## _cr07282 - INTRODUCTION ## Source details **Canonical URL:** [_cr07282 - INTRODUCTION](https://www.imf.org/-/media/websites/imf/imported-full-text-pdf/external/pubs/ft/scr/2007/_cr07282.pdf) ## Other formats - [Markdown version](/-/media/websites/imf/imported-full-text-pdf/external/pubs/ft/scr/2007/_cr07282.pdf.md) - [Structured JSON version](/-/media/websites/imf/imported-full-text-pdf/external/pubs/ft/scr/2007/_cr07282.pdf.json) --- ### Summary and strategic objectives - NPRS preparation and adoption: - Preparation began in April 2000 through a participatory process. - Adopted by the High Interministerial Committee in June 2003; approved by the IMF and the World Bank in November 2003. - Core aim: cut poverty by half in less than 15 years (by 2015). - Five core objectives: - good governance; - robust and sustained growth; - development of human capital; - improved living conditions for the most vulnerable segments of the population; - environmental protection. - Implementation note: 2004 report noted progress and obstacles, including delays in monitoring institution creation and inconsistencies between NPRS objectives and some sectoral programs. ### Institutional mechanisms and monitoring - Decree and Order establishing mechanisms: Decree 056/PM/2005 (February 4, 2005) and Order 023/MPDC/SG/2005 (July 19, 2005). - Main bodies: - High Committee for NPRS Supervision: chaired by the Prime Minister; membership: 21 ministers and the Secretary General of the Office of the President; defines major guidelines and supervises implementation. - Poverty Observatory: comprises a Steering Committee (49 members), Technical Secretariat, and Communications Unit (staff of four). - Sectoral and local technical interface units: INSEED, General Directorate of the Budget, General Directorate of the Treasury, directorates of Research and Planning of ministries, regional offices. - Regional committees: set up in October 2003; chaired by regional governors; composition includes public services, civil society, NGOs, decentralized local governments, and private sector. - Steering Committee structure: - Subdivided into five monitoring subcommittees corresponding to the five NPRS pillars. - Functions include disseminating NPRS/MDG/SHD, validating sectoral strategies, assessing impact, and proposing periodic reviews. - Timeline and activity: - NPRS Coordination and Monitoring Unit began operations in June 2005 (with UNDP support). - The NPRS Steering Committee met five times since June 2005. - Information system: - Initial indicator list: 206 indicators (December 2003 workshop); revised to 109 indicators (August 2005): 91 quantitative, 18 qualitative. - Indicators grouped into three categories: ten structural indicators (survey-based), core 53 indicators (25 performance, 28 results) for annual assessment, and 28 supplementary indicators needing further definition. - Surveys and administrative sources used: EPA, EDST (2004, published 2005), ministry annual school census, health statistics (statistical yearbook lagging), livestock data limited; livestock survey project scheduled for 2007/2008 (preparatory phase 2006, FAO financing). ### Key monitoring/observability issues - Observability of 53 core indicators grounded in recent surveys and administrative sources but gaps remain (livestock, some health and education yearbooks). - Plan to perform a detailed study of the national statistics system to better meet user needs and assess capacities. ### Implementation timeline and reporting - Report prepared by the Technical Secretariat of the Poverty Observatory and sectoral technical units; validated December 19–20, 2005. - NPRS revision expected to require most of 2006. --- ### Governance: administrative reform, fiscal consolidation, justice, and security - Administrative reform - Organizational and institutional audits performed in nine pilot ministries: national education, public health, social action and families, postsecondary education, agriculture, stock farming, justice, planning, and finance. - Action plan adopted to implement audit recommendations; recruitment of a firm to audit other ministries begun. - Work on revising personnel regulations; pay scales yet to be determined; proposals for compensation systems and performance incentives. - Deconcentration process (2002–2005) to serve as basis for decentralization; local elections originally slated for 2005 expected to take place next year. - Fiscal consolidation — results and measures - Tax and non-tax revenues ratio: - 7.4 percent of GDP in 2001; - 8-8.7 percent in 2002-2003; - 10.5 percent in 2004; - expected to reach 12.4 percent in 2005. - Primary fiscal balance: - primary fiscal deficit of 1-2 percent of GDP in 2001-2002; - transformed into a surplus of 1-2 percent in 2004-2005. - Overall deficit (commitment basis, excluding grants): - 10-13 percent of GDP in 2001-2003; - around 7-8 percent in 2004-2005. - Relative weight of nine priority economic and social sectors: - 32 percent of total expenditures (executed) in 2001-2002; - 66 percent in 2004. - Allocations for 2005: 66 percent of scheduled 2005 budget allocations are earmarked for priority sectors. - Public financial management reforms and transparency measures: - Program budgets prepared and adopted by priority ministries; - Integrated Expenditure Circuit (CID) and automated expenditure system operational (with some problems); - Fiscal Modernization Plan (PAMFIP) prepared; - New public procurement code adopted; bid assessment commissions established; eight quarterly bulletins published; - International audit of 2001–2002 government contracts; Audit Office reports published; audit on HIPC expenditures finalized in 2004; - CCSRP produced a report on oil revenue management in 2004. - Justice reform - Justice Forum (Etats Généraux de la Justice) held in 2003; High Council on Justice established. - Separation of notaries and bailiffs functions; commercial tribunals set up in the country’s 18 regional capitals (18 created, 5 in operation in N’Djamena, Moundou, Abéché, Bongor, and Sarh). - Training provided to numerous juges de paix and other judicial personnel; Justice Reform program approved by decree in 2005. - Planned actions include building two Courts of Appeal (Moundou and Abéché) and training judges and clerks. - Security and social peace - Ministry of Public Security and Immigration created; weapons collection and handgun purchase suspension implemented. - Draft law on migratory herds and nomadism prepared to mediate farmer–stockbreeder conflicts. - Armed Forces Forum (April 2005) recommended professionalizing the army and limiting troop numbers (number should not exceed 30,000 by 2007); a committee set up to monitor implementation. - Governance assessment and priorities - Governance reform is long-term; recommended to: - continue institutional audits across ministries; - modernize recruitment and incentive systems (merit/performance-based); - adopt codes of ethics, strengthen controls, and sanction infractions. --- ### Toward sustainable growth: oil, non-oil sectors, and structural transformation - Recent macroeconomic developments - Post-1999 recovery led by oil development and exploitation. - GDP growth: - almost 9 percent in 2001-2002; - annual average of around 25 percent in 2003-2004 (oil development to 2003, exploitation from October 2003). - Growth outlook and inflation: - End of oil investment period and temporary production stabilization expected to slow growth; - GDP growth rate for 2005 should hover around 13 percent. - Consumer prices fell in 2003 and 2004; 2005 price increases mainly due to delayed effect of declining food production in 2004. - Oil and structural change - Oil production and shares: - Oil production rose from 12.2 million barrels per day in 2003 to 63 million barrels in 2004, and will likely reach 80.7 million barrels in 2005. - Oil-sector share of GDP: 1.9% (2001), 3.3% (2002), 10.8% (2003), 32.8% (2004), 38.7% (2005). - Oil-sector growth rates: 299.5% in 2004 and 22.5% in 2005. - External balances: - Trade deficit peaked at CFAF 978 billion in 2002; net trade surplus after production began: CFAF 763 billion in 2004 and CFAF 1,272 billion in 2005. - Current account deficit: CFAF 422 billion in 2001; CFAF 1,391 billion in 2002; CFAF 156 billion in 2004; CFAF 55 billion in 2005. - Income balance affected by expatriate remuneration and private investment returns. - Non-oil and distributional considerations - Non-oil GDP annual growth: - around 6 percent in 2001-2002; - close to 6.5 percent in 2003-2004; - expected to reach 8.6 percent in 2005. - GDP per capita increased markedly in 2003-2004 (growth far exceeding demographic growth). - Despite GDP growth, gross national income did not increase significantly. - Primary sector performance: - average annual growth close to zero from 2002 to 2004; - primary sector growth: 4.6 percent in 2003; minus 19.3 percent in 2004; 2004 aggregate minus 3.3 percent; expectation of upsurge in 2005 due to increased rainfall. - Main challenge: diversify the economy and implement structural measures to avoid polarization and ensure poverty reduction for those employed in the primary sector. --- ### Rural sector, agriculture, and livestock measures - Strategies and programs - National Strategy for the Rural Sector under discussion; Rural Development Intervention Plan (2003) comprising PROADEL and PROSE; National Food Security Program (PNSA) to 2015; Master Plan for Agriculture adopted in 2005. - Permanent monitoring unit for agricultural sector publishes bulletin Al Nougara. - National Stock farming Development Plan in preparation; livestock census scheduled for 2006/2007. - Investment and outputs - Public expenditure on agriculture and stock farming (actual disbursements): - 6.9 percent of total public expenditure in 2001-2002; - 7.3 percent in 2003; - 11.1 percent in 2004. - 2005 budget allocations: 11.3 percent of projected expenditures for agriculture and livestock. - Mechanization rate: - 24 percent in 2004; - 26 percent in 2005. - Cultivated area increased by 35 percent, from 20,000 to 27,000 hectares (agricultural waterworks projects). - Livestock infrastructure planned/implemented: 80 wells sunk and 25 pumping stations installed. - Production and crops - Cotton: production variable; totals cited (example) 220,000 metric tons in 2003-04; roadmap prepared for restructuring and privatizing Cotontchad (privatization planned for June 2007). - Gum arabic: Chad produced 18,000 metric tons in 2005 and contributes 7 percent to GDP. - Grain demand and production: - Nationwide grain demand: 1,480,000 metric tons a year for a population estimated at 9.3 million (standard of 159 kilograms per inhabitant per year). - Grain production volatile and almost never sufficient to meet demand. - Annex 2 crop totals (selected figures): - Total cereals: 1,229,813 (1999-2000); 1,212,904 (2004-2005). - Pearl millet: 361,095 (1999-2000); 297,529 (2004-2005). - Sorghum: 455,634 (1999-2000); 449,427 (2004-2005). - Paddy rice spike: 158,282 (1999-2000); 963,120 (2000-2001); 91,083 (2004-2005). - Microfinance and rural credit - Microfinance achievements lag behind needs; microfinance often integrated into projects. - Microfinance network: 55 COOPEC reported. - Rural organization and decentralization - Producers’ organizations increased from 33,000 in 2003 to 35,000 in 2005. - National Bureau of Rural Development reorganized into one national directorate, seven rural development regions, 45 rural development districts, and 191 rural development zones (limited resources and authority). --- ### Transport infrastructure and public works - Public works spending: - 4.9 percent of total public spending (actual disbursements) in 2001-2002; - more than 23 percent in 2003-2004. - Road network: - Asphalt-paved road length: - 287 kilometers in 1999; - 650 kilometers in 2004; - will reach 736 kilometers by end-2005. - Length of paved national roads (annex/matrix values): 557 km (2002); 650 km (2004). - Target: 900 km planned under the NPRS by 2006; 82 percent completion by end-2005 expected. - Road maintenance and FER: - FER resources increased from CFAF 3,762 billion (2002/2003) to CFAF 5,745 billion (2003/2004), nearly 53 percent. - Road Maintenance Directorate maintained 2,300 kilometers, or 88.4 percent of the annual target of 2,600 kilometers. - FER underfunded since 2001; reported maintenance: 2,300 km in 2004; 2,000 km in 2005 with planned allocation increase from CFAF 4 billion to CFAF 6 billion (33.3% increase). - Transport corridors and regional access: - Sudan corridor (1,063 km): 74 km surfaced; 226 km being paved. - Cameroon corridor (586 km): 80 percent surfaced as of March 2005. - Nigeria/Niger corridor (249 km): 77 km completed between N’Djamena and Massaguet; full work pending financing. - International freight: Chad–Cameroon and Chad–Nigeria roads carry 96 percent to 98 percent of international freight. - Rural roads program: - Government five-year investment plan (2006–2010): invest CFAF 4 billion a year in rural roads; rehabilitate 3,000 to 4,000 kilometers of rural roads each year. - Water and sanitation: - Water and Sanitation Master Plan (2003–2020) approved. - Access to drinking water grew: - 23 percent in 2000; - 28 percent in 2002; - 32 percent in 2003; - 36 percent in 2004. - Village water-supply totals: total 2,430 PMH; urban/semi-urban water supply: total 36 AEP + Extension. - Energy and telecommunications: - Energy mix: wood fuels account for 90 percent of energy consumption; conventional energy accounts for 10 percent. - Per-capita energy consumption: 240 to 292 kilograms of oil equivalent per inhabitant (2001 to 2005). - STEE production capacity in N’Djamena increased from 9 MW to nearly 25 MW (after acquisition of generators and rehabilitation). - Telecommunications: - Telephone access improved from 1.5 to 15 of every 1,000 people (source phrasing). - Mobile telephony (Celtel Tchad) subscribers: 7,177 (Dec. 2001); 16,283 (Dec. 2002); 57,086 (Dec. 2003); 120,000 (Dec. 2004). - Mobile telephony improved population access to telephone service to 15 percent in 2004. - VSAT antennas installed in 15 secondary towns (63 percent of the 24 identified). - Subregional fiber optic project (Chad, Cameroon, Central African Republic) to begin end-2005. --- ### Developing human capital — Education and health - Education — key outputs and challenges - Community role: - Parent Teachers Associations supply more than 60 percent of primary school teachers (community teachers). - Communities spend more than CFAF 2 billion on school operations (approx. 10 percent of State budget allocation for basic education). - Enrollment and access: - From 2000 to 2004, school enrollment grew by 7.6 percent a year on average. - Rate of access to primary school rose from 87 percent in 2000 to 107 percent in 2004. - Gross school enrollment rate rose from 72 percent to 88 percent from 2000 to 2004 (matrix: 82.5%; 87.58%). - Only 38 percent of students reach the CM2 level (end of primary school). - Student/teacher ratio and completion issues persist. - Public finance: - Government share of GDP allocated to education around 2.8 percent of GDP since NPRS implementation. - Total expenditure on education averages 13 percent of overall government expenditure (non-debt). - Main challenge: serious problem of quality despite quantitative gains. - Program delivery: 1,806 classrooms built (matrix activity); 4,000 level-1 community teachers trained (status reported). - Health — key outputs, indicators, and problems - Planned actions (2003–2006) included building/rehabilitating health centers and hospitals, training, equipment provision, and programs for maternal/child health, immunization, malaria, HIV/AIDS, and nutrition. - Implementation status (as of end-2005): - 52 health centers, 6 district hospitals, and 4 district offices built in 2005. - 569 health centers received training in community participation. - 433 health centers equipped with pregnancy monitoring equipment. - Postnatal consultation offered in 98 percent of health centers and districts. - 32 of 45 hospitals equipped to handle obstetric emergencies. - 42 of 43 districts regularly monitored. - 14 to 18 hospitals dispensing ARVs (matrix: 14 of 18 in one note; another said 14 out of 18); 52 voluntary testing centers in operation. - Government subsidy reduced ARV price from CFAF 50,000 in 2000 to CFAF 5,000 per person per month. - Health-statistics trends: - Infant/child mortality: 214 per 1,000 live births (2000); 191 (2004); (another table: Infant/child mortality ratio 214 (2000); 91 (2004) — source contains variant figures). - Infant mortality: 129 (2000); 102 (2004). - Maternal mortality: 827 per 100,000 live births (2000); 1,099 (2004). - Health coverage: 66 (2000); 72 (2001); 72 (2002); 73.4 (2003). - DTP3 vaccination: remained around 47 percent in 2004/2005 (matrix: DTC3 47% in 2005; data series shows DTC3 46.6% (2003), 49.9% (2004)). - Mosquito net use fell from 29.4 percent in 2003 to seven percent in 2005. - Contraceptive prevalence rate decreased from 4.7 percent in 2004 to 2.5 percent in 2005. - Human resources shortfall: - One physician per 27,000 population (WOH standard one per 10,000). - One midwife per 9,000 women of childbearing age. - One State-certified nurse per 49,000 population (matrix shows 4,900 in a table — source contains conflicting figures). - Problems encountered: - Acute lack of qualified staff in outlying centers; slow recruitment; salary payment delays. --- ### Improving living conditions for the most vulnerable & social protection - Social protection study launched to define strategy and operational programs. - Strategy focal points: - Better targeting of sectoral strategies and programs to meet poorest needs. - Specific actions for disabled, orphans, urban unemployed, and women. - Observations: - Recent GDP growth barely affected the rural sector where most of the poorest live. - Poor families bear a relatively heavy burden for primary education costs. - NGOs, especially local ones, are best placed to manage programs for vulnerable groups; public sector–NGO partnerships recommended. - Microfinance development and adoption of new Family and Individual Persons Code could improve women’s lives. --- ### Environmental protection - Natural resources and pressures: - Long-standing legal protections for forests and biodiversity little respected; population pressure causes firewood cutting, encroaching farmland, poaching, overlogging, uncontrolled brush fires. - Estimated natural forest area: 23.5 million hectares (closed/gallery forests 21,000 ha; open forests/wooded savannahs 3,626,000 ha; tree communities 9,421,000 ha; shrub communities 10,192,000 ha). - Additional areas: 15,000 hectares reforested land; 41,400 hectares national parks; 11,080,000 hectares game reserves; about 84 million hectares of natural pastureland. - Law 14/PR/98 holds individuals or traditional institutions/associations responsible for environmental protection; environmental impact studies required for projects. - Energy and environment: - Wood fuels provide 90 percent of energy consumed. - Gas consumption: 69 metric tons (1999) to 367 metric tons (2004). - Fewer than 11,000 households equipped with gas heaters; 90 percent of them located in N’Djamena. - Livestock management: - Measures to better organize migratory herds expected to protect crops and better organize livestock movement. --- ### Overall assessment and priority recommendations - Assessment highlights: - Substantial progress: economic growth accelerated; fiscal performance improved; expenditure restructuring focused on priority sectors. - Sectoral gains: priority infrastructures developed; primary school enrollment jumped; access to health services improved. - Shortcomings: growth had little impact on the rural sector; programs for the most vulnerable and environmental