverty impact: - Delivery of increased resources to 40 deprived districts; increase in the execution rate of budgeted non-salary expenditures to not less than 85%. - Government of Ghana’s component of GES non-salary budget for 40 deprived districts increased from 10.1% in 2003 to 10.2% in 2004. - If only GES service expenditure to the deprived districts is considered, allocation increased from 7.8% in 2003 to 12.0% in 2004. - From January to June 2004 educational expenditure was 34% of provision; approved cash ceiling was 100%; and expenditure came to 80% of cash ceiling. ### Health — indicators, NHIS, exemptions, infrastructure, CHPS, retention - Key health outcomes and intermediate indicators: - Guinea worm infections decreased slightly from 8,290 in 2003 to 7,276 in 2004. - Immunization coverage moved from 76% in 2003 to 75% in 2004. - Antenatal coverage decreased from 91.2% in 2003 to 89.2% in 2004. - Policy actions to strengthen health sector performance: - Focus: bridging equity gaps in access to health care; improving efficiency in health care delivery; providing financial arrangements to make health care affordable. - Increase coverage of Community Health Planning and Services (CHPS): - Eighteen (18) CHPS compounds were completed in 4 deprived regions at the cost of 10 billion cedis from HIPC funds in 2004 (improvement on 15 compounds constructed in 2003 in two deprived regions). - Provide model hospitals/health centres: - Fifteen health centres and 3 district hospitals were completed for use. - Other works: preliminary work on 12 sites for upgrading/rehabilitation/construction; commencement of rehabilitation of Bolgatanga and Tamale hospitals; commencement of upgrading and re-equipping Mamprobi and Kaneshie Polyclinics; upgrading of Juabeso, New Edubiase, and Nkwanta Health Centres to District Hospitals; rehabilitation of wards and administrative buildings at Korle-Bu and Okomfo Anokye Teaching Hospitals. - Implement high impact/rapid delivery programmes to reduce under-five and maternal mortality: - Assessment carried out on the programme in UER in 2004 to determine cost effectiveness; lessons to be used for scaling up. - Assess health profession attraction and retention: - Report prepared and discussed; indicator achieved. - Decentralize management of human resources, including options for decentralizing P.E: - Options paper on decentralizing P.E prepared and awaiting discussion with MoFEP before submission to Cabinet. - Ensure sustainable financing arrangements that protect the poor — National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS): - Implementation of the NHIS accelerated in 2004 following passage of the National Health Insurance ACT 650 in 2003. - Achievements: inauguration of the National Health Insurance Programme; establishment of National Health Insurance Council; approval of Legislative Instrument 1809; establishment of a permanent NHIS Secretariat; appointment of staff for District Mutual Health Insurance Schemes (DMHIS); operationalisation of NHIS in 15 districts; registration and collection of contributions in 78 districts; coding of streets and houses in 16 districts; development of accreditation tools for Health Centres, District Hospitals, Regional and Tertiary Hospitals. - As at November, 2004, an approximate amount of 484,000,000,000 cedis has been raised by the National Health Insurance Fund from the various accredited sources. - Coverage of exemptions: - Money allocated to exemption in the budget increased from 24 billion cedis in 2003 to 26 billion cedis in 2004 and was disbursed to the regions based on target population. - Maternal delivery exemptions continued in the four deprived regions and were extended to Western and Eastern in 2004. - An amount of 13 billion cedis has been allocated in the 2005 budget for exemptions from fees/health insurance premia/subsidy for the poor. - Criteria for identifying the poor defined in the NHIS Legislative Instrument and DMIS requested to register all exempt categories. - Evidence from the six shows increase in uptake of ANC and supervised delivery indicating the policy measure has been effective. ### Water and Sanitation — rural water access, guinea worm, water points, plans - Rural access to safe water: - Proportion of rural population with access to safe water increased from 46.4% in 2003 to 51.7% in 2004, representing about 5% increase in coverage. - Guinea worm trend and interventions: - Reported cases decreased from 8,290 in 2003 to 7,275 in 2004. - Endemic regions: Volta, Northern and Brong Ahafo regions. - Most endemic districts: Tolon-Kumbungu, Savelugu-Nanton, Wa and Nkwanta. - As at June, 2004, over 40 percent of guinea worm endemic villages had portable water and overall case containment by mid-2004 was 57% as against a target of 70% for the year. - Construction and rehabilitation of water systems: - Number of new bore holes constructed increased from 622 in 2002 to 2098 in 2004. - Number of small community and small town water systems increased from 65 in 2003 to 97 in 2004. - Planning support: - NDPC and CWSA completed production of user-friendly manuals for preparing district water and sanitation plans; funds secured to print and distribute manuals; plans to train selected personnel of DAs in the use of manuals and subsequent adoption in developing District Water and Sanitation Plans. ### Good Governance — security, decentralisation, public sector reform, anti-corruption - General assessment: - Good governance indicators (macro-economic stability, security, civil society involvement, private sector productivity, public confidence) registered positive growth during the year. - Conduct of government business reflects commitment to accountability, transparency and participation. - Security and crime statistics: - Marginal drop in crime commission and improvements in public safety overall. - Assault cases rose by 0.01 per cent (3 cases) over the previous year. - Robbery cases increased by 5 per cent; murder cases went up by 4 per cent. - Fraud and stealing are on the decline. - Declines in reported cases of rape and defilement. - Improved policing: increased resources, growing service staff strength, creation of Neighbourhood Watch Committees. - Successful conduct of the 2004 elections reflects progress in internal security. - Decentralisation: - Creation of new districts has brought local governance closer to citizens and increased participation in political decision-making. - More central government resources (under the DACF and the HIPC Initiative) were released to all districts for development projects. - Programmes initiated to improve service conditions of the local government service. - Public Sector Reforms and monitoring: - Review of barriers to efficient performance under the Public Sector Reform Programme continued. - Public office holders received training targeted at improving service quality; Reform is ongoing. - Policy initiatives: - Expand Neighbourhood Watch Committees, engender the service, equip local governance institutions and anti-corruption agencies, and improve the administration of justice. ### The vulnerable and excluded — social protection, skills, legal aid, HIV/AIDS - Definition: vulnerable and excluded include women and children, persons with disability, HIV positive persons, the extreme poor and the destitute. - Social protection measures and interventions: - Providing skills for street youth under the Skills Training and Employment Placement Programme. - Extending social welfare services to women and children who are victims of violence, slavery and abuse. - Making micro-credit available to women and youth under the Women’s Development Fund and Youth Development Fund respectively. - Providing free legal aid for the poor. - Providing counselling and support to persons living with HIV/AIDS. - Intensified campaigns on proper sexual behaviour. - Recorded reduction in the annual prevalence rate to 3.1 per cent (from 3.6%). - Policy initiatives: - Create more employment opportunities for youth, women and persons with disability. - Step up campaigns for prevention and control of HIV/AIDS. - Provide incentives to lawyers to defend the poor and empower women broadly. *IMF Staff Report content unit: _cr06226 - introduction of capitation grants in public primary schools in deprived districts; ensuring the timely delivery of core textbooks for primary schools, particularly in most deprived regions; development of one model senior secondary school with libraries and science laboratories in each of the 110 districts in Ghana.* ### INTRODUCTION ### _cr06226 - INTRODUCTION ### 1.1 BACKGROUND - This is the third Annual Progress Report (APR) on the implementation of the operational development policy framework of the country, the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS). - Purpose of the APR: - Provides a structured review of the implementation of programme and projects and their impact on the socio-economic development of the country for a given year. - Uses a set of indicators, triggers and targets, for monitoring and evaluating the achievements and impacts of the key policy and programme interventions undertaken by the government in 2004, which are aimed at reducing poverty. - Role of policy recommendations: - Similar to previous reports, policy recommendations are made for areas where progress in 2004 has been ineffective. - Recommendations also address key weaknesses identified in implementation and feed into the production of the updated GPRS (the new four year (2006 – 2009) development policy framework). - The 2004 APR has been compiled based on the summary of achievements during the year and provides: - the status of implementation of the GPRS communication strategy, Poverty Social Impact Assessments and the Strategic Environment Assessment; - the linkage between the 2004 Annual Budget and the GPRS; - the status of policy initiatives mentioned in the 2004 Annual Budget; - an overview of financial performance of District Assemblies; - an update on the set of core indicators agreed on in the GPRS M&E plan including additional indicators identified during the year; - an update on GPRS Medium Term Priority programmes and projects implemented in 2004; - the status of policy recommendations made in the 2003 APR; - the status of triggers and targets of the Poverty Reduction Support Credit (PRSC-3)/Multi Donor Budget Support (MDBS) programmes; - the assessment of performance towards the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). ### 1.2 USE OF 2003 APR - Demand and use: - The 2003 APR was a key trigger for Ghana to meet the HIPC completion point; this generated significant demand by the Government and Development Partners for the progress report. - The 2003 APR was used to inform the 2005 Annual Budget. - Identified causes for limited demand from other stakeholders (MDAs, RCCs, District Assemblies, Parliamentarians, CSOs, Researchers, Media, Public): - limited awareness about the contents and process of preparation i.e. document needs to be disseminated more widely - seen as a technical document i.e. simplified versions required - thematic perspectives need to be used to facilitate MDA durbars - Chief Directors are not fully involved in the process thus there is no sense of ownership - timing of its completion in relation to the national annual budget preparation cycle - document does not cover all sectors of the economy i.e. focus on GPRS medium term priorities - regional and district programmes and project interventions are not specifically assessed (i.e. data not disaggregated enough) - data validation process not thorough enough i.e. there is a need for process to cross check information submitted ### 1.3 GPRS M&E AND CHALLENGES TO DATA COLLECTION - Data sources used in APR preparation: - Primarily sector ministries, departments and agencies. - Participatory M&E exercise conducted by NDPC. - Poverty and Social Impact Assessments (PSIAs) studies. - District and regional data: - An attempt was made to collect district and regional level indicators but consistent data proved difficult to obtain; thus district level disaggregated data on indicator achievements have not been included. - Persisting challenges to data collection (identified in 2003 APR and still present): - lack of feedback and incentives to motivate staff in the MDAs, Regions and Districts to institutionalise M&E activities; - inconsistencies in data between the regions and districts; - challenges of addressing the different M&E needs of different stakeholders; - inadequate resources for M&E at all levels. - Recommended approach given scarce resources and weak data systems: - A “minimal approach” is recommended for GPRS M&E: focus on a small set of core indicators and targets which can reliably reflect annual progress rather than collecting large amounts of unreliable data. - Institutional and procedural follow-up: - Linkages between MDA-PPME divisions and NDPC are being strengthened. - Discussions started on increasing linkages between sectoral reviews and the APR. - The updated GPRS will incorporate an M&E system to ensure compatibility of indicators and targets at district, sectoral, and national levels. - Development Partners (DPs): - DPs are encouraged to harmonize M&E support and limit reporting requirements on MDAs & DAs by using the GPRS M&E process as the main reference. - DP programmes that support capacity building on M&E at district levels can be harmonised. - Strengthening incentives and ownership: - To enhance ownership and commitment, it is recommended that annual performance contracts negotiated between Chief Directors and the Head of Civil Service include activities linked to relevant GPRS M&E indicators. ### 1.3.1 Participatory M&E - Rationale: - Need to empower citizenry to fully participate in the M&E process based on lessons from previous APRs. - NDPC participatory M&E exercise: - Undertaken at the end of the 3rd quarter of 2004 to obtain citizen feedback on access to basic services and perceived impact of macroeconomic stability on livelihoods. - Services surveyed: - safe drinking water, adequate sanitation facilities, access to health services, access to primary education. - Survey topics: - access, usage, quality, adequacy, reliability, cost/affordability, responsiveness of service providers, overall satisfaction, and impact of macroeconomic reforms on households’ livelihoods. - Sample and sampling frame: - In all 1000 households from four districts were selected for interview. - The districts were randomly selected from a sampling frame of 110 districts stratified into three poverty panels: - Relatively non-poor districts-those with less than 40% incidence of household poverty. - Poor districts- those with 40% to 75% incidence of household poverty. - Very poor districts-those with 75% or more incidence of household poverty. - Complementary methods: - Focus group discussions (FGDs) of citizens and providers were held to validate survey results and identify immediate household concerns. - Key concerns from prior APRs that motivated the exercise: - increase in childhood mortality in spite of increase resources to the health sector; - increase in access to safe drinking water alongside increase in incidence of water borne diseases, particularly guinea worm cases; - poor access to sanitation facilities; - slow progress in primary school enrolment; - a widely held belief that Ghanaians have received limited benefits from reported macroeconomic growth and stability. - Output: - NDPC produced a report: Citizens’ Assessment of the Provision of Basic Services and the Impact of Macroeconomic Stability; results used in relevant thematic areas of this APR. - Increasing NGO/CSO involvement in citizens’ assessments noted; feedback mechanisms for follow up need to be established. ### 1.3.2 Poverty Social Impact Assessments (PSIAs) - Five PSIAs used in the APR, at different stages of completion: - Economic transformation of the agricultural Sector; - Tackling vulnerability and exclusion; - Electricity tariffs; - Enhancing capacity for pro-poor decentralisation (drafted in 2003 and still in draft by end of 2004, to be finalized early 2005); - Petroleum pricing policy (commissioned and drafted in 2004, to be finalized early 2005). - Purpose of PSIAs: - analyse links between GPRS policy reforms, implementation and their poverty impact; - review trade-offs between reform initiatives on basis of distributional impact and outcome on welfare; - provoke public debate; - promote positive effects of reforms under GPRS while minimizing adverse impacts; - assess policy reform risks; - review implementation of policies and suggest new directions for update of the GPRS. - Observed contributions and gaps: - PSIAs improved understanding of linkages between policies and poverty impact, need for pro-poor targeting, and identification of specific poor groups. - Gender dimension could have been stronger; dissemination beyond technical committees is often pending. - Specific PSIA follow-up and outcomes: - Vulnerability PSIA: outcome discussed in workshop; Ministry of Manpower Development and Employment initiated drafting of a Social Protection Strategy to be finalized in 2005; various DPs incorporated PSIA issues into their Ghana strategies; PSIA and Common Country Assessment on Vulnerability being used by working group updating the Vulnerability section of GPRS. - Agriculture PSIA: consultations held; Technical Committee set up by MOFA to formulate pro-poor strategies and identify target groups; FASDEP revised accordingly. - Electricity PSIA: finalized mid-2004; no dissemination by end-2004. - Petroleum PSIA: preparatory phase delayed; no final version by end-2004 though public debate on petroleum prices had started; report expected to inform poverty-related policy arguments. - Pro-poor decentralisation PSIA: still in draft by end-2004; consultations held in 2004; finalisation and dissemination expected in 2005. - Follow up emphasis: - Follow up on conclusions and recommendations, especially impacts of pro-poor policies, needs close monitoring. - Common PSIA issues to be addressed in updated GPRS: definitions and causes of poverty, vulnerability, majority of poor who are female, access to services and information, coping strategies, capacity at district level, and need for pro-poor targeting. ### 1.3 POVERTY MONITORING GROUPS - National Interagency Poverty Monitoring Groups (NIPMGs): - Include stakeholders from MDAs, DPs and CSOs at national level and were actively involved in APR preparation. - Meetings convened during the year to: - discuss the role of the NIPMGs; - nominate CSO/NGO representatives per thematic area (based on technical expertise and knowledge); - brief members on PSIAs; - review the 60 core indicators of the GPRS. - CSOs now nominate representatives and fully participate in NIPMG meetings, but responsibilities and engagement require further attention. - Recommendation: MLGRD and NDPC should actively engage CSOs and foster working relationships at all levels, including RPMGs and DPMGs. - Regional Poverty Monitoring Groups (RPMGs): - RPMGs were inaugurated in eight (8) regions in 2004. - To be effective and sustainable they require national guidance, additional technical and financial resources, and yearly work plans. - Linkages and communication procedures with districts and national MDAs/NDPC/MLGRD need clarification and enhancement. - District Poverty Monitoring Groups (DPMGs): - DPMGs have not been set up due to managerial and financial resource constraints. - Monitoring priorities where resources are limited: - Focus at district level should at least include pro-poor budget expenditures. - New programs should be based on a minimum set of baseline data to measure progress against a limited set of GPRS indicators and targets. - The gender dimension of poverty needs further elaboration in analysis, targets, implementation and M&E (including gender disaggregated data) at all levels; the updated GPRS must incorporate a gender sensitive M&E plan. ### 1.4 GPRS M&E TECHNICAL COMMITTEE - Status: - The M&E Technical Committee proposed in the GPRS M&E Plan has not been established yet. - Need: - Greater coordination and harmonisation required between core central organisations: MOFEP, NDPC, OOP, MLGRD, GSS, and OHCS. - Focus areas: better information flows and incentives to improve GPRS monitoring and evaluation. - Role of the Technical Committee: - Coordinate core M&E organisations in defining a new timetable and work plan for M&E activities. - Ensure close linkage between sectoral reviews, the APR, and budget preparations. - The updated GPRS will incorporate an updated GPRS M&E plan with required institutional arrangements and all M&E requirements (human, financial and technical). ### 1.5 GPRS COMMUNICATION AND DISSEMINATION - Communication as demand driver: - Quality of communication with stakeholders is key to increasing demand for M&E results and ensuring awareness of GPRS benefits among Ghanaians, especially the poor. - 2004 implementation of the 2003 GPRS Communication strategy: - Objective: “To create a national understanding of the goals, objectives and strategies of the GPRS, and to ensure commitment to, and effective participation of communities, groups and individuals in the implementation of the GPRS”. - Key events and activities in 2004: - GPRS and APR 2003 discussed extensively during the National Economic Dialogue in 2004. - Ministerial Conference on the Strategic Environmental Assessment of the GPRS. - Development Dialogue Series continued; stakeholders participated in a workshop on social accountability. - Technical Steering Committee on GPRS Communication supported training of Regional Trainers and creation of Regional Communications Teams. - Dissemination of a simplified version of the GPRS translated into seven local languages completed in 2004; MDAs and media used translated versions for dissemination and sensitisation. - APR was disseminated to all 10 Regional capitals. - Journalists and program managers from selected print media houses were briefed on the GPRS and the APR. - Information Services Department of the Ministry of Information in collaboration with MLGRD conducted community sensitisation programmes using information vans in all districts. - NDPC website launched and some documents posted. - Two GPRS Bulletins were produced in 2004 on HIPC and on Fiscal Decentralisation. - Feedback and documentation needs: - Feedback from Communication Strategy implementation provided to CSPGs working on the GPRS update; appendix presents overview of feedback. - Proposed GPRS Documentation Centre needs urgent establishment by NDPC: - Scope and targets should reflect needs of decentralized and central institutions. - Centre should proactively collect main studies, reports, guidelines, minutes etc (including electronic versions). - Centre should play an active role in updating the GPRS website and use NDPC disclosure policy to stimulate postings. - World Bank established a Public Information Centre (PIC) in Accra since 2004 to facilitate stakeholder access to development information; close collaboration should be established between GPRS Documentation Centre and the PIC. *Source: _cr06226 - INTRODUCTION* ### 1.6 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA) ### 1.6 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA) ### Objectives and scope of the SEA - To evaluate to what extent the environment was considered in the GPRS. - To undertake screening of MDAs policies and District plans and related risks and opportunities for the environment. - To propose recommendations for mainstreaming environment issues. - The SEA Report was finalized and approved in 2004. ### Thematic recommendations and focus areas - Specific recommendations are given for each of the thematic areas of the GPRS with suggestions on: - rural environment (primary source of more than 50 % of GDP), - natural resource conservation, - sustainable development, - disaster prevention, - “green” taxes and accounting, - measures to protect the poor and the environment, - root causes of lack of gender equity (include women’s access to land), - environmental health and water, - private sector, etc. ### Consultations, advisory role, and uptake - During the SEA process, consultations on environmental issues took place with MDAs, CSOs, private sector, parliamentarians, NGOs and DPs. - Recommendations have been made for refining policies in order to give more direct focus on environment towards the attainment of sustainable development in the form of advisory notes to MDAs. - EPA will provide guidance for implementation of SEA tools at national and district level and will be directly involved in monitoring follow up of SEA recommendations and tools. ### Examples of improvements as result of the SEA in the Ministry of Lands and Forestry - Recommendation: Broadening the resource base of the wood industry through the increased utilization of the lesser known and lesser used species (e.g. bamboo, rattan). needs to be linked to various dimensions of poverty. Commitment to resource regeneration needed. If not, the policy would rather endanger those species and expose streams to evaporation and pollution/siltation. - Result: The Ministry has set up Bamboo and Rattan Regeneration Centres to train farmers to go into Bamboo and Rattan plantations. - Recommendation: Enhancing community based (collaborative) resource management is people, resource and management targeted, and can assist to improve the lot of the poor. - Result: Community Forest Resource Management Committees are in place. ### District-level appraisal, training, and integration - One hundred and eight District Medium Term Development Plans were appraised on sustainability, and 660 district officials in DAs were trained on this. - Districts have been encouraged to address environmental issues and have incorporated actions in their strategies and plans. - Regional EPA- and Economic Planning Officers were trained in view of their roles in planning and budgeting. ### Ministerial Conference (May 2004) and government commitment - A Ministerial Conference (with participation of the Vice President, 4 Ministers and a wide range of stakeholders) took place in May 2004 following various regional conferences to debate the SEA findings and recommendations. - The Vice President expressed government commitment to the SEA process being incorporated into the national development planning process. - Conference recommendations included: - All sector policies to be subjected to SEA; - SEA principles, processes, findings and recommendations to be integrated in the GPRS and MTEF processes; - Sector and district guidelines to be infused with SEA principles at national and district levels; - Comprehensive sector wide SEAs are to be conducted. ### SEA products finalized in 2004 and dissemination plans - Products finalized in 2004: - The report (in three volumes: Executive Summary, Process Report and Contents Report); - The Manual for officers in MDAs, DA’s and interested others (NGOs, CSOs, DPs); - The NDPC guidelines on SEA and on the update of the GPRS; - The Advisory Notes for MDAs; - A pictorial brochure on the SEA process; - A SEA poster. - The printing and dissemination of the SEA products will be carried out in 2005. - Guidance for implementation of SEA tools will be provided by EPA at national and district level; EPA will also be directly involved in monitoring follow up of the SEA recommendations and tools. ### SEA Manual, guidelines and tools - A SEA Manual was prepared to ensure that the key elements of SEA and sustainability principles are included the formulation, analysis and refinement of policies and programmes at both sectoral and district levels. - Each thematic group for the update of the GPRS will use the Manual, including the matrix to score policies and programs (on the effects on natural resources, social and cultural conditions, the empowerment of women, access of the poor, equity: benefits to be distributed equitably and should not discriminate against any groups, and effects on the local economy). - A sustainability test is included in the Manual. - SEA Guidelines were prepared which aim at MDAs to mainstream environment and integrate SEA principles in their Sector Medium Term Development Plans and M&E. - The SEA Manual contains the tools used for assessing risks and opportunities on policies, plans and programs, related to the environment. ### Strengths and overall impact - The strength of the SEA is that it has incorporated capacity and awareness building at both national, regional and district levels. - The SEA is integrated in the NDPC planning process and, through its systematic approach, provides an example for assessment of other governmental policies. - It brought to the fore in a practical way the crucial link between poverty and environment in the drive towards poverty reduction. *Source: 1.6 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA), _cr06226 - 1.6 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA)._ ### 2.1 INTRODUCTION ### 2.1 INTRODUCTION ### Budget linkage to the GPRS and assessment scope - The 2004 Annual Progress Report (APR) assesses whether the 2004 Budget reflected the thrust of the GPRS by examining: - The budget process; - Consistency of the macro-framework with the GPRS; - Distribution of total budgetary allocations; - Sectoral distribution of Government of Ghana’s (GoG) resources; - Distribution of donor allocations; - Distribution of expenditures by item (personnel emoluments, administration, service, investment); - Extent to which government expenditures were allocated for poverty reduction programmes and projects. ### Budget preparation process and GPRS integration - Activities undertaken to link the 2004 Budget to the GPRS included: - Workshops to improve MDAs understanding of the MTEP process and linking the GPRS and APR to the Budget; - Requirement for MDAs to show progress on GPRS targets within each priority area and remaining gaps up to 2005; - Requirement for MDAs to incorporate GPRS poverty reduction policies into their Strategic Plans; - Reminders to MDAs of the role of the GPRS and APR during budget preparation and inclusion of GPRS programmes and projects in budgets; - NDPC representation at budget preparation by the Director-General to ensure GPRS and APR consideration; - Use of the APR to monitor GPRS implementation and recommend policy initiatives to be implemented by MDAs; - In the 2004 Budget, Social Sector allocation increased from the GPRS target of 34.3% to 38.8% in response to APR recommendations. ### Macroeconomic framework consistency with GPRS - The 2004 Budget was driven by the GPRS economic framework focusing on: - increasing revenue intake to accommodate increased poverty-related spending and accelerated development; - strengthening public expenditure management; - using an optimum mix of appropriate fiscal and monetary policies to impact positively on macroeconomic targets including inflation. - Common macro objectives in the Budget and GPRS include: - Reduction of the domestic debt; - Reduction of inflation to single digits; - Increasing revenue mobilization; - Curtailing deficit financing by pursuing a policy of zero net domestic financing; - Rationalization of expenditure through effective monitoring. - Table 2.1 comparison (selected figures preserved): - Real GDP growth: GPRS 2004 targets 5.0; BUDGET 2004 5.2; Status 2004 5.8; GPRS 2005 targets 5.0. - Inflation Annual: GPRS 8.0; BUDGET 2004 Under 10%; Status 2004 12.6; GPRS 2005 targets 6.0. - Inflation End of period: GPRS 7.0; BUDGET 2004 Under 10%; Status 2004 11.8; GPRS 2005 targets 5.0. - Stock of reserves (months imports cover): GPRS 2.7; BUDGET 2004 3 months; Status 2004 3.8; GPRS 2005 targets 3.1. - Domestic primary surplus as % of GDP: GPRS 2.6; BUDGET 2004 1.7; Status 2004 0.7; GPRS 2005 targets 2. 