protection lack effectiveness. - Four priority action areas: - Maintain NPRS as joint initiative with all development actors; implement permanent communications strategy to involve all population segments. - Public sector to prepare program budgets tied to realistic intra-sectoral policies and funding projections to influence budget programming and execution. - Improve public expenditure monitoring, execution, and oversight of spending agencies; strengthen national statistics system to better monitor activity, poverty, and program impact. - Work with the international community to address resource constraints hindering government initiatives despite oil revenues. - Follow-up report recommendations for NPRS update: - Revise strategy to refine goals and act on a realistic schedule agreed with partners. - Include ECOSIT 2 final results on poverty profiles and incidence by region. - Systematically review sectoral strategies for effectiveness and consistency with national objectives; integrate strategies in second version of NPRS. - Discuss sources of growth and their impact on poverty. - Conduct NPRS review through participatory process led by Steering Committee and incorporate recommendations from all population segments. - High Interministerial Committee recommendations include governance (security, justice, decentralization), agricultural waterworks, infrastructure development, energy regulation, private-sector promotion, fiscal consolidation, regular payment of pensions, and eliminating arrears. - NPRS review likely to require most of 2006. - Validation workshop (December 19–20, 2005) recommendations: - Monitor standards of imported seeds and suspect-quality food (GM concerns). - Boost gum arabic production. - Involve ministries such as mines and geology, tourism, housing in PRSP2. - Ensure good governance measures are effectively applied; fight impunity and corruption; strengthen judiciary. - Establish a Ministry in Charge of Government Oversight and Ethics as a State Ministry with adequate resources. - Combat desertification and protect the environment. - Make domestic gas available at reduced cost to curb urban charcoal use. --- ### Selected quantitative targets and indicators (NPRS 2006 targets and initial values) - Poverty and human development: - IDH (Reference Year 2000): Initial Data 0.365; Targets for 2006 0.600. - Food poverty threshold (CFAF per capita per day) (1995): Initial Data 194; Targets for 2006 500 (US$1). - Overall poverty threshold (CFAF per capita per day) (1997): Initial Data 253; Targets for 2006 1,000. - Incidence of food poverty (1997): Initial Data 44.2%; Targets for 2006 38%. - Incidence of overall poverty (1997): Initial Data 54.0%; Targets for 2006 40%. - Consumption per adult equivalent (CFAF per capita per day) (1995): Initial Data 1,720; Targets for 2006 2,160. - Governance and public finance: - Capital expenditure/total expenditure (2001): Initial Data 50%; Targets for 2006 53%. - Public investment rate (except Doba oilfield project) (2001): Initial Data 9.4%; Targets for 2006 7.1%. - Share of education expenditure in current budget (2001): Initial Data 13.1%; Targets for 2006 20%. - Share of health expenditure in current budget (2001): Initial Data 14.8%; Targets for 2006 20%. - Share of military budget in total government budget (2001): Initial Data 8.7%; Targets for 2006 6.6%. - Economic growth and production: - GDP at constant 1995 prices (in billions of CFAF) (2001): Initial Data 907.4; Targets for 2006 1,870. - Rate of growth (2001): Initial Data 8.5%; Targets for 2006 4.4%. - Per capita growth targets and agricultural production targets included (grain production target 1,600 thousand metric tons by 2006; heads of livestock 8,500 (thousands of TLU) target). - Education, health, infrastructure, debt, demographics: - Gross enrollment ratio, primary (boys) (1998/1999): Initial Data 80%; Targets for 2006 90%. - Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births (2000): Initial Data 827; Targets for 2006 700. - Proportion of households with access to safe drinking water (2000): Initial Data 23%; Targets for 2006 44%. - Length of paved national roads (2002): Initial Data 557 km; Targets for 2006 900 km. - Outstanding external debt/GDP (2001): Initial Data 53.9%; Targets for 2006 40%. - Population growth rate (1993): Initial Data 2.5%; Targets for 2006 2.5%. - Total fertility rate (1997): Initial Data 6.6%; Targets for 2006 5.6%. --- ### Annex and indicator highlights - Annex 2: Production of major crops provides crop-by-crop metric ton series (1999-2000 to 2004-2005) – e.g., Pearl millet 361,095 (1999-2000) to 297,529 (2004-2005); Total cereals 1,229,813 (1999-2000) to 1,212,904 (2004-2005). - Annex 3: Selected completed performance indicators include: - Farm mechanization rate: 24%; 24%. - Access to drinking water: 32%; 36%. - Gross enrollment rate: 82.5%; 87.58%. - Rate of admission to CP1: 90.8%; 107%. - Immunization coverage (selected): BCG 72% (2003), 38.3% (2004); DTC3 46.6% (2003), 49.9% (2004). - GDP growth rate: 15.4%; 33.4% (selected table values). - Length of paved national roads: 557; 650. - Central government budget execution rate compared with payments: 58%. - Annex 4: Detailed matrix of priority actions tracking timetables, persons in charge, performance indicators, and status across NPRS pillars (selected extract contains numerous activity statuses and numeric targets, e.g., FER planned allocations, rural road plans CFAF 4 billion/year for 2006–2010, planned rural roads rehabilitation 3,000–4,000 km/year). --- *Source: _cr07282 - INTRODUCTION* ### INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... ### _cr07282 - INTRODUCTION ### Summary and strategic objectives - In April 2000, the government of Chad began to prepare a National Poverty Reduction Strategy (NPRS) through a participatory process involving the private and public sector, opinion leaders, academia, and civil society organizations. - The NPRS was adopted by the High Interministerial Committee in June 2003 and approved by the IMF and the World Bank in November 2003. - The NPRS aims to cut poverty by half in less than 15 years (by 2015) based on five core objectives: - good governance; - robust and sustained growth; - development of human capital; - improved living conditions for the most vulnerable segments of the population; - environmental protection. - The 2004 implementation report noted progress and obstacles, including delays in creating institutions for monitoring the NPRS and inconsistencies between NPRS objectives and some sectoral programs. - This report provides a comprehensive account of measures taken and results achieved since NPRS adoption, reviewing institutional monitoring mechanisms and assessing actions toward each of the five core objectives. ### Institutional mechanisms and monitoring - A decree creating institutional mechanisms for monitoring and assessing NPRS implementation and its enabling legislation were adopted in 2005. - A Poverty Observatory was set up under the supervision of the High Committee for NPRS Supervision, comprising: - a Steering Committee; - sectoral and local entities acting as the technical interface; - a Technical Secretariat and a Communications Unit. - The NPRS Coordination and Monitoring Unit began operations in June 2005 (with UNDP support). - The Steering Committee includes representatives of the National Assembly, the public sector, the private sector, and civil society; its functions include: - disseminating information on the NPRS concept and objectives; - validating sectoral and inter-sectoral strategies and programs for poverty reduction; - assessing the impact of measures on beneficiaries; - proposing periodic reviews of the strategy. ### Governance: administrative reform, fiscal consolidation, justice, and security - Government view: promoting good governance is the most important reform to spur development and reduce poverty. Core objectives of the SNRP in governance include administrative reforms and decentralization, fiscal consolidation, justice reform, and security of people and property. - Administrative reforms - Institutional and organizational audits conducted of nine key ministries to review structure and capacity to optimize government resource use. - Measures recommended to boost government effectiveness: revise regulations, reform pay scales, establish a compensation system accounting for constraints of different categories of public officials, set up performance incentives. - Deconcentration process (2002–2005) to serve as basis for decentralization; local elections originally slated for 2005 expected to take place next year. - Fiscal consolidation — results and measures - The ratio of tax and non-tax revenues: - 7.4 percent of GDP in 2001; - 8-8.7 percent in 2002-2003; - 10.5 percent in 2004; - expected to reach 12.4 percent in 2005. - Primary fiscal balance: - primary fiscal deficit of 1-2 percent of GDP in 2001-2002; - transformed into a surplus of 1-2 percent in 2004-2005. - Overall deficit (on a commitment basis, excluding grants): - 10-13 percent of GDP in 2001-2003; - around 7-8 percent in 2004-2005. - Relative weight of nine priority economic and social sectors: - 32 percent of total expenditures (executed) in 2001-2002; - 66 percent in 2004. - Allocations for 2005: 66 percent of scheduled 2005 budget allocations are earmarked for priority sectors. - Fiscal management modernization and transparency measures: - Program budgets being prepared to implement sectoral objectives and priorities; - Provisions adopted to enhance monitoring of budget execution and tighten fiscal discipline, including: setting up an integrated expenditure circuit (CID), tracking expenditures in education and health, preparing a Fiscal Modernization Plan (PAMFIP), reviewing the end-year treasury account, approving the budget review law, creating a ministry responsible for general oversight of the government and ethics [moralisation] that introduced controls and penalized violations. - Adoption of a new public procurement code: commissions to assess bids established; eight quarterly bulletins published; government contracts awarded in 2001 and 2002 audited by an international auditing firm and the Audit Office. - Justice reform - A participatory Justice Forum (Etats Généraux de la Justice) held in 2003; a High Council on Justice established. - Training provided to numerous juges de paix, who replaced subprefects in dispute settlement cases. - Functions of notaries and bailiffs separated; commercial tribunals set up in the country’s 18 regional capitals. - Security and social peace measures - A ministry responsible for security and immigration was established; steps taken to collect weapons of war and suspend purchase of handguns. - At a general meeting in April 2005, the armed forces proposed reforms to professionalize the army and strengthen its role in development. - A draft law on migratory herds (transhumance) and nomadism is being prepared to mediate farmer-stockbreeder conflicts and better organize cattle movement; adoption and implementation should help reestablish social peace in affected rural areas. ### Toward sustainable growth: oil, non-oil sectors, and structural transformation - Recent macroeconomic developments - After stagnation and recession in 1999-2000, strong resurgence in growth dominated by oil development and exploitation. - GDP growth: - almost 9 percent in 2001-2002; - annual average of around 25 percent in 2003-2004 (primarily due to oil development up until 2003 and exploitation beginning October 2003). - Growth outlook and inflation: - End of oil investment period and temporary stabilization of production expected to result in growth slowdown; - GDP growth rate for 2005 should hover around 13 percent. - Consumer prices fell in 2003 and 2004; 2005 price increases mainly the delayed result of declining food production in 2004. - Distributional and sectoral considerations - GDP per capita increased markedly over the past five years, particularly in 2003-2004, due to GDP growth rates far exceeding demographic growth rates. - Non-oil GDP recorded annual growth of: - around 6 percent in 2001-2002; - close to 6.5 percent in 2003-2004; - expected to reach 8.6 percent in 2005. - Despite GDP and GDP per capita growth, gross national income did not increase significantly. - Primary sector (agriculture and livestock): - average annual growth rate close to zero from 2002 to 2004; - drought and locust invasions in 2004 seriously compromised food crops; - export crops (cotton and gum arabic) performed relatively soundly but did little to offset food crop decline. - Acknowledgement that agriculture and stock farming have the most impact on the poorest and should be main beneficiaries of poverty reduction strategy. ### Rural sector, agriculture, and livestock measures - National Strategy for the Rural Sector: discussions held to foster sustainable development; sectoral policies, programs, and projects aim to boost agricultural productivity, diversify production, and increase food crop security. - Public expenditure and investments in agriculture and livestock: - Agriculture and stock farming as proportion of total public expenditure (actual disbursements): - 6.9 percent in 2001-2002; - 7.3 percent in 2003; - 11.1 percent in 2004. - Budget allocations to the two sectors under 2005 budget: 11.3 percent of projected expenditures. - Mechanization rate of farms increased from 24 percent in 2004 to 26 percent in 2005 (investments financed from oil revenue). - Expansion of cultivated areas via agricultural waterworks projects: increased cultivated areas by 35 percent, from 20,000 to 27,000 hectares. - Institutional involvement: producers’ organizations included on project steering committees and in design and execution of sector reforms. - Agreement reached on roadmap for restructuring and privatizing Cotonchad, the national cotton company. - Livestock sector data gaps: livestock census to be conducted in 2006/2007 expected to be important. - Infrastructure for livestock: sinking of 80 wells and construction of 25 pumping stations planned to spur sector development. ### Transport infrastructure and public works - Public works as share of total public spending (actual disbursements): - 4.9 percent in 2001-2002; - more than 23 percent in 2003-2004. - Transport sector investments aimed at promoting growth and benefiting poorest regions: - Secondary roads built to improve access to underserved regions and road links to international corridors (Cameroon, Nigeria and the Sudan). - Total length of asphalt-paved road: - 287 kilometers in 1999; - 650 kilometers in 2004; - will reach 736 kilometers by end-2005. - Emphasis on increasing resources for road maintenance (text truncated at "from CFAF" in source). *Source: _cr07282 - INTRODUCTION* ### 3.7 billion in 2002-2003 to CFAF 5.7 billion in 2003-2004). On average, more than ### _cr07282 - Excerpt on Infrastructure, Human Capital, and NPRS Implementation ### Infrastructure development and access - Roads: - More than 2,000 kilometers of roads were maintained in 2004 and 2005. - Government drew up a five-year investment plan to invest CFAF 4 billion a year in rural roads during the period 2006 to 2010. - The rural roads program will rehabilitate 3,000 to 4,000 kilometers of rural roads each year. - Water and sanitation: - Approval of the Water and Sanitation Master Plan for the period 2003-2020. - Access to drinking water grew from 23 percent in 2000 to 28 percent in 2002, 32 percent in 2003, and 36 percent in 2004. - Energy: - Consumption of conventional energy (electricity and petroleum products) accounts for only 10 percent of national consumption. - Measures aim to make electricity available at a more reasonable cost and promote alternative sources (solar, wind, etc.) to limit cutting of firewood. - Telecommunications: - Telephone access improved from 1.5 to 15 of every 1,000 people. - VSAT antennas installed in 15 secondary towns as part of the rural telephony project. - A subregional fiber optic project (Chad, Cameroon, and the Central African Republic) will begin at end-2005. ### Developing human capital — Education - Rationale: - Education addresses low economic productivity tied to limited training and positively affects health, fertility, and environmental management. - Community role and financing: - Parent Teachers Associations (Associations de Parents d’Elèves - APE) supply more than 60 percent of primary school teachers (community teachers). - Communities spend more than CFAF 2 billion on school operations (their contribution adds around 10 percent to the State budget allocation for basic education). - Poor families on average spend 1.3 percent of their expenditure on education (based on ECOSIT 1 data). - Government strategy and results: - Government funds training of 2,000 community teachers every year (subsidies to APEs totaled CFAF 2 billion for 2003-2004). - Some 2,000 classrooms were built in deprived communities; Agency for the Promotion of Community Initiatives in Education was created in 2003. - From 2000 to 2004, school enrollment grew by 7.6 percent a year on average. - Rate of access to primary school rose from 87 percent in 2000 to 107 percent in 2004. - Gross school enrollment rate rose from 72 percent to 88 percent from 2000 to 2004. - Only 38 percent of students reach the CM2 level (end of primary school). - Main challenge: - Serious problem of quality in education despite quantitative gains. ### Developing human capital — Public health - Sector focus: - NPRS aligns with 1999 national health policy: facilitate access to quality health services, optimize resource use, and combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and malnutrition. - Public spending: - Actual expenditure on the sector climbed from 4.8 percent of total public spending in 2001-2002 to 8.6 percent in 2003, and to 9.7 percent in 2004. - This percentage decreased to 7.8 percent of total allocations in the 2005 budget. - Infrastructure and service expansion: - Completion of projects begun in 2003-2004 will give users access to 52 new health centers, six new district hospitals, and four district hospital administrative offices in 2005. - Most health districts (42 of 43) are regularly monitored. - Health centers equipped to provide obstetric care rose from 406 in 2004 to 433 in 2005. - Hospitals equipped for obstetric emergencies doubled from 15 to 32 (more than 75 percent of all hospitals: 32 of 45). - 98 percent of all health centers and district hospitals provide postnatal care. - Community participation and training: - Community training sessions organized in 453 health centers in 2004 and in 569 centers in 2005. - Management personnel receiving training in hospital administrative and financial management rose from 33 to 37 (86 percent of total management personnel). - HIV/AIDS actions: - Regions holding preventive public awareness meetings rose from 7 in 2004 to 18 (900 meetings were held in 2005). - Operational voluntary testing centers rose from 22 in 2004 to 52 in 2005. - Hospitals dispensing ARVs increased from 14 to 18. - Government subsidy reduced the price of ARVs from CFAF 50,000 in 2000 to CFAF 5,000 per person per month. - Malaria, nutrition, and prevention indicators: - All functioning healthcare facilities now have a malaria unit. - Use of insecticide-treated nets fell from 29.4 percent in 2003 to seven percent in 2005. - Public awareness campaigns on breastfeeding increased from 4 in 2004 to 16 in 2005. - Endemic disease awareness campaigns fell from 1,005 in 2004 to 168 in 2005. - DTP3 vaccination rate remained stable at 47 percent. - Rate of iodized salt use remained unchanged. - Contraceptive prevalence rate decreased from 4.7 percent in 2004 to 2.5 percent in 2005. - Human resources shortfall: - Chad has one physician per 27,000 population (WOH standard is one physician per 10,000 population). - One midwife per 9,000 women of childbearing age. - One State-certified nurse per 49,000 population. - Health outcome trends: - Rate of health coverage increased from 66 percent in 2000 to 72 percent in 2002, and to 73.3 percent in 2003. - Infant/child mortality fell from 214 per 1,000 live births in 2000 to 191 in 2004. - Infant mortality dropped from 129 per 1,000 live births in 2000 to 102 in 2004. - Percentage of medically assisted births increased from 18.3 percent in 2002 to 21 percent in 2004. - Maternal mortality rose from 827 per 100,000 live births in 1996 to 1,099 in 2004. ### Improving living conditions for the most vulnerable - Social protection study launched to define strategy and operational programs for the most vulnerable. - Strategy focal points: - Ensure sectoral strategies and programs are better targeted to meet the needs of the poorest segments of the population. - Organize specific actions for the disabled, orphans, the urban unemployed, and women. - Observations and implementation notes: - Recent GDP growth barely affected the rural sector where most of the poorest live. - Poor families bear a relatively heavy burden for the cost of primary education. - NGOs, especially local ones, are best able to manage programs targeting disabled, orphans, and urban unemployed; public sector–NGO partnerships could improve coherence and implementation. - Measures to develop microfinance and the adoption of the new Family and Individual Persons Code could improve women’s lives. ### Environmental protection - Natural resources at risk: - Long-standing legal protections for forests and biodiversity are little respected; population pressure causes firewood cutting, encroaching farmland, poaching, overlogging, and uncontrolled brush fires. - Energy and environment: - Wood fuels (wood and charcoal) provide 90 percent of the energy consumed in Chad. - Gas consumption grew from 69 metric tons in 1999 to 367 metric tons in 2004. - Fewer than 11,000 households are equipped with gas heaters, and 90 percent of those households are located in N’Djamena. - Livestock management: - Measures to better organize migratory herds should help protect crops and organize livestock movement during the dry season. ### Overall assessment and priority recommendations - Assessment highlights: - Substantial progress: economic growth accelerated; fiscal performance improved; expenditure restructuring focused on priority sectors for poverty reduction. - Sectoral gains: priority infrastructures developed, primary school enrollment jumped, access to health services improved. - Shortcomings: growth had little impact on the rural sector; programs for the most vulnerable and environmental protection lack effectiveness. - Future action focus (four areas): - NPRS must continue as a joint initiative with all development actors; implement a permanent communications strategy to involve all segments of the population. - Public sector to prepare program budgets that define realistic intra-sectoral policies tied to funding projections to influence budget programming and execution. - Improve public expenditure monitoring and execution and oversight of spending agencies; strengthen the national statistics system to better monitor economic activity, poverty, and program impact. - Work with the international community to address resource constraints that hinder government initiatives and poverty reduction despite oil revenues. - Follow-up report core recommendations for the NPRS update: - Revise strategy to refine goals and take action based on a realistic schedule agreed by government and partners. - Include analysis of final results of the Household and Informal Sector Consumption Survey (ECOSIT 2) in terms of poverty profiles, household data, and incidence of poverty by region. - Systematically review sectoral strategies for effectiveness and consistency with national strategy objectives; integrate strategies to increase operational accuracy in the second version of the NPRS. - Hold a discussion on the sources of growth and their impact on poverty. - Conduct the NPRS review through the participatory process led by the NPRS Steering Committee and incorporate recommendations from all population segments. - High Interministerial Committee recommendations to be taken into account include: governance (personal security, justice, decentralization and deconcentration, State control), agricultural waterworks, infrastructure development (improved access and transportation costs), energy regulation, private-sector promotion (improved legal and institutional environment), pursuing fiscal consolidation, regular payment of pensions, and eliminating arrears. - The NPRS review will likely require most of 2006 to complete. *Source: _cr07282* ### INTRODUCTION ### INTRODUCTION ### Adoption, preparation, and purpose - The National Poverty Reduction Strategy (NPRS) was adopted in 2002 and 2003 by the first Steering Committee (33 members representing the public sector, the private sector, civil society groups, NGOs, and the National Assembly). - Information for the NPRS was collected through a “macro-participation” exercise held throughout Chad and consultations with constituent groups (academia, women in business, youth, the physically disabled, healthcare providers, religious figures, etc.). - Statistical data from surveys and experience from projects in rural areas were used to prepare a poverty diagnosis and define mid-term (2006) objectives. - The NPRS was adopted on June 4, 2003 by the High Interministerial Committee and approved by the IMF and World Bank executive boards on November 17 and 23, 2003, respectively. - Main objective: cut poverty indicators by half between now and 2015. - Key implementation tool: sectoral strategies prepared by technical ministries responsible for poverty reduction projects and programs. ### National and international context affecting implementation - Positive factors: - The beginning of oil production in October 2003 and the start of additional resource transfers to the government at end-October 2004. - The G-8 decision to cancel multilateral debt of the poorest and most heavily indebted countries, potentially enabling beneficiary countries (including Chad) to increase public resources for economic and social development if conditions are met. - Less favorable factors: - Economic: slump in cotton prices (Chad’s second-largest traditional export behind cattle), influenced by subsidies in industrialized countries. - Political: conflicts along Chad’s eastern and northern borders triggering a massive influx of refugees from Sudan and the Central African Republic. - Additional constraints highlighted in the first implementation report (December 2004): - Weather changes compromising food security and obstructing agricultural modernization. - Inadequate resources to support and fund priority government programs. - Weak purchasing power and high production costs (particularly electricity) slowing industrial and private-sector expansion. ### Recommendations from the first implementation report - Rural sector: - Support organization of peasant farmers and promote irrigation farming (farms along large bodies of water and extension of new techniques). - Economic and social measures: - Develop microfinance to encourage income-generating activities and meet primary social needs (healthcare, school expenses). - Promote housing development via specialized agencies, guarantee funds, and use of oil resources to spur housing credits. - Energy and environment: - Complete the Farcha Refinery to provide heavy fuel for the Chadian Water and Electric Power Corporation (STEE). - Extend electricity from oil-producing areas to neighboring towns and study connection with Cameroon’s electrical grid. - Use alternative energy sources (solar, wind, biofuels) for rural needs; gradually replace charcoal with gas in urban areas. - General measures: - Review the concept of the priority sector or ministry to allow oil revenues to fund other core poverty-reduction activities and identify/codify public expenditures on poverty-reduction. - Organize a donor roundtable to mobilize additional financing for NPRS implementation. ### Implementation status and report preparation - Execution of measures such as development of irrigation systems, home financing, and discussions to identify pro-poor spending has begun; the notion of a priority sector is evolving following the Geneva IV Roundtable. - The report presents a more complete view of measures taken and results achieved since NPRS adoption. - Prepared by the Technical Secretariat of the Poverty Observatory and technical units of sectoral ministries; contents corrected and expanded during a validation workshop held December 19 and 20, 2005. - Organization of the report: - Part I: reiterates objectives of the strategy in a comprehensive vision of poverty reduction. - Part II: examines institutional mechanisms for implementation and monitoring. - Parts III–VII: assess progress toward the five central pillars. - Part VIII: describes future challenges and makes recommendations for executing, updating, and revising the NPRS. ### A comprehensive view of poverty reduction (Section I highlights) - Core objective: cut poverty indicators by half between now and 2015. - Sustainable growth prerequisites: - Development of a diversified economy less vulnerable to shocks. - Environmental protection. - Social acceptance of growth’s focus via participatory processes. - Population priorities from consultations: security of people and property, good governance, broad-based support for grassroots initiatives. - Emphasis on coordinated sectoral policies and programs as key operational instruments. - Role of rural sector: - Rural sector employs 80 percent of the active population and generates more than 60 percent of rural household income. - Sector must respond to a more solvent domestic market, compete with imports from Cameroon and Nigeria, and gradually boost productivity. - Infrastructure role: - Infrastructure—particularly roadways—must adapt to increased mobility of people and goods to reduce factor costs and boost productivity. - Human capital: - Oil and post-oil economy requires a skilled labor force; social sectors must develop both quantitatively and qualitatively. ### NPRS structure: five main pillars and priority actions - The NPRS is based on five main pillars: - (i) Promote good governance - (ii) Ensure strong and sustainable growth - (iii) Develop human capital - (iv) Improve living conditions of vulnerable groups - (v) Protect ecosystems - Selected priority actions (as listed in the source): - I. Promote good governance - Civil service reform; build capacity of stakeholders in public sector, private sector, and civil society. - Make government agencies effective and efficient; fight corruption; boost credibility of the judicial system; guarantee security of people and property; professionalize armed forces and shift focus to development. - Improve the legal environment; deconcentration and decentralization. - II. Ensure strong and sustainable growth - Stabilize the macroeconomic framework: sustainably increase the real GDP growth rate; implement pro-poor fiscal policies. - Promote development of the private sector: achieve African integration and insert Chad’s economy into the world economy; promote and support entrepreneurship; improve relations between public enterprises and the government; develop the financial sector and microfinance; improve access to microfinance; promote exports. - Develop basic infrastructure: build institutional, technical, and human capacities of sectoral ministries; establish a basic grid of roads usable in all seasons; maintain transportation infrastructure; improve road safety; extend access to water in rural areas; ensure sanitation in major urban areas; develop energy; develop postal services and telecommunications; improve administrative and financial management of basic infrastructure. - Sustainably increase rural output: increase investment in agricultural and pastoral water resources; expand access to quality agricultural equipment and inputs and support services; expand access to credit and tailored financial services; diversify agricultural production; improve distribution circuits and markets; develop emerging industries. - III. Develop human capital - Establish an effective healthcare system: ensure adequate access to quality health services throughout the country; improve health indicators; improve use of resources allocated to the health sector; combat HIV/AIDS; fight malaria; combat malnutrition. - Ensure appropriate development of the education sector: more equitable access to education and higher attendance rates at elementary schools; improve effectiveness and quality; build capacity for planning, management and steering development of the education system; match graduate qualifications to labor market needs; increase enrollment capacity of technical and vocational training institution (ETFP); increase basic knowledge of 15,000 youth aged 8-14 through nonformal basic education (EBNF); teach at least 50,000 persons aged 15-50, of whom 60 percent are women, to read and write; test bilingual curricula in CP classes. - Promote the labor market: prepare and implement land management and urban development plans; develop urban infrastructure and services; guarantee access to drinking water; support professional service providers; resume ATETIP activities; rehabilitate technical training and apprenticeship centers; create an economic and technological documentation and information center; disseminate educational programs to promote entrepreneurship. - IV. Improve living conditions of vulnerable groups - Integrated urban development; support for microenterprises, SMEs, and employment; social protection measures; improve consensus-building around and coordination of actions in support of MFIs; lead IEC campaigns on key risk-prevention measures; revise family law and land law; adapt social security and pension systems; support informal crisis-response systems; guarantee government assistance in case of major disasters. - V. Restore and safeguard ecosystems - Strengthen regulatory framework and capacity for managing natural resources; improve domestic energy management. - Actions: combat desertification; pass laws transferring certain choices for natural resource management to users; establish local natural resource management committees; build capacity of institutions in charge of natural resource management; introduce an environmental information system; draft a national program to mobilize the population in support of the environment; promote sustainable firewood production around major towns; develop forest resources as revenue for rural communities; increase rural population involvement in natural resource management; ensure tax system applicable to wood and wood byproducts has a regulatory role; promote use of furnaces and other high-performance instruments for producing household energy. ### Quantitative targets for 2006 (selected indicators and target values) - 1—Poverty and human development indicators - IDH (Reference Year 2000): Initial Data 0.365; Targets for 2006 0.600 - Food poverty threshold (CFAF per capita per day) (1995): Initial Data 194; Targets for 2006 500 (US$1) - Overall poverty threshold (CFAF per capita per day) (1997): Initial Data 253; Targets for 2006 1,000 - Incidence of food poverty (1997): Initial Data 44.2%; Targets for 2006 38% - Incidence of overall poverty (1997): Initial Data 54.0%; Targets for 2006 40% - Depth of overall poverty (1997): Initial Data 27.5; Targets for 2006 25 - Consumption per adult equivalent (CFAF per capita per day) (1995): Initial Data 1,720; Targets for 2006 2,160 - Proportion of population not reaching minimum caloric intake (1995): Initial Data 44.2%; Targets for 2006 30% - 2—Economic and political governance - Capital expenditure/total expenditure (2001): Initial Data 50%; Targets for 2006 53% - Public investment rate (except Doba oilfield project) (2001): Initial Data 9.4%; Targets for 2006 7.1% - Rate of growth of capital expenditure financed with own revenues (2001): Initial Data 6.5%; Targets for 2006 17.5% - Change in external arrears (in billions of CFAF) (2001): Initial Data -2.4; Targets for 2006 0.0 - Share of education expenditure in current budget (2001): Initial Data 13.1%; Targets for 2006 20% - Share of health expenditure in current budget (2001): Initial Data 14.8%; Targets for 2006 20% - Share of military budget in total government budget (2001): Initial Data 8.7%; Targets for 2006 6.6% - Number of political parties represented in Parliament (2002): Initial Data 15; Targets for 2006 15 - Land area polluted by mines and unexploded ordnance, in sq. km (2002): Initial Data 1,081; Targets for 2006 1,000 - 3—Economic growth - GDP at constant 1995 prices (in billions of CFAF) (2001): Initial Data 907.4; Targets for 2006 1,870 - Rate of growth (2001): Initial Data 8.5%; Targets for 2006 4.4% - Current per capita GDP in CFAF (2001): Initial Data 153,037; Targets for 2006 352,464 - Per capita growth rate (2001): Initial Data 0.12%; Targets for 2006 0.05% - Grain production (in thousands of metric tons) (2002): Initial Data 1,123; Targets for 2006 1,600 - Heads of livestock (in thousands of Tropical Livestock Units) (2003): Initial Data 7,500; Targets for 2006 8,500 - Fish production (in thousands of metric tons) (2002): Initial Data 144; Targets for 2006 160 - Gum arabic production (in metric tons) (2002): Initial Data 18,000; Targets for 2006 20,000 - Rate of mechanization of farms (2000): Initial Data 24%; Targets for 2006 26% - 4—Education, training, and literacy - Gross enrollment ratio, primary (boys) (1998/1999): Initial Data 80%; Targets for 2006 90% - Gross enrollment ratio, primary (girls) (1998/1999): Initial Data 50%; Targets for 2006 60% - Net enrollment ratio, primary (boys) (1999/2000): Initial Data 56.6%; Targets for 2006 65% - Net enrollment ratio, primary (girls) (1999/2000): Initial Data 42%; Targets for 2006 50% - Net enrollment ratio, secondary (boys) (1998): Initial Data 29%; Targets for 2006 35% - Net enrollment ratio, secondary (girls) (1998): Initial Data 3%; Targets for 2006 5% - Literacy ratio of women age 15 to 24 (2001): Initial Data 31%; Targets for 2006 40% - Literacy ratio of men age 15 to 24 (2000): Initial Data 59.4%; Targets for 2006 70% - Adult literacy ratio (1999/2000): Initial Data 25.5%; Targets for 2006 35% - Student/teacher ratio, primary (2001): Initial Data 74; Targets for 2006 65 - Student/teacher ratio, secondary (2001): Initial Data 85; Targets for 2006 40 - 5—Health sector, fight against HIV/AIDS, and nutrition - Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births (2000): Initial Data 827; Targets for 2006 700 - Infant/child mortality ratio per 1,000 live births (2000): Initial Data 222; Targets for 2006 150 - Vaccination rate of children under age 1 (2000): Initial Data 15.2%; Targets for 2006 23% - HIV/AIDS prevalence ratio (2001): Initial Data 5%-12%; Targets for 2006 3%-10% - Number of children orphaned by AIDS (2002): Initial Data 55,000; Targets for 2006 44,000 - Malaria prevalence ratio (2001): Initial Data 20.7%; Targets for 2006 15% - Tuberculosis prevalence ratio (2000): Initial Data 0.02%; Targets for 2006 0.01% - Ratio of inhabitants per physician (2000): Initial Data 36,000; Targets for 2006 34,186 - Ratio of inhabitants per State-certified nurse (2000): Initial Data 28,502; Targets for 2006 15,517 - Ratio of women of childbearing age per qualified midwife (SFDE) (2000): Initial Data 13,692; Targets for 2006 13,000 - Rate of deliveries assisted by medical personnel (1997): Initial Data 11.2%; Targets for 2006 20% - Percentage of children under 5 suffering from malnutrition (1999): Initial