5. - Budget deficit as % of GDP: GPRS 1.6; BUDGET 2004 1.7; Status 2004 3.2; GPRS 2005 targets 0.6. - Net domestic debt repayments as % of GDP: GPRS 2.4; BUDGET 2004 2.2; Status 2004 2.0. - Sectoral growth: Agriculture GPRS 4.8; BUDGET 2004 6.0; Status 2004 7.5; GPRS 2005 targets 4.8. - Ratio of revenues (excluding grants) to GDP: GPRS 22.5; BUDGET 2004 22.5; Status 2004 23.8; GPRS 2005 targets 22.3. - Source: MOFEP - Observations: - The GPRS target of 5% GDP growth was exceeded in 2004 with a growth rate close to 6%. - The 2004 single digit inflation target was not realised; Status 2004 annual inflation 12.6 and end period 11.8; 2005 target of 5% was judged unlikely given election-year pressures, higher than expected foreign inflows, and lingering effects of 2003 petroleum price increases. - Sectoral growth rates targeted by the GPRS were achieved for 2004 and likely to be exceeded in 2005. - Revenue targets were achieved. - Stock of reserves improved and targets were exceeded. ### GPRS objectives and priority areas (as stated) - GPRS objectives include: - accelerated real GDP growth to 5% by 2005; - reduction in poverty from 39% to 32%; - improvement in basic infrastructure such as roads, water, sanitation and market access; - increase in the level of primary enrolment and education completion rates; - reduction in infant, child and maternal mortality and the incidence of infectious diseases; - improvement in governance and the efficiency of the public sector; - gender equity. - Five GPRS priority areas: - Infrastructure Development; - Modernisation of Agriculture based on Rural development; - Enhanced Social Services; - Good Governance; - Private Sector Development. ### Functional distribution and budgetary direction - The 2004 budgetary targets and policy direction included major policy initiatives and financial provisions tied to the GPRS five priority areas with a one-to-one link between budget expenditures and MTP programmes and projects. - Functional distribution highlights (selected figures preserved from tables): - Social sector: GPRS 2004 Target 38.1; Budget 2004 38.67; GPRS 2004 Target repeated 38.8; various reported allocations show Social sector share increasing and in 2004 GoG spending in Social Sector of 55.1% of MDAs discretionary spending (Table 2.3B) exceeded the budget target of 48.1%. - Economic services sector allocation declined from 18.02% in 2002 to 8.9% in 2004, below the GPRS target of 10.3%. - Ministry of Food & Agriculture allocation trend: 7.17% (2001) to 3.03% (2004). - Infrastructure allocation in 2004 was 10.93%, below GPRS targets of 19.1%, though some HIPC funds (15.5%) were spent on the sector. - Public Safety allocation increased slightly to 11.9% in 2004 from 11.52% in 2003 (and 4.3% of HIPC funds). - Trade-off noted: - Increased allocation to Social Services for relief and safety nets has crowded out resources to the Economic Services sector that supports wealth creation; this presents a trade-off between immediate social relief and investment in growth-supporting sectors like agriculture. ### Budgetary and actual spending (2004) — selected figures preserved - Table 2.3B (Budget vs GoG Spending and HIPC transfers 2004): - Total percentage: Budget 100; GoG Spending 100; HIPC Transfers 100. - Total ¢billion: Budget 9,317; GoG Spending 9,646; HIPC Transfers 1,515.461. - Administration: Budget 24.7%; GoG Spending 21.7%; ¢billion 501.329; HIPC Transfers 33.1%. - Ministry of Local Government: Budget 1.8%; GoG Spending 1.8%; ¢billion 294.727; HIPC Transfers 19.4%. - Ministry of Finance: Budget 6.1%; GoG Spending 6.1%; ¢billion 54.612; HIPC Transfers 3.6%. - Economic Services: Budget 6.2%; GoG Spending 5.4%; ¢billion 282.251; HIPC Transfers 18.6%. - Infrastructure: Budget 4.9%; GoG Spending 4.1%; ¢billion 235.143; HIPC Transfers 15.5%. - Social Services: Budget 48.1%; GoG Spending 55.1%; ¢billion 432.016; HIPC Transfers 28.5%. - Ministry of Education: Budget 35.3%; GoG Spending 41.0%; ¢billion 287.809; HIPC Transfers 19.0%. - Ministry of Health: Budget 11.0%; GoG Spending 14.1%; ¢billion 110.926; HIPC Transfers 7.3%. - Public safety: Budget 16.1%; GoG Spending 13.8%; ¢billion 64.713; HIPC Transfers 4.3%. - Total (including HIPC-financed and excluding domestic debt payment): see totals above. - Source: Controller and Accountant General’s Department. - Note: HIPC table excludes payment of domestic debt of ¢301.4 billion. ### Expenditures in priority areas and contingency - Table 2.4 (Expenditures in Priority Areas as % of Total Expenditure): - Economic services: 2001 14.99; 2002 18.02; 2003 9.06; 2004 Budget 8.92. - Social Services: 2001 30.18; 2002 34.71; 2003 38.67; 2004 Budget 38.82. - Infrastructure: 2001 11.64; 2002 17.20; 2003 15.33; 2004 Budget 10.93. - Public Safety: 2001 7.94; 2002 9.67; 2003 11.53; 2004 Budget 11.67. - TOTAL: 2001 64.75; 2002 79.6; 2003 74.78; 2004 Budget 70.5. - Observed decline in priority sector share from 74.8% in 2003 to 70.45% in 2004 attributed in part to an increasing Contingency share from 0.39% (2001) to 7.08% (2004). ### Government spending on poverty reduction (selected figures preserved) - Poverty related spending outcomes: - Total poverty reduction exp. ¢billion: 2003 Budget 4059.28; 2003 Actual 4278.74; 2004 Budget 5456.21; 2004 Actual 6122.61. - Total govt expenditure ¢billion: 2003 Budget 15713; 2003 Actual 15744.10; 2004 Budget 19507.80; 2004 Actual 21765.10. - Total poverty red. exp. as % of total Govt exp.: 2003 Budget 25.83; 2003 Actual 27.18; 2004 Budget 27.97; 2004 Actual 28.13. - Basic education exp. ¢billion: 2003 Budget 1911.28; 2003 Actual 2356.52; 2004 Budget 2605.37; 2004 Actual 2969.76. - Primary Health Care exp. ¢billion: 2003 Budget 826.20; 2003 Actual 633.54; 2004 Budget 1205.32; 2004 Actual 1088.20. - Poverty Focused Agric Exp ¢billion: 2003 Budget 141.89; 2003 Actual 109.51; 2004 Budget 132.68; 2004 Actual 145.05. - Rural Water Exp. ¢billion: 2003 Budget 108.86; 2003 Actual 41.42; 2004 Budget 140.86; 2004 Actual 111.99. - Feeder Roads exp ¢billion: 2003 Budget 227.98; 2003 Actual 306.38; 2004 Budget 296.52; 2004 Actual 337.98. - Rural elect. Exp. ¢billion: 2003 Budget 91.93; 2003 Actual 58.21; 2004 Budget 156.15; 2004 Actual 187.81. - Other Poverty exp. ¢billion: 2003 Budget 751.04; 2003 Actual 773.16; 2004 Budget 919.31; 2004 Actual 1,281.82. - Observations: - Poverty reduction spending increased by 43.1% in 2004 over 2003 (from actual 2003 4278.74 to actual 2004 6122.61 ¢billion), exceeding the planned 34.4% increase. - Poverty reduction expenditures constituted about 28.1% of total government spending in 2004, slightly above the planned 27.97%. - Poverty-related expenditures were directed largely to Basic Education, Primary Health Care, Agriculture, Rural water, Feeder Roads and Rural Electrification. - The slight decline in the share of spending on primary health care is explained by an increase in “other poverty” expenditure. - HIPC-supported allocations (selected figures preserved): - macroeconomic stability - ¢301.4 billion used for domestic debt servicing; - human resource development - ¢393.62 billion released for education programmes; ¢178 billion for the health sector; ¢179 billion for the provision; ¢79 billion for water and sanitation; - private sector development - ¢677 billion disbursed for activities in agriculture and infrastructure; - modernization of agriculture - ¢72 billion; - energy sector - SHEP funded with about ¢228 billion; - good governance - ¢125 billion disbursed for the 2004 elections. ### Donor resources and alignment with GPRS priorities - Donor spending in 2003 broadly conformed with GPRS Medium Term Priorities. - Donor allocation observations: - Administration allocation by donors increased in 2003 reversing a downward trend since 2001. - Ministry of Health donor share increased from 8.0% (2002) to 9.9% (2003) to 15.44% (2004). - Infrastructure donor share declined from 51.5% to 43.49%. - Actual donor expenditure rose unexpectedly to ¢5.8 trillion in 2004, more than double the 2004 budget target of ¢2.492 trillion. - Allocations to Public Safety by donors declined from 1.6% to 1.52% in 2004. - Table 2.6 selected functional distribution (percentages preserved): - Economic (donor): 2001 40.2; 2002 35.4; 2003 20.3; 2004 24.3. - Infrastructure (donor): 2001 30.5; 2002 38.2; 2003 51.5; 2004 37.8. - Social Services (donor): 2001 11.8; 2002 15.0; 2003 16.7; 2004 22.6. - Ministry of Health (donor): 2001 4.9; 2002 8.0; 2003 9.9; 2004 16.93. - ¢billion (donor total indicated): 2,492,200 (source computed from Appropriation Acts 2001-2004). ### Utilisation of discretionary payments and investment composition - Personnel emoluments remained the largest component of discretionary expenditures though its share fell from 43.7% in 2003 to 35.1% in 2004. - Table 2.7 selected figures (preserved): - Personnel Emoluments: 2002 ¢billion 4,197.1; 2003 ¢billion 5,661.3; 2003 % of total exp. 43.7; 2004 planned % of total exp. 44.3; 2004 actual % of total exp. 35.1; 2004 actual % of GDP 8.7. - Administration and Service: 2003 ¢billion 1,762.9; 2003 % of total exp. 13.6; 2004 actual % of total exp. 11.9; 2004 actual % of GDP 3.0. - Investment: 2002 ¢billion 1,951.2; 2003 ¢billion 3,600.7; 2003 % of total exp. 27.8; 2004 actual % of total exp. 29.4; 2004 actual % of GDP 7.3. - Domestic financed: 2002 ¢billion 299.6; 2003 ¢billion 524.9; 2004 actual % of total exp. 8.2; 2004 actual % of GDP 1.5. - Foreign financed: 2002 ¢billion 1,651.5; 2003 ¢billion 3,075.7; 2004 actual % of total exp. 23.3; 2004 actual % of GDP 5.8. - Utility price subsidies: 2002 ¢billion 449.9; 2003 ¢billion 272.5; 2004 actual % of total exp. 11.2; 2004 actual % of GDP 2.8. - HIPC financed Expenditure: 2002 ¢billion 175.1; 2003 ¢billion 866.3; 2004 actual % of total exp. 8.1; 2004 actual % of GDP 2.3. - Total discretionary (¢billion): 2002 8,771; 2003 planned 12,961; 2003 actual 14,982.6; 2004 actual 19,773.2. - Source: 2004, 2005 Budget, Appendix Tables. - Observations: - Utility price subsidies rose sharply from 2.15% in 2003 to 11.2% in 2004, diverting funds from potential investments. - Investment allocation increased from 27.8% to 29.4%, largely due to increased donor funding; domestic financed investments in 2004 were 26.2% of total investments with the rest foreign financed. - Continued substantial reliance on donor funds for investment expenditure noted; recommendation to strengthen Multi Donor Budget Support (MDBS) and encourage donor participation to reduce vulnerability to donor flow volatility. - Government needs to maintain balance between overheads (personnel emoluments and administration) and services/investments. ### Investments as percentage of sector discretionary expenditure (2004 planned) - Table 2.8 selected figures preserved: - Administration: GoG investments planned 14.6; Donor investments Planned 73.5. - Local Government: GoG 9.8; Donor 95.3. - Finance: GoG 15.0; Donor 69.9. - Economic: GoG 17.19; Donor 51.9. - Ministry of Food & Agriculture: GoG 12.7; Donor 41.7. - Infrastructure: GoG 68.2; Donor 96.8. - Social: GoG 2.2; Donor 33.7. - Education: GoG 1.8; Donor 62.8. - Health: GoG 2.4; Donor 23.7. - Public safety: GoG 5.41; Donor -. - Contingencies: GoG 21.2; Donor 100. - Source: Computed from 2004 Budget Statement, Appendix Tables. *Source: _cr06226 - 2.1 INTRODUCTION* ### 2.4 ACHIEVEMENTS OF 2004 BUDGET INITIATIVES ### 2.4 ACHIEVEMENTS OF 2004 BUDGET INITIATIVES ### A. Tax relief measures — initiatives and implementation status - Individual Income Tax relief - Minimum tax threshold raised from 1.2m to 1.5m — Fully implemented - Income exceeding 60m instead of 48m attracts 30% — Fully implemented - Corporate Income Tax relief - Corporate tax reduced from 32.5% to 30% — Fully implemented - 1st time listed companies – 25% — Fully implemented - 5 year tax holiday for companies into agro and waste processing. Thereafter 20% for companies within Accra/Tema, 10% and 0% for companies in and outside other regional capitals — Fully implemented - Vehicle Income Tax - Vehicle income tax for articulated trucks reduced from1.2m to 0.9m — Fully implemented - Tax Clearance Certificate - Single instead of multiple tax clearance certificates within single calendar year — Fully implemented ### B. Reduction of import duties & removal of VAT on selected inputs — status - Import duties on aluminium ingots reduced from 10% to 5% — Fully implemented - VAT on imported raw materials inputs is zero-rated — Fully implemented - Duties on imported lumber removed — Fully implemented - VAT on irrigation pumps removed — Fully implemented - Duty and VAT on imported inputs for fishing nets and ropes removed — Fully implemented - Taxes on musical instruments removed — Fully implemented - GCNET processing fee on currency importation removed — Fully implemented ### Automation and non-tax revenue measures — status and outcomes - Automation - GCMS to be deployed to Aflao and Elubo by 1st Quarter 2004 — Aflao operational, Elubo to be operational in March 2005 - DVLA to be connected to the GCNET to reduce illegal vehicle clearance and registration — Network exists - Non-Tax Revenue objectives and partial implementation - Ensure competitive returns/dividends from government’s investments; Ensure proper disclosure and accountability on the retained and use of non-tax revenue by authorized MDAs; Interest Rates computation on government contracts be reviewed; Low cost houses nationwide should be sold to occupiers and other prospective buyers and proceed invested into the Rural Housing program; Restructuring of GCB – Government decision on its shareholding — Partially implemented - Key non-tax revenue outcome (2004): - Non-Tax receipts of ¢1,136.3 billion exceeded the budgeted estimates by nearly 68 percent - The 2004 performance represented 1.4 percent of GDP compared to 0.5 percent of GDP in 2003 - Release of ¢11.5 billion to 18 MDAs to implement revenue enhancement measures - Embarked on exercise with Security Agencies to track illegal operators (in 10 MDAs); 25 illegal operators have so far been prosecuted ### D. Consumer protection, cocoa value addition and agriculture - Food & Drug Board to be resourced to ensure that all food items, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices and household chemicals meet prescribed health, quality and safety standards — Implemented - Enhance value addition in Cocoa Industry: increase local processing of raw cocoa beans from 25% to 35% - Extend 5-year tax holiday to companies that use cocoa waste as their main or principal raw materials - New varieties of pineapple to be introduced - Regulated warehouse receipt system for agricultural commodities to be developed to assure price stability and sustainable provision of finance to farmers ### E. Financial sector reforms — legislation and implementation - Bills and initiatives - Introduce the Long-Term Savings Bill and provide selected tax relief under the Long term saving Scheme - Other Bills to be introduced: Foreign Exchange Bill, Credit Union Bill, The Insurance Bill, Bills and Cheques Bill to reform the Bill of Exchange Act - Implement the Venture Capital Fund; Government Support to Eximguaranty Company Ltd; Government Support in the Micro & Small Enterprises Sector – Restructuring of Government sponsored Micro Finance Programs - Implementation status and follow-up - The Venture Capital Fund Bill and the Long Term Savings Bill were both passed by Parliament - The Venture Capital Fund is to address inadequate capital problems of the private sector especially the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) - The Long Term Savings law is to deepen savings mobilisation and broaden retirement options - In 2005, Government will actualize the take-off of both the Venture Capital Trust Fund and Long Terms Savings Scheme - Supplementary laws to strengthen Payment Systems (Foreign Exchange Bills and Cheque Bill) will be tabled before Parliament - Ministry of Finance will pursue passage of ancillary regulatory laws: Credit Bureau Law, Non-Bank Financial Institutions Law and Money Laundering/CFT Law; Insurance Law will also be tabled - Government will submit in 2005: Foreign Exchange Bill, the Anti-Money Laundering Bill, Credit Union Bill and the Non-Bank Financial Institutions Bill for passage ### F. Public Sector Reform — progress - Finalise and implement the first phase of the reform with emphasis on participation and ownership by public servants and their respective Ministers - Office pursued additional responsibility for Public Sector Reform (PSR); developed a framework to re-examine and retool the Public Sector - A draft proposal on the way forward has received Cabinet approval - Some institutions involved in PSR had objectives redefined to conform to new proposals and vision ### G. Deregulation in the petroleum industry — preparatory work and actions - Accelerate program for deregulation of petroleum sector approved by Cabinet — Preparatory works for commencement in 2005 were carried out in 2004 - As first step, Tema Oil Refinery’s (TOR) operations were restricted to processing of crude oil in 2004; private sector (Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs)) agreed to finance procurement and importation of shortfall of finished products - The first tender for importation was held in March, 2004 - Projects undertaken to ensure availability of petroleum products and for export: - Rural Kerosene Distribution Improvement Programme; Export Oriented Oil Refinery Project; Single Buoy Mooring (SBM) Project; Buipe-Bolgatanga Petroleum Products Pipeline Project - Began in March with limited importation of crude oil by Oil Marketing Companies ### 2.5 Policy recommendations (selected) - No gender specific budgeting yet; allocation to the Ministry of Women and Children’s affairs is getting smaller; strengthen role of the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning in gender budgeting - Strengthen the MTEF process to link medium term policy planning and the budget - In preparation of the 2006 Budget, strengthen the link between the Budget and the Annual Progress Report by circulating policy initiatives recommended in the 2004 APR to Chief Directors and the PPMEs of the MDAs so initiatives can be budgeted for in advance ### 3.1–3.3 Data gathering, composite budgeting and decentralisation highlights - Major funding sources for districts include: GoG subvention, District Assemblies’ Common Fund (DACF), GoG funds through MDAs, HIPC relief fund, Development Partners, Internally generated revenue, NGOs - Data for analysing DACF obtained principally from the DACF Administrator’s Office, the MLGRD and from the districts; internal revenue data obtained from the MLGRD; HIPC allocations from CAGD - Institutional monitoring arrangements between NDPC, RCCs/RPCUs and District Assemblies/DPCUs remain weak; RPMGs inaugurated in 8 regions in 2004 but not functioning due to lack of resources - Upper East region completed Monitoring Designs for District Medium Term Development Plans (DMTDP) for all six districts with development partner support; individual district monitoring plans collated and published as a booklet — cited as an example for replication - Composite Budgeting pilot started in three districts in 2004; to be extended to 22 more districts in the current year; all 138 District Assemblies to operate composite budgets by 2007 ### 3.4 DACF policy and administration - DACF increase from 5% to 7.5% in 2004 was not implemented and is unlikely to take effect in 2005 - DACF administration guided by approved sharing formula; districts receive 90% of allocations, remaining 10% kept in a reserve fund allocated as: - 5% shared among parliamentary constituencies for use by MPs - RCCs allocated 2.5% - DACF office allocated 0.5% for field operations - 2% kept as contingency - Guidelines for the use of the DACF (percentages refer to 90% of the district’s share): - Capacity & Human Resource Improvement: 2% - Productivity Improvement & Employment Generation (Poverty Alleviation Fund as micro-credit): 20% - Support for Self Help projects initiated by communities: 10% - District Education Fund to support scholarships / needy students: 2% - Establishing and strengthening of sub-district structures: 5% - District Response Initiative (DRI) on HIV/AIDS: 1% - Malaria Control: 1% - Other economic, social, environmental, administrative programmes and projects in the district budget and development plans: 59% - Total: 100% ### 3.5 DACF releases for 2004 — disbursements and regional totals - Disbursements by the Administrator to districts amounted to ¢857.172 billion in 2004, consisting of: - Four quarterly releases to Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies amounting to ¢771,454,800,000 - Balance of ¢85,717,200,000 went to MP’s Fund, the Reserve fund, and for Administration - RCCs received ¢21.43 billion of the DACF for monitoring - Regional DACF disbursements — 2003 vs 2004 (figures and % of total) - WESTERN: 41,447,532,022 (9%) → 71,641,767,423 (9%) - CENTRAL: 49,956,562,420 (11%) → 69,530,599,951 (9%) - GAR: 30,984,717,707 (7%) → 39,037,743,642 (5%) - VOLTA: 37,161,809,982 (8%) → 79,207,129,644 (10%) - EASTERN: 61,944,890,265 (14%) → 88,892,768,826 (12%) - ASHANTI: 79,553,383,698 (18%) → 112,646,855,808 (15%) - BRONG AHAFO: 50,113,914,771 (11%) → 106,316,594,164 (14%) - NORTHERN: 53,869,937,928 (12%) → 104,772,944,274 (14%) - UPPER EAST: 27,053,858,496 (6%) → 48,474,935,004 (6%) - UPPER WEST: 17,200,721,889 (4%) → 50,933,461,265 (7%) - TOTALS: 449,287,329,178 (100%) → 771,454,800,000 (100%) - MP’s FUND: 42,858,600,000 - RCCs: 21,429,300,000 - ADMIN. OFFICE: 6,882,835,000 - RESERVE FUND: 14,546,465,000 - Grand TOTAL: 857,172,000,000 ### 3.6 Utilisation of DACF in 2004 — overall spending patterns and sectoral allocations - Total utilized by districts for development projects/programmes in 2004: ¢593,544,509,824 (compared to ¢403,864,538,000 in 2003) - Major expenditure patterns (continuous use during 2004 period): - Governance and Local Government Administration: 46% of the fund - Production & Employment (including Poverty Alleviation Micro-Credit loans to women groups): 23% - Basic Education: 17% - Water & Sanitation: 12% - Summary of utilization of DACF during 2004 — Expenditure by sector (regional breakdown totals) - TOTAL by sector: - HEALTH: 9,076,100,000 - WATER & SANITATION: 72,649,202,649 - EDUCATION: 99,917,895,000 - PRODUCTION & EMPLOYMENT: 135,934,605,000 - GOVERNANCE & ADMINISTRATION: 275,966,707,175 - TOTAL: 593,544,509,824 - Observation: Large proportion spent on governance and administration is not in line with guidelines for utilisation; items under this category include improvement of markets, counterpart funding for donor & community projects, electrification, investment, training, construction, printing, furniture, support for health campaign programmes, etc. *Source: _cr06226 - 2.4 ACHIEVEMENTS OF 2004 BUDGET INITIATIVES* ### 3.7 INTERNALLY GENERATED REVENUE BY DISTRICT ASSEMBLIES ### 3.7 INTERNALLY GENERATED REVENUE BY DISTRICT ASSEMBLIES ### Data sources and composition of IGF - Data obtained from the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (MLGRD); districts submit monthly Trial Balances. A few districts were outstanding for the last two months of 2004. - Internally generated revenue (IGF) components: fees & fines, rates, lands, licences, investments, rent, health, water & sanitation, education, governance & administration, production & employment, and miscellaneous. ### Contribution of revenue items to IGF (2000–2004) - Fees & fines: average 32% of IGF over 2000–2004. - Rates: 23%. - Licences: 15%. - Lands: 13%. - Miscellaneous: 10%. - Investment: 3%. - Rent: 4%. - Health: 2%. - Water & Sanitation: 12%. - Education: 17%. - Governance & Administration: 46%. - Production & Employment: 23%. ### Yearly IGF performance by item (Table 3.4: 2000–2004) - TOTAL IGF by year (Amounts in Cedis): - 2000: ¢70,357,045,141 - 2001: ¢95,685,687,891 - 2002: ¢142,897,520,545 - 2003: ¢188,775,332,515 - 2004: ¢225,819,115,201 - Rates: - 2000: ¢15,640,040,050 — 22.22% contribution - 2001: ¢21,922,537,548 — 22.9% contribution - 2002: ¢34,182,017,298 — 23.9% contribution - 2003: ¢43,433,487,952 — 23.0% contribution - 2004: ¢54,311,364,432 — 24.1% contribution - AVG %: 23.2 - Lands: - 2000: ¢8,140,230,907 — 11.57% - 2001: ¢7,456,375,389 — 7.8% - 2002: ¢17,687,981,298 — 12.4% - 2003: ¢33,877,019,508 — 17.9% - 2004: ¢33,930,079,955 — 15.0% - AVG %: 12.9 - Fees & Fines: - 2000: ¢23,841,666,944 — 33.88% - 2001: ¢33,135,399,595 — 34.6% - 2002: ¢41,084,206,036 — 28.8% - 2003: ¢55,662,377,081 — 29.5% - 2004: ¢67,595,051,790 — 29.9% - AVG %: 31.3 - Licences: - 2000: ¢10,964,206,906 — 15.58% - 2001: ¢15,308,548,349 — 16.0% - 2002: ¢23,005,721,180 — 16.1% - 2003: ¢25,835,861,898 — 13.7% - 2004: ¢31,754,838,844 — 14.1% - AVG %: 15.1 - Rent: - 2000: ¢2,524,614,066 — 3.59% - 2001: ¢3,625,939,670 — 3.8% - 2002: ¢5,168,638,783 — 3.6% - 2003: ¢10,439,295,216 — 5.5% - 2004: ¢11,262,333,019 — 5.0% - AVG %: 4.3 - Investment: - 2000: ¢2,590,024,752 — 3.68% - 2001: ¢4,003,233,374 — 4.2% - 2002: ¢4,416,406,472 — 3.1% - 2003: ¢4,985,941,814 — 2.6% - 2004: ¢7,258,180,239 — 3.2% - AVG %: 3.4 - Miscellaneous: - 2000: ¢6,656,261,516 — 9.46% - 2001: ¢10,233,653,966 — 10.7% - 2002: ¢17,352,549,478 — 12.1% - 2003: ¢14,541,349,046 — 7.7% - 2004: ¢19,707,266,922 — 8.7% - AVG %: 9.7 ### Regional IGF totals (Table 3.5: 2000–2004) - Western: - 2000: ¢7,321,403,738 - 2001: ¢8,942,905,281 — 22% change - 2002: ¢17,315,653,021 — 94% change - 2003: ¢23,991,651,610 — 39% change - 2004: ¢34,339,657,784 — 43% change - Central: - 2000: ¢3,627,480,097 - 2001: ¢5,030,190,224 — 39% - 2002: ¢6,750,070,251 — 34% - 2003: ¢7,654,058,042 — 13% - 2004: ¢9,822,668,231 — 28% - Greater Accra: - 2000: ¢30,750,047,304 - 2001: ¢41,355,335,942 — 34% - 2002: ¢52,023,798,596 — 26% - 2003: ¢69,575,313,066 — 34% - 2004: ¢85,726,748,624 — 23% - Eastern: - 2000: ¢4,776,474,999 - 2001: ¢5,671,567,217 — 19% - 2002: ¢11,391,726,048 — 101% - 2003: ¢13,188,660,409 — 16% - 2004: ¢16,080,201,801 — 22% - Volta: - 2000: ¢3,794,006,825 - 2001: ¢5,037,532,993 — 33% - 2002: ¢6,113,762,137 — 21% - 2003: ¢6,750,283,885 — 10% - 2004: ¢9,683,051,022 — 43% - Ashanti: - 2000: ¢10,543,317,235 - 2001: ¢14,959,976,423 — 42% - 2002: ¢22,763,216,633 — 52% - 2003: ¢30,848,249,664 — 36% - 2004: ¢40,212,592,864 — 30% - Brong Ahafo: - 2000: ¢4,788,926,093 - 2001: ¢6,505,537,139 — 36% - 2002: ¢10,375,344,273 — 59% - 2003: ¢22,663,441,950 — 118% - 2004: ¢14,105,063,123 — -38% - Northern: - 2000: ¢1,700,136,293 - 2001: ¢2,493,972,590 — 47% - 2002: ¢8,336,007,437 — 234% - 2003: ¢5,608,194,767 — -33% - 2004: ¢4,779,110,645 — -15% - Upper West: - 2000: ¢1,194,524,631 - 2001: ¢1,155,416,084 — -3% - 2002: ¢2,035,378,675 — 76% - 2003: ¢4,383,501,728 — 115% - 2004: ¢4,708,577,819 — 7% - Upper East: - 2000: ¢1,860,727,926 - 2001: ¢4,533,253,998 — 144% - 2002: ¢5,792,563,474 — 28% - 2003: ¢4,111,977,394 — -29% - 2004: ¢6,361,443,288 — 55% - TOTAL regional IGF growth: - 2000: ¢70,357,045,141 - 2001: ¢95,685,687,891 — 36% - 2002: ¢142,897,520,545 — 49% - 2003: ¢188,775,332,515 — 32% - 2004: ¢225,819,115,201 — 20% Key observation: - Metropolitan and Municipal Assemblies generate more revenue than other districts. ### Inconsistency, accountability, and management problems - Many DAs are inconsistent in declaring internal revenue; accountability and transparency lacking. - Audit reports noted: - revenue not accounted for, - non-lodgement of revenue on time, - suppression or loss of value books, - un-acquitted payment vouchers. - Districts spend large proportions of IGF on administration and recurrent expenses, leaving little for development. - MLGRD to investigate causes of revenue declines in some districts. ### Comparing nominal growth to real growth in IGF (Table 3.6) - Nominal Growth in IGF: - 2000-2001: 36.00% - 2001-2002: 49.00% - 2002-2003: 32.00% - 2003-2004: 20.00% - CPI Annual Average: - 2000-2001: 32.90% - 2001-2002: 14.80% - 2002-2003: 26.70% - 2003-2004: 12.60% - Real Growth % in IGF: - 2000-2001: 3.10% - 2001-2002: 34.20% - 2002-2003: 5.30% - 2003-2004: 7.40% ### Comparing DACF to IGF (Table 3.7) - DACF and IGF amounts (Amounts in Billions of Cedis) and IGF as % of DACF: - 2000: DACF 149.526 — IGF 70.357 — IGF as % of DACF 47% - 2001: DACF 188.729 — IGF 95.685 — IGF as % of DACF 51% - 2002: DACF 265.350 — IGF 142.897 — IGF as % of DACF 54% - 2003: DACF 648.562 — IGF 188.775 — IGF as % of DACF 29% - 2004: DACF 857.172 — IGF 225.819 — IGF as % of DACF 26% - Observation: IGF as a percentage of DACF declined from 54% in 2002 to 26% in 2004, indicating central government revenue increased faster than DAs’ IGF. - Recommendation: Declarations of IGF by districts should be independently verified/audited. ### Problems in management of DACF & IGF - Use of development funds for recurrent expenditures (contravention of DACF law). - Poverty alleviation loans (20% of District’s DACF) management not streamlined; guidelines not strictly followed; poor recovery efforts. - RPCUs complain of not getting funds for monitoring despite allocations. - Failure of some RCCs to submit returns on fund use on time. - Persistent audit-identified issues: - Un-acquitted payment vouchers, - Missing value books and revenue not accounted for, - Revenue collectors not bonded, - Outstanding loans and advances to staff, - Failure to account for and retire cash imprest. ### HIPC relief funds — disbursement and utilisation (2004) - Total amount transferred to MDAs in 2004 by the Controller and Accountant General: ¢1,817 billion compared to ¢842 billion in 2003. - Allocation highlights (Table 3.8, amounts in Cedis and percent of total): - BANK OF GHANA (Payment for Domestic Debt): 301,400,000,000.00 — 16.59% - Ministry of Local Government & Rural Dev.: 294,727,354,384.03 — 16.22% - Ministry of Education Youth & Sports: 287,809,895,286.29 — 15.84% - Ministry of Works & Housing: 149,000,041,538.84 — 8.20% - Ministry of Energy: 116,116,806,326.36 — 6.39% - Office of Government Machinery, OGM: 111,698,062,803.56 — 6.15% - Ministry of Health: 110,926,091,856.21 — 6.11% - Ministry of Roads & Transport: 72,919,105,965.02 — 4.01% - Ministry of Lands & Forestry: 70,846,297,700.00 — 3.90% - Ministry of Interior: 55,674,561,872.00 — 3.06% - Ministry of Finance & Economic Planning: 53,080,363,500.00 — 2.92% - ... (additional MDAs with smaller allocations) - Grand Total: 1,816,861,751,626.46 — 100.00% - Utilisation notes: - 16.59% of the fund used to defray Domestic Debt. - MLGRD and District Assemblies received 16.22% of total disbursed in 2004. - Other major beneficiaries: Education (15.84%), Works & Housing [water & sanitation] (8.20%), Energy (6.39%), Health (6.11%). - Concerns: - No clear guidelines nor a budget followed in disbursement of HIPC funds to MDAs; procedure relies on Ministry of Finance authorisation letters to the CAGD. ### HIPC transfers 2002–2004 (Table 3.9 summary) - Total HIPC transfers: - 2002: ¢268,822,659,999 - 2003: ¢842,078,572,861 - 2004: ¢1,816,861,751,626 - Select MDA trends: - BOG (Payment for Domestic Debt): 2002 ¢81,400,000,000 — 2003 ¢144,000,000,000 — 2004 ¢301,400,000,000 - Ministry of Local Government & Rural Development: 2002 ¢126,677,475,568 — 2003 ¢101,720,478,015 — 2004 ¢294,727,354,384 - Ministry of Education Youth & Sports: 2002 nil — 2003 ¢188,653,275,075 — 2004 ¢287,809,895,286 ### Policy recommendations (as presented) - Expedite action to increase the DACF to 7.5% so that more resources transfer to the districts. - Assemblies should publish DACF expenditure patterns in newsletters and on notice boards for greater transparency and monitoring. - MLGRD should insist on compliance with the reviewed Act 59 (Financial Memoranda issued to MMDAs); enforce sanctions and vigorous prosecution of offending DAs and officials. - MLGRD should initiate policy to encourage private participation in revenue generation by districts, given inconsistent revenue collection and uncovered revenue areas. - Ministry of Finance should improve the allocation and disbursement process of the HIPC Fund, guided by a budget or transparent allocation formula with contingency for transparency and controls. - RPCUs together with DPCUs should draw up monitoring designs/plans for their regions; District Assemblies should allocate funds for Monitoring and Evaluation of their activities. *Source: Controller and Accountant General’s Department* ### 1. Without losing control over macro-stability the ### 1. Without losing control over macro-stability the ### Growth strategy and outcomes - Government will simultaneously pursue more ambitious growth policies while maintaining macro-stability to propel the economy to a higher growth rate than hovering around 5%. - The government in the 2004 Budget targeted a growth rate of 5.2%, but the economy achieved a rate of 5.8%. - The achieved 5.8% is described as still below rates that can propel the economy to a middle income status by 2015. ### Debt reduction and revenue mobilization - Government will continue to reduce the debt burden by increasing revenue collection through further improvements in the efficiency of the revenue collecting agencies. - Debt burden: reduced from 22.6% of GDP in 2003 to 17.6% in 2004. - Domestic Revenue increased from 20.8% of GDP in 2003 to 23.8% in 2004 through efficiency improvements. ### Monetary and fiscal policy, inflation, and public expenditure management - Government will use an optimum mix of appropriate fiscal and monetary policies to deliver on inflation and other macroeconomic targets and continue to strengthen public expenditure management policy. - Monetary policy goal: focus on reducing the rate of inflation towards single digits. - The BOG used open market operations and adjustments to the prime rate. - Decline in inflation rate from 23.6% to 11.8% in 2004 attributed to monetary/fiscal policy and public expenditure management. - Public Financial Management Reform Program (PUFMARP) made significant progress with regard to implementation of remaining components. ### TOR Debt Recovery Fund and petroleum subsidies - Government plans to use the TOR Debt Recovery Fund, which is expected to yield ¢1.2 trillion to partly fund the subsidies for the delayed petroleum price adjustments. - Government transferred subsidies of ¢1772.3 billion to TOR for under-recovery in their operations resulting from non-adjustment of petroleum prices in 2004. ### Closing unplanned financing gap and fiscal adjustments - Plans to close the unplanned financing gap through fiscal adjustments consisting of: - Curtailing discretionary expenditures but protecting poverty reduction expenditures. - Reducing net domestic debt repayments from 2.2% of GDP to about 1.5%. - Finding more sources of revenue (non-tax revenue) through accelerated divestiture and increased dividends from state-owned companies. - Outcomes reported: - Although a budget deficit of 3.2%, poverty reduction expenditures were protected and even increased to 28.13% of government spending. - Increase in non-tax revenue to 5.6% of domestic revenue as against a target of 3%. ### Expenditure targeting and regional/deprived-area allocations - Government expenditures as published do not clearly show the extent to which the poor benefited, especially deprived areas of Northern, Upper East and Upper West and Central Regions. - Expenditure breakdowns are still not detailed enough to show allocation of resources to deprived areas. - A more detailed breakdown of expenditure will be provided to forge a closer link between budget allocations and beneficiary targets. ### Budget formulation, execution, reporting, and systems - Areas of budget formulation, execution and reporting still need upgrading and the link between the budget and GPRS would be strengthened further. - The Budget and Public Expenditure Management System (BPEMS) will be expanded to six other MDAs by November 2004. - Status: Upgrading in progress. BPEMS expanded to other MDAs. ### Public Financial Management Reform operationalisation - As part of the Public Financial Management Reform Programme the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning will operationalise: - the Financial Administration Act, - the Internal Audit Agency Act, - the Public Procurement Act, - and enhance activities of the External Audit Act. - Following passage of the three Public Financial Management laws — Financial Administration Act, 2003 (Act 654); Internal Audit Agency Act, 2003 (Act 658); Public Procurement Act, 2003 (Act 663) — the MFEP conducted a nationwide educational and awareness programme for over 10,000 people from March 2004 to December 2004. ### Donor disbursements and MDBS - Government expects timely disbursement of pledges by Development Partners and will encourage donors not party to the MDBS to join. - Total disbursement of foreign loans exceeded budget estimates by 804.2 billion cedis. - Through the Multi-Donor Budgetary Support Framework, there was 100 percent disbursement of donor pledges to support the budget in the implementation of the GPRS in the last two consecutive years. ### Financial sector reform initiatives - The Bank of Ghana will work to diffuse inefficient institutional structures in the financial sector to allow for a well-functioning financial sector which impacts growth and helps reduce poverty. - The BOG initiated the Central System Depository for Securities and the interbank payments system. ### Labour market information and unemployment reporting - Unemployment rate is a critical macro indicator of welfare but is not routinely reported on. - Government will work to ensure labour market information is made available more frequently. - Status: This objective has not been achieved. Labour market information is still difficult to come by. ### Trends in macroeconomic indicators (selected highlights) - Real GDP Growth rate: - 2001: 4.2 - 2002: 4.5 - 2003 