Data 40%; Targets for 2006 30% - Proportion of children under 5 who are underweight (2000): Initial Data 27.6%; Targets for 2006 20% - 6—Social affairs and protection of vulnerable groups - Proportion of women in government (2002): Initial Data 7.14%; Targets for 2006 20% - Proportion of seats in the National Assembly held by women (2002/2006): Initial Data 6.45%; Targets for 2006 6.45% - Number of disabled persons with training in trades (2002): Initial Data 36; Targets for 2006 100 - Number of fitting and readaptation centers created (2002): Initial Data 7; Targets for 2006 15 - Number of education centers for street children (1999): Initial Data 7; Targets for 2006 15 - Proportion of disabled persons (1995): Initial Data 7.3% - 7—Housing and urban planning - Proportion of households living in modern housing (1998): Initial Data 10%; Targets for 2006 15% - Proportion of households with latrines (1998): Initial Data 7%; Targets for 2006 20% - Proportion of households with access to safe drinking water (2000): Initial Data 23%; Targets for 2006 44% - Proportion of population with access to an improved sanitation system (2000): Initial Data 1.4%; Targets for 2006 3% - 8—Basic economic infrastructures - Length of paved national roads (2002): Initial Data 557 km; Targets for 2006 900 km - Length of rehabilitated national dirt roads (2002): Initial Data 2,990 km; Targets for 2006 3,000 km - Major bridges reconstructed and rehabilitated (2002): Initial Data 18; Targets for 2006 28 - Length of regional and local dirt roads (rural roads) rehabilitated (2002): Initial Data 2,750 km; Targets for 2006 3,460 km - Length of national roads that can be maintained under the FER budget (2002): Initial Data 3,550 km; Targets for 2006 3,900 km - Length of regional and local dirt roads (rural roads) maintained (2002): Initial Data 170 km; Targets for 2006 900 km - Proportion of households with access to electricity (1993): Initial Data 1.1%; Targets for 2006 20% - Proportion of households with a telephone (1997): Initial Data 3%; Targets for 2006 30% - Proportion of households with a radio (1996): Initial Data 29%; Targets for 2006 50% - Proportion of households with an automobile (1996): Initial Data 1%; Targets for 2006 20% - Share of microfinance in credit to the economy (2001): Initial Data 1.5%; Targets for 2006 6% - Proportion of long-term loans (2001): Initial Data 2.2%; Targets for 2006 25% - Proportion of short-term loans (2001): Initial Data 72.5%; Targets for 2006 50% - 9—External debt - Outstanding external debt/GDP (2001): Initial Data 53.9%; Targets for 2006 40% - Change in domestic arrears (in billions of CFAF) (2001): Initial Data 10.9; Targets for 2006 -4.5 - Change in external arrears (in billions of CFAF) (2001): Initial Data -0.9; Targets for 2006 0.0 - 10—Demographics - Population growth rate (1993): Initial Data 2.5%; Targets for 2006 2.5% - Total fertility rate (1997): Initial Data 6.6%; Targets for 2006 5.6% - Proportion of youths under age 15 (1997): Initial Data 50.3%; Targets for 2006 48% *Content prepared from _cr07282 - INTRODUCTION (NPRS report text) as provided.* ### 2.1 Status of Implementation of NPRS Monitoring and Assessment Mechanisms ### 2.1 Status of Implementation of NPRS Monitoring and Assessment Mechanisms ### Overall structure of monitoring and assessment mechanisms - Mechanisms established in Decree 056/PM/2005 of February 4, 2005, and finalized by Order 023/MPDC/SG/2005 of July 19, 2005. - Monitoring/assessment built around three units: - The High Committee for NPRS Supervision; - The Poverty Observatory; and - Local and sectoral entities acting as the technical interface. ### The High Committee for NPRS Supervision - Political entity responsible for supervising strategy implementation. - Chaired by the Prime Minister. - Membership comprises 21 ministers and the Secretary General of the Office of the President. - Government economic partners may be invited to meetings. - Responsibilities: - Define major guidelines of the strategy. - Supervise implementation and take measures to ensure proper functioning of involved units to achieve NPRS objectives. - Review and adopt reports and documents prepared by the NPRS Steering Committee. - Provide results on which government makes decisions; institutions and personnel then execute those decisions. - Administrative aspects handled by the Economic Unit Coordinator (prepares meetings, drafts minutes, submits them to concerned entities). ### The Poverty Observatory: institutional components - Technically and administratively responsible for monitoring mechanism comprising: - A Steering Committee; - A Technical Secretariat; and - A Communications Unit. #### The Steering Committee (Poverty Observatory) - Central entity of the Poverty Observatory. - Primary functions (selected): - Disseminate the NPRS, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and principles of Sustainable Human Development (SHD); promote ownership by partners and population. - Validate sectoral strategies and programs required to implement the NPRS, the MDGs, and SHD. - Adopt the schedule proposed for monitoring and assessing the NPRS, the MDGs, and SHD. - Ensure consistency of poverty reduction projects and programs at sectoral, intersectoral, regional, and local levels. - Assess the impact of NPRS implementation on beneficiaries. - Prepare and implement a communications plan for the NPRS, the MDGs, and SHD. - Guide and monitor activities of the Poverty Observatory’s Technical Secretariat and provide necessary support. - Adopt the budget required to set up and operate coordination mechanisms for implementation, monitoring, and assessment of the NPRS, the MDGs, and SHD. - Propose periodic reviews of the NPRS. - Composition: - 49 members representing: - Public sector: 26 - Civil society organizations and NGOs: 16 - Private sector: 3 - National Assembly: 3 - Oil Revenue Control and Supervision Board (Collège de contrôle et de surveillance des revenus pétroliers – CCSRP): 1 - Chaired by the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Planning. - Subdivided into five monitoring subcommittees corresponding to the five NPRS pillars: - (i) Promoting good governance; - (ii) Ensuring strong, sustainable development; - (iii) Developing human capital; - (iv) Improving the living conditions of vulnerable groups; and - (v) Restoring and protecting ecosystems. - Subcommittees: - Monitor priority actions associated with each strategic pillar. - Made up of individuals selected based on expertise and specialization. - Members may participate in other subcommittees as necessary. - Supported by the Technical Secretariat of the Poverty Observatory. #### The Technical Secretariat of the Poverty Observatory - Small unit attached to the General Secretariat of the Ministry of Finance, Planning, and Cooperation. - Comprised of national and international experts. - Responsible for supporting the Steering Committee’s monitoring and assessment activities. - Main duties: - Prepare meetings of the monitoring subcommittees and the NPRS Steering Committee; - Draft monitoring reports on the NPRS, the MDGs, and SHD; and - Help build capacity of units in sectoral and local entities acting as a technical interface. - Works with the Directorate of Development Planning, which serves as the Steering Committee Secretariat. #### The Communications Unit - Responsible for disseminating the NPRS, the MDGs, and SHD. - Designs public outreach activities on NPRS objectives and implements them with public and private media support. - Operates under the authority of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Communications. - Staff of four: two representing public media and two representing private media. - Prepares and implements a communications strategy for the NPRS; supported by the Technical Secretariat. ### Sectoral and local entities acting as a technical interface - Units responsible for providing the Steering Committee with data on NPRS implementation by ministries and administrative units. - Main entities include: - National Statistics and Economic and Demographic Research Institute (Institut National de Statistique, des Etudes Economiques et Démographiques - INSEED); - General Directorate of the Budget; - General Directorate of the Treasury; - Directorates of Research and Planning of ministries in priority sectors; - Regional offices of ministries involved. - Responsibilities: - Provide data on poverty trends and project impact on beneficiaries in given areas; - Coordinate public expenditure reviews in priority sectors; - Help prepare, implement, and monitor program budgets in concerned ministries. - Authorities in these sectoral entities attend Steering Committee and monitoring subcommittee meetings. ### Regional committees - Set up in October 2003 (prior to approval of organic laws); structure and function should be adapted to new laws. - Responsible for: - Increasing public awareness of NPRS objectives; - Accurately analyzing areas concerned; - Producing reports on implementation status of poverty reduction initiatives. - Chaired by regional governors. - Composition: - Representatives of public services: 3 - Civil society associations: 2 - NGOs: 2 - Decentralized local governments: 2 - Private sector: 1 ### Implementation timeline and meetings - Different NPRS monitoring units established gradually since June 2005 with technical and financial support from UNDP (project to support monitoring/assessment of the NPRS, the MDGs, and SHD). - The NPRS Steering Committee has met five times since June 2005. - This report prepared with participation of NPRS monitoring subcommittees. --- ### 2.2 Information System for Monitoring the NPRS ### Importance of data quality - Quality of NPRS monitoring report depends on availability of recent, accurate, and relevant statistics (choice of appropriate indicators) and quality of analysis linking sectoral policies/strategies to the NPRS. ### 2.2.1 Choice of NPRS indicators - December 2003 national workshop (Steering Committee, INSEED, statistical units of sectoral ministries) initially selected 206 indicators. - 206 indicators later considered unrealistic because: - Chad has limited statistical resources; and - Many indicators require data sources and compilation methods not yet identified. - August 2005 national workshop reviewed list; revised list contained 109 indicators: - 91 quantitative; and - 18 qualitative. - Indicators divided into three categories: - First category: ten indicators measuring structural phenomena (e.g., monetary poverty and mortality), observed through ECOSIT, EDST, or EIMT surveys conducted every five years. - Second category: core of 53 indicators for tracking NPRS and MDG execution: - 25 performance indicators; and - 28 results indicators. - Used for annual assessment of NPRS implementation status; in principle observable; researchers reconstructed benchmark conditions and recent trends to estimate current values. - Third category: supplementary list of 28 indicators for monitoring NPRS and MDGs: - 9 performance indicators; and - 19 results indicators. - These can no longer be systematically monitored; need further definition and methods for observation and calculation to produce reliable indicators. ### 2.2.2 Observability of changes in indicators - Groundwork laid for the 53 core indicators (second category) using recent surveys and appropriate administrative sources. #### (a) Surveys - Agricultural statistics: - Calculated using the permanent agricultural survey (Enquête Permanente Agricole - EPA). - Provides data on production factors, cultivated land, crop yields, production. - Data on cotton, tobacco, sugarcane and gum arabic collected using specific mechanisms. - Despite external financing ending in 1999, EPA continued without interruptions (financed from the national budget). - Provisional results available in October of the year in progress and used to calculate the cereals balance sheet for the crop year. - Statistical yearbook published in March of the following year provides final results for the crop year. - Demographic and Health Survey in Chad (Enquête Démographique et de Santé au Tchad - EDST): - Conducted in 2004 and published in 2005 by INSEED. - Data collected on household characteristics, particularly status of women (fertility, family planning, marriage rate, pregnancy risk exposure, mother and child health, mother/child nutrition status, infant mortality, and maternal mortality); and on STDs, HIV/AIDS, and availability of community services. #### (b) Administrative sources of data - Sectoral ministries and other units provide: - Stock farming statistics: - Problems with tracebacks have delayed data publication and the 2004 Statistical Report has not yet been published. - Data on livestock are approximate and variables available are limited. - A livestock survey project scheduled for 2007/2008; preparatory phase to be launched in 2006 with FAO financing. - Education statistics: - Compiled, processed, and published by the Ministry of National Education based on an annual school census (conducted in February/March) of basic, secondary, and post-secondary education. - Most recent data available are for 2003/2004. - Health statistics: - Publication of the statistical yearbook is behind schedule (most recent yearbook is the 2003 edition). - Data for the 1996-2003 period are available. - Plans to perform a detailed study of the national statistics system to better meet user needs and assess capacities of sectoral statistics producers and INSEED. --- ### III. NPRS IMPLEMENTATION – Toward Good Governance ### Background: SNBG - National Secretariat for Capacity Building (Secrétariat National pour le Renforcement des Capacités - SENAREC) prepared a National Good Governance Strategy (Stratégie Nationale de Bonne Gouvernance - SNBG) adopted by the High Interministerial Committee in August 2002. - Several SNBG objectives prioritizing governance and security were included in the NPRS. ### 3.1 The SNBG Program of Action: five pillars 1. Administrative reform: - Improve performance and increase transparency of public sector management through: - Systematically assessing public institutions to redefine the State’s role and mission; - Reforming the justice system to increase independence and integrity; - Building capacities of the Audit Office (final auditor of government finances); - Supporting deconcentration and decentralization by building human and institutional capacities and through communications. 2. Fiscal consolidation: - Measures include: - Controlling expenditure and revenue management; - Reforming public procurement by streamlining procedures, preparing a simplified guide for purchasers and bidders, and publishing an information bulletin containing procurement procedures and results of invitations to bid. 3. Reforming high-priority sectors to play a more effective role in economic and social development and poverty reduction. 4. Strengthening partnership between public sector, private sector, civil society, and citizens through: - Implementing a communications plan for public affairs management with media support; - Strengthening national dialogue between public and private actors; - Implementing a capacity-building program for human rights organizations; - Creating a national mediation office (la Médiature) to settle disputes between communities or between the State and groups of individuals. 5. Improving security for people and property by: - Effectively controlling demobilization and reintegration of military personnel; - Systematically disarming civilians who possess weapons of war; - Demining mined areas; - Reinforcing public security forces and establishing a partnership between police and the population. - A joint committee (public, private, civil society representatives) set up in 2003 is responsible for implementing the strategy. ### 3.2 SNBG and the SNRP (NPRS) - NPRS incorporates many SNBG objectives, with high priority on good governance: - (a) Improve effectiveness and efficiency of general government through: - Pursuing civil service reforms; - Building capacities of actors in public sector, private sector, and civil society; - Fighting corruption. - (b) Improve legal environment by: - Reforming the justice system to gain credibility; - Restoring security of people and property; - Reforming the National Army into a professional army focused on development work. ### 3.3 NPRS Implementation in the area of governance #### General government reform - Organizational and institutional audit performed in nine pilot ministries: - national education, public health, social action and families, postsecondary education, agriculture, stock farming, justice, planning, and finance. - Government adopted an action plan to implement audit recommendations and begun recruiting a firm to audit other ministries. - Work begun on revising all government personnel regulations: - Some common rules established; pay scales yet to be determined. - A future document will address compensation types for some categories of civil servants and other government personnel in light of special constraints. #### Government finance management - Measures taken to place government finances on a sound footing, increase tax and non-tax revenue, reduce deficits, and restructure spending toward priority sectors: - The ratio of tax and non-tax revenues: - 7.4 percent of GDP in 2001; - 8 percent in 2002; - 8.7 percent in 2003; - 10.5 percent in 2004. - (Text ends at this point in the supplied content.) *Source: _cr07282 - 2.1 Status of Implementation of NPRS Monitoring and Assessment Mechanisms* ### 12.4 percent in 2005. This growth is attributable mainly to increased oil revenues ### _cr07282 - 12.4 percent in 2005. This growth is attributable mainly to increased oil revenues ### Fiscal developments and revenue trends - Oil revenue increased from 3.4 percent of GDP in 2004 to 5.4 percent in 2005. - Other tax revenues rose from CFAF 79 billion in 2001 to CFAF 119 billion in 2004 and CFAF 143 billion in 2005, while their share of GDP remained stable at around 6 percent since 2001. - Grants and budget assistance fell from CFAF 51 billion in 2002 (around 4 percent of GDP) to barely exceeding CFAF 1 billion in 2004 (0.1 percent of GDP). ### Expenditure trends and fiscal consolidation - Current expenditures fell from 10 percent of GDP in 2002 to around 7 percent in 2004-2005. - Total expenditures dropped from 24 percent of GDP in 2003 to 18-19 percent in 2004-2005. - Primary budget balance improved from a deficit of 1-2 percent of GDP in 2001-2002 to a surplus of 1-2 percent in 2004-2005. - Overall deficit (commitment basis, excluding grants) shrank from 10-13 percent of GDP in 2001-2003 to around 7-8 percent in 2004-2005. - Recent cash flow problems attributed to errors in revenue forecasting, management of some expenditures, and collapse of budget assistance. ### Reprioritization of public spending - Relative share of nine priority economic and social sectors (education, health, social action, public works, agriculture, stock farming, water/environment, and land management) increased from 32 percent of total expenditures (executed) to 66 percent in 2004. - 66 percent of the 2005 budget allocations are earmarked for the priority sectors. ### Public financial management and anti-corruption reforms - A simplified and automated expenditure system is operational, including the Integrated Expenditure Circuit (CID) and wiring/linkups between the Treasury, the Payroll Office, and the Information Technology Unit. - A fiscal modernization plan (PAMFIP) was prepared with the support of the World Bank. - Program budgets introduced and adopted by all priority ministries to promote strategic discussion of activities and spending programs. - Specialized studies launched to assess expenditure efficiency and verify that programmed funds reached intended recipients; a Comprehensive Expenditure Tracking System report was prepared for the health sector (IRSC context); a survey of health services users was completed and the report adopted. - A new public procurement code was adopted and enabling decrees published; bid assessment committees set up in priority sectors and other ministries; eight quarterly bulletins published informing the public of prospective invitations to bid and results of adjudicated competitions. - With support of an international auditing firm, the Audit Office of the Supreme Court audited government contracts awarded in 2001 and 2002; reports published. An audit report on expenditures made in 2003 using poverty reduction funds (HIPC Initiative) was finalized in 2004. - Oil Revenue Control and Supervision Board produced a report on management of oil revenues in 2004 by relevant units in the priority sectors. ### Anti-corruption actions and governance ethics - Ministry for General Oversight of the Government and Ethics launched activities to instill ethics, improve discipline, and create transparency and integrity: - Design of ads to raise public awareness, activities to promote ethical conduct, and a study on the fight against corruption (broadcast on Chadian national radio (RNT) and television). - A national survey on the perception of corruption is underway throughout the country. - Numerous meetings with officials responsible for different ministerial departments to encourage adherence to anti-corruption strategy and respect for ethics and professional conduct. - Preparation of a draft law on illicit enrichment (underway). ### Legal and judicial reforms - Following the 2003 Justice Forum, key steps in 2004 and 2005: - A decree in 2004 appointing the chair and members of the committee responsible for monitoring Justice Forum recommendations. - The Justice Reform program approved by decree in 2005. - Creation of the post of Justice de paix in some departments, sub-prefectures, and arrondissements of N’Djamena. - Preparation of a draft law amending and supplementing some Criminal Code provisions benefiting children. - Five trainers (two judges and three prison administrators) received training. - Commercial courts created in all regional capitals other than N’Djamena to facilitate settlement of trade disputes and bolster private sector confidence in judicial decisions. - Judges and clerks for the N’Djamena commercial court appointed during the first quarter of 2005; appointments to courts in Bongor, Abéché, Moundou, and Sarh made in August 2005. - 2004 expenditure review of the justice system identified problems with absorption capacity affecting use of resources allocated to the Ministry of Justice. - Planned actions: - Build two Courts of Appeal in two major towns (Moundou et Abéché). - Train judges and clerks. - Build the capacity of judicial personnel. ### Security, social peace, and military reforms - Draft law on migratory herds and nomadism prepared jointly by the public mediation office and the Ministry of Territorial Administration to replace Law 4 of 1959; intended to serve as a code of conduct for settling farmer-herder disputes. - Creation of a Ministry of Public Security and Immigration; program to collect weapons of war from civilians underway; suspension of purchases and sales of handguns. - Some mine clearance activities carried out in the northern region, but financial constraints delayed implementation of the National Strategic Plan Against Mines and Unexploded Shells. - Armed Forces Forum held in April 2005 with recommendations to professionalize the military and restore credibility: - Reorganize different branches and improve troop organization, whose number should not exceed 30,000 by 2007. - Improve rate of promotions and wage increases, and set compensation payable to demobilized troops. - A committee was set up to track implementation of these recommendations. ### Assessment of governance reforms and administrative reform priorities - Governance reform characterized as a long-term task requiring vigorous pursuit by Chadian authorities, civil society, and participation of national institutions and the population. - Institutional audits recommended in all remaining ministries; implement conclusions and recommendations of completed audits. - Modernize civil service recruitment methods and incentive systems (salaries and promotions based on merit and performance). - Adopt codes of ethics, reinforce controls, and sanction infractions as key conditions for progress toward good governance. ### Implementation of the NPRS and oil-driven growth - NPRS prepared in 2001-2003 while investments to develop the Doba oilfields were underway. - Oil production rose from 12.2 million barrels per day in 2003 to 63 million barrels in 2004, and will likely reach 80.7 million barrels in 2005. - Chadian oil price stabilized at around CFAF 15,000-17,000 per barrel due to a drop in quality; Chad benefited little from the international crude price surge that began in 2004. - GDP growth rates: - 2001: GDP 10.6 percent; Non-Oil GDP 8.2 percent; GDP per Capita 10.6; Non-Oil GDP per Capita 8.2 - 2002: GDP 7.3 percent; Non-Oil GDP 5.9 percent; GDP per Capita 7.3; Non-Oil GDP per Capita 5.9 - 2003: GDP 15.1 percent; Non-Oil GDP 12.7 percent; GDP per Capita 6.0; Non-Oil GDP per Capita 3.6 - 2004: GDP 33.4 percent; Non-Oil GDP 33.7; GDP per Capita 3.6; Non-Oil GDP per Capita 1.2 - 2005: GDP 13.0 percent; Non-Oil GDP 10.6; GDP per Capita 5.9; Non-Oil GDP per Capita 3.5 - GDP growth accelerated from 10.6 percent in 2001 to 33.4 percent in 2004; expected slowdown after the end of the investment period, but GDP growth rate should remain at around 13 percent in 2005. - Non-oil GDP growth (overall and per capita) was satisfactory except in 2004, generally recording figures well above the average for the past decade. - Main challenge: diversify the economy and implement structural measures to avoid polarization of the national economy. - NPRS priorities for sustained, pro-poor growth: - Develop infrastructure to support production (roads, communications, energy, and water resources management). - Ensure sustainable growth of agricultural production and other productive activities in rural areas. *Italic: IMF staff report content as provided in the source PDF.* ### 4.2 Transforming the Structure of the Economy ### 4.2 Transforming the Structure of the Economy ### Structural shift and key macro facts - Oil development transformed Chad’s production and trade: in 2004, the oil GDP accounted for one-third of total GDP and 80 percent of export proceeds. - Oil-sector growth rates reported: 299.5% in 2004 and 22.5% in 2005. - Oil-sector share of GDP: 1.9% (2001), 3.3% (2002), 10.8% (2003), 32.8% (2004), 38.7% (2005). - Primary sector share of GDP declined from 40.5% in 2001 to 23.2% in 2005. - Primary-sector performance: - Growth: 4.6 percent in 2003; negative growth of minus 19.3 percent in 2004; expectations of strong upsurge in 2005 due to increased rainfall. - 2004 primary-sector aggregate recorded negative growth (minus 3.3 percent). - Poverty implication: the majority of the poor work in the primary sector; without strong and sustainable agricultural and stock-farming growth, poverty reduction will be extremely difficult. ### Sectoral growth highlights (selected figures from tables) - Primary sector shocks and crop performance: - Food crops, industrial crops, livestock, forestry/fishing/hunting show highly variable growth across 2001–2005 (tables in source). - Industrial crops (cotton and gum arabic) partially compensated for declining food production in 2004. - Secondary (non-oil) and tertiary sector dynamics are shown in the source tables (annual growth rates and distributions by component). ### Foreign exchange and external balances - Trade and current-account developments: - Trade deficit peaked at CFAF 978 billion in 2002 (during oil investment period). - Net trade surplus after production began: CFAF 763 billion in 2004 and CFAF 1,272 billion in 2005. - Current account deficit: CFAF 422 billion in 2001; CFAF 1,391 billion in 2002; reduced to CFAF 156 billion in 2004 and CFAF 55 billion in 2005. - Income-balance effect: overall decrease in the income balance due to remuneration of expatriate employees and remuneration of private investment. ### Basic infrastructure development — public spending - Public works spending (actual disbursements) rose from 4.9 percent in 2001-2002 to more than 23 percent in 2003-2004. ### Transport sector — objectives and corridor progress - National Transport Program (PNT) objectives include: - opening up domestic and external access; - reducing transport costs for domestic transport and foreign trade; - ensuring minimum access to all regions year-round; - maintaining an adequate highway network; - liberalizing the transport sector and modernizing transport administration; - developing rural infrastructure. - Corridor achievements: - Sudan corridor (N’Djamena-Abéché-Sudanese border: 1,063 kilometers): 74 kilometers surfaced; 226 kilometers being paved. - Cameroon corridor (N’Djamena-Moundou-Cameroonian border: 586 kilometers): 80 percent surfaced as of March 2005. - Nigeria/Niger corridor (N’Djamena-Massakory-Bol: 249 kilometers): 77 kilometers completed between N’Djamena and Massaguet; full work not begun due to lack of financing. - International freight dependence: roads connecting Chad–Cameroon and Chad–Nigeria carry 96 percent to 98 percent of all international freight. ### Road network, maintenance, and financing - Asphalt-paved road length: 557 kilometers in 2002; 650 kilometers in 2004; will increase to 736 kilometers by end-2005. - Target completion: 82 percent of the 900 kilometers planned under the NPRS will have been completed by end-2005. - Road maintenance coverage (2004 data and targets): - Maintenance funded by Highway Maintenance Fund (FER). - FER resources increased from CFAF 3,762 billion (2002/2003) to CFAF 5,745 billion (2003/2004), nearly 53 percent. - Road Maintenance Directorate maintained 2,300 kilometers, or 88.4 percent of the annual target of 2,600 kilometers. - Permanent-network not-maintained share: only 9 percent not maintained (source table). - Note on seasonal roads: preventive maintenance is conducted mainly on previously rehabilitated seasonal roadways; some planned improvements to dirt roads were not carried out. ### Traffic flows, transport costs, and passenger transport - Traffic concentration: - N’Djamena: origin for 24 percent of domestic traffic flows and destination for 46 percent. - Mandoul (Koumra) region receives 52 percent of domestic traffic flows (221,324 metric tons). - Regional constraints: Lac, Salamat, Guera, and South Ouaddaï have agricultural potential limited by underdeveloped roads; BET and Batha regions are highly disadvantaged. - Transport-price variation: high transport prices for N’Djamena-Mongo and N’Djamena-Abéché corridors; improved prices along Sarh-Dananmadji. - Passenger transport growth: - Vehicles used exclusively for passenger carriage: 3,078 vehicles per day (2004) vs 2,093 vehicles per day (1999). - Annual growth rate: 8 percent. - Price trends: transport costs tending to decline overall, with exceptions (e.g., Bongor-Pala increased costs due to road deterioration and demand exceeding supply). ### Rural infrastructure and rural roads investment - Rural Roads Directorate (DRPR) created to implement rural transport component of PAPRONAT (World Bank financed). - Government five-year investment plan (2006–2010): invest CFAF 4 billion a year in rural roads to rehabilitate 3,000–4,000 kilometers of rural roads using government funding from oil revenues. - Additional projects with rural road components financed by donors (examples listed in source). ### Access to water - Master Plan for Water and Sanitation (SDEA) 2003-2020 aims to improve access to water in urban and rural areas and to turn over water-resource management to the population. - Access to drinking water (population share): 23 percent in 2000; 28 percent in 2002; 32 percent in 2003; 36 percent in 2004. - Water-supply investments financed primarily with HIPC funds and oil revenues. - Village water-supply totals (source table): total 2,430 PMH. - Urban and semi-urban water-supply totals (source table): total 36 AEP + Extension. ### Energy sector — consumption, crisis response, and capacity - Energy mix: wood fuels (wood-charcoal) account for 90 percent of total energy consumption; conventional energy sources (oil and electricity) account for only 10 percent. - Per-capita energy consumption: increased from 240 to 292 kilograms of oil equivalent per inhabitant (2001 to 2005). - Electricity-subsector policy goals (2002-2006): meet electricity needs, expand access, promote alternative sources (solar, wind) to reduce firewood cutting. - Proposed measures include: - building a new power plant in Farcha; - resuming negotiations on electric interconnections between Chad and Cameroon; - completing the project to develop the Sédigui oilfield; - building a mini-refinery in Farcha; - concluding study on use of crude from Doba or Sédigui or gas-oil from the distillation column (topping unit). - Crisis-response actions and capacity increases: - acquisition of 4 CAT generators with installed capacity of 5 megawatts (emergency loan) and installed/operational MBH generators since early 2005 (Crédit Libanais); - rehabilitation of some generators in the old power plant. - Result: STEE production capacity in N’Djamena increased from 9 MW to nearly 25 MW. - National planning: government preparing a national energy strategy and a national rural electrification plan. ### Postal and telecommunications services - Strategy being finalized to improve urban and rural coverage and expand mobile systems. - Fixed telephony (Sotel Tchad) subscribers and penetration: - Number of subscribers: 10,261 (2000); 10,689 (2001); 11,835 (2002); 12,475 (2003); 13,000 (2004). - Average growth rates: 5.34 (2000), 4.17 (2001), 10.54 (2002), 5.13 (2003), 4.04 (2004). - Penetration rate (per 1,000): 0.14 (2000); 0.14 (2001); 0.15 (2002); 0.15 (2003); 0.16 (2004). - Mobile telephony rapid growth (Celtel Tchad): - Number of subscribers: 7,177 (Dec. 2001); 16,283 (Dec. 2002); 57,086 (Dec. 2003); 120,000 (Dec. 2004). - Penetration rate (%): 0.20 (Dec. 2001); 0.43 (Dec. 2002); 1.08 (Dec. 2003); 1.57 (Dec. 2004). - Mobile telephony improved population access to telephone service to 15 percent in 2004. - Further increase expected with Millicom (TIGO) market entry. - Rural telephony project: VSAT antennas installed in 15 of 24 secondary towns identified (63 percent completion rate). - Internet penetration rate: only (figure cut off in source). *Source: _cr07282 - 4.2 Transforming the Structure of the Economy* ### 0.3 per 1,000 population. ### 0.3 per 1,000 population. ### Foundations for Sustainable Growth in Agricultural Production - Overall objective: boost sustainable production growth within a more secure environment and strengthen capacities of the rural sector. - Five specific objectives: - increasing production; - encouraging the emergence of competitive enterprises; - managing and making optimum use of natural resources; - promoting the rural milieu; - improving the effectiveness of public interventions. - Strategic pillars of the NPRS: strong, sustained growth and protection of ecosystems. - Key programs and plans: - Rural Development Intervention Plan (2003) comprising PROADEL and PROSE. - National Food Security Program (PNSA) covering the period up to 2015, stemming from PROSE. - Master Plan for Agriculture adopted in 2005. - Subprogram for microfinance development. - National Stock farming Development Plan (in preparation). - Permanent monitoring unit for the agricultural sector operational; publishes bulletin Al Nougara. - Water management and livestock infrastructure: - Land area benefiting from water management facilities increased from 20,000 hectares in 2003 to 27,000 hectares in 2005. - In stock farming, 80 wells were sunk and 25 pumping stations installed. - Herders continue to travel long distances in search of water; transhumance often provokes conflicts. - Farm equipment and mechanization: - Proportion of farms with equipment rose from 24 percent in 2004 to 26.12 percent in 2005. - Projection: proportion of farms with equipment should grow by at least 2 percent a year (using resources from equipment sales and ongoing projects). - Microfinance and rural credit: - Achievements in microfinance have paled in comparison with growing needs of producers. - Microfinance activities often integrated into projects and support programs for development and diversification of production. - Top priority: finding appropriate solutions to rural credit and local financial intermediation to fight poverty in rural areas. - Crop protection and food security: - Measures to protect crops are largely inadequate. - Chad has received assistance from over 20 countries to fight locust invasions; other pests (caterpillars, Spanish flies, grain-eating birds) remain problematic. - Nationwide grain demand reckoned at 1,480,000 metric tons a year for a population estimated at 9.3 million (based on a standard of 159 kilograms per inhabitant per year). - Grain production varies sharply year to year and is almost never sufficient to meet demand. - To overcome shortfall, a package of policies, programs, and projects needed to ensure proper water management, access to means of production, and capacity-building in rural areas. - Rural industry and cash crops: - Cotton: largest source of rural income; production varied (186,300 metric tons in 1999-2000; declined sharply in 2002-03; increased to 220,000 metric tons in 2003-04). - Decline mainly due to unattractively low producer prices and marketing problems, including delays of up to six months in paying cotton growers. - “Road map” of measures prepared in advance of effective privatization of Cotontchad in June 2007. - Crop diversification studies: poultry raising, stock farming close to urban centers, spirulina harvesting, cattle finishing — none have resulted in projects to date. - Gum arabic: Chad is the second largest producer in the world; total production for 2005 was 18,000 metric tons; contributes 7 percent to GDP. - Sesame and peanuts: potential significant income sources, but production is poorly developed and badly organized. - Rural organization and decentralization: - Producers’ organizations increased from 33,000 in 2003 to 35,000 in 2005. - Government aims to involve producers’ organizations in managing the rural sector; representatives sit on project steering committees. - National Bureau of Rural Development reorganized into one national directorate, seven rural development regions, 45 rural development districts, and 191 rural development zones — entities lack adequate resources and genuine authority. - Public spending on agriculture and livestock (actual disbursements): - 6.9 percent of Chad’s total public spending in 2001-02; - 7.3 percent in 2003; - 11.1 percent in 2004. - Agriculture and livestock appropriations in the 2005 budget amounted to 11.3 percent of total planned spending. ### Implementation of the NPRS – Developing Human Capital - Objective: human resources promotion is essential for Chadians to assume their role in socioeconomic development. ### The education sector — policy, progress, and assessment - Historical constraints: poorly designed programs, system failing to meet output needs, strong pressure from enrollment demand, insufficient teaching supervision. - Community role: - Parent Teachers Associations pay over 60 percent of primary school teachers known as maîtres communautaires. - Communities spend almost CFAF2 billion to run primary schools (30 percent for physical running; over 70 percent directly for running classes). - Poverty and education spending: - The poor account for almost 80 percent of Chad’s population. - Of their total expenditure, 1.3 percent is spent on education (double the proportion spent by the better-off). - In urban areas, share of spending on education (of total expenditure) is twice that of rural households. - EFE strategy and 2000 vision: - Education-Training-Employment (EFE) strategy implemented in 1993, based on quality- and quantity-oriented approaches. - Post-2000 vision: three pillars — better access to education; improvement in quality of teaching and learning conditions; building capacity in administration, planning, management, and steering. - NPRS (2003) objectives in education: validate community strides while gradually reducing burden on poorer communities. - Educational objectives in the NPRS: - Achieve a CP1 admission rate of 90 percent for boys and 75 percent for girls in 2005-2006 (reducing the gap between girls and boys by 15 points each year). - Achieve a continued attendance rate of 63 percent in the primary cycle. - Government measures (2002 Sectoral Policy Letter): - a) The share of GDP allocated to education must be increased and reach at least 4 percent in 2015; - b) Nonwage expenditure in the operating budget for education must be increased by at least 20 percent per year until 2015; - c) At least 50 percent of the education budget must be allocated to basic education; - d) Reforms to redefine priorities, reallocate budgets, and divide responsibilities among the state, communities, and local authorities in a decentralized management framework granting schools greater autonomy. - Progress and statistics: - Enrollment growth: 9.6 percent increase in primary school pupils between 1995 and 2000; 7.6 percent between 2000 and 2004. - 2003-2004 enrollment distribution: 29 percent in community schools; 64 percent in public schools. - Proportion of teachers paid by communities higher than 60 percent in 2003-2004. - 2003-2004 CP1 admission rate: 107 percent overall (123% for boys; 91.4 percent for girls) — a 15 percent increase for boys and 14 percent for girls compared with 2002-2003. - Gender parity point moved from 1.5 percent in 1990-2000 to 1.35 percent in 2003-2004. - Gross enrollment rate rose from 72 percent in 1999-2000 to 87.58 percent in 2003-2004. - Cohort retention: of a cohort of 100 children enrolled in CP1, only 38 percent reach CM2. - Public finances for education: - Tax effort: 8.2 percent of GDP in 2004. - Government share of GDP allocated to education relatively stable at about 2.8 percent of GDP since NPRS implementation. - Total expenditure on education accounts for an average of 13 percent of overall government expenditure (non-debt), with an average growth rate of 23 percent per annum over the past five years. - Expenditure on basic education increased 8 percent on average over the period and represents more than half of expenditure on education at current values. - Resources spent by Chad on education are markedly lower than the average for comparable-income countries. - Implementation challenges: - Extremely low execution rates in sector improvements over the past two years, especially in 2004, linked to slow procurement procedures and delays in establishing the budget. - Implementation of the new government procurement code expected to improve budget execution. - Educational policy assessment — main challenges: - Build a national consensus around Chadian education as it relates to the Millennium Development Goals. - Mobilize national resources to make the educational system more credible. - Ensure effective and efficient management of the system to streamline resource use. - Develop an effective and reliable data system for political analysis and monitoring. - Decentralize educational objectives and resources through performance contracts linking decentralized units to performance obligations. - Strengthen reporting and accountability. - Main actions to be undertaken: - Adopt the framework law for the Chadian educational system; - Harmonize different educational development strategies; - Strengthen the statistical information system and the school map; lay groundwork for statistical data production system; - Develop and implement a plan to build planning and management capacity in decentralized units of the MEN; - Strengthen computerized monitoring of teaching staff; - Set up a computerized system to manage materials and supplies; - Revise the education component of the National Poverty Reduction Strategy; - Organize a positioning conference of technical and financial partners; - Launch the Chadian education advocacy process; - Organize an education forum to build a national consensus on Chadian education. _Excerpted from the IMF staff report content unit: _cr07282 - 0.3 per 1,000 population._ ### 1. Complete health coverage by ensuring gradually that all districts are operational and ### _cr07282 - 1. Complete health coverage by ensuring gradually that all districts are operational and ### Health policy priorities and measures - 1. Complete health coverage by ensuring gradually that all districts are operational and functioning; - 2. Strengthen implementation of the minimum and complementary packages of measures (PMA and PCA), especially in the areas of maternal and child mortality; - 3. Build institutional capacities at the central level; - 4. Ensure that qualified human resources are available; - 5. Continue to implement the measures undertaken with regard to access to medication, within the framework of the national pharmaceutical policy; - 6. Strengthen the deconcentration/decentralization process, in coordination with the relevant ministries; - 7. Organize the participation of the population in financing health services; - 8. Develop a contract-based approach as a tool for implementing the national health policy; - 9. Safeguard and consolidate the progress made in preventing chronic diseases; - 10. Strengthen epidemic surveillance, particularly of cholera and meningitis; - 11. Continue to combat STIs/AIDS using a multisector approach; - 12. Strengthen information, education, and communication (IEC) activities to assist in the implementation of the national health policy. ### NPRS health sector objectives - i) Provide access to high quality health services throughout the entire country; - ii) Improve health sector indicators; - iii) Improve the use of resources allocated to health; - iv) Combat HIV/AIDS; - v) Combat malaria; - vi) Combat malnutrition. ### Planned actions for NPRS first phase (2003–2006) - Build/and or rehabilitate 50 health centers, 5 district hospitals, and 15 district offices; provide them with the necessary equipment for their operation; - Train health officers as well as the members of the Health and Health Unit Management Committees to improve community participation and enlist committees as partners in managing health services; - Give more autonomy to 10 district or departmental hospitals; - Encourage the creation of health mutual associations among less advantaged population groups; - Strengthen the protection of children and pregnant women, combat preventable diseases (by immunization) and malnutrition; - Strengthen the surveillance and early-warning system for endemic diseases (polio, neonatal tetanus, measles) and potentially endemic diseases (cholera, meningitis, tuberculosis); - Provide 600 health centers with equipment for monitoring pregnancies and childbirth; - Offer postnatal consultation in all health centers and all maternity clinics; - Equip 25 district hospitals or prefectural hospitals for obstetric emergencies; - Assign one surgeon, one anesthetist, and one midwife per district or prefectural hospital; - Introduce programs for spacing births at 600 health centers and 25 hospitals; - Build the capacities of management bodies in 43 health districts; - Prepare a three-year action plan to develop the health districts; - Provide supervision and monitoring of 43 health districts; - Continue and broaden programs for early detection, (particularly among those aged 15 to 49, pregnant women, and seropositive women), and treatment; - Continue and broaden prevention and treatment programs; - Continue and expand programs to provide micronutrient supplements, encourage breast-feeding, and promote healthy foods. ### Implementation status and key outputs (as of end-2005) - 52 health centers, 6 district hospitals, and 4 district offices were built in 2005; - 569 health centers received training in community participation; - 6 mutual associations were created as of end-2005; - The DTC 3 rate was 47.5 percent in 2005; - 900 public awareness meetings were held in the 18 regions of the country; - 3,000 posters on the immunization schedule were made; - 433 health centers were equipped with pregnancy monitoring equipment; - Postnatal consultation is offered in 98 percent of health centers and districts; - 32 of 45 hospitals are equipped to handle obstetric emergencies; - 42 of 45 district hospitals are staffed by qualified personnel; - The contraceptive prevalence rate was 2.5 percent in 2005; - 37 of 43 management bodies have been formed; - An action plan was prepared and is now available; - 42 of 43 districts are regularly monitored; - 14 of 18 hospitals are now dispensing ARVs and 52 voluntary testing centers are now in operation; - 3,125,000 condoms were sold in 2005; - 168 public awareness campaigns were conducted; - Mosquito net use in 2005 was 7 percent; - All operational health units offer malaria treatment; - Iodized salt use is 77 percent; - 16 breastfeeding outreach campaigns were conducted. - Share of health in total public expenditure rose from 4.8 percent in 2001-2002, to 8.6 percent in 2003 and 9.7 percent in 2004; expected to be 7.8 percent of appropriations in the 2005 budget. ### Results obtained — trends in health indicators (selected) - Infant/child mortality ratio (per 1,000): 214 (2000); 91 (2004) - Infant mortality (per 1,000): 129 (2000); 102 (2004) - Maternal mortality per 100,000 live births: 827 (2000); 1,099 (2004) - Number of AIDS orphans: 96,000 - Children under 5 years who are underweight: 39% (2000); 37% (2004) - Proportion of professionally assisted childbirths: 18.3% (2002); 19.6% (2003); 21% (2004) - Syphilis prevalence rate in pregnant women: 5.69% (2000); 3.83% (2001); 8.31% (2002); 5.8% (2004) - Malaria prevalence rate: 27% - Tuberculosis incidence rate (per 100,000 population): 45 (2000); 50 (2001); 56 (2002); 56 (2003) - Health coverage: 66 (2000); 72 (2001); 72 (2002); 73.4 (2003) - Ratio of inhabitants to one doctor: 26,000 (2000); 29,000 (2001); 27,000 (2002) - Ratio of inhabitants to one state-certified nurse: 6,741 (2000); 49,000 (2001) - Ratio of women of child-bearing age to one midwife: 10,000 (2000); 42,000 (2001); 9,000 (2002) - Vaccination coverage (selected vaccines, various years): - BCG: 55.3; 48.9; 54.4; 72; 38.3 - DTC: 31; 27.3; 37; 46.6; 49.9 - Polio: 31.6; 27.2; 31.8; 46.8; 47.4 - Measles: 37.4; 35.3; 47.2; 61.2; 55.8 - Yellow fever: 38.7; 35.3; 44.2; 40.4; 49.1 - Tetanus: ---; 11; 11.4; 10.3; 13.7 ### Problems encountered in implementation - Acute lack of qualified staff (healthcare personnel and managers), particularly in outlying centers; understaffing highlighted as a determinant of poverty. - Slow progress in recruitment despite budget law measures to establish recruitment quotas for health personnel in the civil service. - Delays in payment of salaries for personnel on assignment in the provinces relative to colleagues in the capital, contributing to staffing shortages. - Geographic disparities in population per healthcare provider and human development index across regions (chart referenced; Source: RDP Santé). ### Social protection and vulnerable groups - Government launched a study on social protection to define a strategy and operational programs for vulnerable groups. - Two dimensions: - Ensure sectoral strategies and programs better target the poorest. - Organize specific actions for disabled, orphans, urban unemployed, and women. - NGOs, particularly local ones, are identified as best able to manage programs for these groups; public sector–NGO partnerships proposed to define and implement coherent strategies. - Noted progress on women’s integration: increased school enrollment for girls; improved maternal and child health; planned development of microfinance; adoption of new Family and Individual Persons Code. ### Environment and natural resource management (relevant to health and poverty) - Wood fuels provide 90 percent of the energy consumed in Chad. - Gas consumption grew from 69 metric tons in 1999 to 367 metric tons in 2004; fewer than 11,000 households equipped with gas heaters, 90 percent of which are in N’Djamena. - Estimated overall area of natural forests: 23.5 million hectares, distributed as: - Closed forests, gallery forests: 21,000 ha - Open forests, wooded savannahs: 3,626,000 ha - Tree communities: 9,421,000 ha - Shrub communities: 10,192,000 ha - Additional land areas: - 15,000 hectares of reforested land; - 41,400 hectares of national parks; - 11,080,000 hectares of game reserves. - About 84 million hectares of natural pastureland. - Law 14/PR/98 to hold individuals or traditional institutions/associations responsible for environmental protection; required environmental impact studies for projects likely to affect natural, socioeconomic, or human environments. - Priority actions listed: Environmental education; Protection of human settlements; Protection of the country’s natural heritage and environment; Pollutants and environmental nuisances; Environmental assessment and emergency plans; Environmental management instruments. ### Outlook and policy recommendations (summary) - Overall assessment positive but much remains to reduce poverty and change poor households’ lives via rapid expansion of the primary sector and development of high quality social services. - Oil sector development delivered two-digit growth but has not sufficiently stimulated rural production and incomes for the population that accounts for 80 percent of Chadians. - Continued priorities: - Prudent revenue forecasts and careful management of public expenditure; - Financial support from the international community; - Expansion, diversification, consolidation, and modernization of the rural economy; - Massive, constant government and partner efforts to open up the country, reduce transport costs, and implement infrastructure programs focused on water, energy, and telecommunications; - Improved maintenance, elimination of bottlenecks in free circulation, and effective economic and financial management of sectors. - Social sectors (education and health) remain critical; progress achieved in enrollment but quality improvements in basic education required. - Health infrastructure expansion must be complemented by better infrastructure management, increased utilization, and cost recovery mindful of the poorest. - Governance priorities include transparency in financial management, effectiveness of government agencies, judicial reform, security, and redefining the role and resources of the military; implementation of defined strategies is the key challenge. *IMF staff report content.* ### 8.2 Recommendations ### 8.2 Recommendations ### Main shortcomings of the first NPRS - Despite intense initial consultations, the messages of the NPRS have not yet been fully integrated into the daily management of national institutions. - The NPRS presents an integrated, crosscutting vision of economic, social, and financial policies, but objectives will not be truly operational until sectoral ministries and development stakeholders fully incorporate NPRS objectives into sectoral and institutional priorities and budgets. - The NPRS must be enriched and made operational: overall objectives need to be translated into specific institutional and sectoral programs based on national policies approved by all departments involved and on realistic performance indicators. - The international community must continue to play an active part in implementing sectoral strategies underpinning the NPRS and recognize that although Chad may be an oil-rich country, it is still a poor country with limited resources that needs major external assistance to finance its development. - Specific activities, such as protecting vulnerable groups, are unlikely to be accomplished by the public sector alone; nongovernmental organizations—firmly established at the grassroots level—are often better placed than official administrations to deliver services on an ad-hoc basis considering the actual circumstances of individuals in the direst need. - Social protection strategies defined with the assistance of civil society would facilitate establishment of a partnership between official departments, local government authorities, and nongovernmental organizations. ### Progress noted - Most sectoral ministries have made efforts to define and update increasingly specific sectoral strategies and to gradually build poverty reduction into their priorities; however, this task has not yet been completed. - Operationalization of the NPRS will not be fully completed until sectoral strategies that build in poverty reduction objectives become the main tools for fiscal decisions. - Most ministries have been preparing program budgets, but approved and adopted budgets remain a poor reflection of program budget priorities; identification and classification of poverty-reducing expenditures may be an important tool to ensure consistency between the strategy and the budget. - It is important to continue and intensify dialogue between the government and the international community to better coordinate national programs and development aid; the first follow-up report’s recommendation to hold a roundtable meeting of donors and creditors around the themes of the NPRS remains valid. ### Recommendations voiced at the validation workshop (December 19-20, 2005) - Establish a strategy for monitoring the standards of imported seeds and food of suspect quality, given the widespread existence of genetically modified foods and crops (GM). - Boost production of gum arabic, which accounts for a large share of national production. - Allow certain ministries such as mines and geology, tourism, and housing to play a leading role in the PRSP2. - Ensure that good governance measures are effectively applied. - Combat widespread impunity, especially corruption, and strengthen the judiciary. - Establish a Ministry in Charge of Government Oversight and Ethics as a State Ministry and provide it with the appropriate resources to discharge its mandate. - Combat desertification and protect the environment by effectively implementing the provisions governing the protection of plants and wildlife. - Make domestic gas available at a reduced cost, so as to curb the use of wood charcoal by urban households. ### Timing and preparatory work for revision of the NPRS (8.3) - The revision is intended to fine-tune certain objectives and operationalize them rather than fundamentally modify orientations; an agreement between the government and its partners on a realistic schedule is required. - For the revision of the strategy, it is important that the analysis of the final results of ECOSIT 2 on poverty profiles, data on household situations, and the incidence of poverty by region be available; these data are essential to better target proposed actions. - It will be necessary to undertake a systematic re-reading of the sectoral strategies and assess both their effectiveness and their consistency with the objectives of the national strategy; integration of these strategies will enable a more accurate operational content in the second version of the NPRS. - It will be necessary to undertake a study on the sources of growth and their impact on poverty. - Revision of the NPRS will therefore be a relatively intensive