GPRS Target: 4.7; 2003 Actual: 5.2 - 2004 GPRS Target: 5.0; 2004 Budget: 5.2; 2004 Actual: 5.8 - Real Per capita GDP growth rate: - 2001: 1.6; 2002: 1.8; 2003 GPRS Target: 2.1; 2003 Actual: 2.6; 2004 GPRS Target: 2.4; 2004 Budget: 2.6; 2004 Actual: 3.2 - Food Price Inflation (Core indicator) 2004 Actual: 15.5 - Domestic Debt to GDP ratio: - 2001: 20.9; 2002: 23.9; 2003: 23.6; 2003 GPRS Target: 18.3; 2004 GPRS Target: 17.8; 2004 Budget: 15.2 - Annual Average CPI: - 2001: 32.9; 2002: 14.8; 2003 GPRS Target: 15.1; 2003 Actual: 26.7; 2004 GPRS Target: 8.0; 2004 Budget: 12.6 - Year on year CPI: - 2001: 21.3; 2002: 15.2; 2003 GPRS Target: 9.0; 2003 Actual: 23.6; 2004 GPRS Target: 7.0; 2004 Budget: Below 10%; 2004 Actual: 11.8 - Gross international Reserves (months of imports of goods and services): - 2001: 1.2; 2002: 1.9; 2003: 2.3; 2003 GPRS Target: 3.2; 2003 Actual: 2.7; 2004 GPRS Target: 3.0; 2004 Budget: 3.7 ### Real GDP, sectoral and agricultural performance - 2004 GDP growth: 5.8% (2004 Budget target 5.2%, GPRS target 5.0%). - Agriculture growth: 7.5% in 2004 (2003: 6.1%). - Agriculture contributed 46.7% of the 5.8% GDP growth. - Cocoa sub-sector growth: 29.9% in 2004 (cited as key driver due to mass spraying and better husbandry). - Industry growth: 5.1% in 2004 (2003: 5.1; 2002: 4.7); construction was largest contributor in industry. - Services growth: 4.7% in 2004. - With population growth assumed at 2.6%, per capita growth improved to 3.2% in 2004. ### Inflation trends and drivers - CPI year-end inflation: 23.6% in 2003; 11.8% by end-2004. - Food component: decreased from 21.5% in December 2003 to 15.5% in December 2004. - Non-food component: declined from 26.6% to 7.9% over the same period. - Factors cited for fall in inflation: - improved food supply; - monetary restraint; - a relatively stable exchange rate in an environment of diminishing inflationary expectations; - improved fiscal performance in the face of election year and donor inflows. ### External sector developments - Cedi depreciation against the dollar on the interbank market: 2.2% in 2004. - Cedi depreciation against the pound: 12.1 percent; other convertible currencies: 10.7 per cent. - Accumulation of international reserves in 2004: $1732 million, enough to cover 3.8 months of imports of goods and services (compared with 3.9 months in 2003). - External debt service actual in 2004: $154.1 million vs projected $440.8 million; savings of $286.7 million described as total debt relief under the HIPC Initiative. ### Government budget, deficits, and revenue trends - Overall budget deficit: 3.2% of GDP (exceeding target of 1.7%, but below 2003 deficit of 3.4%). - Net domestic financing: equivalent to 0.5% of GDP and higher than programmed target of net repayment of 2.2% of GDP. - Growth of domestic revenue: - Significant since 2000; 2001 exceeding 40% growth (except 2002 at 27.6%). - Growth doubled to 56.2% in 2003. - As a percentage of GDP, domestic revenue rose from 18% to 21.2% of GDP in 2004. - Report notes growth of domestic revenue has exceeded the rate of inflation, indicating improved real revenue generation. ### Domestic debt trends, credit, and interest rates - Domestic debt/GDP ratio declined: 23.9% in 2002 to 18.3% in 2003 and 15.2% in 2004. - Reduction in domestic debt contributed to increased credit to the private sector: 31.3% growth of credit in 2004 for all sectors (with exception of Electricity, Gas and Water registering positive growth rates). - 91-day Treasury Bill rate: declined from 18.71% at end-2003 to 17.08% at end-2004. - Commercial banks' base rates reduced from an average of 29% to 25.4% in 2004. ### Agriculture, food crops, and distributional issues - Agricultural growth in 2004: 7.5%, exceeding 6.1% in 2003. - Cocoa sub-sector: 29.9% growth in 2004 credited to mass spraying and better husbandry. - Food crop sector: marginal improvement from 5.3% in 2003 to 5.4% in 2004; welfare changes in the sub-sector described as negligible. - Distributional impact: benefits skewed toward cocoa producing areas; poverty endemic areas still lagging behind. - Recommended need: intensify irrigation programmes and improvements in seedlings for the food crop sector. ### Poverty reduction impact and data limitations - Data on the impact of increased government spending on poverty reduction programmes and effects on economic growth and macroeconomic stability is not easily available. - CWIQ data of 1997 and 2003 and NDPC Citizens Report Card Survey (August 2004) for five selected districts indicate reduction in poverty between 1997 and 2003 and mixed perception of impact of macroeconomic stability and increased government spending on welfare. *Source: _cr06226 - 1. Without losing control over macro-stability the* ### 4.5 MACROECONOMIC STABILITY POLICY DEVELOPMENTS ### 4.5 MACROECONOMIC STABILITY POLICY DEVELOPMENTS ### Policy objectives (overview) - Objectives for attaining Macroeconomic Stability: - Reduce and restructure the domestic debt - Improve Public Expenditure Management - Improve fiscal resource mobilization - Pursue price and exchange rate stability - Develop financial sector ### Policy Objective 1: Reduce and Restructure the Domestic Debt - Policy Measure 1: Pay Down Domestic Debt - Indicator: 20% of HIPC applied to domestic debt amortization - Status: - By the end of 2004 the Government had disbursed an amount of ¢1,816.8 billion of HIPC funds, out which ¢301.4 billion was used to repay domestic debt, constituting 16.4% of HIPC funds. - Policy Measure 2: Development of Medium and Long Term Instruments - Indicator: Number of medium to long-term instruments developed - Status: - Government issued Medium Term Bonds: 2-3 year Floating Rate Notes with the interest rates tied to Treasury Bill interest rates and 2-3 Year Fixed Rate Notes. - Objective: promote and develop the bond market; lengthen the average maturity of government domestic debt and reduce concentration in specific maturities. ### Policy Objective 2: Improving Public Expenditure Management - Policy Measure: Review, refinance and strengthen implementation of MTEF and PUFMARP - (a) Modernise PEM regulatory framework - Policy measure 1: Within the context of existing legislation, develop guidelines and procedures for more comprehensive collation of annual financial accounts comprised of: - Consolidated Fund - Statutory Funds - Donor Funded Sector - Project/Program Funds - Status: - Financial Administration Regulations, 2004, LI 1802 for the Financial Administration Act, 2003 was passed by Parliament in August 2004. - Following passage of three Public Financial Management laws (Financial Administration Act, 2003 (Act 654); Internal Audit Agency Act, 2003 (Act 658); Public Procurement Act, 2003 (Act 663)), MFEP conducted a nationwide educational and awareness programme for over 10,000 people from March 2004 to December 2004. - (b) Strengthen budget formulation - Policy measure 1: Deepen alignment of functional classification of the budget with GFS, with a view to simplifying budget format and reporting - Status: - Summary expenditure reports as at 31st May 2004 were prepared on the basis of both the conventional and Government Financial Statistics (GFS) format and circulated to all line Ministries on regular basis. - PUFMARP continued significant progress; BPEMS was set up at the following MDAs with hands-on training provided: - Ministry of Health - Ghana Health Service - Ministry of Interior (Headquarters) - Ministry of Education Youth & Sports - Ghana Education Service (Headquarters) - Ministry of Roads & Transport Headquarters - Note: there is a problem with network connectivity linking the MDAs. - (c) Strengthen budget execution and reporting - Policy measure 1: Establish Internal Audit Agency Secretariat and begin process of staffing existing Internal Audit positions in MDAs and MMDAs - Policy measure 2: Create and staff Internal Audit Units in MDAs and MMDAs currently without such Units - Policy measure 3: Auditor-General to submit 2003 audited accounts on the Consolidated Fund and MDAs - Status and actions: - Public Procurement and Internal Audit Agency Boards inaugurated in August 2004; interim Secretariats set up while permanent Secretariats are being established. - Three-Year Strategic Plans drawn up by each Board. - Public Procurement Board collaborated with international organisations to develop international benchmarking, monitoring and evaluation tools trial tested in a number of public institutions. - Interactions with procurement entities, State Owned Enterprises and large MDAs to establish structures and ensure value for money; directives on sole sourcing and restricted tendering issued. - Domestic Debt Management Unit created in MOFEP with responsibilities including forecasting Cash and Public Sector Borrowing Requirement (PSBR), introducing new securities to replace maturing GoG Index-linked Bonds, and building a comprehensive domestic database. - An enhanced cash management system was put in place for monthly cash releases. - 2003 Audit Reports on Consolidated Fund and on MDAs submitted to Parliament. ### Policy Objective 3: Improve Fiscal Resource Mobilization - Policy measure 1: Strengthen revenue collection institutions for tax collection - Policy measure 2: Improve collection of non-tax revenues - Status and activities (2004): - Non-Tax Revenue lodgements constituted 5.6% of domestic revenue and exceeded the target of 3%. - Actions undertaken: - Introduction of a Dividend Policy for State Owned Enterprises and Joint Venture companies which resulted in an increase in dividend payment by 286.2% to Government. - Release of ¢11.5 billion to 18 MDAs to implement revenue enhancement measures. - Exercise with Security Agencies to track illegal operators (in 10 MDAs) behind forgery and duplication of Value Books; Twenty five (25) illegal operators have so far been prosecuted. ### Policy Objective 4: Pursue Price and Exchange Rate Policy - Institutional and policy developments: - Monetary Policy Committee of the Bank of Ghana (established in 2003) continued to use monetary policy instruments, particularly the prime rate, to influence inflationary expectations and sterilisation of excess liquidity. - Interest rate developments: - MPC revised prime rate downwards by 150 basis points from 21.5 percent to 20.0 percent in February 2004. - Rate finally stabilised at 18.3% by December 2004. - Factors supporting exchange rate stability: - Policies which improved foreign exchange liquidity, policies of fiscal discipline and prudent monetary programme accounted for the stability of the cedi against the dollar and other major currencies. ### Policy Objective 5: Create a More Diversified Financial Sector - Policy Measure: Create a more diversified financial sector and improve access to financial service - Implement FINSSP, including: - improving the administrative framework for micro finance - establishment of a Central Securities Depository for government securities - enactment of Long Term Savings law for private pension and housing Schemes - 2004 activities and outcomes: - Implementation of FINSSP including improving the administrative framework for micro finance; nomination of Board Members and recommendations for appointment of Chief Executive Officer of Microfinance Centre forwarded to the President for approval; a four member technical committee together with stakeholder beneficiaries performing services of the Center pending formal appointments. - Central Settlement and Depository System (CSDS) made operational initially for government securities to enhance confidence and modernize security trading. - Venture Capital Fund Bill passed to address inadequate capital problems of the private sector, especially Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME). - Parliament enacted the Long term Savings Law for private pension and housing schemes to deepen savings mobilisation and broaden retirement options. - Government separated Open Market Operations (OMO) of Bank of Ghana from Public Sector Borrowing Requirement (PSBR) to determine actual borrowing needs of government, resulting in reduction of government borrowing and “crowding in” of the private sector. - Continuous capacity development and training programmes in Microfinance organized for ARB APEX Bank and related institutions under GHAMFIN to facilitate delivery of financial services for MSMEs and rural economy. ### Key status figures (selected from Table 4.6 and text) - HIPC funds disbursed by end-2004: ¢1,816.8 billion - HIPC funds applied to domestic debt repayment (end-2004): ¢301.4 billion (16.4% of HIPC funds) - Earlier HIPC allocations to domestic debt: ¢81.4 billion; ¢144 billion; ¢301.4 billion (progress across years recorded) - Funding allocated to PUFMARP I: $37.224 million; approx. $29.114 million disbursed; $8.11 million outstanding - Financial information project (BPEMS operating system) 65% completed due to lack of funds - Dividend payments increased by 286.2% to Government (following Dividend Policy) - Release to MDAs for revenue enhancement: ¢11.5 billion - Prosecutions of illegal operators: Twenty five (25) - Prime rate reductions in 2004: from 21.5 percent to 20.0 percent (February 2004), stabilised at 18.3% by December 2004 - Non-Tax Revenue lodgements in 2004: 5.6% of domestic revenue (target was 3%) ### Policy recommendations (selected) - Continue improving medium-term macroeconomic objectives in the GPRS: economic growth, external stability, reduction in domestic debt, reduction of inflation to single digits, increasing revenue mobilization, curtailing deficit financing by pursuing a policy of zero net domestic financing. - Shift macroeconomic policy to simultaneously achieve macroeconomic stability, economic growth and poverty reduction. - To achieve per capita income of $1000 by 2015 would require sustained growth rates of about 6%. Government will pursue more ambitious growth policies to accelerate growth. - Reduce dependence on agriculture (especially cocoa) and harness agricultural resource potential through value addition and application of science and technology; focus on high growth sectors such as tourism, trade and ICT. - Increase real government spending in production-supporting areas such as infrastructure, financed non-inflationarily by strengthening resource mobilization through: - strengthening revenue collection machinery (IRS and VAT Secretariat) - expanding the tax net to cover small businesses and the informal sector - improving non-tax revenue generation, including requiring State-owned enterprises pay reasonable dividend - Reduce the domestic debt stock to encourage private investment and accelerate public sector reforms; GPRS target halving domestic debt/GDP ratio by end of 2005 down from 26 percent in 2000; further reductions to below 10% recommended to improve private credit and aid single digit inflation. - Address remaining weaknesses in public expenditure management; make BPEMS operational in 2005-06. - Monetary policy to continue focusing on reducing inflation towards single digits using open market operations and adjustments to the prime rate; conduct a study to determine the optimal level of inflation for Ghana (optimal rate might be higher than the single digit target). - Lower the large interest rate spread through fiscal policy, stepped up bank supervision and reduction in secondary reserve requirements for banks. - Deregulate the petroleum sector to open to private sector investment, establish a pricing regime free of government influence except for taxes, recognizing linkage of inflation to petroleum pricing. - Continue effective dialogue with development partners through the Multi-Donor Budget Support Framework to improve quantum and disbursement of support for GPRS implementation. - Refine GPRS to better pursue poverty reduction while aiming for the $1000 per capita income target. - Provide a more detailed breakdown of spending to show extent to which the poor benefited, especially in deprived areas (Northern, Upper East, Upper West and Central Regions). - Allocate additional resources to poverty reduction activities alongside growth objectives and strive to expand the resource envelope. - Pursue diversification of export earnings and accumulation of foreign exchange reserves in the medium term to reduce vulnerability to exogenous shocks. - Improve labour market information: Government will work to ensure unemployment rate data is made available more frequently. - Develop a Ghana macroeconomic database (jointly by the GSS, MOFEP, BOG) accessible by all MDAs and Development Partners. *Source: _cr06226 - 4.5 MACROECONOMIC STABILITY POLICY DEVELOPMENTS* ### 1. Implement FINSSP, including i) Improving the administrative framework for micro finance, ### _cr06226 - 1. Implement FINSSP, including i) Improving the administrative framework for micro finance, ### Implement FINSSP / Microfinance administrative framework - Nomination of Board Members and recommendations for appointment of Chief Executive Officer of Microfinance Center forwarded to the President for approval. - Interim governance: a four member technical committee together with stakeholder beneficiaries are performing the services of the Center pending appointment of the Board and formal staffing of the Center. - A list of all current interventions to support Microfinance activities in Ghana is prepared. The list will include the name of activity, a brief description, the concluding date, and the responsible agency. ### Establishment of Central Securities Depository (CSD) and Long Term Savings law - CSDS being implemented under a committee, to go live by November 2004 for government securities as the first phase. - Auction of Government Security done through CSDS evidenced by a copy of transaction. - Long Term Savings (LTS) law passed by parliament. ### Strengthen Public Expenditure Management (PEM) - The Financial administration Bill was passed into law at the end of December. - Draft guidelines and procedures for the collation of annual financial accounts developed; to include information on sources of funds and accounting standards. - Present procedures for collation of data for annual financial accounts: - aggregate receipts/revenue from Revenue Agencies, MDBS as well as Non Tax Revenue Monitoring Unit. - consolidate expenditure using ACCPAC at the headquarters for data obtained in soft copy from treasuries and regional offices. - Use the NETS (National Expenditure Tracking Systems) to generate report on functional classification and reports on Poverty Focused Expenditure. ### Modernize PEM regulatory framework and budget formulation - Deepen alignment of functional classification of the budget with GFS, with a view to simplifying budget format and reporting. - Health and Education ministries limited their outputs considerably; linkages of MTEF & GPRS were enhanced as budget volumes included summaries of MDA objectives and related GPRS MTP and expenditure by GPRS thematic areas, MTP and sources of fund. - GFS based reports generated regularly and circulated to all MDAs to enhance decision making. - Revised budget formats for submission and reporting, with standardized activities across all MDAs as well as MDA specific activities. ### Increase poverty-focused non-salary domestic expenditures - A 27% increase in 2004 over 2003 budget in poverty reduction expenditures. - 2005 Budget statement shows a real increase in non-salary Poverty related expenditure as share of domestically financed expenditures. ### Strengthen budget execution and reporting / Internal Audit - Establish Internal Audit Agency Secretariat and begin process of staffing existing Internal Audit positions in MDAs and Midas; create and staff Internal Audit Units in MDAs and MMDAs currently without such Units. - The Director-General and Unit Heads of the Internal Audit Agency in place. - Appointment process to fill vacant existing internal audit positions in MDAs and MMDAs well advanced. - Internal Audit Units created and staffed in MDAs and MMDAs without Internal Audit Units (IAAB by Feb. 2005 to provide baseline data as at April 2004, and estimation of completion by April, June and December 2005). - Under the Internal Audit Agency Act, the current Internal Auditors at the various MDAs and MMDAs shall be deemed to be internal audit staff of various MDAs and MMDAs, but are subject to reassignment. - A list of MDAs and MMDAs without Internal Audit Units would be completed with the view to formally instructing them to establish and staff their Internal Audit Units by end February 2005. A general circular requesting such MDAs and MMDAs without Internal Audit Units to establish their Units and submit returns would have been issued. ### Public Procurement institutions - Chief Executive and Unit Heads of the Public Procurement Board in place. - All Entity Tender Review Boards in place and of the Entity Tender Committees, at least 95% at the Ministerial level, and 50% at the Department and Agencies level formed and functional. - Tender Review Boards in MDAs and MMDAs are in the process of being constituted. ### Expand computerized financial/accounting systems (Oracle Financials / BPEMS) - Implementation of a budget and Public Expenditure Management System in MFEP and CAGD continued. - Oracle Financials centralised solution 100% complete in both test and production instance for the following MDAs’ headquarters: - Ministry of Finance - Controller & Accountant General - Ministry of Health Headquarters - Ghana Health Service Headquarters - Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports Headquarters - Ghana Education Service Headquarters - Ministry of Roads and Transport Headquarters - The Budget and Public Expenditure Management System (BPEMS) using Oracle Financials will be operational (all modules) in four more MDA Headquarters: - Ministry of Interior – headquarters - Ministry of Works and Housing – headquarters - Ministry of Information – headquarters - Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development – headquarters. ### External audit - Auditor-General to submit 2003 audited accounts for the Consolidated Fund and MDAs. - 2003 Audit Reports on Consolidated Fund and on MDAs submitted to Parliament. The Auditor-General in November 2004 submitted advance copies to MoFEP and Parliament while printing of the report is in progress. ### Production and Gainful Employment — overview and strategic focus - Strategy seeks to create an enabling environment to stimulate private sector participation focused on four key areas: - the development of the rural economy through the modernisation of agriculture; - sustained environmental protection through re-afforestation; - enhanced infrastructure development; - creating an enabling environment for private sector activities and development. ### Modernised Agriculture — objectives and indicators - Five policy objectives: Ensuring Food Security; Rehabilitation of the Fisheries Sector; Provision of Irrigation Facilities; Increased Mechanization of Agriculture; Improved Non-Farm Rural Incomes. - Fifteen indicators selected to track the five objectives. Policy Objective: Ensuring Food Security — indicator outcomes - Percentage Post Harvest Losses: - Target: 15-20% - Indicator Level 2003: 20-25% (cereals); 35-38% (perishables) - Indicator Status 2004: 15-20% (cereals); 33-35% (perishables) - Progress: Target achieved for cereals; Modest progress made on perishables. - Tons of food crops produced: - Indicator Level 2003 / Indicator Status 2004: - Maize=1.29m Mt / Maize=1.16m Mt - Rice= 0.239m Mt / Rice= 0.242m Mt - Millet=0.176m Mt / Millet=0.144m Mt - Sorghum=0.338m Mt / Sorghum=0.287m Mt - Cassava=10.2m Mt / Cassava=9.7m Mt - Yam=3.8m Mt / Yam=3.89m Mt - Plantain = 2.3m Mt / Plantain = 2.38m Mt - Progress: Mixed result. - Extension Officer to Farmer Ratio: - Target: 1:1200 - Indicator Level 2003: 1:1,500 - Indicator Status 2004: 1:1,400 - Progress: The Ministry is expected to lower the ratio to about 1:1,000 in five years. - Key measures to reduce post-harvest losses: - Post harvest management unit and National Post Harvest Working group compiled technologies for maize, cassava, yam, plantain, citrus, tomato and fish as reference for extension agents and stakeholders. - MOFA used HIPC funding to procure and distribute agro-processing and storage equipment including: - 40 complete lines of tomato processing facilities - 700 one-ton metallic silos - 50 each of Mechanical Dryers, Solar Dryers, Rice Threshers, and Palm Fruit Digestors - 100 Multi-Crop threshers - 100 Cassava Grating Machines - 50 Single Screw Presses - 100 Double Screw Presses - 50 sets of Shea Butter Processing Equipment - Recruitment to improve extension coverage: - PRSC-3 / MDBS measure to engage 250 additional Extension Agents and 50 Agricultural graduates annually for the next five years. - Successful candidates recruited were oriented and posted starting November 2004. Policy Objective: Rehabilitate the Fisheries Sector — indicator outcomes - Number of Hatcheries constructed: - Target: 4 - Indicator Level 2003: 2 - Indicator Status 2004: nill - Progress: No progress from the public sector initiatives; 4 private hatcheries completed in 2004. - Quantity of fingerlings produced per annum: - Target: 150,000 - Indicator Level 2003: 150,000 - Indicator Status 2004: 1,760,000 - Progress: Good progress (more than ten-fold increase). - Other fisheries measures in 2004: - One steel vessel procured for the Monitoring, Control and Surveillance (MCS) Unit for Volta Lake patrols. - Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) acquired. - Five nucleus commercial fish farms established. - Twenty fish farmer associations trained in fish and pond management. - Note: Area under fish farm dropped from 450ha in 2003 to about 112.3ha; quantity of fish produced per unit area per cycle did not improve in 2004 compared to 2003. Policy Objective: Provision of Irrigation Facilities — indicator outcomes - Percentage of arable land under irrigation: - Target: 12% (33,000 hectares) - Indicator Level 2003: estimated at 0.08% - Indicator Status 2004: nil - Progress: No government supported irrigation program implemented in 2004; over 1,200 hectares undertaken through informal/private sector interventions. - Number of dugouts constructed: - Target: 1,309 - Indicator Level 2003: 713 - Indicator Status 2004: 999 - Progress: 286 facilities constructed in 2004 alone. - Key irrigation initiatives: - Development of 31 irrigation schemes under the National Small Scale Irrigation Development Project Phase I. - Twelve new dams awarded on contract to bring total to 24 for LACOSREP II; designs for additional dams completed in 2004. - Completion of eight dams, two dug-outs and twenty-two hand dug wells under UWADEP; progress on five other dams and a dugout. - Completion of Anum Valley and Mankessim Projects, including supply of six pumps to each project. Policy Objective: Increase Mechanisation of Agriculture — indicator outcomes - Farmer Access to mechanized tillage: - Target: 15% - Indicator Level 2003: 8% - Indicator Status 2004: 12% - Progress: On Track. - Access to harvesters: - Target: 5% - Indicator Level 2003: 2% - Indicator Status 2004: 2% - Progress: No progress. - Access to processing equipment: - Target: 30% - Indicator Level 2003: 24% - Indicator Status 2004: 42% - Progress: Target exceeded. - Tractor to farmer ratio: - Target: 1:90,000 - Indicator Level 2003: 1:150,000 - Indicator Status 2004: 1:120,000 - Progress: On track. - Key mechanisation measures: - About 200 farm tractors with matching implements (in knocked down form) imported with HIPC resources were assembled locally and distributed. - Eight hundred (800) additional tractors programmed to be imported in 2004 with an Indian Exim Bank facility. - Parliamentary approval given for procurement of about 1,400 tractors for distribution to farmers. Policy Objective: Improve farm and non-farm growth in the rural sector - Target: 2% annual increase in real per capita food production (measures in MoFA’s strategic plan). - Achievements in 2004 include continued implementation of the reviewed and costed Strategic Plan for 2004-. *Source: _cr06226 - 1. Implement FINSSP, including i) Improving the administrative framework for micro finance,* ### 2006. The cost centres prepared their annual work plans and budget for the year ### 2006. The cost centres prepared their annual work plans and budget for the year ### Key finding - 2006. The cost centres prepared their annual work plans and budget for the year *Source: _cr06226 - 2006. The cost centres prepared their annual work plans and budget for the year* ### 2004. Implementations of planned activities are on-going with the release of the ### _cr06226 - 2004. Implementations of planned activities are on-going with the release of the ### Agriculture: modernization, extension, and decentralization - Implementations on-going with the release of the second and third quarter funds to the cost centres. - MoFA formed a multi-disciplinary committee including policy advisors to identify poverty–focused recommendations in the PSIA for modernization of agriculture incorporation in the strategic plan. - A detailed schedule to review FASDEP has been developed; the first draft of the reviewed FASDEP is expected to be ready by the end of July 2005. - Recruitment and extension targets and outcomes: - MoFA commenced recruiting 250 Agriculture Extension Agents (AEAs) and 50 agriculture graduates annually for the next five years. - Targeted improvement in AEA/Farmer ratio: from current level of 1:1400 to 1:1000. - Successful candidates recruited in 2004 were trained and posted starting November 2004. - Decentralization and change management: - MoFA’s decentralization programme reviewed; implementation of recommendations is on-going. - A draft handbook on roles and responsibilities of MoFA staff positions has been prepared. - Change Facilitators for Change Management Process in MoFA completed two of three training modules. Policy recommendations (agriculture) - Arrest the decline in cropped areas observed in 2004 by turning increased irrigation activities into deliverables (i.e., increased number of dugouts should translate into significant increases in area under irrigation). - Make agriculture extension services more efficient so policy measures to increase mechanization and irrigation can effectively complement each other. - Provide improved technological packages and support services to farmers and other operators to attract youth into agriculture, increase productivity, add value to farm produce, and improve farmer incomes. ### Environmental protection and reforestation Policy objective: Increase Environmental Protection through Reforestation — Achievements/indicator outcomes - Table 5.6 summary (Reforestation Indicator Achievements 2003–2004): - No of hectares planted: Target 40,000ha by 2008; Indicator level 2003 = 30,326ha; Indicator level 2004 = 28,400 in 2004 only; Status = Target exceeded. - Rate of deforestation: Target 50,000 per year; Indicator level 2003 = Less than 50,000 (yet to be determined - measured every 10 Years.); Indicator status 2004 = Some Progress. - Number of CRMAS* established: Target 2; Indicator level 2003 = 1; Indicator status 2004 = nil; Progress = No progress. - Ha of urban areas planted: Target 20,000ha by 2008; Indicator level 2003 = 1300ha; Indicator level 2004 = 1,350ha; Status = On track. - Ha of degraded forest reserve planted: Target 60,000 by 2008; Indicator level 2003 = 25,691ha; Indicator level 2004 = 27,050 (HIPC plantation-10950) (forestry commission-16100); Status = Good progress. - Amount of permanent employment generated: Target 100,000 jobs; Indicator level 2003 = 95,000 jobs; Indicator level 2004 = 88,000 (HIPC-18,000; Forestry commission-70,000); Status = Good + progress. - Number of Hectares Planted: 2004 recorded increase of 28,400 hectares over 2003; cumulative 58,726 hectares by end of 2004, exceeding the 40,000 hectares target for 2008. - Rate of Deforestation: Some progress in slowing deforestation over the period. - Ha of Urban Area and Degraded Forest Planted: - Urban area planted increased by 1,350 hectares in 2004 (2003 = 1,300ha), but pace unlikely to meet 20,000ha by 2008 without acceleration. - Target for degraded forest reserve of 60,000ha in 2008 has already been achieved. - Employment Generation: Permanent employment of 88,000 generated in 2004 indicates good progress toward 100,000 jobs target. Policy measures (forestry and reforestation) - Continue plantation development programme; extend competitive bidding in allocation of logging rights for existing natural and planted timber; develop framework for operationalizing an effective log tracking system. - Expected expansion of plantation cover from 2002 level of 20,000 hectares to 80,000 by end of 2007. - A Fund established for Plantation Development Programme; under this programme 58,000ha of plantation to be developed by June 2005. - Quarterly and half-yearly reports from four ongoing plantation projects produced. - Competitive bidding for Timber Utilization Contract (TUC) allocation underway; four TUC bidding sessions programmed between September 2003 and December 2004 verified; three bidding sessions completed. - Stumpage fees adjusted from 2.5% in 2003 to 7% in 2004. - Total instalments payment expected by June 2005 is ¢59.7 billion. - All TUC areas converted to Globally Significant Biologically Areas (GSBAs) as agreed and replacements effected. - Funds being sourced from MoFEP to commence implementation of a log tracking system. ### Land administration: indicator performance and reforms Policy objective: Improve Land Administration — Achievements/indicator outcomes - Table 5.7 summary (Indicator Achievements 2003–2004): - No of registered and titled urban lands to individuals: Target 300,000 parcels by 2008; Indicator level 2003 = 1,131 certificates issued; Indicator level 2004 = 2,555 certificates issued; Progress = Progress rather slow. - No. of titled and registered allodial titles to stools, skins and tendambas clans: Target 50 by 2008; Indicator level 2003 = No progress; Indicator status 2004 = Boundary demarcation on-going in Ejisu and Wassa Amenfi; Progress = Some progress made. - Number of current land cases concluded: Target Reduced by 35,000 (2008); Indicator level 2003 = Alternative Dispute Resolution commences in 2nd Quarter; Indicator level 2004 = Land Courts being built; Progress = Some progress made. - Number of customary land administration units established: Target 50 by 2008; Indicator level 2003 = 2 established (Gbawe., Wassa Amenfi); Indicator level 2004 = 3 established (Kyebi, Manhyia, Nadowli); Progress = Progress rather slow. - Number of regional land courts established: Target 10 by (2008); Indicator level 2003 = In proposal stage; Indicator level 2004 = In proposal stage; Progress = No progress. - Observations: - Titled and registered urban lands more than doubled from 1,131 in 2003 to 2,555 in 2004, but progress toward 300,000 parcels by 2008 is very slow. - Alternative Dispute Resolution (commenced in 2003) continues; Land Title Adjudication Committees constituted in Accra and Kumasi, but impact data unavailable to assess progress toward reducing land cases by 35,000 by 2008. - Customary land administration units increased by three in 2004 (Kyebi, Manhyia, Nadowli), unlikely to meet target of 50 by 2008 without radical efforts. Policy measures (land) - Plans to establish four regional land registries; disaggregation of registries has commenced; office spaces for Regional deed Registries provided. - Other actions: - Inventory of State Lands covering 734 sites completed (against 1,500 programmed in Accra). - Comprehensive proposals for reform of land legislations and judicial review of conflicting judgments drafted and subjected to stakeholder reviews. - Comprehensive review of public land agencies laws completed; proposal drafted to restructure and merge six land agencies under the Land Administration Project into one corporate entity. - Revaluation and primary valuation exercise comprising 3,203 properties with total rateable value of ¢258.3 billion in three district assemblies carried out. - Digital maps for Accra and Kumasi completed; 2,322 parcel plans produced to facilitate land titling. - An operational manual for management of public land published by the Lands Commission. ### Environmental Regulation and Resource Management - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) activities in 2004: - Over 100 applications processed and about 65 permits issued for non-mining developments. - 130 applications and permits processed for small scale mining. - 60 applications processed for exploration. - 45 applications processed for Environment Assessments and Plans. - EPA completed the Strategic Environmental assessment of the GPRS. - Environmental Resource Management Programme (ERMP): 5,000 farmers, mostly women, trained in snail farming, bee keeping, and mushroom cultivation in five selected districts. Policy recommendations (environment) - Strengthen institutional capacities of Town and Country Planning Department, Environmental Protection Agency, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission to support sustained environmental protection. ### Infrastructural development — ICT, energy, and roads ICT: Increase telephone access outside urban centres and provide ICT to schools - Indicator outcomes (Table 5.8): - No. of schools provided with ICT (computer terminals + PCs): Target 514 by 2005; Indicator level 2003 = 257; Indicator level 2004 = 360; Progress = Good progress. - No. of fixed telephone lines installed: Target 400,000 by 2005; Indicator level 2003 = 283,000; Indicator level 2004 = Fixed Line: 315,682 (Cellular: 1,540,476 Pay-Phones: 9,933); Status = On track. - Additional ICT outcomes and measures: - Community Information Centres (CICs) provided under HIPC increased from 12 in 2003 to 52 in 2004. - 50% of towns with second cycle schools provided with telephone facilities. - Teledensity improved from 4% to 9.1%, bringing total number of fixed and mobile lines to 1,835,000 by December 2004. - 52 Community Information Centres constructed in 2004. - 50 Postal Agencies upgraded to Post Offices to be fitted with ICT facilities. - Enabling environment actions: new telecommunications Regulations; new Telecom Policy concluded; work commenced on Telecommunications Act; Postal Regulatory Commission established; mobile licenses for 15 years; phased liberalization of international gateway licenses; interconnection rules and formal service level agreements developed. - Provision of access to rural areas: CICs in 53 districts; Ghana Investment Fund for Telecommunications development (GIFTEL) established to mobilize contributions. - Capacity building: training in software management, linux applications, cyber security, computer networking, XDSL technologies, frequency management, gender management; Ghana-India Kofi Annan Centre of Excellence in ICT completed and trained 850 people; ICT awareness training for traditional rulers (two batches each of 25 chiefs). - Business promotion: Establishment of one Multimedia Centre in Accra; pursuit of Technology Park concept with initial site feasibility; Cabinet approval of Policy for Accelerated Development of ICT. - Investment drive to build national communications backbone using existing VOLTACOM fibre. - Ghana India Kofi Annan Centre for ICT commenced operations in November 2004. Note on indicator definition - Recommendation to redefine “schools provided with ICT” to include connectivity (Internet Connectivity and last-mile connections) rather than provision of a few personal computers alone. Energy: Ensure reliable supply of high quality energy services - Indicator outcomes (Table 5.9): - Ratio of energy demand to energy supply: Indicator level 2003 = 0.73; Indicator level 2004 = 0.73; Progress = No change. - People with access to non-wood fuel energy: Indicator level 2003 = 43.4%; Indicator level 2004 = 40% (SNEP) Petroleum: 29% Electricity: 11%; Status = On course. - Households with electricity: Indicator level 2003 = 50.6%; Indicator level 2004 = 52%; Progress = Some progress made. - Total electricity power generated (megawatts): Indicator level 2003 = 1,652; Indicator level 2004 = N/A; Status = N/A. - Lifeline pricing for electricity sector developed and implemented: Indicator level 2003 = Done; Indicator level 2004 = done; Status = On course. - Phase out budget subsidies to petroleum sector: Indicator level 2003 = Process to remove subsidies in place (Price of Petroleum products increased by 90.4% in 2003); Indicator status 2004 = On course. - Energy sector policy measures and progress: - Continued energy sector reform; implementation of performance-based ECG Management Support Services Agreements expected to commence. - Process to transform VRA into three separate companies (thermal, transmission, VRA Hydro and other residual functions) continued; VRA Amendments Bill prepared and submitted to Parliament. - Revaluation of VRA assets completed in June 2004 to form basis of separation. Road transport: feeder roads and trunk roads - Indicators and outcomes: - Length of engineered feeder roads increased from 12,700 km in 2001 to 23,000 km by 2004. - Road condition mix improved from 29% good, 26% fair, 45% poor in 2001 to 46% good, 25% fair, 29% poor in 2004. - Monitoring feeder road contract time lag constrained by data unavailability from 2002. - Major trunk highways linking Ghana to neighbours (status end-2004): - Accra - Yamoransa: total length 116 km; physical completion 61%. - Accra – Aflao: total length 166 km; physical completion 78%. - Accra-Kumasi trunk road total length 240 km; Ofankor - Nsawam and Kumasi to Fumesua sections to be developed into dual carriageway. Section-level completion end-2004: - Ofankor - Nsawam 71% - Apedwa - Bunso 100% - Bunso - Anyinam 100% - Anyinam - Konongo 94% - Konongo - Kumasi 8% - Regional trunk roads: one major regional trunk road selected from each region; total length 1,032 km at cost US$ 207.4 million. - Table 5.10 selected project physical completion (2003 vs 2004): - Wa-Han-Tumu–124km: 2003 = 15%; 2004 = 49%. - Hwidiem-Kenyanasi No. 1- Atronie-Sunyani – 63.7km: 2003 = Not Started; 2004 = (no data). - Asokwa-Bodwesango-Gyadem-Ofoase-Juaso – 62km: 2003 = 45%; 2004 = 62%. - Kpando-Worawora-Dambai-Kete Krachie – 249km: 2003 = 20%; 2004 = 55%. - Twifo Praso-Dunkwa - 58km: 2003 = 10%; 2004 = 76%. - Bawdie-Asankragwa-Enchi – 113km: 2003 = 46%; 2004 = 67%. - Mpraeso-Adawso-Donkorkorm– 126km: 2003 = 15%; 2004 = 35%. - Tamale-Yendi - 43km: 2003 = 68%; 2004 = 94%. - Amasaman-Obeyeyie-Ayikai-Doblo-Odukponkpehe – 19.8km: 2003 = N/A; 2004 = N/A. - Sefwi Wiawso – Benkyema Junction – 44.5km: 2004 = Mobilisation. - Feeder roads programme: - Funding required to tar 715 km of feeder roads to bituminous surfacing: US$35.75 million. - In 2004: 800 km of feeder roads underwent spot improvement; 500 km rehabilitated; 250 km upgraded to bituminous surface. - In 2001 length of tarred roads country-wide was 860 km; by end-September 2004, length of tarred feeder roads increased by 320 km; 250 km awarded for tarring at various stages. - Bridge inventory: 5,000 bridge needs inventoried; 1,200 prioritised for construction. - 293 km of feeder roads were being upgraded to bituminous seal in 2004; listed examples include Kumasi – Ahodwo – Trede – AR; Nobekaw – Nyamebekyere – BAR; Asempanaye – Kushea – CR; Huhunya – Ehiamankyere – ER; Amasaman – Odukponkphe (Kasoa) – GAR; Bole – Bale – NR; Tilli – Binaba – UER; Jasikan – Bodada – New Baika – VR; Tarkwa – Bonsa – Bonsawire – WR; Jirapa – Babile – UWR. - Spot improvement, regravelling, and rehabilitation examples listed in the feeder roads programme. Policy recommendations (roads) - For urban roads consider instituting measures to enable some degree of cost sharing to speed development and release resources for feeder roads and maintenance. - Promote a culture of road maintenance as integral to enhancing development in Ghana. ### Strengthening the private sector (initial progress) - Key policy measures expected in 2004 included: - Strengthen Institutional Framework for Implementation of the Strategy. - Complete and begin implementation of the National Trade Policy. - Establish four (4) Land Registries in the regions. - Extend GCMS/GCNet facilities to Aflao and Elubo. - Complete the automation of Registrar-General’s Department. - Actual progress summary: - Cabinet approved the Trade Policy in October 2004 and it was launched in February. *Source: _cr06226 - 2004. Implementations of planned activities are on-going with the release of the* ### 2005. Three export trading houses were formed in December 2004. ### _cr06226 - 2005. Three export trading houses were formed in December 2004. ### Infrastructure and Trade Facilitation - Three export trading houses were formed in December 2004. - GCnet is now operational at Aflao. - Connection at Elubo was delayed as a result of communication problems. - Ghana Telecom the intended service provider has secured the necessary permit from the NCA for the use of the equipment required for providing the service. - It is anticipated that the Elubo facility finally be operational in 2005. ### Improving Business and Investment Environment - A hardware, network infrastructure and software has been installed at the Registrar-General’s Department (RGD) to enable the registration and search for business names to be done electronically. - Training of RGD staff in the use of the Registration software which started in 2004 is ongoing. - Data in manual registration files were converted to an electronic database for all categories of Business Registration. - A collaboration meeting with MDAs, private sector and civil society was held to discuss the strengthening of the institutional framework for the implementation of the PSDS. - The PSDS action plan was translated into implementation work plans and Budget as part of strengthening the institutional framework. - Validation and publication of performance indicators for implementation with MDAs and the private sector was undertaken. - The terms of reference (TORs) for institutional capacity review (jointly with MPSD) was finalized and submitted to Development Partners in mid-September, 2004. ### Manpower Development - The Ministry of Manpower Development, Youth & Employment is directly responsible for this policy objective. - About 12,750 people were trained in 46 trade areas including ‘batik tie and dye’, food processing, dressmaking, hairdressing, masonry, and carpentry in 2004 as part of Phase II of the Skills Training and Employment Programme (STEP). - Of the number trained about 3,000 were set up in snail farming, 3,000 in grass cutter rearing and 1,000 in leafy vegetable growing. - Over 20 new training centres were established mostly in the rural areas to offer employable skills to the youth. - A total of 20,371 job seekers were placed in various jobs through the Public Employment Centres throughout the country. ### Gender and Production - Government is making efforts to mainstream gender issues into national policies; gender issues have become increasingly visible in various policies. - Under the President’s Special Initiatives some 195,000 hectares of land have been mobilized as equity in 12 Farmer - Owned Companies, for development into plantations; women are increasingly involved in providing land for equity and are anticipated to own increasingly, additional shares in the Companies. - The Ministry of Food and Agriculture launched the Gender and Agriculture Development Strategy in 2004 to facilitate mainstreaming of gender issues in planning and implementation of agriculture programs. - There is increasing emphasis on attaining gender parity in education with the anticipation that parity will be achieved in primary school gross enrolment by the end of 2005. ### Policy Recommendations (summary and specific directions) - Maintain the momentum establishing the private sector as the engine of sustained growth and poverty reduction; effective monitoring and evaluation is a key ingredient. - MDAs involved in the implementation of the Private Sector Development Strategy should as a matter of urgency establish benchmarks upon which progress toward making the private sector the engine of growth could be properly assessed. - Give more attention to the gender dimension of Land reform issues to speed up correction of discriminatory customary land inheritance systems, which acts against achieving gender parity in production and gainful employment. ### 5.4 Summary of Policy Recommendations (selected subsections) - 5.4.1 Modernized Agriculture - Arrest the decline in cropped acreage experienced in 2004 by ensuring increased irrigation activities translate into deliverables (increased number of dugouts should translate into significant increases in the area under irrigation). - Make agriculture extension services more efficient so that measures to increase mechanization and irrigation can effectively complement each other. - Speed up and complete ongoing land reform initiatives; enforce existing laws on land title registration; streamline and consolidate functions of various agencies dealing with land management issues. - Minimize and eliminate sources of protracted land disputes, conflicts and litigation. - Major interventions: provision of improved technological packages and support services to farmers and other operators; attract youth into agriculture; increase productivity and add value to farm produce to improve incomes and sector development. - 5.4.2 Sustained Environmental Protection - Redouble government efforts; strengthen institutions directly involved with environmental regulation, commercial land use, urban land management, zoning (including Town and Country Planning Department, Environmental Protection Agency, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission). - Increase financial support and forestry support to recruit and retain staff. - 5.4.3 Enhanced Infrastructural Development - Maintain momentum in infrastructure development. - For urban roads, institute measures to enable some degree of cost sharing to speed up developments and release resources for feeder roads programmes and road maintenance. - Institute a culture of road maintenance to avoid inefficient and cost ineffective neglect until complete deterioration. - Implement a comprehensive transportation policy addressing rail industry revival, investments in water transportation and other intermodal means of transport, and air transport. - 5.4.4 Strengthening the Private Sector - Maintain momentum for private sector-led growth; establish effective monitoring and evaluation. - MDAs should establish benchmarks and mechanisms to capture and report on progress; compile and analyze comprehensive data to assess the extent to which the private sector is responding to new government initiatives and support. ### Table 5.11: Status of Priority Indicators in Production & Gainful Employment (selected indicators) - Program Area: Modernized Agriculture for Rural Development - Indicator: % of post harvest losses - Target: 15-20% - Indicator Level – 2003: 20-25% (cereals) 35-38% (perishables) - Status in 2004: 15-20% 33-35% - Progress Towards Targets: Target achieved for cereals Modest progress made on perishables - Indicator: Tons of major crops produced - Indicator Level – 2003: Maize=1.29m Mt Rice= 0.239m Mt Millet= 0.176m Mt Sorghum=0.338m Mt Cassava=10.2m Mt Yam=3.8m Mt Plantain = 2.3m Mt - Status in 2004: Maize=1.16m Mt Rice= 0.242m Mt Millet= 0.144 Mt Sorghum=0.287m Mt Cassava=9.7m Mt Yam=3.89m Mt Plantain = 2.38m Mt - Progress Towards Targets: Mixed result Ensures Food Security - Indicator: Extension officer farmer ratio - Target: 1:1200 - Indicator Level – 2003: 1: 1,500 - Status in 2004: 1:1,400 - Progress Towards Targets: The ministry is expected to lower the ratio to about 1:1,000 in five years time - Indicator: Quantity of fish produced per unit area of pond per cycle - Target: 3 tonnes /ha/yr - Indicator Level – 2003: 2.5tonnes/ha/yr - Status in 2004: 1.82 tonnes/ha/yr - Progress Towards Targets: No progress - Indicator: Area under fish farm - Target: 450ha - Indicator Level – 2003: 450ha - Status in 2004: 112.3 ha Functional fish ponds *Source: _cr06226 - 2005. Three export trading houses were formed in December 2004.* ### 2480.8 ha reservoirs ### 2480.8 ha reservoirs ### Fisheries and Irrigation — Targets and Implementation Status - 2480.8 ha reservoirs — Target exceeded. - No of hatcheries constructed: 4 (Target exceeded) - 2 Government owned & 4 privately owned — total shown as 6 in the source. - Rehabilitate Fisheries Sector — Quantity of fingerlings produced per annum: - Target: 150,000 - Indicator Level – 2003: 1,760,000 - Status in 2004: Good progress - Percent of arable land under irrigation: - Target: 0.12%(33,000ha) - Indicator Level – 2003: currently estimated at 0.08% - Status in 2004: 0.08% — No progress - Provision of Irrigation Facilities — Number of dugouts constructed: - Target: 1,309 - Status in 2004 notes: 713 out of 1309 (bore holes, dugouts, water storage, stream diversion, stream and tube well pumping) were completed - Additional note: 999 out of the 1,309 water facilities were constructed. - 286 facilities were constructed in 2004 alone ### Agriculture — Mechanization, Processing, and Irrigation Access - Farmer access to mechanized tillage: - Target: 15% - Indicator Level – 2003: 8% - Status in 2004: 12% — On track - Access to harvesters: - Target: 5% - Indicator Level – 2003: 2% - Status in 2004: 2% — No progress - Access to processing equipment: - Target: 30% - Indicator Level – 2003: 24% - Status in 2004: 42% — Target exceeded - Increased Mechanization of Agriculture — Tractor to farmer ratio: - Target: 1:90,000 - Indicator Level – 2003: 1:150,000 - Status in 2004: 1:120,000 — On track ### Environmental Protection and Re-forestation - No of hectares planted: - Target: 40,000ha by 2008 - Indicator Level – 2003: 30,326ha - Status in 2004: 28,400 (this excludes outside reserve planting) — On track - Rate of deforestation: - Target: 50,000 per year - Indicator Level – 2003: Less than 50,000 (yet to be determined). Indicator is measured every 10 years. — On track - Number of CRMAS* established: - Target: 2 - Indicator Level – 2003: 1 - Status in 2004: nil — No progress - Ha of urban areas planted: - Target: 20,000ha by 2008 - Indicator Level – 2003: 1300ha - Status in 2004: 1,350ha in 2004 alone — On track - Ha of degraded forest reserve planted: - Target: 60,000 by 2008 - Indicator Level – 2003: 25,691ha - Status in 2004: 27,050 (HIPC plantation-10950) (forestry commission-16100) — Good progress - Amount of permanent employment generated: - Target: 100,000 jobs - Indicator Level – 2003: 95,000 jobs - Status in 2004: 88,000 (HIPC-18,000; Forestry commission-70,000) — Very good progress ### Land Administration and Urban Land Titling - No of registered and titled urban lands to individuals: - Target: 1,300,000 parcels by 2008 - Indicator Level – 2003: 1,131 certificates issued - Status in 2004: 2,555 certificates issued — Progress rather slow - No. of titled and registered allodial titles to stools, skins and tendambas clans: - Target: 50 by 2008 - Status in 2004: No progress - Boundary demarcation in progress in Ejisu and Wassa Amenfi — Slow progress - Number of current land cases concluded: - Target: Reduced by 35,000 (2008) - Status in 2004: Alternative Dispute Resolution commences in 2nd Quarter — On Going / land Courts being built — Some progres[s] - Number of customary land administration units established: - Target: 50 by 2008 - Indicator Level – 2003: 2 established (Gbawe., Wassa Amenfi) - Status in 2004: 3 established (Kyebi ,Manhyia, Tabiase) — Progress rather slow - Number of regional land courts established: - Target: 10 by (2008) - Status in 2004: In proposal stage — No progress ### Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Telephony - Increase Telephone Access Outside the Urban Centres and provide ICT to Schools: - No. of schools provided with ICT (computer terminals and PCs): - Target: 514 by 2005 - Indicator Level – 2003: 257 - Status in 2004: 360 — Good progress - No. of fixed telephone lines installed: - Target: 400,000 by 2005 - Indicator Level – 2003: 283,000 - Status in 2004: Fixed Line: 315,682 (Cellular: 1,540,476 Pay-Phones:9,933) — On track ### Energy Sector — Access and Reforms - Ratio of energy demand to energy supply: - Indicator Level – 2003: 0.73 - Status in 2004: ***0.73 - People with access to non-wood fuel energy (over 68% of total energy consumed in Ghana is from wood fuels): - Indicator Level – 2003: 43.4% - Status in 2004: 40% (SNEP) - Fuel mix note: Petroleum: 29% Electricity : 11% — On course - Households with electricity: - Indicator Level – 2003: 50.6% - Status in 2004: 52% - Total electricity power generated (megawatts): - Indicator Level – 2003: 1,652 - Lifeline pricing for electricity sector developed and implemented: - Indicator Level – 2003: Done - Status in 2004: done — On course - Phase out budget subsides to petroleum sector: - Indicator Level – 2003: Process to remove subsidies in place (Price of Petroleum products increased by 90.4% in 2003) - Status in 2004: Participation of the private sector /Oil marketing companies in the importation of finished products on March 31 2004 Review of petroleum pricing formula being done Draft Deregulation Bill being finalized for Parliamentary approval — On course ### Roads and Feeder Infrastructure - Length of motorable feeder roads: - Target: 32,601.8 kms - Indicator Level – 2003: 23,000 km — On course - Feeder road contract time lag: - Indicator Status – 2003: N/A - Status in 2004: N/A — On course ### Private Sector Development and Access to Finance - Facilitate Private Sector Access to Long-term Finance — long-term credit facilities initiated include: - ADF fund - Italian Credit of €10m - Swiss Government $5m - HSBC credit of $40m - SOFITEL credit of $17m - Promote Entrepreneurial Skills — interventions: - Growing the Young Entrepreneur Captains of Industry program - Captains on the Road program - Students in Free Enterprise - Facilitate Reduction of Bottlenecks in Private Sector Development — institutional actions: - Institutional & Legal Reform division established in the Ministry of Private Sector Devt. - Government implementing recommendations of the Ghana Investors’ Advisory Council in: - Financial Sector Reforms - Labour Reforms - Civil Service /Customs reform - Land Reforms - Agric./Agri-business reforms. - The National Medium term Private Sector Strategy approved and launched. ### Trade, Registries, and GCNet/GCMS Automation - Enhance private sector competitiveness — Trade Policy and registries: - Cabinet approved the Trade Policy in October 2004. The Policy will be launched by mid-February 2005. - Three (3) export trading houses formed in December 2004. - Office spaces for the Regional deed Registries provided; disaggregating of registers has commenced. - To extend GCMS/GCNet facilities to Aflao and Elubo: - GCnet is in operation at Aflao; submission and processing of declarations started on 1st September, 2004. - Elubo migration delayed; expected by Q4 2004; Elubo to finally migrate by Q4 2004. - To complete the automation of Registrar-General’s department: - Infrastructure and software installation completed. - Software implementation at testing stage; To go live by end Q1 2005. - New registrations now entered into the database before signature. - Average registration time reduced to about 3 days from present baseline of 19 days. - Target: Search for Business Name to be reduced to within 5 minutes from present baseline of 2 days. ### Rural Sector Growth, MOFA Strategic Plan, and Extension Services - Implement MoFA strategic plan (2004-2006 reviewed and costed): - Real per capita food production increases 2 percent annually — stated objective. - MoFA implementing the reviewed and costed 2004-2006 strategic plan; cost centers prepared annual work plans and budgets for 2004. - Final report on the PSIA submitted; a multi-disciplinary committee formed to identify poverty-focused recommendations for incorporation into the reviewed FASDEP. - First draft of the reviewed FASDEP expected to be ready by 31/5/05. - Research Extension Liaison Committees (RELCs): - Establishment of RELCs in all the Regions — operational in all Regions. - District Planning sessions held in 50% of the Districts to gather demand driven research proposals. - To engage 250 additional Extension Agents; and 50 agricultural graduates annually: - With MoFEP approval, recruitment process commenced for 250 AEAs and 50 agriculture graduates annually for the next five years to improve the Agricultural Extension Agent: Farmers ratio from 1:1500 to 1:1000. - Interviews conducted; successful candidates recruited, oriented and posted starting November 2nd. 2004. - To reorganize and revitalize policy process within PPMED: - Final report on the New Policy Making Process submitted; Policy Working Group (PWG) formed; orientation sessions ongoing. - Draft handbook on roles and responsibilities of MoFA staff positions prepared. - Training of Change Facilitators for Management of the Change Process in MoFA has completed two of three modules. ### Forestry Management and Timber Sector Reforms - Plantation development program: - Target: 58,000ha of plantation development completed by June 2005, being 71% of programmed target. - Plantation cover expanded from 20,000 hectares in 2002 to 80,000 hectares by end 2007. - Fund established for Plantation Development. Quarterly and half yearly reports from 4 on-going plantation projects. - Competitive bidding and log tracking: - All timber utilization contracts of 2004 bidding program concluded; continuation of Timber Utilization Contract (TUC) bidding program as per 2005 schedule. - Technical Partner selected in June 2004 for Log Tracking System; 2005 budget for MLF to include provision for implementation. - Three (3) TUC Bidding sessions completed. - Total of installments payments expected by June 2005 is 59.7 billion cedis. - Stumpage fees increased from 2.5% in 2003 to 7% in 2004. - All TUC areas as agreed converted to Globally Significant Biologically Areas (GSBAs). - Transparency and revenue from TUC allocation increased; improved governance and reduced leakages in revenue earnings from timber. ### CHAPTER SIX — Human Resource Development and Basic Services (Introduction and Focus) - Objective: Improve living conditions of all Ghanaians through expanding and improving efficiency in delivery of basic services, addressing geographical and gender equity in access. - Key priority policy measures: - Education: enhancing access to education, reducing gender disparities in education, improving skills through training. - Health: enhancing access to and delivery of health services, increasing access to safe drinking water in rural areas, improving access to adequate sanitation. - This section provides a review of policy actions in the HRD thematic area for 2004 and tracks status of policy measures under GPRS, PRSC-3, and MDBS. *Source: _cr06226 - 2480.8 ha reservoirs* ### 6.2 REVIEW OF 2003 APR POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS ### 6.2 REVIEW OF 2003 APR POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS ### EDUCATION — Implementation Status of 2003 APR Recommendations - Ensure more equity in access to education - All district approved levies were abolished at the beginning of the 2004/05 academic year for 40 deprived districts and a Capitation Grant Scheme was introduced to compensate schools for loss of revenue. - Implementation of incentive schemes for girls, including provision of scholarships and school materials continues in 2004/05 academic year. - The Education Sector Plan (ESP) began its full implementation in 2004. One key objective of the ESP is to address issues of inequities in access to education. - Enhance quality of education - Policy to provide incentive packages to teachers in deprived areas continued in 2004. - District Assemblies Sponsorship Scheme for Teacher Trainees provided for teachers in remote and deprived areas. - The policy of achieving a pupil/textbook ratio of 1:1 was vigorously pursued. - Undertake impact assessment and review of teacher retention schemes - A TOR for a study to properly examine issues regarding the teacher retention and the impact of on-going schemes is being developed. ### HEALTH — Implementation Status of 2003 APR Recommendations - Develop and implement system for better targeting of the poor for exemptions - Criteria for identifying the poor have been defined in the NHIS Legislative Instrument and are to be applied by DMIS to register all exempt categories. - Accelerate the implementation of the NHIS - The National Health Insurance Act (2004), Act 650, has been enacted. - A Legislative instrument, LI 809, has been passed as operational and administrative guidelines and also a Ministerial Oversight Committee has been formed. - A National Health Insurance Council and Secretariat are in place. - Strengthen and expand child malnutrition programmes - Scaling-up of the piloted High Impact Delivery Programme to reduce under-five mortality, maternal mortality and malnutrition. - Various interventions to reduce malnutrition are at different stages of implementation. Interventions include Infant and Young Child Feeding Strategy, Community Based Nutrition and Food Security Project, Supplementary Feeding Program in the three Northern Regions, and promoting the consumption of food rich in micronutrients (iodine, iron, vitamin A). - The GHS has prepared a concept paper addressing the problem of malnutrition in the medium term and included in the MOH/GHS Second Five Year Programme of Work (5 POW 2002-2006). The objectives include promoting exclusive breastfeeding, reducing the level of underweight children, Vitamin A deficiency, iodine deficiency disorders and universal salt iodization. - Increase attention to sanitation issues - No special and specific strategies developed and implemented in 2004 to deal with sanitation issues. ### 6.3 EDUCATION SECTOR — Context and Objectives - Central theme: The Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy prioritizes increased access to quality education as essential for socio-economic growth and poverty reduction. - Key medium term policy objectives of the GPRS: - (a) enhancing access to basic education, with special emphasis on gender and geographical equity - (b) improving the quality of education ### 6.3.1 Performance of the Education Sector — Summary Findings - Overall trend (2003 into 2004): Significant progress in access to basic education indicators continued in 2004. - National and regional enrolment performance: - The national primary gross enrolment ratio and those of the deprived regions have all been steadily improving. - The Northern and Upper West regions in particular have already exceeded their 2005 targets. - Enrolment increases needed to meet 2005 targets: - National needs to increase by 2.2% to achieve the 2005 target. - Upper East needs to increase by 1.9% to achieve the 2005 target. - Gender parity and girls’ enrolment: - Efforts toward bridging the gender gap in school enrolment are yielding positive results but progress is slow. - Only moderate gains have been made towards girls’ enrolments at the national level and in the three deprived northern regions. - The GPI indicates only slightly improved gender parity indices at the national level. - Regional variation: Boys’ enrolment actually lags behind that of girls in some regions; GPI is above the national average in Upper East (0.98) and Upper West (1.02). - The 2005 targets for gender parity indicators are not likely to be achieved given present trends. - Underlying constraints: Distance to school in some parts of rural areas, poverty, and socio-cultural factors that keep children at home. ### Table: Trends in Gross Primary School Enrolment Ratio (GPER), 2001/02-2003/04 (with 2004/2005 target and potential) - PGER - National: 2001/2002 83.8% | 2002/2003 85.7% | 2003/2004 86.3% | Target 2004/2005 88.5% | Potential for achieving 2004/05 target: Likely - Northern: 2001/2002 66.4% | 2002/2003 70.6% | 2003/2004 70.5% | Target 2004/2005 70.0% | Potential: Exceeded - Upper East: 2001/2002 71.2% | 2002/2003 76.5% | 2003/2004 77.1% | Target 2004/2005 79.0% | Potential: Unlikely - Upper West: 2001/2002 63.1% | 2002/2003 70.3% | 2003/2004 74.1% | Target 2004/2005 73.0% | Potential: Exceeded - Note: The GPER is calculated from EMIS census returns. As the return rates for target groups vary by year (94% for 2002-03 and 95.5% in 2003-04), direct year on year comparison is compromised. The GPER figures in the Table have therefore been scaled up to 100% for all years presented to provide a more accurate and less variable data for assessing education performance. ### Table: Trends in Gross Primary Enrolment Ratio for Girls (GPER) and Gender Parity Index (GPI), 2001/02-2003/04 (with 2004/2005 target and potential) - GPER (Girls) - National: 2001/2002 80.1% | 2002/2003 82.2% | 2003/2004 83.1% | Target 2004/2005 88.5% | Potential: Unlikely - Northern: 2001/2002 56.8% | 2002/2003 61.8% | 2003/2004 63.0% | Target 2004/2005 70.0% | Potential: Unlikely - Upper East: 2001/2002 70.5% | 2002/2003 76.3% | 2003/2004 76.4% | Target 2004/2005 79.0% | Potential: Unlikely - Upper West: 2001/2002 63.1% | 2002/2003 71.0% | 2003/2004 74.9% | Target 2004/2005 73.0% | Potential: Exceeded - GPI - National: 2001/2002 0.92 | 2002/2003 0.92 | 2003/2004 0.93 | Target 2004/2005 1.00 | Potential: Unlikely - Northern: 2001/2002 0.75 | 2002/2003 0.78 | 2003/2004 0.81 | Target 2004/2005 1.00 | Potential: Unlikely - Upper East: 2001/2002 0.98 | 2002/2003 0.99 | 2003/2004 0.98 | Target 2004/2005 1.00 | Potential: Unlikely - Upper West: 2001/2002 1.00 | 2002/2003 1.02 | 2003/2004 1.02 | Target 2004/2005 1.00 | Potential: Exceeded - Note: The GPER is calculated from EMIS census returns. As the return rates for target groups vary by year (94% for 2002-03 and 95.5% in 2003-04), direct year on year comparison is compromised. The GPER figures in the Table have therefore been scaled up to 100% for all years presented to provide a more accurate and less variable data for assessing education performance. *Source: Extract from _cr06226 - 6.2 REVIEW OF 2003 APR POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS* ### 5. The GPER figures in Tables 5.3 in the 2003 APR are consequently amended. ### _cr06226 - 5. The GPER figures in Tables 5.3 in the 2003 APR are consequently amended. ### Education sector performance: quality and access overview - Academic performance is measured only through the Basic Education Certificate Examinations (BECE) and Senior Secondary Certificate Examinations (SSCE) upon completion of JSS and SSS levels respectively. - The Ministry of Education and Sports is introducing a National Minimum Standards to assess student and sector performance; interim proxies include input indicators such as pupil: teacher ratios (PTRs) and pupil: core textbook ratios. - Pupil: teacher ratio (PTR) at the primary level: - Increased from 31.3:1 in 2002/2003 to 34.0:1 in 2003/2004, exceeding the targeted ratio of 32.7:1. - Wide variations exist at school and district levels. - Percentage of trained teachers at primary level: - Improved marginally over three years; the 40 deprived districts have the lowest levels (see Tables 6.3 and 6.4). - Pupil: core textbook ratios: - Worsened due to delays from a new textbook development and distribution policy; deprived districts were hardest hit. ### Key statistics from Tables 6.3 and 6.4 (national and 40 deprived districts) - Table 6.3: National Trends in Quality of Education Indicators (2001/02-2003/04) - % of trained teachers: 69.9 (2001/2002); 73.5 (2002/2003); 73.9 (2003/2004); Target 2004/2005 = 81.3; Potential for achieving 2005 target = Unlikely - Pupil: Teacher Ratio (PTR): ---- (2001/2002); 31.3:1 (2002/2003); 34.0:1 (2003/2004); Target 2004/2005 = 33.0:1; Potential = Exceeded - Pupil: Core Textbook Ratio: 1:1.7 (2001/2002); 1:1.4 (2002/2003); 1:3.0 (2003/2004); Target 2004/2005 = 1:3.0; Potential = Unlikely - Source: Ministry of Education and Sports, Preliminary Education Sector Performance Report 2004 - Table 6.4: Trends for 40 Deprived Districts (2001/02-2003/04) - % of trained teachers: - (2001/2003); 56.0 (2002/2003); 55.3 (2003/2004); Target 2004/2005 = 81.3; Potential = Very unlikely - PTR: --- (2001/2002); 36.6:1 (2002/2003); 39.5:1 (2003/2004); Target 2004/2005 = 33.1:1; Potential = Extremely unlikely - Pupil: Core Textbook Ratio: 1:1.3 (2001/2002); 1:1.1 (2002/2003); 1:3.0 (2003/2004); Target 2004/2005 = 1:3.0; Potential = Extremely unlikely - Source: Ministry of Education and Sports, Preliminary Education Sector Performance Report 2004 ### Education sector interventions and outputs in 2004 - Rehabilitate/construct basic school classrooms: - Of 440 6-unit classroom blocks under construction in 2004, 216 were completed in 2004 at the cost of ¢103 billion. - Number of classrooms completed decreased from 685 in 2003 to 216 in 2004 (pace slowing; shift from 3-unit DFID projects to new 6-unit blocks). - Percent share of deprived northern regions in new classrooms declined from 61% in 2003 to 22% in 2004: - 420 of 685 (61.3%) of classrooms constructed in 2003 were located in the 3 Northern regions. - 96 out of the 440 6-unit (22%) classroom blocks under construction in 2004 were located in the three northern regions. - Expand Teacher Retention Scheme (PRSC-3/MDBS): - ¢20 billion spent on construction of teachers’ residences. - District Assemblies Sponsorship Scheme produced 3,812 trained teachers for remote areas. - National Service Secretariat posted 6,981 teachers; National Volunteer Service Programme posted 52 teachers to remote rural areas. - National PTR increased, but supply insufficient to improve PTR in Northern and Upper East regions. - PTR in northern regions (Table 6.7): - National: 31.3:1 (2002/2003); 34.0:1 (2003/2004); Target 2004/2005 = 32.7:1; Potential = Exceeded - Northern: 36.3:1 (2002/2003); 38.6:1 (2003/2004); Target 2004/2005 = 35.0:1; Potential = Unlikely - Upper East: 53.7:1 (2002/2003); 58.9:1 (2003/2004); Target 2004/2005 = 45.0:1; Potential = Unlikely - Upper West: 47.9:1 (2002/2003); 46.2:1 (2003/2004); Target 2004/2005 = 37.0:1; Potential = Exceeded - Source: Ministry of Education and Sports, 2004 Performance Report. - Eliminate district levies and introduce capitation grants in 40 deprived districts: - From September 2004 school levies abolished; capitation grants introduced in 40 deprived districts. - GES provided ¢13,746,974,999 for the first and second terms of 2004/2005 academic year to the 40 deprived districts. - Timely delivery of core textbooks (PRSC-3/MDBS): - No new books procured and distributed in 2004; pupil: core textbook ratios worsened, especially in three deprived northern regions. - ¢16 billion transferred in 2004 to the Ministry for provision of textbooks; no disbursements due to delay in implementing new textbook development and distribution policy that requires outsourcing procurement to the private sector. - Table 6.8 (Pupil: textbook ratio in 3 Northern Regions): - National: 1:1.7 (2002/2003); 1;1.4 (2003/2004); Target 2004/2005 = 1:3.0; Potential = Unlikely - Northern: 1:1.4 (2002/2003); 1: 1.1 (2003/2004); Target 2004/2005 = 1:3.0; Potential = Unlikely - Upper East: 1: 1.3 (2002/2003); 1: 1.0 (2003/2004); Target 2004/2005 = 1:3.0; Potential = Unlikely - Upper West: 1: 1.5 (2002/2003); 1: 1.1 (2003/2004); Target 2004/2005 = 1:3.0; Potential = Unlikely - Source: Ministry of Education and Sports, 2004 Performance Report. - Develop/upgrade one SSS to model status in each district: - Second phase in 2004; first batch near completion; preliminary studies for upgrading 25 additional schools completed. - Table 6.9: - 31 schools identified; work on first batch 65.5% complete; on track. - Reduce gender disparities: - Scholarship/incentive schemes: ¢8.885 billion from GET fund allocated in 2003/2004; disbursement formula: 60% for girls in primary schools, 35% for girls in Junior Secondary schools, 5% for special needs. - In 2004 ¢4.4 billion disbursed to 40 deprived districts (60% to girls). - Capitation grant of ¢35,000 per female pupil paid to all public primary schools in 40 deprived districts for first term 2004/2005. - Improve skills training: - National TVET policy completed in 2004. - Twenty new vocational and technical resource centres established under GES in 10 regions. - ¢6 billion microcredit facility released to Ministry of Manpower Employment and Youth for STEP graduates. - Under STEP Phase 2, about 12,750 people trained; about 7,000 of these trained and set up in agricultural vocations. ### Summary status of core indicators (Table 6.10 highlights) - Gross Primary enrolment ratio: National - Target: 88.5; Indicator Level 2002 = 83.8; Status 2003 = 85.7; Status in 2004 = 86.3; Progress = Modest gain - Gross Primary enrolment ratio for Girls: National - Target: 88.5; Indicator Level 2002 = 80.1; Status 2003 = 82.2; Status in 2004 = 83.1; Progress = Slow progress - Number of classrooms rehabilitated/constructed with furniture provided: - 2003: 685 3-unit classroom blocks constructed; 2004: Of 440 6-unit blocks under construction, 216 completed; Progress = Number of completed classrooms decreased - Share of the three Northern regions in rehabilitation/construction: - Target 20%; 2003: 420 of 685 (61.3%) located in 3 Northern regions; 2004: 96 out of 440 6-unit (22%) located in three northern regions; Status = Not achieved - Number of SSS upgraded to model secondary schools: - 31 schools identified; work on first batch 65.5% complete; preliminary studies for additional 25 schools completed; Progress = On track - Percentage of trained teachers in primary schools: - Target 81.3; Indicator Level 2002 = 69.6; Status in 2003 = 73.5; Status in 2004 = 73.9; Progress = Stalled - Timely delivery of core textbooks in most deprived districts: - No improvement in textbook ratios in deprived districts for 2004 as no new books were procured and distributed - Capitation grants and fee abolition: - First instalment of capitation grant payments of 25,000 cedis per male pupil and 30,000 cedis per female pupil paid to all primary schools for first term of 2004/05 in 40 deprived districts; Achieved - Resources to 40 deprived districts: - Percentage of Ghana Government component of GES non-salary budget for 40 deprived districts increased slightly from 10.1% in 2003 to 10.2% in 2004; No significant achievement - Execution rate of budgeted non-salary expenditure: - 2003 expenditures = 74.2% of provision; Approved cash ceiling = 83.7% of provision; Expenditures = 88.7% of cash ceiling - Jan–July 2004 expenditures = 34% of provision; Approved cash ceiling = 100% of provision; Expenditures = 80% of cash ceiling; Achieved - Source: MTPs – GPRS- 2003-2005, PRSC3/MDBS 2001-2004 ### Policy measures implemented in 2004 (by objective) - Enhance access to education: - Rehabilitate and construct basic school classrooms. - Expand teacher retention schemes (incentive packages, accommodation, consumer items). - Eliminate approved district levies and introduce capitation grants in public primary schools in deprived districts. - Ensure timely delivery of core textbooks for primary schools, particularly in deprived regions. - Develop one model senior secondary school with libraries and science laboratories in each of the 110 districts. - Reduce gender disparities: - Provide incentive/scholarship schemes (GET fund disbursement priorities). - Introduce capitation grants for girls in public primary schools (¢35,000 per female pupil in 40 deprived districts for first term 2004/2005). - Improve vocational and technical skills training: - Complete national TVET policy (2004). - Establish 20 new vocational and technical resource centres in 10 regions. - Release ¢6 billion microcredit facility to Ministry of Manpower Employment and Youth for STEP graduates. - Train about 12,750 people under STEP Phase 2; about 7,000 set up in agricultural vocations. ### Policy recommendations (government commitments and priorities) - Accelerate the rehabilitation/construction of primary school classrooms. - Promote and extend pre-school education to stimulate enrolment. - Roll out capitation grants to all districts. - Improve per capita resource allocations to most deprived districts to ensure equity in enrolment. - Ensure efficient implementation of the new textbook development and distribution policy for timely delivery of core textbooks. - Strengthen teacher redeployment measures and ensure that current teacher incentives are achieving results. - Expand and adequately equip Teacher Training Colleges to increase the supply of qualified teachers. - Promote community engagement in the education process to improve school performance. - Increase resources to vocational and technical institutions for quality skills training. ### Health sector: performance summary and findings (6.4) - Health sector goal: improve health through increasing equity in access to basic health services and enhancing efficiency in delivery; ensure sustainable financial arrangements protecting the poor. - Child survival and outcome indicators (Table 6.11a, GDHS 1988–2003): - Infant mortality rate: 77 (1988), 66 (1993), 57 (1998), 64 (2003); 2004 = n/a - Under five mortality rate: 155 (1988), 119 (1993), 108 (1998), 111 (2003); 2004 = n/a - Child malnutrition (underweight): 24 (1988), 27 (1993), 25 (1998), 35.8 (2003); 2004 = n/a - Maternal mortality rate: 240 (1988), 214 (1993), 214 (1998); 2003 = n.a; 2004 = n/a - Total fertility rate: 6.4 (1988), 5.5 (1993), 4.6 (1998), 4.4 (2003); 2004 = n/a - Note: GDHS conducted 5-yearly; 2004 levels not available. - Preliminary analysis of 1998 and 2003 GDHS suggests: - Neonatal mortality (mostly within first week) accounts for bulk of observed increase in child mortality. - Child survival is generally worse in rural areas; rural-urban differentials may be reducing because urban child outcomes are worsening (urban slums, sanitation, ability to pay). - Regional variation in under-five and infant mortality (improvements and worsenings across specific regions). - Malnutrition associated with under-five mortality but not sole explanation. - Safe-motherhood variables (breastfeeding, birth intervals, births within five years, mother’s education) are important neonatal risk factors. - Service-related factors (immunization coverage, antenatal care, ITN usage, diarrhoea management) are associated with child survival; progress on immunization and antenatal care appears to have stalled between 2003 and 2004. - Environmental factors: source of drinking water significant in urban child survival risk; sharing toilet facility increases under-five death risk in rural areas. - Table 6.11b: Immunization coverage (DPT3) MOH: - 2001 = 76.3; 2002 = 77.9; 2003 = 76.0; 2004 = 75.0 - GDHS series: 47.0 (1988), 62.0 (1998) *Source: Ministry of Education and Sports, Preliminary Education Sector Performance Report 2004; Ministry of Education and Sports, 2004 Performance Report; MTPs – GPRS- 2003-2005, PRSC3/MDBS; GDHS, 1988-2003.* ### 69.4 n/a ### _cr06226 - 69.4 n/a ### Child survival outcomes and constraints - Persistence of regional differentials in child survival outcomes; GPRS objective of enhancing equity in access to health services remains relevant. - Current strategy of targeting resources to deprived regions may be compromising achievement of national health targets. - Reversal/stagnation of child survival outcomes despite increase in health investments suggests service delivery constraints (including human resource management), particularly in maternal and child health programmes. - Malaria remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality: about 40% of all out-patients attendance and 25% of under-five mortality. - Emerging poor performance of child survival indicators among the urban poor may indicate non-physical barriers to health services, including financial barriers. ### Policy measures implemented in 2004 — overview - Focus: bridging equity gaps in access to health care; improving efficiency in health care delivery; providing financial arrangements that make health care affordable. - Measures evaluated included infrastructural development, rapid delivery strategies, human resource management reforms, and financing reforms (NHIS, exemptions, allocation formula). ### Policy Objective: Bridge equity gaps in access to quality health care - Infrastructural development to support pro-poor service provision: - Increase the coverage of Community Health Planning and Services (CHPS). - Provide one model hospital in each targeted deprived district and model health centre in each targeted deprived sub-district. - Strengthening and expanding high impact, rapid delivery strategies: - Implement high impact and rapid delivery programmes to reduce under-five mortality and maternal mortality. - Assess health worker attraction and retention programmes. - Continue decentralizing management of human resources, including identification of options for decentralizing P.E. - Increase the coverage of Community Health Planning and Services (CHPS): - CHPS designed to deliver basic package at sub-district level (population of 500-5,000 people). - Eighteen (18) CHPS compounds completed in 4 deprived regions at the cost of 10 billion Cedis from HIPC funds in 2004. - Improvement from 15 compounds constructed in 2003 in two deprived regions. - Provide model hospitals/health centres: - In 2004, fifteen health centres and three district hospitals completed for use. - Preliminary work on 12 sites for upgrading/rehabilitation/construction completed. - Commencement of rehabilitation of Bolgatanga and Tamale hospitals. - Commencement of upgrading and re-equipping of Mamprobi and Kaneshie Polyclinics. - Upgrading of Juabeso, New Edubiase, and Nkwanta Health Centres to District hospitals. - Rehabilitation of wards and administrative buildings at Korle-Bu and Okomfo Anokye Teaching Hospitals initiated. - Implement high impact and rapid delivery programmes (HIRDP): - Ministry of Health with UNICEF piloted programme in Northern and Upper East regions. - Upper East region moved from among three bottom regions in U5MR in 1998 to among top three by 2003. - Assessment in UER in 2004 to determine cost effectiveness; lessons used for scaling up. - Assess health profession attraction and retention scheme (PRSC-3/MDBS): - Reviewed report prepared and discussed — indicator achieved. - Continue decentralizing management of human resources (PRSC-3/MDBS): - Options paper on decentralizing P.E prepared; awaiting discussion with MoFEP before Cabinet submission — trigger partially achieved. - Increase utilization of health services in deprived regions (MDBS): - Indicator achieved; coverage of supervised delivery in all four deprived regions improved in 2004. ### Policy Objective: Ensure sustainable financing arrangements that protect the poor - Measures in 2004: - Accelerate implementation of the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS). - Increase funding and coverage of exemptions to include maternity delivery in two additional regions. - Develop/implement systems for identifying the poor for exemptions/premia subsidy. - Revise health expenditure allocation formula to favour most disadvantaged districts. - Increase health expenditure as proportion of government expenditure. - NHIS implementation achievements: - Inauguration of the National Health Insurance Programme. - Establishment of National Health Insurance Council. - Preparation and approval of Legislative Instrument 1809. - Establishment of permanent NHIS Secretariat. - Appointment of staff for District Mutual Health Insurance Schemes (DMHIS). - Operationalisation of NHIS in 15 districts. - Registration and collection of contributions in 78 districts. - Coding of streets and houses in 16 districts. - Development of accreditation tools for Health Centres, District Hospitals, Regional and Tertiary Hospitals. - Funding of NHIS (As at November 2004): - VAT: 126,182,633,965.43 cedis - SSNIT: 171,912,802,532.09 cedis - CEPS: 186,613,103,347.43 cedis - TOTAL: 484,708,539,844.95 cedis - Exemptions and maternity delivery: - Money allocated to exemption increased from ¢24 billion in 2003 to ¢26 billion in 2004 and disbursed to regions based on target population. - Maternal delivery exemptions continued in four deprived regions and extended to Western and Eastern in 2004. - Evidence shows increased uptake of ANC and supervised delivery. - Systems for identifying the poor: - An amount of ¢13 billion allocated in the 2005 budget for exemptions. - Implementation changing under NHIS; criteria for identifying the poor defined in NHIS Legislative Instrument; DMIS requested to register exempt categories. - Revise health expenditure allocation formula (PRSC-3/MDBS): - Trigger partially achieved: GHS revised resource allocation criteria and applied to items 2 and 3. - Modalities for decentralising the Capital budget (Item 4) being worked out; expected operational for 2006 Planning and Budgeting Process. - Analysis of allocation to deprived vs non-deprived areas ongoing; expected ready by March 2005. - Increase health expenditure as share of government expenditure: - Proportion of non-wage recurrent expenditure on health: 10.5% in 2002, 11.8% in 2003, 12% in 2004. - Context: reversal/stagnation of key health outcome indicators such as child mortality and child malnutrition. ### Policy recommendations (health) - Accelerate provision/upgrading of district model hospitals and sub-district health centres; expand CHPS coverage. - Expand training of health care professionals. - Ensure efficient implementation of health professional attraction and retention scheme. - Accelerate NHIS implementation and ensure measures for better targeting of the poor for exemptions are fully implemented. - Strengthen Safe Motherhood programmes, including promotion of early breastfeeding and family planning. - Expand Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) programme to all districts (currently 50 out of 138 districts benefiting). - Ensure prevention and improvement in the management of malaria. - Emphasize synergy between health service provision and delivery of safe water and sanitation through health education and strengthened collaboration between MOH/GES and other implementing agencies. ### Water and sanitation sector — goals and performance - Goal: increase proportion of population with access to safe water and sanitation, with emphasis on guinea worm endemic areas. - Rural safe water access remains problematic; 48.3% of rural population continue to rely on unsafe sources (ponds, streams, unprotected wells). - Access to adequate sanitation in rural areas is poor, especially in deprived northern regions. ### Access to safe water — indicators and achievements - Percentage of rural population with access to safe water sources: - Target 2005: 46% - 2000 indicator: 40% - 2003 status: 46.4 - 2004 status: 51.7 - Progress: Good progress; about 5% increase in coverage - Percentage of rural population with access to adequate sanitation (2003 CWIQ): - 2003 status: 45.8% - Target 2005: not specified - 2004 status: 55.0& (note: as presented in source) - Progress: Not available / data issues - Incidence of guinea worm: - Target 2005: 0 - Reported cases: 2002 = 5,545; 2003 = 8,290; 2004 = 7,275 - Trend: Slight reduction in number of cases between 2003 and 2004 - CWSA definition of access to safe water includes: - No less than 20 litres per person per day; - Walking distance not exceeding 500 meters from furthest house; - Each borehole/pipe sprout serves no more than 300 persons and 150 for a hand dug well; - Water system owned and managed by the community; - Water facility must provide year round potable water. ### Guinea worm incidence and interventions - Reported cases and annual change: - 2001: 4,738 (----) - 2002: 5,545 (807) - 2003: 8,290 (2,745) - 2004: 7,275 (-101.5) - Most affected regions: Volta, Northern, Brong-Ahafo (accounting for 97% of reported cases). - In 2004: - About 13,300 communities under surveillance. - 1,289 communities reported cases of guinea worm infection. - Proportion of guinea worm endemic villages with access to potable water: 47%. - Overall case containment at mid-2004: 59% (target 70%). ### Water and sanitation policy measures and infrastructure delivery (2002–2004) - 2004 activities to increase rural safe water and sanitation: - Construction of new water points and rehabilitation of malfunctioning systems. - Implementation of Cabinet-approved comprehensive sector policy (activities scheduled for mid-2005; not achieved by end-2004). - Hydrological data base for better targeting of investments (project document completed; expected to commence Q2 2005). - Support to deprived districts in preparing water and sanitation plans (user-friendly manuals produced; printing/distribution funds pending). - Achievements in water facility delivery: - New boreholes constructed: 2002 = 622; 2003 = 1,290; 2004 = 2,098. - Boreholes rehabilitated: 2002 = 407; 2003 = 115; 2004 = 85. - New hand-dug wells: 2002 = 65; 2003 = 61; 2004 = 64. - Hand-dug wells rehabilitated: 2002 = 2; 2003 = 6; 2004 = ----. - Small community pipe systems completed: 2002 = 4; 2003 = 19; 2004 = 40. - Small town pipe systems completed: 2002 = 25; 2003 = 46; 2004 = 57. ### Policy recommendations (water and sanitation) - Promote sector wide approach to rural water provision to ensure geographical equity. - Increase capital investment in water sector, with emphasis on guinea worm endemic areas. - Support District Assemblies in preparation of water and sanitation plans. - Ensure timely disbursement of Government component of funds to CWSA for effective supervision and implementation. - Carry out national survey on sanitation conditions for better targeting of investments. - Strengthen collaboration between CWSA, Ministry of Health, and MLGRD in water delivery. ### Summary of core indicators (selected entries from Table 6.13 and Table 6.18) - Immunization Coverage (GDHS): 62.0% (1998); 69.4% (2003) n/a (2004 as presented in header). - Proportion of supervised deliveries (GDHS): 44.3% (1998); 47.1% (2003) n/a (2004). - Proportion of supervised deliveries (MOH): 44.3, 51.9, 53.4 (status series as presented). - Health expenditure (non-wage recurrent as % of government expenditure): 10.5% (2002), 11.8% (2003), 12.0% (2004) — On Track. - Amount budgeted for exemption: 21% (2002), 24% (2003), 26% (2004) — On track. - Reported number of guinea worm cases: 5,545 (2002), 8,290 (2003), 7,275 (2004) — Slight deduction in number of cases. - Percent of rural population with access to safe water (CWSA): 40.0% (2000), 46.4% (2003), 51.7% (2004) — Good progress. - New boreholes constructed: 622 (2002), 1,290 (2003), 2,098 (2004) — On Track. - Small town pipe systems completed: 25 (2002), 46 (2003), 57 (2004) — Good progress. *Source: _cr06226 - 69.4 n/a (extracts from 2004 performance and 2003 GPRS Annual Progress Report/Ministry of Health 2004 Performance Report/2004 CWSA).* ### 6.6 CITIZENS’ ASSESSMENT OF PROVISION OF BASIC SERVICES ### 6.6 CITIZENS’ ASSESSMENT OF PROVISION OF BASIC SERVICES ### Overview of the PM&E (2004) - A Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PM&E) was undertaken in 2004 to obtain feedback from local citizens on progress toward the GPRS objective of enhancing access to basic services. - The study collected information on: access to facilities/services; usage of facilities/services; quality of services; adequacy of services; reliability of services; cost/affordability of services; responsiveness of service providers; and overall satisfaction with services. - Sample: In all 1000 households from four districts were selected for interview. The districts were randomly selected from a sampling frame of all the 110 districts stratified into three poverty panels. - Poverty panels defined: - Relatively non poor districts-those with less than 40% incidence of household poverty. - Poor districts- those with 40% to 75% incidence of household poverty. - Very poor districts-those with 75% or more incidence of household poverty. - Complementary qualitative data: eight focus group discussions (FGDs) composed of citizens and providers of services were held to (a) validate and support the results of the survey and (b) identify areas of immediate concern to households. ### Drinking Water and Sanitation — Key findings Access to Safe Drinking Water - Majority of poor rural households (56.2%) and very poor households (62.3%) obtain their drinking water from boreholes. - A significant proportion (31.6%) still depends on unsafe sources of drinking water such as ponds, streams and unprotected wells; this is especially the case for households living in poor localities, which include households from guinea worm infected communities. - Qualitative evidence (FGD): “To start with, I will talk about situation in this township. The standing pipes here have broken down for sometime now. (I mean more than five years ago). The central government should repair the pipes but it hasn’t done it. The inhabitants of the town make a journey of about half (1/2) a mile to fetch spring water and from unprotected wells that has been dug” (Assemblyman). - Although most households indicated that they obtain adequate drinking water all the time, the proportion reporting inadequate supply of drinking water increases as the household becomes poorer, especially among rural households. - Just over half of the households interviewed reported that they have to pay for drinking water. Cost examples from FGDs: “We pay ¢200 for a size 34 bucket of water. On the average a household will buy water worth ¢1800 per day. Sometimes it is difficult for us to pay for the cost of water. Livelihoods in the village are a bit tough/hard, even when we were paying ¢100 for the same quantities of water. Some of us prefer going to the stream to fetch water.” (mother). - One in five of households rated the quality of their drinking water as poor. - FGD health concern: “Unfortunately, the sources of drinking water in the whole community are not the best as at now. Health’s wise, according to our records, there are many cases of typhoid. We have realized that it come from the sources of the water we drink in this community. There are hand-dug wells and spring water. We want to encourage people that at the earliest possible time this water problem in this area is solved” (Nursing Officer). - About four in ten of households have had problems with their water supply in the past year; the proportion was highest among very poor households. Major problems reported: dry pipes/taps/boreholes; irregular water supply in the dry season; mechanical faults/breakdowns. - Only about half of households interviewed rated the overall provision of water supply services in their communities, taking everything into consideration, as satisfactory. Access to Adequate Sanitation - Access to adequate toilet facility is poor across localities: 40.5% of poor households and 80.9% of very poor households reported having no toilet facility at all. - A large majority (48.5%) of households have no access to proper refuse disposal facility. - In very poor localities, over 70% of households indicated disposing their rubbish anywhere convenient. - Qualitative evidence (planning officer): “Refuse disposal is the most serious sanitation problem in this area.. When I assumed office the place where refuse were dumped looked like a mighty ant hill. The Assembly or the Administration organized some people to dig the refuse dump and send it the Akropong road. What I have realized is that since we eat everyday the refuse is building up again. At our last meeting we decided that the planning committee should find a permanent place where people will dump their refuse. So the committee is seriously finding a suitable place” (Planning Officer). - Overall, about 66% of households expressed dissatisfaction with the current state of sanitation facilities and services in their communities. ### Health Services — Key findings Access to Health Services - Most households use public hospitals/clinics to meet their health needs across poverty status and for urban and rural households. - About 71% of households across the three poverty groups indicated that distance to the nearest health facility was far; it was worse for the poor (76%). - A large percentage of the non poor households (74.5%) and poor households (63.5%) indicated that they were able to pay for the cost of treatment any time they visited a health facility as against 50% of the very poor. - An overwhelming majority (80%) of households across the three poverty groups indicated that they do not pay any extra money when they visit a health facility. In cases where they had paid extra monies, about 70% offer these themselves. Quality of Health Care - Majority of households considered the time waited before consultation together with the cost of treatment as big problems for them. Satisfaction with Health Care Provision - Majority (66.3%) of households rated the current health care provision in their communities as satisfactory. - Satisfaction decreases with poverty status: an average of 75.8% of the non poor, 65.5% of the poor and 50.5% of the very poor were satisfied with health service provision in their communities. - Qualitative concerns: - “We need a qualified doctor to come and man our health post. The place also has to be well stocked. We only have nurses who come from Cape Coast from time to time to man the place. We need electricity at the clinic. Due to the lack of personal and facilities at the clinic we do not patronize it and we go to the other health facilities” (rural mother). - “There is little improvement but it is not sufficient benefiting a District capital like ours” (Assemblyman) — (original formatting preserves fragmented quotation in source). - Primary reasons for dissatisfaction: - Poor and very poor households: distance to health facilities. - Non-poor households: cost of treatment. ### Education — Key findings Access to Education - Public primary and JSS schools dominate the educational sector across the three deprived regions; private basic schools are more common in urban communities. - An overwhelming majority of rural households (80.7%) and urban households (94%) reported that permanent school structures have been constructed within their communities. - Most rural and urban children walk to school since most schools are located less than 2 kilometres away from home. The proportion of children travelling more than 2 kilometres to school: rural 16.7%; urban 29.3%. Cost of Education - High direct cost of education cited as a common reason for low enrolment and high drop out. - Ability to afford levies: 78.9% of urban parents and 71.1% of rural households indicated they are able to afford their children’s school levies. - About one in five of rural and urban parents considered the current school levies too high. Quality of Education - Satisfaction with quality of education: 83% of urban parents; 63.1% of rural parents. - Reasons for dissatisfaction: inability of children to read; lack of textbooks/supplies; poor facilities. *Source: 6.6 CITIZENS’ ASSESSMENT OF PROVISION OF BASIC SERVICES (from the provided chapter content)* ### 7.3 PROGRESS ON POLICY IMPLEMENTATION ON SECURITY AND ### 7.3 PROGRESS ON POLICY IMPLEMENTATION ON SECURITY AND RULE OF LAW ### Strengthening the Police — Equip and Train the Police - Crime data for 2004 indicate overall public safety has, to a large extent, improved: fraud and stealing are on the decline; assault cases rose by 0.01 percent (3 cases) over 2003. - Major crimes: - Rape cases declined by almost 34 percent (952 in 2003; 631 in 2004; % change -33.72). - Defilement cases dropped by 6 percent (2,001 in 2003; 1,884 in 2004; % change -5.85). - Robbery increased by 5 percent (690 in 2003; 728 in 2004; % change 5.51). - Murder increased by 3.67 percent (436 in 2003; 452 in 2004; % change 3.67). - Overall offences: Total 226,669 in 2003 and 225,341 in 2004, representing an average decline of -0.59 percent. - Police/citizen ratio: - 2002: 1:1142 - 2003: 1:1121 - 2004: 1:1055 - Target for 2004: 1:925 (status: Not on track but gradually moving towards target) - Human resources and recruitment: - 2,000 new police personnel recruited in 2004; 1,514 trained and passed out; remainder still undergoing training. - Current