activity, which is likely to last all of 2006. *Source: _cr07282 - 8.2 Recommendations* ### Annex 2: Production of major crops ### Annex 2: Production of major crops ### Production volumes by crop (Metric tons, years 1999 - 2000 to 2004 - 2005) - Pearl millet: - 1999 - 2000: 361,095 - 2000 - 2001: 258,828 - 2001 - 2002: 397,608 - 2002 - 2003: 357,425 - 2003 - 2004: 516,341 - 2004 - 2005: 297,529 - Sorghum: - 1999 - 2000: 455,634 - 2000 - 2001: 391,714 - 2001 - 2002: 497,227 - 2002 - 2003: 480,686 - 2003 - 2004: 564,717 - 2004 - 2005: 449,427 - Berebere: - 1999 - 2000: 174,781 - 2000 - 2001: 119,284 - 2001 - 2002: 205,025 - 2002 - 2003: 48,700 - 2003 - 2004: 287,419 - 2004 - 2005: 265,949 - Paddy rice: - 1999 - 2000: 158,282 - 2000 - 2001: 963,120 - 2001 - 2002: 112,167 - 2002 - 2003: 134,880 - 2003 - 2004: 126,024 - 2004 - 2005: 91,083 - Wheat: - 1999 - 2000: 3,585 - 2000 - 2001: 2,688 - 2001 - 2002: 3,562 - 2002 - 2003: 4,000 - 2003 - 2004: 2,890 - 2004 - 2005: - - Maize: - 1999 - 2000: 94,151 - 2000 - 2001: 64,014 - 2001 - 2002: 105,295 - 2002 - 2003: 84,349 - 2003 - 2004: 117,978 - 2004 - 2005: 107,422 - Fonio: - 1999 - 2000: 2,270 - 2000 - 2001: 363 - 2001 - 2002: 1,172 - 2002 - 2003: 350 - 2003 - 2004: 2,770 - 2004 - 2005: 1,979 ### Aggregate crop totals (Metric tons) - Total cereals: - 1999 - 2000: 1,229,813 - 2000 - 2001: 929,515 - 2001 - 2002: 1,322,056 - 2002 - 2003: 1,217,140 - 2003 - 2004: 1,618,139 - 2004 - 2005: 1,212,904 - Groundnuts: - 1999 - 2000: 21,218 - 2000 - 2001: 33,014 - 2001 - 2002: 448,089 - 2002 - 2003: 379,968 - 2003 - 2004: 414,868 - 2004 - 2005: 385,103 - Sesame seeds: - 1999 - 2000: 371,852 - 2000 - 2001: 358,791 - 2001 - 2002: 448,089 - 2002 - 2003: 24,493 - 2003 - 2004: 21,062 - 2004 - 2005: 17,548 - Oilseeds (Total): - 1999 - 2000: 393,070 - 2000 - 2001: 391,805 - 2001 - 2002: 491,479 - 2002 - 2003: 444,560 - 2003 - 2004: 436,028 - 2004 - 2005: 402,651 --- ### Annex 3: Completed matrix of NPRS performance indicators (selected indicators and values) ### Agriculture and natural resources - Yield per crop: - Sources: EPA; SSA/DPA - Values: See attached statement; See attached statement - Farm mechanization rate: - Sources: EPA; ONDR - Values: 24%; 24% - Number of watering points developed for livestock: - Sources: Adm. reports; DES/D.Hydraul - Values: 25 st 34 p; 34 - Total developed/reforested area: - Sources: Adm. reports; MEE - Values: 24%; 24% - Area covered by protected natural growth: - Sources: Adm. reports; MEE - Values: Na; 9; Na ### Environment and resources - Proportion of forested areas: - Sources: Adm. reports; MEE - Values: Na; Na - Access to drinking water: - Sources: Period analysis; MEE/SDEA - Values: 32%; 36% ### Energy - Proportion of households with gas cooking stove: - Sources: Survey; Dir/energy; INSEED - Values: 9.5%°; Na - Proportion of households with a telephone: - Sources: Period analysis; OTRT/MPNTC - Values: 8.6%°; 15%° ### Education and training - Gross enrollment rate: - Sources: School statistics; DAPRO/MEN - Values: 82.5%; 87.58% - Rate of admission to CP1: - Sources: School statistics; DAPRO/MEN - Values: 90.8%; 107% - Primary school drop-out rate: - Sources: School statistics; DAPRO/MEN - Values: 11.5%; 13.0% - Primary school completion rate: - Sources: School statistics; DAPRO/MEN - Values: Na; 42.6% - Girl/Boy ratio (parity index): - Sources: School statistics; DAPRO/MEN - Values: 0.65; 0.67 - Average distance traveled to reach the most distant school: - Sources: School statistics; DAPRO/MEN - Value: 5.5 km - Proportion of trained community teachers: - Sources: School statistics; DAPRO/MEN - Values: (not provided) ### Health - Immunization coverage (PEV targeted diseases) — monthly activity reports; Health districts, Health centers: - BCG: 72% (2003), 38.3% (2004) - DTC3: 46.6% (2003), DTC 3 49.9% (2004) - Polio 3: 46.8% (2003), Polio 3 47.4% (2004) - Measles: 61.2% (2003), Measles 55.8% (2004) - Yellow fever: 40.4% (2003), Yellow fever 49.1% (2004) - VAT 2+: 10.3% (2003), VAT 2+ 13.7% (2004) - Proportion of professionally assisted childbirths: - Sources: SIS; DSIS/MSP - Value: 19.6% - Syphilis prevalence rate in pregnant women: - Sources: SIS; DSIS/MSP - Value: 5.8% - Malaria prevalence rate: - Sources: Survey; DSIS/MSP - Value: 27% - Tuberculosis incidence rate: - Sources: Survey; PNL tuberculosis - Values: 56 p100,000; 56p100,000 - Health coverage rate: - Sources: SIS; DSIS/MSP - Value: 73.4% - Ratio of inhabitants to 1 doctor: - Sources: SIS; DSIS/MSP - Value: 27,000 - Ratio of inhabitants to 1 state-certified nurse: - Sources: SIS; DSIS/MSP - Value: 4,900 - Ratio of women of childbearing age to 1 midwife: - Sources: SIS; DSIS/MSP - Value: 9,000 ### Employment and macroeconomic indicators - Employment Success rate: - Sources: Stat. yearbook; ONAPE/MFPT - Values: Na; 9.99% - Rate of inflation: - Sources: Econ.digests; INSEED - Values: -1.8%; -5.3% - GDP growth rate: - Sources: Econ. digests; INSEED - Values: 15.4%; 33.4% - GDP per capita: - Sources: Econ. digests; INSEED - Values: 112,408; 141,999 - Industrial production index: - Sources: Econ. digests; INSEED - Values: 100.6%; 91.8% - Investment rate: - Sources: Econ. digests; INSEED - Values: 0.42%; 0.26% - Debt service/exports: - Sources: Balance of payments; BEAC - Values: 3.7; 1.3 ### Transport and infrastructure - Length of paved national roads (in km): - Sources: Adm. reports; DGR/MI - Values: 557; 650 - Length of rehabilitated and maintained rural tracks and roads: - Sources: Adm. reports; DGR/MI - Value: 2,750 km ### Governance, justice, and fiscal management (selected values) - Proportion of unexecuted court decisions: - Sources: Adm. reports; Min. Justice - Values: (not provided) - Share of central government budget allocated to the sectors (% GDP): - Sources: Government finance statistics; DG/BUDGET INSEED - Values: Na; 0.24% - Central government budget execution rate compared with payments: - Sources: Government finance statistics; DG/BUDGET/ Min. finance - Value: 58% *Source: _cr07282 - Annex 2: Production of major crops* ### Annex 4: Matrix for monitoring NPRS priority actions ### Annex 4: Matrix for monitoring NPRS priority actions ### I. Promote good governance — A. Make government agencies effective and efficient - Continue civil service reform - Actions: Perform organizational and staffing audits of the priority ministries - Timetable: 2003 - Persons in charge: CESRAP - Performance indicators: Number of priority ministries audited - Status: 9 ministries audited - Audit other ministries - Timetable: 2004 - Persons in charge: CESRAP - Performance indicators: Number of other ministries audited - Status: Not completed - Apply audit results - Timetable: 2003-2004 - Persons in charge: CESRAP - Performance indicators: Number of measures taken and applied - Status: Not completed - Introduce an employment regime compatible with the NPRS - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: CESRAP - Performance indicators: Law instituting employment framework enters into force - Status: Not completed - Apply the principle of merit-based promotion - Timetable: 2003 - Persons in charge: CESRAP - Performance indicators: Law instituting merit-based promotion enters into force - Status: Not completed - Apply the system for motivating government employees, in particular in priority sectors - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: CESRAP - Performance indicators: Revision of wage scale for education, health, and other sectors - Status: Not completed - Strengthen institutional capacities of ministries involved in implementing reforms - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: SENAREC and ministries - Performance indicators: Number of ministries whose new organization charts have been adopted and implemented - Status: Ongoing - Enhance professional qualifications of civil service, private sector, and civil society employees - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: SENAREC and ministries - Performance indicators: Initial and in-service training programs for government employees defined and implemented - Status: Planning of DAAFM training ongoing - Introduce a manual of procedures for public expenditure execution - Timetable: 2003 - Persons in charge: MEF - Performance indicators: Manual prepared and disseminated in ministries - Status: In drafting stage - Build capacity at the General Finance Inspectorate and the Audit Office - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: Office of the PM, MEF, SENAREC - Performance indicators: Number of personnel trained and provided with adequate working tools; Annual publication of an IGF report and a report from the Audit Office - Status: Ongoing - Fight corruption: create and make operational a structure for investigating corruption cases - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: Office of the PM, MJ - Performance indicators: Number of corruption cases investigated - Status: Ongoing ### I. Promote good governance — B. Improve the legal environment - Conduct an expenditure review of the justice sector - Timetable: 2003 - Persons in charge: Ministry of Justice - Performance indicators: Report on the review of justice sector expenditure available - Status: Ongoing - Prepare a justice sector program (participatory, after the Forums) - Timetable: 2003-2004 - Persons in charge: Ministry of Justice - Performance indicators: Sectoral program adopted - Status: Ongoing - Initiate implementation of the justice sector program - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: Ministry of Justice - Performance indicators: Inaugural seminar - Status: (no explicit completion status) - Guarantee security of people and property: outreach on human rights - Timetable: 2003 - Persons in charge: Ministry of defense and security HCND; ADH - Performance indicators: Frequency of and support provided for outreach campaigns - Status: Completed - Carry out disarmament of the civilian population - Timetable: 2003 - Persons in charge: Ministry of defense and security - Performance indicators: Number of disarmament campaigns organized and of cities disarmed - Status: Ongoing - Implement National Strategic Plan for Combating Mines and Unexploded Ordnance - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: MPDC, HCND - Performance indicators: Land areas (km) demined and cleared of ordnance - Status: Ongoing - Strictly enforce regulations on bearing arms - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: Ministry of Public Security - Performance indicators: Amount of illegally borne arms recovered - Status: Ongoing - Introduce a code of conduct for mediating farmer–livestock breeder conflicts - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: Mediation Office, human rights associations - Performance indicators: Code developed and disseminated among traditional chiefs - Status: Completed - Make the national army more professional; continue demobilization and reintegration policy - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: Ministry of Defense, MPDC - Performance indicators: Number of soldiers demobilized and number of soldiers reintegrated - Status: The military forums were held in April 2005. A committee was established to monitor implementation of the recommendations. - Complete decentralization and deconcentration: build capacities and prepare master plan - Timetable: 2004-2006 - Persons in charge: Office of the Prime Minister/Ministry of Decentralization (MD) - Performance indicators: Technical departments of the Ministry responsible for decentralization are operational; Plan prepared and in process of implementation - Status: Various steps reported as Completed (draw up and adopt regulations; draft/finalize legislative/regulatory provisions giving financial autonomy) and ongoing (personnel training and in-service training for elected officials — Municipal personnel have not yet been elected) ### II. Ensure strong and sustainable growth — A. Stabilize the macroeconomic framework - Implement agreed institutional and structural reforms (PRGF, CAS, CARI) - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: Government - Performance indicators: Observe implementation timetables - Status: Completed - Increase public investment in infrastructure and human capital training - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: MEF, MPDC - Performance indicators: Level of domestic resources allocated to investment and to social sectors - Status: Ongoing - Increase revenue by improving efficiency of assessment, settlement, and collection units - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: MEF - Performance indicators: Tax revenue/GDP ratio of ... ... - Status: Ongoing - Conduct review of public expenditure in other priority sectors - Timetable: 2003 - Persons in charge: MEF, Sectoral ministries CP/NPRS - Status: Completed in some ministries (Health, Education, TPT, Justice) - Broaden public expenditure review to other sectors - Timetable: 2004-2005 - Persons in charge: MEF, Sectoral ministries CP/NPRS - Status: Not Completed - Build on program budgeting experiment in priority sectors (integration into Budget Law) - Timetable: 2003-2004 - Persons in charge: MEF, Ministries of Education, Health, Infrastructure, Rural Development, CP/NPRS - Status: Completed - Generalize program budgets through the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) - Timetable: 2005-2008 - Persons in charge: MEF, Sectoral ministries, CP/NPRS - Performance indicators: Draft budget law prepared in accordance with MTEF recommendations - Status: Completed - Apply the oil revenue management law (LGRP) - Timetable: 2004-2015 - Persons in charge: MEF, CCSRP, CP/NPRS Parliament, Audit Office - Performance indicators: Increased budget allocations for priority sectors: Education, 20%% Health and Social Affairs, 20% Rural Development (agriculture and livestock), 12% Environment and Water, 10% - Status: Completed in 2004/2005 - Introduce computerized monitoring and assessment of the use of oil revenues - Timetable: 2003 - Persons in charge: MEF, CCSRP - Performance indicators: Mechanism discussed with spending and functional ministries - Status: Completed (See CCSRP report) - Introduce computerized monitoring and assessment of the use of HIPC resources - Timetable: 2003 - Persons in charge: MEF, CCSRP, CP/NPRS - Performance indicators: Mechanism discussed with spending and functional ministries - Status: The CID is functional but experiencing problems - Eliminate domestic debt arrears - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: MEF, CNRT - Performance indicators: Pensions regularly paid to retirees,, Debts to suppliers paid in their entirety - Status: Not completed - Participate in deepening African economic integration (CEMAC, NEPAD) - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: Office of the Prime Minister, MEF Ministry of Foreign Affairs and African Integration - Performance indicators: Application at the national level of the directives negotiated within the economic integration structures - Status: Not completed - Conduct balance of payments policy compatible with competitiveness - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: MEF, MPDC, Sectoral ministries - Performance indicators: Increase in non-oil exports; Improvement in the balance of payments — Gum arabic, livestock ### II. Ensure strong and sustainable growth — B. Promote the Private Sector - Create a one-stop shop at the CCIAMA - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: CCIAM, MEF, MICA - Performance indicators: One-stop shop created, in operation, and located at the CCIAMA - Status: Completed - Create a guarantee fund - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: CCIAMA, Banks - Performance indicators: Guarantee fund created and operational - Status: Completed - Create commercial tribunals - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: Ministry of Justice - Performance indicators: Number of commercial tribunals created and in operation - Status: 18 commercial tribunals created, of which 5 are in operation in N’djamena, Moundou, Abéché, Bongor, and Sarh. - Extend banking and insurance network throughout the national territory - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: MEF, BEAC; Banks and financial institutions, Association of Banking Professionals - Performance indicators: Number of branches of commercial banks and insurance companies established - Status: Ongoing - Increase number of microfinance units - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: MEF, MICA, CELIAF, REPAFEM - Performance indicators: Number of microfinance units created - Status: 55 COOPEC - Diversify banking and insurance products and services - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: MEF, BEAC; Banks and financial institutions, Association of Banking Professionals - Performance indicators: Number of new products created - Status: Unclear - Prepare and implement integrated trade framework paper - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: MICA, MEF, CCIAMA, Economic promoters - Performance indicators: Framework paper adopted and implemented - Status: Completed; document adopted in October 2005 ### II. Ensure strong and sustainable growth — C. Develop basic infrastructure - Strengthen institutional, technical, and human capacities in infrastructure ministries - Timetable: 2003-2005 (and 2005-2007 for MATUH) - Persons in charge: Ministry of Infrastructure, MATUH, Ministry of Mines, Ministry of Posts - Performance indicators: Number of supervisors, engineers, and other technicians reassigned or trained; preparation and implementation of multi-year training plans - Status: Plans prepared/implemented; Ministry of Mines and Energy: no training tool, building close to collapse; Ministry of Posts and New Communication Technologies requires substantial support - Complete ongoing rehabilitation and construction of key roads (Kélo-Moundou, Moundou-Bolarobou, Massaguet-Ngoura) - Timetable: 2004-2006 - Persons in charge: Ministry of Infrastructure General Directorate of Roads - Performance indicators: Length of roads refurbished; Length of roads paved for accessing remote areas - Status: Work in progress; paving may cover the 737 km planned in 2005; Paving of the Moundou-Kélo segment (100 km) completed since 2004; Moundou–Cameroon Border project (118 km) should be completed in 2005; continuation of upgrades including Massaguet–Bisney (87 km), Biney–N’Goura (38 km) and N’Goura–Bokoro (104 km) - Start new road projects and finalize studies for major links (Ngoura-Bokoro, Bokoro-Mongo, Mongo-Abéché, Abéché-Adré-Sudan border, Moundou-Doba, Doba-Sarh, Massaguet-Massakory) - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: Ministry of Infrastructure - Performance indicators: Effective startup of construction on roads mentioned; Finalization of paving studies - Status: Bokoro- Mongo (201 km) completed; Mongo –Abéché (387 km) completed; Moundou –Doba (100 km) ongoing; Doba –Sarh (200km) ongoing; Masssaguet–Massakoty (67 km) ongoing; Preparation of a program to service the 17 regions and define a priority investment program - Rehabilitation of dirt roads in national network - Timetable: 2004-2006 - Persons in charge: DGR/DER FER - Performance indicators: 204 km of refurbished rural roads in Mayo–Kebbi in 2004; Preparation of a five-year (2006-2010) investment plan for rural roads totaling CFAF 4 billion annually - Status: Ongoing; plan to finance between 3,000 and 4,000 km of rural roads financed by oil revenues; some projects include an internal “rural roads” component - Establish a priority investment program for rural roads - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: Ministry of Infrastructure decentralized territorial governments - Performance indicators: Priority investment program to build rural roads adopted - Status: Ongoing - Consolidate financial