staff strength: 17,058 men and women. - Police Service prepared a Strategic Medium Plan with a projected annual recruitment of 2000 young Ghanaians. - Gender composition (Ghana Police Service as at December 2004): - TOTAL: FEMALE 2706; MALE 14,352; RATIO F:M 1:5; TOTAL personnel 17,058. - Selected ranks (FEMALE / MALE / RATIO F:M): - IGP: 0 / 1 / - - D/IGP: 1 / 1 / 1:1 (TOTAL 2) - COMMISSIONER: 1 / 7 / 1:7 (TOTAL 8) - DEP/COMMISSIONER: 1 / 9 / 1:9 (TOTAL 10) - ASST COMM: 3 / 46 / 1:15 (TOTAL 49) - CHIEF SUPT.: 21 / 117 / 1:6 (TOTAL 138) - SUPERINTENDENT: 16 / 79 / 1:5 (TOTAL 95) - DEP. SUPT.: 8 / 192 / 1:24 (TOTAL 200) - ASST. SUPT.: 36 / 244 / 1:7 (TOTAL 280) - C/INSPECTOR: 189 / 1210 / 1:6 (TOTAL 1399) - INSPECTOR: 237 / 1779 / 1:8 (TOTAL 2016) - SERGEANT: 594 / 3632 / 1:6 (TOTAL 4226) - CORPORAL: 381 / 1321 / 1:4 (TOTAL 1702) - LANCE CORPORAL: 321 / 1787 / 1:6 (TOTAL 2108) - CONSTABLE: 879 / 3927 / 1:4 (TOTAL 4824) - Recruits in training: - Total recruits in training: 1,266 (MALE 1,018; FEMALE 248; gender ratio 4:1 male–female). - Training institutions listed with male and female recruit counts (as presented in Figure 7.1): ACCRA 357/180, KOFORIDUA 80/154, KUMASI 144/103, SIHOBO 141/0, BOLGATA 20/0, TANGA 37/50, WINNEBA 0/50. (Figure layout preserved as presented.) - Community and women/children protection: - WAJU expanded offices nationally by end-2004 but is under-resourced (only one official vehicle). - Current WAJU coverage includes offices in Greater Accra, Eastern Region, Ashanti, Western, Brong Ahafo, Central, Volta, Tema, Upper West, Upper East, Northern (listed towns and regional/divisional offices as presented). - Community Policing created 184 Neighbourhood Watch Committees. - Equipment, facilities and logistics: - Twenty-nine new vehicles acquired. - Fifty Police Barracks renovated in Accra, Volta and Western Regions. - Kumasi Police Training institution renovated and converted into Basic Recruits Training School; another Basic Recruits Training School established in Bolgatanga. - Blocks of flats completed for officers in Achimota, Cape Coast, Sekondi and Kumasi. - Training initiatives: - Skills training in crime intelligence gathering, crime management, crime scene investigation, confidence building and crime information analysis. - 190 District and Unit Commanders trained in Electoral Law, Electoral Procedure, Electoral Conflict Resolution and Management. - Computer literacy training provided to police personnel. ### Strengthening Police — Crime Statistics (Comparison 2003 vs 2004, Ghana Police Service 2004, Research Unit) - Selected offence counts and % change: - Murder: 436 (2003) → 452 (2004); % change 3.67 - Attempted Murder: 58 → 69; % change 18.97 - Manslaughter: 20 → 104; % change 420 - Threatening: 21,496 → 22,915; % change 6.60 - Causing Harm: 3,020 → 3,002; % change -0.60 - Assault: 90,551 → 90,560; % change 0.01 - Robbery: 690 → 728; % change 5.51 - Stealing: 57,377 → 57,160; % change -0.38 - Fraud: 14,657 → 14,049; % change -4.15 - Unlawful entry: 375 → 786; % change 109.6 - Causing Damage: 10,237 → 10,601; % change 3.56 - Dishonestly receiving: 49 → 18; % change -63.27 - Abortion: 189 → 253; % change 33.86 - Rape: 952 → 631; % change -33.72 - Defilement: 2,001 → 1,884; % change -5.85 - Possessing dangerous drugs: 146 → 19; % change 86.99 - Possessing Indian Hemp: 395 → 387; % change -2.03 - Abduction: 751 → 823; % change 9.59 - Extortion: 16 → 17; % change 6.25 - Forgery: 152 → 273; % change 79.61 - Falsification of Accounts: 7 → 1; % change -85.71 - Smuggling: 57 → 10; % change -82.46 - Possessing cocaine: 11 → 45; % change 309.09 - Possessing heroin: 7 → 26; % change 271.43 - Counterfeiting: 99 → 85; % change -14.14 - Issuing false cheque: 328 → 234; % change -28.66 - Child stealing: 48 → 69; % change 43.75 - Illegal gold mining: 11 → 4; % change -63.64 - Other offences: 22,533 → 20,136; % change -10.64 - Total: 226,669 → 225,341; % change -0.59 ### Improving the Administration of Justice - Attorney-General’s Department and Ministry of Justice: - Ministry of Justice recruited new attorneys and provided additional training. - 183 lawyers were trained by the General Legal Council and called to the bar during the year. - Ministry of Justice recruited 8 new lawyers for the Attorney-General’s office against a target of 15. - Fifty police Prosecutors were trained in modern methods of prosecution. - Juvenile justice and Department of Social Welfare (DSW): - Children in conflict/contact with the law require DSW support from arrest through trial to disposal. - Administration of justice improvements must strengthen the DSW per the Children’s Act 560 of 1998 and the Juvenile Justice Act 653 of 2003 to protect the rights of children. - DSW currently constrained by limited manpower and logistics, affecting management and rehabilitation of juvenile offenders. ### Reducing Corruption - Institutional support and legal framework: - Anti-corruption agencies receiving support include Serious Fraud Office (SFO), Commissioner of Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ), and the Audit Service. - Post-enactment activities following: - Financial Administration Act, 2003 (Act 654) - Internal Audit Agency Act, 2003 (Act 658) - Public Procurement Act, 2003 (Act 663) - Public Procurement and Internal Audit Boards inaugurated on August 4, 2004 to operationalise Acts; awareness programme reached over 10,000 persons including Executive, Public and Private Sector and Development Partners. - Civil society and media: - Centre for Democratic Development completed a diagnostic study on legal and institutional mandates of anti-corruption agencies. - CDD, Institute of Economic Affairs, Integrated Social Development Centre and Institute of Democratic Governance active in anti-corruption advocacy. - Workshops on social accountability and good governance held; proceedings and articles circulated. - GACC organised a workshop to harmonise its Action Plan with the GPRS. - Investigative journalism in print and electronic media increased public scrutiny of officials. - Civil Society Organisations undertook election observation, developed codes of ethics for political parties, public education at local/district levels, and other anti-corruption activities during the 2004 elections. ### Support to Parliament - External capacity-building support: - National Governance Programme, Centre for Democratic Development, The Parliamentary Centre, Women’s Groups, and Institute of Democratic Governance provided capacity building. - Programmes included Analysing the Public Budget, Gender Budgeting, Social Accountability and Understanding the Domestic Violence Bill. - National Governance Programme assisted with printing hansards; hansards now available for sale. - Parliamentary engagement and legislative activity: - Election year 2004 enabled high-frequency interaction between MPs and constituents; MPs used radio and constituency visits to explain parliamentary work. - A total of 28 Bills were brought before Parliament (status of actions listed in Appendix 2 of source). ### Policy Recommendations - Community policing and neighbourhood watch: - Formalize and adequately resource the programme for involving communities in local policing. - Neighbourhood Watch Committees should be instituted as part of general crime prevention policies. - Private security agencies: - Review policy authorizing private security agencies to perform some police duties. - Define limits of operation to provision of private security to private property only and indicate a period for phasing out patrol duties. - Gender policy and WAJU: - Entrench engendering recruitment and promotions by developing and adopting a gender policy for the police; introduce similar policy across other security agencies. - Improve facilities catering for women officers and women offenders. - WAJU should be adequately resourced and mainstreamed into the Police Service. - Parliamentary engagement: - Increase frequency of interaction between members of Parliament and constituents; remove inhibiting factors such as inadequate resources. - Ministry of Justice and Legal Aid: - Consider hiring additional attorneys in the Ministry of Justice to cope with the backlog under the free legal aid scheme. - Address reluctance of newly qualified lawyers to enter public service by improving remuneration or providing scholarships to lawyers-in-training. - Adequately resource the Legal Aid Board to defend accused persons, especially the poor. - Strengthen DSW: - Strengthen the Department of Social Welfare by increasing manpower and logistics to provide effective services to juvenile offenders and manage rehabilitation. *Source: _cr06226 - 7.3 PROGRESS ON POLICY IMPLEMENTATION ON SECURITY AND RULE OF LAW (Ghana Police Service 2004, Research Unit; Ministry of Justice and related sections as presented in the source content).* ### 7.4 Decentralisation ### 7.4 Decentralisation ### Policy objectives and key indicators - Policy objective 1: Accelerate the implementation of Decentralisation (GPRS) - Policy objective 2: Implement framework for decentralized delivery of local public services (MDBS 2005/PRSC 3) - Key indicators for the year (extensions of 2003 benchmarks): - Increasing the DACF from 5.0% of Tax revenue to 7.5% - Initiating implementation of the Local Government Service Act, 2003 (Act 656) - Strengthening institutional processes between Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies (MMDAs) and civil society ### Outcomes and performance highlights - DACF funding and district resources: - DACF released a total of ¢449,287,329,178 to all the regions in 2003 - DACF released a total of ¢771,454,802,005 to all the regions in 2004 - Government was unable to increase the DACF from 5.0% to the targeted 7.5% of tax revenue; nonetheless districts received nominal increases in government funding and additional releases under the HIPC Initiative - Local governance expansion and elections: - Government created 28 new districts during the year, bringing local governance closer to more citizens - All the new districts put up candidates for the December Presidential and Parliamentary election and now have elected representatives in the legislature - Integrated planning and composite budgeting pilot: - Action initiated in 3 pilot districts: Dangme East and West and Akuapem North - Pilot being implemented according to schedule - 22 more districts tentatively selected (2 from each region, excluding newly created districts and the districts they were carved from) to implement integrated planning and composite budgeting - Legislative and institutional progress: - Local Government Service Bill: Bill passed on 18th July 2003 and gazetted on 31/12/03 (Bill Passed in 2003 — Done) - In line with Clause 5 of the LGS-Act 656, governing body for the Service (including its Head) appointed in September and inaugurated in November; organizational/functional structure for the Council’s Secretariat under preparation - Presidential Advisory Committee on Decentralisation established; Presidential Committee on Decentralisation approved in 2004 - Decentralisation Secretariat (MLGRD) in place to coordinate NDAP implementation and service Inter-sectoral Committee and Presidential Advisory Committee - Administrative decentralisation and service delivery: - 13 sub-metro offices inaugurated in 2004 to bring local governance closer to citizens - Some decentralised departments still holding budgets at the centre — financial administration not fully decentralised - Civic engagement and NGO involvement: - District Assemblies created opportunities for civil society representatives to participate in design, management and monitoring of development projects - Local NGOs (SEND Foundation, Northern Network of NGOs, ISODEC) monitor use of HIPC funds and DACF; findings shared publicly - International NGOs (SNV, Actionaid, CARE Ghana, Plan Ghana, VSO, IBIS, etc.) involved in capacity building, budget support, and training (e.g., IBIS provided training for women Assembly members and Unit committee members) - Technical support: - National Governance Programme funded Geographic Information Systems software to the Electoral Commission, aiding demarcation of 30 new constituencies and 28 new districts ### Strategic framework and implementation instruments - National Decentralization Action Plan (NDAP): - NDAP is a three-year, rolling policy framework endorsed by Cabinet in February 2004 - NDAP coordinates donor harmonisation and provides strategic direction; implementation coordinated by the Decentralisation Secretariat (MLGRD) - Key NDAP focus areas: policy coordination and management, funding of local government, capacity building, strengthening local governance partnerships (including Traditional Authorities) - NDAP aims to pave the way for structural reforms and a sector-wide approach to decentralisation - Legal framework: - Local Government Act, 1993 (Act 462) and Local Government Service Act, 2004 (Act 656) with Legislative Instruments deepen decentralisation and devolve authority, power and functions to DAs - As required by LGS Act, MLGRD established a 15-member Local Government Service Council and a Technical sub-Committee; sub-Committee reviewed and updated functions of MMDAs in preparation for stakeholder consultations ### Tabled progress (selected indicators from summary) - Composite budget developed and submitted: - 2002: Yet to be implemented - 2003: Action initiated in 3 pilot districts (Dangme East and West and Akuapem North) - 2004: Pilot being implemented; 22 more districts tentatively selected - Progress: On track - Democratic effectiveness of District Assemblies: - 2002: All DAs meet regularly as enshrined in the LIs - 2003: All DAs meet regularly as enshrined in the LIs - 2004: Status maintained - DACF increase to 7.5% of Tax revenue: - 2002: 5% - 2003: 5% - 2004: 5% - Progress: Not done - Local Government Service Bill / Act: - 2002: Pass Bill - 2003: Bill before parliament; Bill passed on 18th July 2003 and gazetted on 31/12/03 - 2004: Bill Passed in 2003 — Done - Institutional processes between DAs and CSOs strengthened: - 2002–2004: Institutional processes being strengthened; implementation action plan under consideration (NDAP); Presidential Advisory Committee established; Decentralisation Secretariat in place - Progress: On Track ### Constraints and implementation challenges - Decentralisation has been constrained by: - Relative lack of policy coherence and strategic direction - Lack of harmonisation of donor-supported interventions - Conceptual differences across sectors and weak intersectoral collaboration - Inadequate managerial and technical capacity; weak coordination of donor/NGO/CSO support - Weak monitoring capacity, budgetary and logistical constraints, and attitudinal problems - Financial administration remains partly centralized with some decentralized departments retaining budgets at the centre ### Policy recommendations (Decentralisation) - Collate results of civil society development initiatives that yielded positive poverty reduction outcomes into development policy frameworks; establish formal institutional arrangements to harmonize development experiences of civil society, development partners and government - MLGRD and Department of Social Welfare should ensure the child panel system is operationalised - RCCs / RPCU should effectively coordinate regional development programmes to facilitate donor activities, avoid duplication, and ensure efficient resource use - Form an association of NGOs in each region to harmonize activities and provide a one-stop shop for supporting District Assembly development programmes - Urgently implement public-private partnership for local governance by encouraging DAs to engage civil society and the private sector - MLGRD and Ministry of Finance should provide start-up funds to districts to pay staff of sub-district structures so investments in Area Councils are not wasted - Implement plan to increase the DACF from 5.0 per cent of national revenue to 7.5% - MLGRD and NDPC (Presidential Committee and ME Cross Sectoral Committee as established within the NDAP, or the ME GPRS Committee once established) should guide ME initiatives and DP support to harmonize ME systems and strengthen organizations - Provide more guidance and support for gender sensitive analysis, planning, budgeting and monitoring at district, regional and national levels (MOFEP, MOWAC, MLGRD); share lessons from programs promoting gender equity (e.g., DISCAP) --- ### 7.5 Public Sector Reforms — summary highlights - Policy Objective: Implement refocused public sector reform - Rationale: Strengthen state institutions to deliver development, promote effectiveness, transparency and accountability; address shortages in policy analysis, strategic planning and financial management - Outcomes and interventions: - Public Sector Reform (PSR) initiatives changed orientation and delivery capabilities of the public service, promoting transparency, competency, accountability, responsiveness and cost-effectiveness - Office of the Senior Minister developed a retooling framework and realignment proposals for the public sector - Civil Service received ICT training and facilities; records management systems established or strengthened in Audit Service, CHRAJ, Ministries of Finance & Economic Planning, Education & Sports, Interior, Energy, Local Government & Rural Development, and 4 Regional Coordinating Councils - Five workshops held for Chief Directors, Directors of MDAs and Regional Coordinating Directors on Civil Service Reforms; collegial consultative arrangements introduced for service leadership - Specific progress items (Table 7.6): - Finalize and implement professional HR framework: procurement procedures completed to enable development of plan; project document expected to be ready at the end of May 2005 - Operational Communication Unit in PSR secretariat: established; effective Communication Strategy developed - Commence organizational restructuring of the civil service: draft proposal to Cabinet being finalized; draft job descriptions for Chief Director positions prepared - Establish regulatory framework for Subvented Agencies and continue restructuring of selected SAs: draft Subvented Agencies Reform Bill (SARB) prepared and being reviewed for submission to Cabinet - Policy recommendations (PSR): - Hastened implementation of major PSR initiatives under the Senior Minister to achieve optimum functioning public sector - Implement programme to improve remuneration in the public sector alongside other PSR components - Strengthen public sector oversight responsibility of State Owned Enterprises through the PSR ### Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) progress - Use of APRs and M&E outputs: - 2002 Annual Progress Report (APR) and other outputs were used to influence the 2004 budget - 2003 APR prepared; 2004 APR prepared - Social Protection strategy and Citizens Report Card on basic services and macroeconomic stability were prepared in 2004 - The 2005 budget preparation involved use of the APR in the majority of budget activities; the 2003 APR and PSIAs informed the 2005 budget outlook - The Development Dialogue series continued in 2004; technical steering committee on GPRS Communication delivered a Training of Regional Trainers Workshop on GPRS Communication - Progress toward target: On track *Source: _cr06226 - 7.4 Decentralisation* ### 2004. The purpose was to create awareness and commitment on GPRS and to create ### _cr06226 - 2004. The purpose was to create awareness and commitment on GPRS and to create ### Governance, Security and Rule of Law — Key Indicators and Progress - Police citizen ratio target: 1:925 by 2004. - Police citizen ratio reported: - 2002: 1:1142 - 2003: 1:1121 - 2004: 1:1055 - Equip and train the police: - Target: 100 vehicles in 2000. - 2002 status: 470 vehicles procured, 854 recruited & trained. - 2004 status: A total of 2,000 new police personnel were recruited with 1,514 trained and passed out while the rest are still undergoing training; 29 additional vehicles were procured for the police in 2004. - Progress: On track. - Attorney-General's Office capacity: - 2004 recruitment: 8 lawyers as against a target of 15 were recruited in 2004. External training programmes were organised for some. - Anti-corruption campaign: - Coalition Against Corruption recruited Executive Secretary and other staff and procured office equipment. - Parliamentary support: - Training, ICT equipment and equipment for radio station provided. ### Decentralisation and Local Government - DACF increased to 7.5% of Tax revenue: - Target: 7.5% - Indicator levels: - 2002: 5% - 2003: 5% - 2004: 5% - Progress towards Target: Not done - Local Government Service Bill: - Target: Pass Bill - 2003 status: Bill before parliament - 2003 outcome: Bill passed on 18th July 2003 and gazetted on 31/12/03 - Progress: Done - Institutional processes between DAs and CSOs: Institutional processes being strengthened. - Implement the National Decentralization Action Plan (NDAP) and related committees: - Presidential Advisory Committee on Decentralisation inaugurated in 2004; Inter Sectoral Working Group in place. - Presidential Advisory Cttee established to advise on National Decentralisation. Decentralisation Secretariat in place. - Composite budgeting pilot: - Target: composite budgeting in at least 25 districts, composite budgeting documents of 25 districts, process description for each of the 25 budgets, 25 District development plans. - 2004 status: Composite budget initiated in Dangme East, Dangme West and Akuapem North District. Strategic Plan developed. In addition to the 3 districts, 22 more districts tentatively selected. Progress: Done ### Public Sector Management, Internal Audit, Procurement and Financial Systems - Public sector reform: - Plan for implementation of finalized Public Sector Reform strategy produced for the Civil Service including an HR framework. - Work commissioned for project document to be completed by end Q1, 2005. - Recruitment and selection process completed; appointments expected in Q4, 2004. - Operational Communication Unit in PSR secretariat. Strategy to be completed and effected on beginning Q2, 2005. - Draft performance-based contracts and scheme of service: Draft to be submitted to cabinet within Q1 2005; development of scheme of service and recruitment into senior positions within Q2/Q3, 2005. - Draft of Subvented Agencies Reform Bill (SARB) submitted to cabinet. - Internal Audit Agency: - Target: The Director-General and Unit Heads of the Internal Audit Agency in place. - 2004 status: Appointment process to fill vacant existing internal audit positions in MDAs and MMDAs well advanced. Advertisements placed for positions in the Secretariat of the Agency. - Creation and staffing of Internal Audit Units in MDAs and MMDAs: Full complement of staffing in place by March 31 2004 (under IA Act internal auditors deemed staff of MDAs and MMDAs but subject to reassignment). Plans to provide baseline data as at April 2004 and estimation of completion by April, June and December 2005; MDAs/MMDAs without Internal Audit Units to be instructed to establish and staff by end February 2005. - Public Procurement Institutions: - Target: Chief Executive and Unit Heads of the Public Procurement Board in place. All Entity Tender Review Boards in place and of the Entity Tender Committees, at least 95% at the Ministerial level, and 50% at the Department and Agencies level formed and functional. - 2004 status: Board to be in place by March 2004. Chief Executive in process of being appointed; advertisements for Heads of Divisions and Secretariat staff placed. Tender Review Boards in MDAs and MMDAs in process of being constituted. - Expand computerized financial and accounting system (BPEMS using Oracle Financials) to cover additional four MDAs: - Target MDAs: Ministry of Interior – headquarters; Ministry of Works and Housing – headquarters; Ministry of Information – headquarters; Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development – headquarters. - 2004 status: Oracle Financials centralised solution 100% complete in both test and production instance for the following MDAs’ headquarters: - Ministry of Finance - Controller & Accountant General - Ministry of Health Headquarters - Ghana Health Service Headquarters - Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports Headquarters - Ghana Education Service Headquarters - Ministry of Roads and Transport Headquarters - Auditor-General: - Target: Auditor-General to submit 2003 audited accounts for the Consolidated Fund and MDAs. - 2004 status: For 2003 report on MDAs, the Auditor-General in November 2004 submitted advance copies to MoFEP and the Parliament while printing of the report is in progress. ### GPRS Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E) and Communications - M&E plan and use of APR: - Target: 2005 Budget Statement reflects relevant findings of the 2003 APR. Implementation of M&E and Communications strategy costed and provided for in annual NDPC budget allocation. Participatory Public Expenditure Tracking Survey (PETS) initiated. Participatory approaches such as citizen report cards used. - 2002-2004 indicators: 2002 APR submitted; 2003 APR under preparation; 4 PSIAs completed; SEA Completed. - 2004 status: Preparation of the 2005 budget involved use of the APR 2003. Technical Steering Committee on the GPRS Communication Strategy organised a Regional Trainer of Trainers Workshop on the GPRS. Simplified versions of the GPRS have been translated in seven local languages and disseminated. The 2003 APR was discussed extensively at the 2004 National Economic Dialogue. The Strategic Environmental Assessment was discussed extensively at a Ministerial Conference in 2004. Regional Poverty Monitoring Groups formed in the regions except the Eastern Region. The Development Dialogue Series continued in 2004. PME on selected basic services and impact of macro economic reforms on households livelihoods was done in 2004. Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation exercise undertaken to complement the results of the 2003 APR in 2004. - GPRS M&E Technical Committee: - Status: Has not been established yet. - Need: Greater coordination and harmonisation for M&E activities between core central organisations (MOFEP, NDPC, OOP, MLGRD, GSS, MOWAC, and OHCS), with better information flows and incentives for M&E to improve GPRS monitoring and evaluation. - Role of NDAP committees: NDAP and committees (Presidential Advisory Committee on Decentralisation and Inter Sectoral Working Group) have important roles. ### Vulnerable and Excluded — Policy Recommendations Status and Outcomes (Chapter Eight) - Introduction: - Government objective: institute measures to mitigate effects of shocks on sections of the population incapable of coping; use publicly funded social protection schemes for the vulnerable and the excluded. - APR 2003 Policy Recommendations — Status in 2004 (selected): - Improve logistics and service conditions for Legal Aid Board and Department of Social Welfare: - 2004 status: No logistical support was made available to these institutions in the year under review. There are plans to provide support in this fiscal year. - Baseline indicators for children in ‘difficult circumstances’: - 2004 status: A Social Protection Strategy is currently being drafted for the Vulnerable and excluded. Department of Social Welfare conducted a survey on Orphans and Vulnerable Children in 11 districts with assistance from UNICEF. A Common Country Assessment study on Vulnerability, exclusion and Protection was conducted in 2004. - Mainstreaming social assistance and inter-agency collaboration: - 2004 status: DSW has a microfinance scheme for Person’s with Disability. Many registered unemployed youth acquired employable skills under the Skills Training and Employment Placement Programme. Some were assisted with capital under the Youth Development Fund. - HIV/AIDS partner coordination: - 2004 status: GAC have taken some actions. GAC should assume a more central role in coordinating the national response to HIV/AIDS and in partner coordination seek ways to pool resources. - Monitoring and evaluation of partners in the anti-HIV/AIDS campaign: - 2004 status: The GAC should strive to find new ways of monitoring and evaluating the activities of its partners. Offenders are currently being prosecuted. - Outcomes of Policy Interventions: - Legal aid services: - Increased accessibility countrywide. - Legal aid applications: - 2003: 4,500 applied for legal aid services. - 2004: Almost 6000 persons applied for legal aid services. - Effect: Reduced period of remand for minor offences and for innocent people remanded for offences they may not have committed; expeditious legal aid services reduce possibility of rights violation. - Rights of disabled persons: - Greater awareness created. - Under Skills Training and Employment Programme and Youth Development Fund, many persons with disability received vocational training and post-training support to enable self-employment. Some were placed in various jobs through the Public Employment Centre. *Italicized: Source content as provided in the content unit.* ### 8.3 PROGRESS ON POLICY IMPLEMENTATION ### 8.3 PROGRESS ON POLICY IMPLEMENTATION ### 8.3.1 Policy Area: Disability — Improve the quality of life of the physically handicapped - Context and data - WHO global estimates: about 2million Ghanaians living with disabilities; reliable national data on disability is scarce (CCA 2004). - National Disability Policy indicates females (15.2%) live with disability compared with males (13.4%). - DSW registers PWDs and provides services through the Community Based Rehabilitation Programme; many PWDs still cannot access services because of high cost and non-PWD friendly nature of services. - Programmes and outputs (2003–2004) - PWDs provided with employable skills: 653 in 2003; 537 in 2004. - PWDs assisted to be self employed: 102 in 2003; 85 in 2004. - PWDs provided with inclusive education: 19 in 2003; 70 in 2004 (about 60% increase over 2003). - Other activities to integrate PWDs into mainstream society referenced in Section D of the report. - Support services for street beggars and girl head porters (“kaya yei”) - Fifty girl head porters were trained in various vocations and assisted to settle in their communities. - 2500 street children received formal education, employable skill training, counselling on hygiene and reproductive health from the Community Poverty Reduction Programme - Street Children Component. - Destitute assisted by DSW in 2004: 23 male and 5 female destitute (2003: 24 males and 3 females). - Paupers assisted with payment of hospital bills and related expenses: total 1551 paupers in 2004. - Institutional capacity and constraints - DSW is focal agency for vulnerable and excluded groups; offices in all 110 districts; programmes: justice administration, child’s rights promotion and protection, and community care. - Constraints: inadequate funding, low quality of staff and logistics. - Government allocation to the department for 2002-2004 ranged from ¢184million to 261 million; releases of funds were greatly delayed, hampering field operations. - Capacity building (2004) - Subject areas covered: HIV/AIDS, Strategic Planning, Conflict Management, Monitoring and Evaluation, Orphaned Vulnerable Children, Policies on Social Protection, Human Trafficking, Child Labour, Annual Review Workshop. - Regional workshops/programmes organized (Table 8.2): - Volta Region: 4 - Eastern Region: 4 - Western Region: 3 - Central Region: 4 - Ashanti Region: 5 - Brong-Ahafo Region: 4 - Northern Region: 5 - Upper East Region: 4 - Upper West Region: 3 - Greater Accra Region: 4 - Total: 40 - Head Office: workshops on policy issues, programme planning, monitoring and evaluation. - Five (5) day Annual Review Workshop involving sixty-eight (68) selected core staff at Bunso Cocoa College. - Thirty-four (34) members of staff pursuing tertiary programmes at Diploma, Degree and Masters levels. - Policy Recommendations - The department of social welfare needs to be well resourced to be able to perform its mandate. - The Persons’ with Disability Bill must be enacted by Parliament. - Research and disaggregated data should be collected nationwide to identify the population groups affected by disability, their needs and available opportunities to facilitate planning. *Source: _cr06226 - 8.3 PROGRESS ON POLICY IMPLEMENTATION* ### 8.3.2 Policy Area: Social Justice — Attainment of Social Justice and Equity and Respect for human Rights - Role and outputs of DSW - DSW works with government and non-governmental institutions to integrate vulnerable and disadvantaged groups into mainstream society. - Comparative welfare services provided to the vulnerable & excluded by year (selected data from Table 8.3): - Child Welfare Services (selected indicators) - Juvenile cases investigated: Outcomes (2002) 513; (2003) 537; (2004) 620 - Probation cases handled: 630; 291; 1082 - Juveniles handled in industrial school: 61; 127; 80 - Remand Cases handled: 291; 247; 390 - Children adopted by relatives: 242; 313; 277 - Orphans adopted: 53; 41; 252 - Day Care Centres supervised: 2395; 2876; 701 - Day Care Centres registered: 79; 1272; 367 - Paternity cases disposed of: 733; 480; 398 - Maintenance and custody cases disposed of: 8493; 9890; 7109 - Families reconciled and strengthened: 2649; 743; 3149 - Male un-adoptable children cared for: 169; 166 - Female un-adoptable children cared for: 108; 92; 258 (total for both sexes) - Family tribunal cases handled: 5956; 4839; 2861 - International Social Service cases handled: 49; 64 - Vocational Training for the Youth - Boys provided with vocational training: 431; 548; 385 - Girls provided with vocational training: 434; 549; 447 - Street Children rehabilitated: 413; 466; 357 - Integrating disadvantaged adults into mainstream society - Prisoners provided with welfare services: 2072; 2585; 1343 - Paupers assisted with payment of hospital bills and related expenses: - Males 937; Females 842 (2002) - Males 357; Females 175 (2003) - Males 732; Females 819 (2004) - Destitutes catered for: - 2002: Males 23; Females 3 - 2003: Males 24; Females 3 - 2004: Male 23; Female 5 - Women’s groups assisted through Technology Capitalization: 48; 34 - Integrating Persons With Disability (PWDs) into mainstream society (selected) - PWDs provided with employable skills: 593 (2002); 653 (2003); 537 (2004) - Trained PWDs assisted to be self-employed: 80; 102; 85 - PWDs assisted in communities: 104; 69; 3760 - PWDs provided with inclusive education: 63; 19; 70 - Unit Committees members sensitised: 55; 27; 40 - Running of Rehabilitation Centres: 12 - Number of identified and registered PWDs: 994; 1233 - Number of trained visually impaired assisted with ¢3.8million as start up capital by Catholic Relief Services & Action Aid: 14 - Number of PWDs provided with wheel chairs: 11; 210 - Number of PWDs assisted in various ways: 3060; 3760 - Number of districts sensitized on disability: 110; 110 - Number of PWDs trained in institutions (Rehabilitation Centres): 425; 327 - HIV/AIDS (selected) - PLWHAs received care and support: 52 - NGOs working in partnership with DSW in HIV/AIDS programme: 500 - Parent sensitized on HIV/AIDS: 1500 - Some districts set gender-specific annual targets and indicators; significant variety across districts in gender analysis, planning, budgeting and monitoring. - DISCAP example (district-level gender strategy) - DISCAP implemented in 18 districts in Upper Western, Upper Eastern and Northern Regions; started in 2001; expanded in 2004 to 8 more districts of the Northern region. - Achievements: increased participation of women, mainstreaming gender equality in local government structures, establishment of Gender Desk Officers at management level, development of training manual in 2004. - Empowerment of Women — programmes and allocations (selected figures) - Ghana’s National Gender and Children Policy launched in 2004. - Women’s Development Fund (WDF) established in 2001 with seed money of $3million dollars. - An amount of ¢35billion cedis has been disbursed to over 80,000 women farmers. - ¢3.6 billion cedis used to purchase 208 cassava processing machines, 25 groundnut oil extraction and 25 shea butter processing machines for distribution to 258 women groups. - ¢5billion cedis disbursed to women processors, each received ¢500,000 as working capital. - Micro credit totaling ¢8.5 billion disbursed to 11,500 women in coastal communities. - About 30,000 food vendors received ¢25 billion to support trading. - ¢1.3 billion cedis supported 2600 women in Kokrobite, Ekumfi, Senya and Ada communities. - ¢4.5 billion is being processed for trained and needy women artisans under the WDF; about 5000 women will be provided with a sewing machine and a working capital of ¢500,000 per beneficiary. - Security and protection for vulnerable and excluded - Women and Juvenile Unit (WAJU) of the Ghana Police Service set up to promote public support and protection for vulnerable groups. - Statistics of cases reported to WAJU (January 1999 to December 2004) — selected totals and trends (from Table 8.4): - Rape: 23 (1999); 34 (2000); 64 (2001); 184 (2002); 150 (2003); 181 (2004); Total 636 - Defilement: 154; 181; 228; 820; 755; 734; Total 2872 - Assault: 95; 86; 279; 1861; 2157; 2059; Total 6537 - Threatening: 21; 16; 63; 772; 588; 435; Total 1895 - Causing harm: 4; 6; 7; 65; 46; 42; Total 170 - Causing damage: 6; 3; 7; 73; 49; 70; Total 208 - Indecent assault: 11; 17; 29; 104; 90; 74; Total 325 - Incest: 5; 6; 5; 20; 17; 15; Total 68 - Offensive conduct: 4; 1; 2; 226; 360; 325; Total 918 - Unnatural carnal knowledge: 3; 2; 0; 2; 3; 14; Total 24 - Failing to supply necessities of health and life: 0; 7; 17; 164; 102; 67; Total 357 - Abduction: 3; 5; 10; 147; 169; 190; Total 524 - Child stealing: 1; 3; 1; 17; 16; 19; Total 57 - Stealing: 20; 7; 12; 196; 174; 200; Total 609 - Exposing child to harm: 1; 0; 4; 72; 61; 63; Total 201 - Criminal Abortion: 1; 1; 3; 17; 23; 33; Total 78 - Fraud: 6; 5; 3; 1; 0; 0; Total 15 - Attempted defilement: 0; 0; 1; 3; 2; 0; Total 6 - Attempted rape: 1; 2; 3; 23; 32; 16; Total 77 - Attempted abortion: 0; 1; 0; 19; 15; 20; Total 55 - Non child maintenance: 523; 1383; 1047; 3066; 5947; 7421; Total 19387 - Bigamy: 0; 0; 0; 0; 3; 4; Total 7 - Total cases per year: 882 (1999); 1766 (2000); 1785 (2001); 7852 (2002); 10759 (2003); 11982 (2004); Total 35026 - Observations: - Non-child maintenance accounts for more than half the total number of cases each year. - From 2002, cases on assault, causing harm, threatening, indecent assault, incest and exposing child to harm have been gradually reducing, attributed to intensified WAJU public education. - Legal Aid Board utilization - Almost 6000 persons applied for legal aid services in 2004; 5090 provided with services (2003: 4500 applicants, 4500 provided). - About 60 per cent of all cases before the Legal Aid Board were successfully disposed of. - Free legal aid is now available nationwide. - Policy Recommendations (Social Justice) - District development plans need to incorporate analysis and social-cultural issues affecting women’s empowerment and gender equality. - Guidelines for the use of the DACF should be reviewed by MLGRD and a minimum percentage should be defined for women’s and girls’ empowerment activities. - An incentive system should be incorporated by MLGRD for Districts that use resources (DACF, HIPC, Poverty Alleviation Fund, DP’s and NGO’s) to achieve gender equity in school enrolment. - HIPC and DACF funds should be monitored closely to ensure women benefit and support the objective of gender equality and women’s empowerment. - Gender Desk Officers need promotion and support in all districts (including development of gender promotion skills, analysis, and monitoring); good practices should be shared by MLGRD and MOWAC. - Wide dissemination of the National Gender and Children Policy is required; MOFEP and MDAs should establish benchmarks on relative positions of women, men and children, identify priority areas and allocate resources accordingly. - MOWAC should commission a Beneficiary Impact Assessment Study to guide future action. - In updated GPRS and sector policies/action plans, ensure: - comprehensive analysis of gender inequalities, causes and effects; - strategic interventions and costing, including expertise and capacity building; - a gender specific ME framework with gender specific targets, indicators and guidelines on gender-disaggregated data; - promotion of breakdowns of expenditures targeted at women and gender impact of mainstream budget expenditure; - gender specific objectives and budgeting to form basis for gender specific targets for MDBS, PRSC, and other GPRS programs. - For WAJU and DSW: be well resourced to handle increasing caseloads. - Investigate causes of increasing non-child maintenance cases and implement public education on child maintenance regulation. - Review the children’s Act to ensure parents working in the informal sector maintain their children. - Legal Aid Board: adequately resource to widen coverage. - Develop policy to provide tax rebate for lawyers who provide legal aid services to the poor; encourage Ghana Bar Association members to extend legal aid for a proportion of fees. *Source: _cr06226 - 8.3 PROGRESS ON POLICY IMPLEMENTATION* ### Policy Area: HIV/AIDS — Prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS and improve the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS and Orphans of AIDS - Epidemiological note (as provided) - The median HIV seroprevalence of 3.6 per cent of 2003 was reduced to 3.1 percent in *Source: _cr06226 - 8.3 PROGRESS ON POLICY IMPLEMENTATION* ### 2004. Though this may gives an indication that the interventions are succeeding in ### _cr06226 - 2004. Though this may gives an indication that the interventions are succeeding in ### HIV/AIDS prevalence and trends - Mean prevalence of all sentinel sites in the last 5 years (2000 to 2004) is 3.5%. - Most sites recorded either a decline or a lower level of increase compared to 2003; this may be the earliest sign of an epidemic slow down but does not necessarily represent an overall decline of HIV infection in the country. - Mean regional HIV prevalence ranged from 1.7% in the Upper West region to 6.5% in the Eastern Region. - HIV prevalence for sentinel sites: - Rural median: 2.8% - Urban median: 3.6% - Rural mean: 3.4% - Urban mean: 3.7% - Age-group mean prevalence: - 25-29 age group recorded the highest mean HIV prevalence of 4.5%. - 15-19 age group mean prevalence: 2.0% - 15-24 age group mean prevalence: 2.5% - Significant shifts among age groups indicate upward and downward trends in the young adult group. ### ART, PMTCT, VCT and service coverage (status as of mid-2004) - Facilities established to provide antiretroviral therapy (ART): 4 facilities by mid-year as against the target of 6 by the end of 2004. - Patients on ART: 1176 patients had been put on ART by mid-year as against the targeted 2,000 for the full year. - Voluntary Counselling and Testing Centres (VCT): 29 VCT centres established by mid-year as against the targeted 66 VCT centres. - Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT): 302 mother-baby pairs were treated with Niverapine by mid-year as against the target of 6,000 mother-baby pairs for 2004. - Four sentinel sites providing ART; 19 sentinel sites implementing a programme for the prevention of mother to child transmission. ### NGO involvement and targeting - NGOs approved for funding under the 4th call; selection criteria included interventions in high risk areas with prevalence higher than 5% (Adabraka, Wenchi, Mampong-Ashanti, Eikwe, Fanteakwa, Cape-Coast, Agomanya and Kumasi), and targeting vulnerable/high risk groups (Orphans and Vulnerable Children, Persons living with and/or affected by HIV/AIDS, commercial sex workers, miners, truck drivers). - Out of 149 beneficiaries, 34 NGOs were selected to work in high prevalence areas and/or with vulnerable/high risk groups. - 24 NGOs are working with commercial sex workers. - 4 NGOs are working with truck drivers. - 6 NGOs are working with migrant workers e.g. miners. - The remaining 115 NGOs are working with PLWHAs and are into care and support. - The DSW sensitised 1500 parents on HIV/AIDS and provided support to 52 PLWHAs in 2004 and is working in partnership with 500 NGOs in the area of HIV/AIDS. ### Policy recommendations (HIV/AIDS and NGO monitoring) - Expanding access to ART for PLWHAs remains a major challenge; there is the need to expand the number of sites and beneficiaries. - More VCT Centres should be opened. - The Ghana AIDS Commission should put in place an effective monitoring system to monitor the activities of NGOs who receive funding for HIV/AIDS activities. ### Social protection strategy development - NDPC working jointly with the Sector Ministry on a social Protection Strategy for Ghana to provide input for the Vulnerability, an Exclusion thematic area of GPRS 2. - A technical committee to provide technical direction has been constituted and is operational. - Outputs include the development of a Conceptual Framework and Action Plan for Ghana. - Ongoing consultations with primary actors/stakeholders on technical findings and recommendations. - The Strategy is expected to be ready for submission to Cabinet on May 31, 2005. - A national social protection policy to enhance capacity of individuals, households and communities to handle risks is considered imperative; current effort needs to be intensified. ### Vulnerable and excluded — priority indicators (highlights from Table 8.4) - Increased resources for protection of the rights of women and children: - MOWCA received ¢¢6.709billion in 2002 - MOWCA received ¢9.669billion in 2003 - MOWCA received ¢20,563 million in 2004 — Progress: On track - Incidence of poverty: - Target: 32% - Indicator Level 2002: 39% - (2000) - Indicator Level 2003: N/A - Indicator Level 2004: N/A - Utilisation of Legal Aid Services: - Indicator Level 2002: 4225 - Indicator Level 2003: 4500 - Indicator Level 2004: 5590 applied for legal Aid services and 5090 received legal aid services. - Legal Aid Services can now be received nation wide — Utilisation by poor increasing but not adequate. - Population with information, counselling programmes undertaken: 98% — On track. - HIV AIDS Prevalence (table entries): - 2002: 3.8% - 2003: 3.4% - 2004: 3.1 - Drug Based treatment available for people with AIDS: - 4 Sentinel Sites are providing ART for PLWHA and 19 sentinel site are implementing a programme for the prevention of mother to child transmission. - 4 facilities were established by mid-year as against the target of 6 by the end of 2004 to provide antiretroviral therapy (ART) to AIDS patients. - 1176 patients had been put on ART by mid-year as against the targeted 2,000 for the full year. - 29 Voluntary Council and Testing Centres (VCT) as against the targeted 66 VCT centres were established by mid-year; 302 mother-baby pairs were treated with Niverapine by mid-year as against the target of 6,000 mother-baby pairs for 2004. ### MDG progress — overview and GOAL 1: Eradicate extreme poverty - The Millennium Declaration and MDGs are linked to GPRS; section reproduces 2004 MDG Report prepared by the NDPC. - Table 9.1 indicates mixed likelihoods for reaching goals; many areas scored as "Probably", "Potentially", or "Unlikely" with notes of "Lack of data" and varying strengths of supportive environment (e.g., Strong, Fair, Weak but improving, Weak). GOAL 1 — Reducing Extreme Poverty: status and trends - Most recent incidence of poverty compiled in 1999 (Ghana Living Standards Survey 4) estimated a poverty rate of 39 percent. - Poverty concentrated in the Northern, Upper East and Central regions and among food-crop farmers. - Macro indicators and increased sectoral growth and expenditures on poverty-focused activities point to a decline in poverty rates. - The 5 percent average real GDP growth over the 2002-2004 period is still well below the 7 percent rate required to significantly reduce poverty by 2015. - Incidence of underweight children rose from 25% in 1998 to 35.8 percent in 2003. - Child malnutrition concentrated in: - Ashanti: 46 percent - Greater Accra: 40.4 percent - Western regions: 36.9 percent Challenges to reducing extreme poverty (listed) - Ensuring that programmes in the GPRS are linked to the annual budget and funded as planned. - Maintaining macro-stability in the face of external shocks particularly rising crude oil prices. - The ability to fund safety nets for groups adversely affected by current and imminent policies of full cost recovery pricing in the energy sector. - Rationalizing the public sector and reducing the relative size of the discretionary budget allocated public sector wage bill. - Addressing long term population growth through reductions in the fertility rate. - Addressing the growing risks implied by the spread of HIV/AIDS. - Sustaining the political will to implement the GPRS. - Improving monitoring and routine data collection (e.g., expand Annual Survey coverage beyond food crops; finance poverty monitoring initiatives and data collection at district level). Supportive environment — policy measures and projects cited - Decline in inflation and interest rates; increase in credit to the private sector from –11% in 2001 to 37.5% in 2003. - Efforts to link the GPRS to the budget through the Medium Term Expenditure Framework. - Promotion of district-level autonomy via the Local Government Bill; draft National Decentralization Action Plan; district composite budgets. - Channelling HIPC-related expenditures to health, sanitation, education and employment-generating projects at district level. - Direct funding to district Assemblies for projects impacting the poor. - Increased budgetary share of rural infrastructure expenditure. - Introduction of improved irrigation technologies and a doubling of the area of land under irrigation since 2002; total land area under irrigation is currently estimated at 0.08%. - Enactment of the National Insurance Bill to increase access to health care. - Introduction of high impact and rapid delivery programme in selected districts in the Northern and Upper East regions to reduce malnutrition and regional inequalities in under-5 and maternal mortality. - Poverty-related expenditures accounted for 27.3 percent of total government expenditure in 2004 representing a 27 percent increase over planned poverty reduction expenditures in 2003. Will target be reached by 2015? (poverty) - 2002 report noted a real GDP growth rate of 4 percent would halve the poverty rate by 2015 without necessarily reducing the absolute number of poor people; reducing the number of poor persons would require at least a 7 percent real growth rate. - Since implementation of the GPRS (2002-2004) real GDP growth averaged 5.0 percent. - Linear trend estimates suggest current growth trajectory of approximately 5 percent per annum (in real terms) is consistent with an extreme poverty rate of approximately 6 percent in 2015 and a poverty rate of 10 percent in the same year. - Given increased growth and supportive environment, it is very likely that Ghana will halve the poverty rate by 2015, though trends are not necessarily linear and may be influenced by shocks, policy reversals and other unforeseen circumstances. ### GOAL 2: Eradicate extreme hunger — child malnutrition highlights - Malnutrition remains a serious problem; protein energy malnutrition is most prevalent; micronutrient deficiencies (Vitamin A, iodine, iron) are common. - Vulnerable groups: children of pre-school and school going ages, pregnant women, lactating women. - 2003 GDHS: 30 percent of children under five are stunted and 11 percent severely wasted. - Trend: proportion of children underweight decreased slightly from 10% in 1998 to 7% (text cuts off at end of provided content). *Source: _cr06226 - 2004 (provided content).* ### 2003. The proportion of children who are wasted ### _cr06226 - 2003. The proportion of children who are wasted ### Child nutrition: status and trends - The proportion of children who are wasted also decreased from 25% in 1998 to 22% in 2003. - The proportion of children under five who are stunted increased from 26% in 1998 to 30 percent in 2003. - Rural-urban and regional differences: - Rural children are more likely to be underweight than urban children. - Children living in the three northern regions, including the Volta region, are more likely to be underweight (GDHS, 2003) than children in the other regions. - Socioeconomic differentials: - Children who live in the lowest wealth quintile are at higher risk of being underweight than those from higher wealth quintiles (GDHS, 2003). ### Child nutrition: supportive environment and programs - District Health Management Teams (DHMTs) have instituted Child Welfare Clinics to: - monitor children at risk of malnutrition; - promote and advocate exclusive breast feeding practices; - engage in nutritional education and assessment; - designate deserving health facilities as Baby Friendly. - National Plan of Action for Food and Nutrition (initiated in 1993) features: - a micronutrient deficiency control programme with sub-committees for iodine, Vitamin A, and iron; - promotion of Vitamin A supplementation for pregnant and lactating mothers and children. - Community-based nutrition and food security project (pilot, World Bank support) aims to strengthen community capacity to achieve sustainable adequate nutrition and food security, especially for pregnant and lactating women and children. ### Child nutrition: projection against MDG target - If current trends in nutritional trends continue, it is unlikely that Ghana will meet the MDG target of reducing by half the incidence of underweight children by 2015. - Current trends indicate that, by 2015, the incidence of underweight children will rise by approximately 3 percentage points over the base rate of 31 percent in 1993. ### GOAL 2 / GOAL 3 (Universal Primary Education): status and trends - Indicator used due to data constraints: gross primary enrolment ratio (GPER). - GPER trends: - 83.8% in 2001/02; - 85.7% in 2002/03; - 86.3% in 2003/04. - Current participation gap: about one in five eligible primary school children do not enrol in school (over two-fifths in the Northern, Upper East and Upper West regions). - Retention/survival: - Survival rate from primary grade 1 to primary grade 6 improved from 79.9% in 2002/03 to 84.7% in 2003/04. - About 15% of all pupils who enter school drop out by primary 6. - School infrastructure and resources: - Number of primary schools increased from 12,326 in 1998 to 15,285 by 2003. - It is estimated that about 31.4% of public primary classrooms need rehabilitation (MoEYS, 2004). - National primary pupil: teacher ratio of 1:34 is below the internationally accepted optimum of 1:40. - Factors constraining enrolment: inadequate number of schools in good condition, distance to school, poverty, fees and levies, parental perception of declining quality. ### Education: supportive environment and measures - GPRS measures to improve basic education delivery include: - rehabilitation/development of physical infrastructure; - incentive schemes to increase enrolment and retention of girls; - procurement and supply of teaching and learning materials; - teacher retention schemes in the most deprived districts; - increasing resources delivered to deprived districts. - Education Strategic Plan (ESP) completed in 2003, informed by the GPRS. - Financial resource indicators: - Execution rate of budgeted non-salary recurrent expenditure on education improved from 63.6% in 2002 to 91% in 2003. - Additional funds from traditional authority sources and non-governmental organisations support primary education financing. ### Education: projection against targets - Projections based on current trends in enrolment rates suggest: - 100% gross primary school enrolment will be achieved by 2010; - net primary enrolment by 2015. ### GOAL 3 (Gender equality and women’s empowerment): status and trends - Target 9: Eliminate gender disparity in Primary and Secondary education by 2005. - Gender Parity Index (primary level): - 82 females to 100 males in 1990; - 93 females to 100 males in 2003. - Junior secondary level GPI: - 62 females to 100 males in 1990; - 88 females to 100 males in 2003. - Regional note: Gender parity in the three northern regions is below the national average but has shown marked improvement; Upper West Region has already exceeded its GPRS target. - Socio-cultural barriers: poverty, direct cost of schooling, gender socialization, parental education level, early marriage, customary fostering, puberty rites, Trokosi, withdrawal of girls for household chores and family business. ### Gender parity: supportive environment and measures - Institutional and programmatic measures: - Appointment of a Minister responsible for girl-child education. - Establishment of a girls’ Education Unit in 1997 focusing on increasing girls’ enrolment, reducing dropout for girls, and increasing transition to senior secondary school. - Medium-term priority to mainstream preschool education in all basic schools to enhance girls’ gross primary admission. - Specific measures to improve girls’ enrolment: - Provision of material support including school uniforms, stationery, school bags and food rations. - Some District Assemblies awarding scholarships to needy girls. - An amount of 8.885 billion cedis from the GET fund was allocated to the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports to provide scholarships for pupils in basic schools. - Implementation of a proposed capitation grant should impact on gender parity. ### Gender parity: projection against 2005 target - Trends in the gender parity index reveal that the ratio of males to females in primary, junior and senior secondary schools will be approximately 94 percent by 2005. ### GOAL 4: Under-five mortality — status and trends - U5MR trends: - 108 per 1000 live births in 1998; - 111 per 1000 live births in 2003. - Interpretation: Under the current child mortality rate of 111 per 1000 live births, one in every nine children dies before reaching age five. - Rural-urban and regional variation: - U5MR in rural areas is 118 per 1000 live births compared with 93 for urban areas (2003 GDHS). - U5MR ranges across regions from 75 per 1000 live births in Greater Accra to 208 in the Upper West Region. - Socioeconomic drivers: highest risk among children whose mothers have no education and/or have no say in household decision making. - Major persistent threats accounting for child admissions and deaths: - high incidence of malaria, acute respiratory infections, diarrhoea, malnutrition, anaemia, measles and neonatal causes — together account for 50% of all childhood admissions and 30% of all childhood deaths. - Demographic and environmental correlates: - Infant mortality is 50% higher among low birth weight babies than babies of average or larger weight. - Less than 50% of rural population have access to safe water and sanitation (CWIQ, 2003). ### Under-five mortality: supportive environment and interventions - Health sector prioritization under the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy; increased health expenditures: - Proportion of non-wage recurrent expenditure on health increased from 5.7% in 2000 to 11.8% in 2003. - New expenditure allocation formula provides additional funding for health expenditure in deprived areas based on population adjusted for health needs (as measured by IMR and U5MR). - Under HIPC Initiative, a proportion of savings was used to enhance access to water and sanitation, education and health care. - Specific child survival and development interventions: 1. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI): - improve case management skills of health professionals; - strengthen health systems for essential drugs and logistics; - cost-effective interventions including promotion of breastfeeding, use of ITNs, and management of malaria, diarrhoea, and measles. 2. Expanded Programme in Immunization (EPI): - implemented since 1978 against six childhood diseases (diphtheria, measles, pertussis, poliomyelitis, tuberculosis, whooping cough). - Proportion of children age 12-23 months who are fully vaccinated increased from 47% in 1998 to 69% in 2003. - Large geographical variations in coverage with rural areas and the northern part of Ghana below national average. 3. Enhance Access to Health Services: - Community-based Health Planning and Services Strategy (CHPS) to bring services closer to people, develop sustainable voluntarism and community health action programs, empower women and vulnerable groups, and improve interaction between health providers, households and the community. - Other initiatives: - Macro-Economics and Health Initiative; - The Global Fund; - Roll back Malaria Program; - The program for accelerated control of measles, maternal and neonatal tetanus; - High Impact Rapid Delivery Program for U5MR and MMR. ### Under-five mortality: projection against 2015 target - Target requirement: U5MR must decline from the base figure of 155 per 1000 in 1988 to approximately 53 per 1000 live births by 2015. - Current trend projection: by 2015 under-five mortality will be in the range of 65-70 per 1000 live births. - Given the strong supportive environment, current trends may not persist; there is potential that the target will be achieved. ### GOAL 5: Maternal health — status and trends - Maternal mortality estimates vary widely due to unreliable data: - Predicted ratio of 586 (Hill, 2001) to about 210 per 100,000 live birth (WHO,1999). - Deprived northern regions estimated to have MMR over 800 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. - Maternal Health Project (1997/98) identified main risk factors: postpartum haemorrhage, severe anaemia, sepsis, and obstructed labour. - Structural impediments: timely transportation to health facility, cost of emergency admissions, and health care providers’ attitudes and practices. - Safe Motherhood Initiative (SMI) components: antenatal care, supervised delivery, postpartum care, family planning, management of abortion complications. - Antenatal care coverage and utilization: - Over 88% of health facilities currently offer antenatal care services. - Utilization improved from 82% in 1998 to 92% in 2003. - As at 2003, 98% of urban women and 89% of rural women received antenatal care from trained health professionals. - Most women (69%) make at least the four recommended antenatal visits during pregnancy. - Median number of months pregnant at first visit stands at 3.8 among urban residents and [text ends]. *Italic source: _cr06226 - 2003. The proportion of children who are wasted* ### 4.2 among rural residents. ### _cr06226 - 4.2 among rural residents. ### Maternal health: delivery assistance and outcomes - Delivery assistance by trained health professionals remains low in Ghana; nationally, 53% of births occur at home under supervision of traditional birth attendants or elderly women. - Reasons given for low utilization of professionally supervised delivery: - problems of transportation to health facility during labour - poverty - socio-cultural beliefs that may discourage giving birth outside the home environment - A professionally assisted delivery reduces health risks associated with childbirth, such as complications and infections that can cause the death of the mother and/or baby. ### Family planning and unsafe abortion - Family planning is an important component of maternal health care delivery. - The 2003 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey indicates a high unmet need for family planning: - 25% of currently married women reported using a family planning method - 19% of currently married women reported using modern methods - Unsafe abortion contributes substantially to maternal morbidity and mortality; induced abortions are often not reported because the law prohibits induced abortion unless: - a woman’s life is endangered by her pregnancy, - the foetus is impaired, or - other circumstances as determined by the law courts - Increasing access to abortion management and post abortion care are identified as critical challenges in the context of preventing maternal mortality. ### Supportive environment and safe motherhood programme - Ghana developed a reproductive health policy and a safe motherhood programme in the early 1990s under the primary health care system. - The focus of the safe motherhood programme is on reducing maternal morbidity and mortality through: - Enhancing access to basic and comprehensive essential obstetric care. - Increasing average antenatal care attendance. - Provision of post abortion care services. - Reducing unmet need in family planning. - Specific strategies for achieving the MDG target include: - creation of supportive policy environment, - improving access to obstetric care, especially in deprived districts, - improving the care of the newborn, - expanding adolescent health services. - The GPRS provides a framework for improving the exemption policy to cover obstetric emergencies and life-threatening pregnancy related conditions and mortality due to childhood diseases in the impoverished central and northern regions (i.e., Upper east, Upper west and Northern region). ### Will Target be reached by 2015? - Probably Potentially Unlikely Insufficient Data --- ### GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS AND MALARIA — HIV/AIDS status and trends - Sentinel surveillance data from antenatal care clinics and from individuals seeking medical treatment are the main sources of HIV/AIDS prevalence data in Ghana. - HIV prevalence rates reported: - 1.5% in 1999 - 3.6% in 2003 - National AIDS Control Programme projections if present trend continues: - 4.7% by 2005 - 8.2% by 2009 - 9.5% by 2014 - Estimated current caseloads: - 400,000 adults living with HIV/AIDS - 34,000 children under age 15 living with HIV/AIDS - About 200,000 children have been orphaned by the pandemic - Age-sex distribution and transmission: - 90% of cumulative AIDS cases were between the ages of 15-49 years - 63% of all reported HIV/AIDS cases were females - Peak age for females: 15-34 years - Peak age for males: 30-39 years - Main mode of transmission: heterosexual sex (80%) - Mother-to-child transmission accounts for 15% of infections - Commercial sex workers identified as most at risk: - 75.8% of commercial sex workers in Kumasi found to be HIV positive - 82% of commercial sex workers in Accra found to be HIV positive ### HIV/AIDS supportive environment and strategic objectives - In September 2000 Ghana established the multi-sectoral Ghana AIDS Commission to coordinate public and private sector stakeholders. - Specific aims of the Commission include: - prevent new infections among youth and other vulnerable groups; - mobilize groups to support persons living with HIV/AIDS; - establish a budget line in every Ministry for HIV/AIDS activities, separate from the budget for the Commission itself. - Objectives of the Ghana HIV/AIDS Strategic Framework (2001-2005) include: - Reduce new HIV infections among the 15-49 age group and other vulnerable groups by 30 percent; - Improve service delivery and mitigate the impact of HIV/AIDS on individuals, families, and communities; - Reduce individual and societal vulnerability and susceptibility to HIV/AIDS through the creation of an enabling environment for the implementation of the national response; and - Establish a well-managed, multi-sectoral and multidisciplinary institutional framework for coordination and HIV/AIDS. - The prohibitive cost of treatment and the potentially devastating effect of HIV/AIDS on the domestic economy suggest the need for a coordinated approach. ### MALARIA: status, burden, and control efforts - Malaria is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in Ghana, especially among children under five and pregnant women. - Malaria accounts for: - 44.5% of all outpatient illnesses - 36.9% of all admissions - 13.2% of all deaths in health facilities - Estimated malaria burden among children: - An estimated 800,000 children under age five die from malaria annually - Malaria accounts for 25% of under-five mortality (which has increased over the past five years) - Historical and programmatic efforts: - Creation of a National Malaria Service under the global Malaria Eradication Programme in 1961 - Launching of a 5-year (1993-97) National Malaria Control Action Plan with a focus on capacity building for improved disease management - Since 1998 Ghana has committed to the Roll Back Malaria (RBM) initiative of WHO, which builds on the Global Malaria Strategy with a focus on Africa. - The goal of the Roll Back Malaria Initiative is to halve the world’s malaria burden by *Source: _cr06226 - 4.2 among rural residents.* ### 2010. Consequently the country has drawn up a ### _cr06226 - 2010. Consequently the country has drawn up a ### Malaria control and ITN strategy - Medium Term Strategic Plan for Malaria Control in Ghana (1998-2002) aims to improve coverage of malaria control activity by adopting an inter-sectoral approach involving other government sectors and partnership with the private sector and the community. - Ghana committed to the Abuja Declaration on Roll Back Malaria in Africa, which seeks to achieve specific targets on malaria prevention and control with time limits. - A major intervention under the RBM Initiative is the use of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) as a key component of Ghana’s new strategic malaria control plan. - The National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) outlines a strategy for promoting availability of ITNs through state-private sector partnership. - Malaria control programme target: reduce mortality and morbidity due to malaria by 25% by 2008 through: - improved case management, - implementation of multiple prevention methods, - focused research, - improved partnerships with relevant stakeholders. ### GOAL 7: Ensure environmental sustainability — Target 9: Forests and environmental resource loss - Target 9: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse loss of environmental resources by 2015. - Indicator: Proportion of land area covered by forest. Status and trends - The 2002 report observed that Ghana lost approximately 79 percent of its forest cover since the beginning of the 20th century. - Forest cover declined from 8.2 million hectares at the beginning of the 20th century to 1.7 million hectares by the 21st century. - Contributing factors unchanged since 2002: - Poor enforcement of regulations on natural resource utilization. - Inefficient management of forest reserves. - Dependence on wood-fuel by the poor. - Weak enforcement encouraged inappropriate wildlife and farming practices. - Inefficient reserve management led to loss through fire, unsustainable logging, indiscriminate wood-fuel extraction, and forest encroachment. - Environmental degradation from mining and manufacturing rose due to weak enforcement of environmental and mining laws; regulations on allowable timber cut and surface mining are not rigorously enforced. - Chainsaw operations for timber extraction were banned temporarily because of general failure to observe and enforce existing regulations. Supportive environment and interventions - Annual rate of deforestation reportedly decreased from 65,000 to 50,000 hectares. - Replanting in 2003: 1,300 hectares of urban land and 25,691 hectares of degraded forest reserves were replanted. - Government removed duties on imported round logs in 2001; in 2003 tax relief extended to include imports of lumber for domestic processing (to ease demand for local wood supplies). - Land Administration Program (LAP) initiated April 25, 2003 by the Ministry of Lands and Forestry to harmonise land policies and legal framework with customary land law practices for greater transparency and enforcement of property rights. - Progress in land reform: issuing of Land Title certificates to individuals and establishment of 2 customary land administration units in 2003. - Environmental Planning: EPA and NDPC conducted a Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Growth and Poverty Strategy Program (GPRS). EPA baseline study of Accra-Tema metropolitan area to monitor vehicular emissions. - Mining: harmful chemicals (e.g., cyanide and mercury) and explosives pose threats; existing measures (studies on mercury abatement, public awareness) need to be complemented by review of EPA laws, rigorous enforcement, and aggressive monitoring. - Forestry and Wildlife Policy: ten-year Natural Resource Management Programme aims to protect, rehabilitate and sustainably manage national land, forest and wildlife through collaborative management with rural communities. Key aspects: - Enhancing community involvement in management and improving benefit flows from resource sales. - Increasing community and farmer adoption of improved land and water management techniques. - Improving management of wildlife while increasing its contribution to local livelihoods and economic development. Will Target be reached by 2015? - Assessment: performance mixed — strong in reafforestation but weak in enforcement of environmental regulations. - Conclusion: Ghana has the potential to achieve the MDG on the environment, but realizing that potential will require greater effort in enforcement of environmental regulations. ### GOAL 7: Ensure environmental sustainability — Target 10: Water - Target 10: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water. - Indicator: Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source. Status and trends - 1990 national average without safe water ~50 percent; 1998 national average of access rose from 49% in 1990 to 74% in 1998 (2002 MDG report). - In 2000: - rural population with access to safe water: 40%, - urban population with access to safe water: 70%. - Rural access improved from 40.0% to 46.6% over 2000-2003. - Reported cases of guinea worm increased from 5,545 in 2002 to 8,000 in 2003, indicating weaknesses in case containment and community education. - National average access to adequate sanitation: just over 55 percent. - Access to adequate sanitation in the three northern deprived regions: around 20 percent or lower. - Communities required to contribute 5-7% of capital costs to manage water systems; exemptions applied in targeted districts for HPIC funded water infrastructure (see supportive environment). - Rural systems face frequent breakdowns; high salinity in groundwater causes abandonment of boreholes. - Urban areas face inconsistent water supply and wide intra-urban variations in access. Supportive environment and interventions - Government constructed 246 boreholes in guinea-worm endemic areas: 5 districts in the Northern region, 2 districts in the Brong Ahafo region, 2 districts in the Volta region. - Targeted districts exempted from mandatory 5 percent community contribution to capital costs for HPIC funded water infrastructures. - 2003 water delivery activities in rural and peri-urban communities: - 1290 new boreholes constructed. - 115 boreholes rehabilitated. - 61 new hand-dug wells constructed. - 65 small community/town pipe systems completed. - Urban interventions: Ghana Water Company Limited rehabilitated and expanded water treatment plants in Weija and Ichaban. Will Target be reached by 2015? - To halve by 2015 the number without access implies increasing access rate to 75 percent by 2015. - National trends suggest that if current trends continue Ghana will exceed the MDG target; the national access rate will be over 80 percent. - The MDG target for sanitation is not likely to be met. ### GOAL 7: Ensure environmental sustainability — Target 11: Slums - Target 11: By 2020 a significant improvement would have been achieved in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers. - Indicator: Proportion of households with access to secure tenure. Status and trends - Rapid urbanization: proportion of urban population increased from 33% in the 1960s to 43.8% by 2000. - Ghana Statistical Service defines urban locality as 5,000 or more people; number of urban settlements increased from 189 in 1984 to 364 in 2000. - Majority (34%) of urban settlements have population range of 5,000 to 10,000. - Slum conditions: inadequate drinking water, inadequate sanitation, lack of security of tenure, poor quality housing. - According to UN-Habitat (2003), about 70% of Ghana’s urban population lives in slum conditions. - Number of slum dwellers expected to reach 5.8 million by 2010. - Slums pronounced in Accra, Kumasi, Sekondi-Takoradi, Tema and Tamale; pockets in Cape Coast, Koforidua, Sunyani, Ho and Bolgatanga. - 2000 Population and Housing Census highlights overcrowding, inadequate facilities, poor sanitation; typical household occupies a room with an average of 2.5 people per room. - Illegal occupation is a growing phenomenon in cities. - Drivers of slum growth: rural-urban migration, limited land supply, lack of appropriate regulatory frameworks; many rural-urban migrants are young and likely to end up in slums. Supportive environment - Government does not have an urban development policy to date; several urban development strategies exist across government publications focused on stimulating growth of small and medium-sized towns and human settlement planning and management. - GPRS mentioned slums only as a cross-cutting issue and did not deal extensively with slum issues. Will Target be reached by 2020? - Assessment options provided: Probably / Potentially / Unlikely / Insufficient Data (no single option selected in text). ### GOAL 8: Develop a global partnership for development — Target 15: Debt sustainability - Target 15: Deal comprehensively with LDC debt and make debt sustainable in the long term. - Indicator: Debt service as a percentage of exports. Status and trends - Domestic and external debt service positions improved since accession to the HIPC initiative in 2001. - Ghana reached completion point in mid-2004 after progress on its Poverty Reduction Strategy. - Prior to HIPC in 2001: - external debt was 127 percent of GDP or approximately US$5.3 billion in 2001. - domestic debt consisted largely of 91-day Treasury Bills at commercial interest rates, posing severe fiscal problem. - By 2003: - domestic debt burden (debt to GDP ratio) declined to 22.6% in 2003; down from 29.1% in 2002. - domestic debt stock declined from 17 percent of GDP to 16.1 percent of GDP (via application of 20 percent of HIPC savings to domestic debt). - Credit growth to the private sector increased from –11% in 2001 to 37.5% in 2003. - Revenue to GDP ratio rose from 20.7 to 21.3% between 2002 and 2003. - Expenditure to GDP ratios: 18.5 percent in 2002 and 18.8 percent in 2003. - Government decision to use the TOR Debt Recovery Fund to subsidize petroleum prices is likely to increase domestic debt. - Policy and institutional reforms: - nationwide forensic audits of public institutions to estimate domestic debt, - installation of an expenditure tracking system on a pilot basis in the Ministry of Finance, - training of Budget Committees of MDAs to align budgets with GPRS priorities, - passage of the Financial Administration Bill into law (2003), - introduction of Tax Identification Number, - passage of the Banking Law restricting government borrowing to 10% of expected revenues, - passage of the procurement Act in December 2003 establishing a new procurement code. - Government continued to subsidize fuel prices even as world market prices reached approximately $55 per barrel. Will Target be reached by 2015? - IMF debt sustainability analysis (DSA) projection period 2004-2023 indicates a relatively sustainable external debt position. - Net Present Value of external debt-exports ratio expected to decline from 200 percent at the end of 2003 to approximately 113 percent by 2015. - Debt service to export ratio will experience only modest decline over 2004-2015. - Overall outlook: cautiously optimistic debt sustainability outlook. *Italicized: Content derived from the supplied PDF chapter/section.* ### APPENDIX I ### APPENDIX I ### COMMENTS/FEEDBACK ON THE GPRS AND APR IN 2004 #### General Comments (National Economic Dialogue) - National mobilisation behind the GPRS will prove the acceptance of GPRS s grounded strategy for national development and therefore additional efforts to mobilise various stakeholders are necessary - Poverty Reduction programs need to be speeded up, short and medium term interventions need to be considered for the poor, while growth on long term is being promoted - Change need to be de-mystified and be made an ingredient for development; positive socio-cultural values need to be identified which can impact positively on the GPRS - Gender issues need to be treated in all sectors as cross cutting issues and gender/age disaggregated data are needed for targeted planning at all levels. Socio-cultural factors underpinning gender issues need to be articulated in poverty reduction documents and policies - Environmental issues need to be mainstreamed in all thematic areas - More resources required for funding poverty reduction programs (domestic and new resources) - Promote inter-sectoral approach of GPRS programs to improve cost effectiveness and impact #### Production and Employment - Employment targets should be set for each region - Issuance of land title certificates and land tenure system to be reviewed - Review interest rates and incentives for local producers; restrict cheap imported goods. Reliable supply of water/energy and concessionary rates for energy for manufacturers required; introduce tax breaks (VAT; import duty) for new businesses importing machinery and raw materials - Enhance the output of small scale food producers (buying centres, investments in storage facilities, agro-processing facilities, improve market access); Agro-processing be made attractive; commodity markets for selected crops should be established - Farmers should be educated on ICT as a complement to work of extension service agents - Adequate provisions for funding for Research and Development and prioritise agriculture - Promote environmentally friendly manufacturing equipment - Concentrate on areas with comparative advantage, form exporting clusters to improve efficiency and educate businesses on international export standards - Formulate national policy to incorporate informal sector, improve data collection on informal sector businesses; banks should invest percentage of their loan portfolio in SME’s, rural banks be modelled on the experiences of Grameen Bank (Bangladesh) to be effective in granting loans to SME’s, information on credits channelled through MDAs be made available to SME’s - Support artisanal fishermen; new Fisheries Law to be enforced to manage national fish stock - Ghana Standards Board should certify other products in addition to fish and fish products - More emphasis on rail transport in the GPRS to help open up the farming areas - More emphasis should be put on energy conservation and efficient energy use #### Education - Focus on improving district level management and accountability - Partnerships (households, community and government) in education; involve communities in supervision - Publish info on resources provided to schools and annual comparative table of school performance - Teacher Training Colleagues need to be upgraded and adequately equipped - Importance of retention of girls in school needs to be re-emphasized and supported: Girl child education retention in school up to the secondary levels is crucial and should be promoted and supported - Reconsider the idea of provision of one school meal to improve access and retention - Review and enhance teacher pension #### Health - The mandatory retirement age or health professional should be extended to 65 years. - Shorten recruitment process of staff and measures to be put in place to dramatically increase intake; expand and rehabilitate existing training institutions - New professionals should be assisted in setting up private practices if they so desire - Convert existing non-functioning public institutions into private/quasi-governmental ones - More community-based health workers such as community health nurses should be trained - Get more doctors out of headquarters into health delivery centres - Improve incentives for health personnel through adequate tooling, accommodation and school facilities for their wards (at least one model basic school in each district) - Community dialogues/assessments to identify/target the poor, and target those for support - High impact rapid delivery program implemented successfully in some regions be expanded nationwide - Good personal hygiene & environmental sanitation to be emphasized as key health messages - Good eating habits and safe water use should be promoted, smoking be banned in public areas #### Water and Sanitation - Promote private sector participation - Inter and intra-sectoral coordination needs to be improved - A sustained campaign on sanitation is required #### HIV/AIDS - Change messages to shock people, since people become complacent seeing the same mild messages. - Re-emphasize abstinence and delay of age of first sex, while promoting increased condom distribution; distribution of condoms nationwide should be urgently stepped up, and consider free distribution - Promote integrated peer-based approaches that reach a greater number of high-risk groups - Voluntary counselling/ testing should be promoted and existing services more youth-friendly - Dramatically expand programs to prevent mother-to-child transmission - More resources are required to be provided for the care of people living with HIV/AIDS, politicians need to speak out on the subject of HIV/AIDS, support programs to reduce stigmatisation - Increase funding for research on traditional medicines and HIV/AIDS treatment - Integrate population issues in planning; DA’s should integrate population issues in local planning as well #### Good Governance - Decentralization process must be deepened to serve as a framework for popular empowerment - Improve capacity of DA: increase funding levels/revenue mobilization, expand materials logistics - Integrate women and the marginalized into the political process, particularly at the local levels - Local Government Act should be made operational; harmonize laws concerning decentralization - Strengthen institutions at the sub-district level and encourage self-help strategies - Revisit provisions against partisan politics in local governance; note growing demand for local politics - Measures to ensure accountability of the various MDAs should be clarified and codified - Enhance capacity of anti-corruption institutions through capacity building/provision adequate human and logistical resources; anti-corruption campaigns should focus on middle and lower level bureaucrats - Parliamentary oversight must be strengthened: e.g. Assurances and Public Accounts committees should be encouraged and empowered to work effectively - Government should expand public consultations on public policies - Intensify government programmes such as Meet the Press series and the People’s Assembly - Annual Auditor Generals Report’s recommendations to be implemented (including corruption issues) - Civil Service to be made accountable/efficient: outcomes Public Service Reform Program be published - Monitoring and evaluation systems in the public service should be strengthened - Vigilance of CSO's in monitoring public officials - GPRS to include support for accountability/ anti-corruption institutions (SFO, CHRAJ, EC, Prisons, etc.) - Review the Rules of Court and strengthen the Attorney General’s capacity for independent prosecution - Proper coordination among Criminal Justice Agencies: Police, Judiciary, Prisons - Speed up court automation process and enforce Rule of Law in chieftaincy matters - Improve access to justice for the poor and vulnerable and expand “Legal Aid” services - Activate Article 22 (Property Rights Bill) - Enhance law enforcement staff (service conditions of personnel, logistics) - “Demystify” the Executive: reduce agencies and streamline functions - Parliament: Executive intrusion must be curbed and constitutional requirement for appointing majority of Ministers from Parliament should be revisited. Parliament should be made independent of the Executive - Judiciary should seek to eradicate the public perception of corruption - Civil Service: build capacity, eradicate corruption, improve service - Democratic institutions (CHRAJ, NMC, EC, NCCE): adequate resources (financial and human) should be provided and autonomy to be enhanced - Improved coordination and information flow between the institutions, avoid duplication #### Civil Society and the Media - High illiteracy rate hampers effective civil society action, therefore illiteracy rates to be reduced - Increase local empowerment through civil society actions at the district and local level - Strengthen role of media in accountability and transparency, and enhance professionalism - Ghana News Agency to be strengthened for effective collection/dissemination of credible information #### Security of Citizens - Communal conflicts: codify succession to stools/skins to avoid mischief in chieftaincy affairs. The Land Registry system should also be modernized to prevent conflicts over land ownership - Research on conflict prevention and management must be encouraged - IPAC to be strengthened to enhance relations; parties to avoid politicisation of national interest issues - Traditional institutions and mechanisms for conflict management should be strengthened - The Media to promote peace and conflict resolution - The National Reconciliation Commission process be expanded to include areas that are conflict-prone - Peace Education should be introduced in school curricula from the primary level #### Vulnerable and Excluded - Urgent measures required to alleviate poverty of women, especially rural/ urban poor women, disadvantaged children, unskilled youth, disabled people, old people without pensions, those with chronic diseases, refugees, widows and single parent households - Holistic programs required supporting empowerment of women, addressing various needs of women - Review credit schemes for women (funds often too limited to make an impact) and replicate best practices elsewhere, with priority to poverty endemic areas - Consider explicitly the needs of illiterate women, impoverished, divorced and widowed older women - Step up efforts to prevent increase in numbers of street children, and support special programs to re-integrate street children in society - Ensure adequate resources for institutions dealing with women and children (MOWAC, DSW, Legal Aid Board, WAJU etc) ### Feedback from the National Training of Trainer’s Workshop - NDPC should have a system of assessing policies before implementing it to ensure synergy of policies - GPRS should be the guaranteed and continued focus of government’s development agenda for reducing poverty, slowing down because of change in Government should be avoided - Why it that most of the statistics presented in the GPRS is are not disaggregated by gender? For example, there is a need to disaggregate data in relation to employment, food crop production etc so that it becomes clear how many women are really benefiting from the GPRS. - The anti – corruption campaign should be an important component of Good governance and be highlighted in the GPRS. The rule of law should also be emphasized. ### Feedback from the Regional Dissemination of the APR - Ghana Water and Sanitation Agency needs to re-consider its threshold for facility location, especially in peri-urban communities to reduce undue pressure on facilities and subsequent high break-down rates - Ghana Water and Sanitation Agency to place more emphasis on the education of beneficiaries to deal with entrenched cultural beliefs which encourage the use of untreated sources of water - The usually long period between the application and disbursement of micro-credit leads to the use of such funds for other things, indebtedness, and undermines revolving credit schemes. - Assertion that interest rates were reducing was contested: average lending rates was around 35/6 %. - Intensification of dissemination of information on the GPRS - Avoid inappropriate targeting, resulting in the wrong people (political supporters of ruling party, relatives of district administrators) benefiting from the programmes instead of the poor. Ignorance about on-going programmes is also a contributory factor: step up dissemination of information on on-going programmes. - The implementation of programmes by parent ministries instead of district assemblies was felt to be at odds with decentralisation process and capacity building at the local level, and has to be reviewed - Questions about participation in NHIS when one re-locates and how it will cater for the aged - Questions about the aged not benefiting from exemption policy in some hospitals in the northern region - More funding required for rural agricultural development, especially for women farmers, enhanced accessibility to producing areas, and agro-processing initiatives - Investigate and eliminate escalating levels of school fees due to unauthorised charging of school fees - Request for extension of PSIA's to various parts of the country: cassava/oil palm (Volta Region); millet (N. Region) ### Feedback from the ISD Community Fora - Cinema vans toured thirty communities in all the 110 districts of the country, sensitising them on the GPRS, births and deaths registration, the NHIS, and the need for tolerance before and after the 2004 elections. - Poverty Reduction programmes should be geared towards support for women in agriculture, especially in the rural communities since the bulk of vulnerable women and children are found in those areas - Public education on GPRS should be stepped up; all DA’s and staff should be sensitised on the GPRS, good governance and private sector development to get more public attention - ISD should be adequately resourced to ensure regular and sustained visits to the rural communities with information on government policies and programmes. - Reports of alleged corrupt practices in release of funds for poverty reduction programmes by officials at the Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies should be investigated. *Source: APPENDIX I — COMMENTS/FEEDBACK ON THE GPRS AND APR IN 2004* ### APPENDIX II ### APPENDIX II ### Record of Bills — Fourth Session—Third Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana 2004 - Insolvency Bill — Presented by: Attorney-General and Minister for Justice; DATE OF FIRST READING: 6/503 26/10/04. - Copyright Bill — Presented by: Attorney-General and Minister for Justice; DATE OF FIRST READING: 6/503 8/7/04; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 13/7/04; DATE OF SECOND READING: 21/12/04; DATE OF CONSIDERATION STAGE: 22/12/04. - Interpretation Bill — Presented by: Attorney-General and Minister for Justice; DATE OF FIRST READING: 12/6/03. - Road Traffic (Amendment) Bill — Presented by: Roads and Transport; DATE OF FIRST READING: 2/12/03; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 15/6/04; DATE OF SECOND READING: 17/6/04. - Development and Classification of Films Bill — Presented by: Majority Leader and Minister for Parliamentary Affairs; DATE OF FIRST READING: 27/1/04; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 29/6/04; DATE OF SECOND READING: 2/7/04; DATE OF CONSIDERATION STAGE: 7/7/04 8/7/04; DATE OF THIRD READING: 12/10/04 13/10/04. - University of Education, Winneba, Bill — Presented by: Majority Leader and Minister for Parliamentary Affairs; DATE OF FIRST READING: 3/3/04; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 5/3/04; DATE OF SECOND READING: 10/3/04; DATE OF CONSIDERATION STAGE: 11/3/04 14/5/04; ACT No.: 672. - Value Added Tax (Amendment) Bill, 2003 — Presented by: Majority Leader and Minister for Parliamentary Affairs; DATE OF FIRST READING: 11/3/04; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 12/3/04; DATE OF SECOND READING: 12/3/04; DATE OF CONSIDERATION STAGE: 12/3/04 23/4/04; ACT No.: 670. - The Internal Revenue (Amendment) Bill — Presented by: Finance and Economic Planning; DATE OF FIRST READING: 5/3/04; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 11/3/04; DATE OF SECOND READING: 11/3/04; DATE OF CONSIDERATION STAGE: 11/3/04; DATE OF THIRD READING: 11/3/04; DATE OF ASSENT: 5/4/04; ACT No.: 669. - Customs and Excise (Duties and Other Taxes) (Amendment) Bill — Presented by: Finance and Economic Planning; DATE OF FIRST READING: 5/3/04; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 11/3/04; DATE OF SECOND READING: 11/3/04; DATE OF CONSIDERATION STAGE: 11/3/04; DATE OF THIRD READING: 11/3/04; DATE OF ASSENT: 5/4/04; ACT No.: 668. - Value Added Tax (Amendment) Bill, 2004 — Presented by: Finance and Economic Planning; DATE OF FIRST READING: 5/3/04; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 11/3/04; DATE OF SECOND READING: 11/3/04; DATE OF CONSIDERATION STAGE: 11/3/04; DATE OF THIRD READING: 11/3/04; DATE OF ASSENT: 23/4/04; ACT No.: 671. - Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill — Presented by: Attorney-General and Minister for Justice. - 2003 Supplementary Appropriation Bill — Presented by: Finance and Economic Planning; DATE OF FIRST READING: 10/3/04; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 11/3/04; DATE OF SECOND READING: 11/3/04; DATE OF CONSIDERATION STAGE: 11/3/04; DATE OF THIRD READING: 11/3/04; DATE OF ASSENT: 30/3/04; ACT No.: 665. - Appropriation Bill 2004 — Presented by: Finance and Economic Planning; DATE OF FIRST READING: 10/3/04; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 11/3/04; DATE OF SECOND READING: 11/3/04; DATE OF CONSIDERATION STAGE: 11/3/04; DATE OF THIRD READING: 11/3/04; DATE OF ASSENT: 30/3/04; ACT No.: 666. - Courts (Amendment) Bill — Presented by: Attorney-General and Minister for Justice; DATE OF FIRST READING: 9/6/04; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 24/6/04; DATE OF SECOND READING: 2/7/04; DATE OF CONSIDERATION STAGE: 13/7/04; DATE OF THIRD READING: 15/7/04; DATE OF ASSENT: 1/11/04; ACT No.: 674. - Long Term Savings Plans Bill — Presented by: Finance and Economic Planning; DATE OF FIRST READING: 9/6/04; Withdrawn 8/10/04. - Minerals and Mining Bill — Presented by: Majority Leader and Minister for Parliamentary Affairs; DATE OF FIRST READING: 17/6/04. - Road Traffic Bill — Presented by: Roads and Transport; DATE OF FIRST READING: 25/6/04; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 20/10/04; DATE OF SECOND READING: 26/10/04; DATE OF CONSIDERATION STAGE: 3/11/04 4/11/04; DATE OF THIRD READING: 4/11/04; DATE OF ASSENT: 24/12/04; ACT No.: 683. - Volta River Development (Amendment) Bill — Presented by: Majority Leader and Minister for Parliamentary Affairs; DATE OF FIRST READING: 6/7/04; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 3/11/04. - Ghana Maritime Security Bill — Presented by: Ports, Harbours and Railways; DATE OF FIRST READING: 29/6/04; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 6/7/04; DATE OF SECOND READING: 6/7/04; DATE OF CONSIDERATION STAGE: 6/7/04; DATE OF THIRD READING: 6/7/04; DATE OF ASSENT: 1/11/04; ACT No.: 675. (Passed under Certificate of Urgency) - Ghana Meteorological Agency Bill — Presented by: Communication; DATE OF FIRST READING: 12/10/04; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 26/10/04; DATE OF SECOND READING: 28/10/04; DATE OF CONSIDERATION STAGE: 2/11/04; DATE OF THIRD READING: 3/11/04; DATE OF ASSENT: 1/12/04; ACT No.: 682. - Civil Aviation Bill — Presented by: Roads and Transport; DATE OF FIRST READING: 15/10/04; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 19/10/04; DATE OF SECOND READING: 26/10/04 27/10/04; DATE OF CONSIDERATION STAGE: 29/10/04; ACT No.: 678. - Internal Revenue (Registration of Business) Bill — Presented by: Finance and Economic Planning; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 14/12/04; DATE OF SECOND READING: 21/12/04; DATE OF CONSIDERATION STAGE: 21/12/04 22/12/04; DATE OF THIRD READING: 22/12/04; DATE OF ASSENT: 6/1/05; ACT No.: 684. - Stamp Duty Bill — Presented by: Finance and Economic Planning; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 14/12/04; DATE OF SECOND READING: 21/12/04; DATE OF CONSIDERATION STAGE: 22/12/04; DATE OF THIRD READING: 22/12/04. - Venture Capital Trust Fund Bill — Presented by: Finance and Economic Planning; DATE OF FIRST READING: 12/10/04; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 15/10/04; DATE OF SECOND READING: 19/10/04; DATE OF CONSIDERATION STAGE: 29/10/04; DATE OF THIRD READING: 1/11/04; DATE OF ASSENT: 3/11/04. - Long-Term Savings Scheme Bill — Presented by: Finance and Economic Planning; DATE OF FIRST READING: 15/10/04; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 19/10/04; DATE OF SECOND READING: 26/10/04; DATE OF CONSIDERATION STAGE: 28/10/04; ACT No.: 679. - Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration Bill — Presented by: Education, Youth and Sports; DATE OF FIRST READING: 18/10/04; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 26/10/04; DATE OF SECOND READING: 28/10/04; DATE OF CONSIDERATION STAGE: 1/11/04; DATE OF THIRD READING: 2/11/04; ACT No.: 676. - University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa Bill — Presented by: Education, Youth and Sports; DATE OF FIRST READING: 18/10/04; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 26/10/04; DATE OF SECOND READING: 28/10/04; DATE OF CONSIDERATION STAGE: 2/11/04; DATE OF THIRD READING: 3/11/04; ACT No.: 677. - West African Gas Pipeline Bill — Presented by: Energy; DATE OF FIRST READING: 19/10/04; DATE OF COMMITTEE REPORT: 27/10/04; DATE OF SECOND READING: 29/10/04; DATE OF CONSIDERATION STAGE: 2/11/04; DATE OF THIRD READING: 3/11/04; DATE OF ASSENT: 1/12/04; ACT No.: 681. ### District Assemblies IGF Item Outturns — Summary by Year and Total (regions × revenue categories) - Note: IGF categories shown in tables are RATES; LANDS; FEES & FINES; LICENCES; RENT; INVESTMENT; MISCELLANEOUS; TOTAL. - TOTAL (2000): - 1 5 , 6 4 0 , 0 4 0 , 0 5 0 - 8 , 1 4 0 , 2 3 0 , 9 0 7 - 2 3 , 8 4 1 , 6 6 6 , 9 4 4 - 1 0 , 9 6 4 , 2 0 6 , 9 0 6 - 2 , 5 2 4 , 6 1 4 , 0 6 6 - 2 , 5 9 0 , 0 2 4 , 7 5 2 - 6 , 6 5 6 , 2 6 1 , 5 1 6 - 7 0 , 3 5 7 , 0 4 5 , 1 4 1 - TOTAL (2001): - 2 1 , 9 2 2 , 5 3 7 , 5 4 8 - 7 , 4 5 6 , 3 7 5 , 3 8 9 - 3 3 , 1 3 5 , 3 9 9 , 5 9 5 - 1 5 , 3 0 8 , 5 4 8 , 3 4 9 - 3 , 6 2 5 , 9 3 9 , 6 7 0 - 4 , 0 0 3 , 2 3 3 , 3 7 4 - 1 0 , 2 3 3 , 6 5 3 , 9 6 6 - 9 5 , 6 8 5 , 6 8 7 , 8 9 1 - TOTAL (2002): - 3 4 , 1 8 2 , 0 1 7 , 2 9 8 - 1 7 , 6 8 7 , 9 8 1 , 2 9 8 - 4 1 , 0 8 4 , 2 0 6 , 0 3 6 - 2 3 , 0 0 5 , 7 2 1 , 1 8 0 - 5 , 1 6 8 , 6 3 8 , 7 8 3 - 4 , 4 1 6 , 4 0 6 , 4 7 2 - 1 7 , 3 5 2 , 5 4 9 , 4 7 8 - 1 4 2 , 8 9 7 , 5 2 0 , 5 4 5 - TOTAL (2003): - 4 3 , 4 3 3 , 4 8 7 , 9 5 2 - 3 3 , 8 7 7 , 0 1 9 , 5 0 8 - 5 5 , 6 6 2 , 3 7 7 , 0 8 1 - 2 5 , 8 3 5 , 8 6 1 , 8 9 8 - 1 0 , 4 3 9 , 2 9 5 , 2 1 6 - 4 , 9 8 5 , 9 4 1 , 8 1 4 - 1 4 , 5 4 1 , 3 4 9 , 0 4 6 - 1 8 8 , 7 7 5 , 3 3 2 , 5 1 5 - TOTAL (2004): - 5 4 , 3 1 1 , 3 6 4 , 4 3 2 - 3 3 , 9 3 0 , 0 7 9 , 9 5 5 - 6 7 , 5 9 5 , 0 5 1 , 7 9 0 - 3 1 , 7 5 4 , 8 3 8 , 8 4 4 - 1 1 , 2 6 2 , 3 3 3 , 0 1 9 - 7 , 2 5 8 , 1 8 0 , 2 3 9 - 1 9 , 7 0 7 , 2 6 6 , 9 2 2 - 2 2 5 , 8 1 9 , 1 1 5 , 2 0 1 ### Observations from the supplied tables - The appendix contains two distinct datasets: - A legislative Record of Bills listing titles, sponsors/presenters, ministerial responsibility, key parliamentary dates (first reading, committee report, second reading, consideration stage, third reading), dates of assent, ACT numbers, and remarks (including one bill Passed under Certificate of Urgency and one Withdrawn). - District Assemblies IGF item outturns presented by REGION across revenue categories (RATES; LANDS; FEES & FINES; LICENCES; RENT; INVESTMENT; MISCELLANEOUS) with year-by-year detailed regional figures and TOTAL lines for years 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004 as reproduced above. *Source: APPENDIX II — RECORD OF BILLS and DISTRICT ASSEMBLIES IGF ITEM OUTTURN tables (pages from the supplied PDF content).* --- _Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/websites/imf/imported-full-text-pdf/external/pubs/ft/scr/2006/_cr06226.pdf_