resources of the Road Maintenance Fund (FER) and build capacities - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: MTP, MEF, FER - Performance indicators: Linear length of national roads in good condition; Resources devoted to road maintenance - Status: FER underfunded since 2001; provided CFAF 200 million for 2004-2005; plans to maintain 2,600 km annually; reported maintenance: In 2004: 2,300 km (8.4%); in 2005 2,000 km (76.9%) with planned allocation increase from CFAF 4 billion to CFAF 6 billion (increase of 33.3%); Road maintenance project maintained 441 km allowing speeds of up to 60km/h; project final completion planned for December 31, 2005 (rider signed June 6, 2005) - Establish a Road Maintenance Agency - Timetable: 2005 - Persons in charge: MTPT - Performance indicators: Agency established and in operation - Status: Establishment of an Autonomous Road Maintenance Agency Ongoing - Improve road safety: prepare and implement passenger and goods transport code; outreach and legal provisions - Timetable: 2002-2004 (code); 2005 (IEC outreach) - Persons in charge: Min.Infr/Directorate of Overland Transport; M.Inf, Ministry of the Interior - Performance indicators: Road safety has improved; More road-safety awareness; Revised national transport strategy - Status: Multiple legal provisions issued (Decisions N°042/MTPHTU/SG/DTS/2001; N°061/MTPHTU/SG/01; N°026/MTPT/DG/DTS/02; Decision N°032/PM/03; Decision 039/MTPT/SG/DTS/04; Decision 040/MIPI/SG/DTS/04; Decision 019/MTPT/SG/DTS/04). Problems with dissemination and compliance; national transport strategy revised and adopted in 2005. - Expand access to water in rural areas: build or rehabilitate 800 tube wells and 50 large diameter wells per year - Timetable: 2003-2004 - Persons in charge: Ministry of the Environment and Water (MEE) - Performance indicators: Number of tube wells built or rehabilitated - Status: Completion of 415 projects, including 15 water towers in rural areas (2003/2004), increasing access to drinking water from 29 to 36 in 2004 - Make the population responsible for managing water access points - Timetable: 2003-2015 - Persons in charge: MEE - Performance indicators: Percentage of villages with a water access point management committee - Status: Once the projects were handed over, the beneficiaries were given the task of managing them - Improve quality of housing; implement National Housing Strategy (SNL) - Timetable: 2005-2006 - Persons in charge: MATUH/Decentralized territorial governments - Performance indicators: Improvement in housing; Urban Development and Housing Improvement Pilot Project: Clear 1,000 lots in N’Djaména; Build 100 houses; Restructuring of the old quarter in Abéché - Status: Activities planned to start in 2005; emphasis on financing housing and research on local materials - Support urban development and land-use planning; finalize regulatory and legislative framework - Timetable: 2005-2006 - Persons in charge: MTUH, development partners - Performance indicators: 13 drafts prepared and revised, currently before the Cabinet; Preparation of land-use planning and space management tools: SNAT, SDAR, Land-Use and Urban Planning blueprints for 4 major cities and 10 secondary cities, and the Strategic Development Plan - Status: Drafts before Cabinet; documents in preparation - Sanitation of major urban centers; provide integrated drinking water and sanitation systems - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: MATUH, MEE, Municipal governments, Sanitation Committee, NGOs - Performance indicators: Broad-based urban sanitation program implemented - Status: Program implemented between 2002 and 2004 with AFD financing; start-up of “N’Djaména Basic Services and Urban Environment” project — agreement signed in June 2005 - Create sewer and drainage systems (VRD); dispose of household, industrial, commercial waste, and excrement - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: MATUH, MEE, Ministry of Decentralization MAT - Performance indicators: VRDs created in main towns; household waste, industrial and commercial waste, waste water and excrement evacuated and recycled - Status: Construction of sewer drain headers in eastern districts of N’Djamena and clearing of 100 lots on 55 Ha of serviced land. Planned 2005 actions include paving of N’Djari canal bed (AFD financing, government counterpart); construction of drain headers in Moundou, septic tanks in Sarh, gutters/waste disposal in N’Djaména, and water supply infrastructure - Energy: prepare status report on regional solar energy program; prepare national energy strategy and rural electrification plan; implement STEE emergency program - Timetable: Status report 2003-2005; National strategy 2005-2006 - Persons in charge: Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME), STEE, partners - Performance indicators: Status report available; National new and renewable energies program adopted; National Energy Strategy and Decentralized Rural Electrification Plan prepared - Status: Sector underdeveloped; wood fuels account for 90% of Chad’s total energy consumption; conventional sources account for 10%; initiatives include building a new power plant in Farcha, negotiations on interconnections with Cameroon, development of Sédigui oilfield, construction of Farcha mini-refinery, conclusive research into use of crude oil from Doba or Sédigui; National Gas Program helped reduce wood fuel consumption but should have been expanded and subsidized; Implementation of the STEE emergency program is ongoing - Posts and New Communication Technologies: deregulate value-added services; pilot rural telephony; make postal and financial services autonomous; select strategic partners; establish autonomous regulatory institution - Timetable: 2003-2005 (deregulation); 2003-2004 (strategic partners, regulatory institution) - Persons in charge: MPNTC; SOTEL Chad, mobile telephony companies; relevant ministries, units responsible for privatization; Office of the Prime Minister - Performance indicators: Deregulated access to value-added services; Project designed and implemented; Autonomous postal and financial services; Strategic partners selected for each subsector; Regulatory institution in place - Status: Celtel domiciled; Millicom –Tigo established on October 15, 2005; Of the 24 VSATs planned for secondary cities, 15 installed (63%); Celtel expanded network; Postal and financial services reform ongoing; revision of law 008/PR/98; private contract for airports concession signed on May 28, 2001 with ASECNA covering multiple airports; law establishing the Chad Civil Aviation Authority adopted by the Assembly ### II. Ensure strong and sustainable growth — D. Sustainably increase rural output - Carry out agricultural and pastoral water supply components of the master plan for water - Timetable: 2004-2006 - Persons in charge: GR/ONDR/SODELAC - Performance indicators: Agricultural water supply improvements available - Status: Sites listed: Bongor, Kolobo, Hamatié, Chadra, Ambédam, Zafaya, Darda, Abédaya - Increase investment in agricultural and pastoral water supply improvements - Timetable: 2004-2006 - Persons in charge: GR/ONDR/SODELAC - Performance indicators: Land areas improved: Bongor (2,000 ha), Kolobo (2,000 ha), Hamatié (100 ha), Chadra (50 ha), Ambadam (30 ha), Zafaya (30 ha), Darda (15 ha), 450 ha (Nya Doba), 585 ha under PVERS (water and surface runoff) development, 75 ha under PSSA (food security program) development - Expand access to high quality agricultural equipment and inputs - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: ONDR - Performance indicators: Programs defined and disseminated, compost available; Organic fertilizing techniques used on 154.5 ha - Status: Agricultural equipment imported using HIPC funds: Plows (1.3500) Ox-drawn carts (1070) Horse-drawn carts ( 600) Houe occidentale ( 3000) Trailers (800) Super eco seeders (150) Riding hoe (corps butteur) (1500) Groundnut sheller (150) - Locally produce agricultural equipment and inputs - Timetable: 2003-2004 - Persons in charge: ONDR - Performance indicators: Quantity of equipment and inputs produced - Status: See imported equipment figures above - Deconcentrate support structures toward agricultural and pastoral areas - Timetable: 2004-2005 - Persons in charge: ONDR/DEPP - Performance indicators: Number of deconcentrated support structures in agricultural and pastoral areas - Status: 7 rural development regions, 45 rural development districts, 191 rural development zones; 27 veterinary districts, 155 veterinary stations - Create storage structures - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: SODELAC/DEPP/ONDR - Performance indicators: Community silos, warehouses, granaries - Status: 10 warehouses with capacity for 200 T; and 4 with capacity for 2500T (ONSA), 35 warehouses (PDRDL) and 2 warehouses (Doum Doum Project) - Introduce a rural communications system - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: MC - Performance indicators: Rural radio, small Audio-visual studio, farmer newsletters; Weekly broadcast of rural radio every Thursday - Status: Ongoing - Expand access to credit and appropriate financial services: create and install credit and financial services structures - Timetable: 2003-2005 - Persons in charge: ONDR - Performance indicators: Number of structures created and installed in urban and rural areas - Status: 55 COOPEC 1 CDCR - Diversify agricultural production - Timetable/Status: (Action listed; no further numerical indicator provided in the excerpt) *Annex 4: Matrix for monitoring NPRS priority actions — source PDF content* ### Introduction of new plant and animal species ### Introduction of new plant and animal species ### Agriculture and subsector development - Actions and timetable: - Introduction of sugar-cane and sesame seed cultivation in Guéra (2003-2005) — MA. - Support provided to rural producers: Organizational support, support in gaining legal recognition, technical support (training) (2003-2005) — MA. - Strengthen support services for the agricultural sector (2003-2005) — MA. Support provided for agricultural services: Capacity-building component of the PSAOP. - Develop new subsectors; Complete the reform of the cotton subsector (2003) — MCIA/Cotontchad. Reform ongoing; Roadmap prepared and privatization planned for 2007. - Initiate studies with a view to identifying promising subsectors (2003-2005) — MA; MEE; MICA. Number of studies conducted. Subsectors identified: poultry; peri-urban livestock breeding, spiruline, beef cattle. - Continue support to the gum arabic subsector (2003-2005) — MEE. Annual production: Production : 18,000 metric tons in 2005. - Develop short-cycle livestock rearing (2003-2005) — ME. Project on short-cycle livestock rearing under way. Study conducted but no project under way. - Plant health protection: - Combat major pests (desert locusts) (2004-2006) — MA. Surface areas sprayed: Batha 6,735 ha; BET : 4,820 ha WADI FIRA : 5,669 ha Total: 17,224 ha. - Combat endemic pests (rodents and grasshoppers) (2004-2006) — MA. Nature of control efforts: Information-training; Advisory support; comprehensive and traditional campaign. ### Human Capital Development — Health - Establish an effective healthcare system — key actions, indicators, and status: - Build or rehabilitate and equip 50 health centers, 5 district hospitals or prefectural hospitals, and 15 district offices (2003-2005) — MSP. Performance indicator: Good quality health services available. Status: 52 health centers, 6 district hospitals, and 4 district offices were built in 2005. - Train the 600 COSANs/COGES for 600 health centers in community participation and the management of health services (2003-2005) — MSP. Number of health centers having received community participation training. Status: 569 health centers have been provided with training in community participation. - Make 10 district hospitals or prefectural hospitals autonomous (2003-2005) — MSP. Number of autonomous hospitals with the technical support and resources. Status: No prefecture or district hospital became autonomous in 2005. - Encourage the creation of health mutual associations among less advantaged population groups (2002-2005) — MSP. Number of health mutual associations created. Status: 6 health mutual associations created by end-2005. - Strengthen protection of children and pregnant women against vaccine-preventable diseases and malnutrition (2003-2005) — MSP. Target: Increase of 20 percentage points in rate of anti-antigen vaccination coverage. Indicator: DTC 3 rate is 47% in 2005. - Strengthen surveillance and early warning systems for endemic or potentially epidemic diseases (2002-2005) — MSP. Number of outreach campaigns carried out in high-risk zones. Status: 900 outreach meetings were held throughout the 18 regions of the country - 3,000 posters on the vaccination schedule were displayed. - Equip 600 health centers with equipment for monitoring pregnancies and childbirth (2003-2005) — MSP. Number of health centers equipped, pregnancies monitored, and childbirths assisted. Status: 433 health centers were equipped with pregnancy monitoring equipment. - Provide postnatal consultation in all health centers and all maternity clinics (2003-2005) — MSP. Number of postnatal consultations by health structures. Status: Postnatal consultation offered in 98% of health centers and districts. - Equip 25 district hospitals or prefectural hospitals for obstetric emergencies (2003-2005) — MSP. Number of district or prefectural hospitals equipped. Status: 32 of 45 hospitals are equipped for obstetric emergencies. - Assign one surgeon, one anesthetist, and one midwife per district or prefectural hospital (2003-2005) — MSP. Number of district or prefectural hospitals suitably staffed by qualified personnel. Status: 42 of 45 district hospitals are suitably staffed by qualified personnel. - Introduce programs for spacing births at 600 health centers and 25 hospitals (2003-2005) — MSP. Contraceptive prevalence rate. Status: The 2005 contraceptive prevalence rate was 2.5%. - Build the capacities of management bodies in 43 districts (2003-2005) — MSP, MFE, CCSRP. Number of management bodies receiving training. Status: 37 of 43 management bodies trained. - Develop a three-year action plan for the development of health districts (2003-2005) — MSP. Action plan available. Status: Action plan prepared and available. - Provide supervision and monitoring of 43 health districts (2003-2005) — MSP. Number of districts regularly monitored. Status: 42 of 43 districts are regularly monitored. - Disease-specific actions and outcomes: - Combat HIV/AIDS (2003-2005) — M S.P./ MASF PNLS, PPLS, CELIAF ADH. Indicators: Rate of introduction of AIDS units in health facilities; Annual number of condoms distributed; Annual number of outreach campaigns. Status: 14 out of 18 hospitals dispensing Art s and 52 Voluntary testing centers functional - 3,125,000 condoms sold in 2005 -168 outreach campaigns conducted - Condom use: Men: 6% ; Women: 0.4%. - Fight against malaria (2005-2005) — MSP. Use of treated mosquito netting; Number of health structures with malaria units. Status: The 2005 usage rate for mosquito netting was 7% All functional health structures have malaria units, i.e. 100%. - Fight against malnutrition (2003-2005) — MSP. Iodized salt use; Number of breast-feeding outreach campaigns. Status: Iodized salt use is 65% ; 16 breast-feeding outreach campaigns conducted. ### Human Capital Development — Education - Promotion of equitable access and elementary school attendance: - Build 3,772 classrooms, rehabilitate 3,000, and equip all of them in the target zones (2002/3-2005/6) — MEN APE. Indicators: Number of students per class, Proportion of qualified teachers, Proportion of community teachers. Status: 1,806 classrooms built. - Train at least 7,000 community teachers on the instructional staff (2002/3-2005/6) — MEN APE. Number of community teachers trained. Status: 4,000 level-1 community teachers trained. - Reduce by 15 percentage points the gap in school access between girls and boys (2002/3-2005/6) — MEN APE. Gap in percentage points between TBSG (boy enrollment) and TBSF (girl enrollment), which was 33.7 in 1999/2000 and 36.4 in 2003/2004. Status: The boy/girl parity index point fell from 1.5 to 1.35 over the period (TAM: 11%). - Improvement in effectiveness and quality: - Create a National Curriculum Center for Chadian bilingual curricula and special curricula for experimental programs (2002/3-2005/6) — MEN APE. National Curriculum Center functional in 2002/2003, Experimentation with new programs beginning in 2005-2006. Status: National Curriculum Center functional in 2004. Preparation of the new curricula ongoing, and CP textbooks in Arabic and French expected to be tested in 2006-2007. - Make new textbooks for reading, mathematics, and science available in primary and secondary schools (2002/3-2005/6) — MEN APE. One reading text, one mathematics text, and one science text per student in primary school. Status: The order for about 3 million books is being filled. One book in each subject for every three students in secondary school. - Provide initial training for 2,000 community teachers in normal schools, 6,400 teachers, 480 teacher trainers, and supervisory personnel (2002/3-2005/6) — MEN APE. Number of teachers, trainers, community teachers, and supervisory personnel trained. Status: 850 Level II community teachers trained, and 3,400 teachers trained in the Ennis; 202 ENI teacher trainers trained. - Develop and implement procedures manuals on planning, management, assessment, and monitoring the performance of the educational system (2002/3-2005/6) — MEN APE. Procedures manual applied. Status: Not completed. - Train at least 2,000 managers at MEN and provide 30 high-level supervisors with long-term training (2002/3-2005/6) — MEN APE. Number of managers trained; Number of high level supervisors trained. Status: Not completed. - Make 29 departmental delegations in national education operational in management, administration, and planning. Adoption of a new organizational chart for the Dens in 2004. Status: (No completion status provided). - Introduce a permanent mechanism for annual review of expenditure and preparation of a medium-term program budget. Mechanism operational. Reconstitution of the PER and Program Budget team in 2005. ### Labor Market and Training - Actions and indicators: - Increase technical education and vocational training (ETFP) intake capacities with trained and equipped instructors (2005-2006) — MEN, APE. Number of students able to enroll in ETFP. Status: Not available. - Increase basic knowledge of 15,000 youths aged 8 to 14 by means of EBNF (2005-2006) — MEN, APE. Number of youths aged 8 to 14 enrolled in EBNF. Status: Not available. - Provide literacy training to at least 50,000 persons age 15 to 50, of whom 60 percent are women (2002/3-2005/6) — MEN? APE. Number of literacy training recipients; Number of female literacy training recipients. Status: 126,913, including 70.970 women (56%). - Test bilingual curricula in CP classes (2005/6) — MEN, APE. Bilingual curricula tested. Status: Ongoing. - Study supply of and demand for trades and labor (2003-2005) — Ministry of Civil Service. Study report. Status: Ongoing. - Prepare and implement a vocational training strategy (2003-2005) — M.F.P.T MEN, private sector. Strategy adopted. Status: Nearing completion. ### Improve living conditions of vulnerable groups - Integrated urban development: - Develop urban infrastructure and services (2003-2005) — MATUH, MTPT. Urban development program ongoing. - Prepare and implement land management and urban development plans (2003-2005) — MAT,UH. Plans developed and implemented. Status: Not completed. - Support for microenterprises, SMEs, and employment: - Support management and emergence of professional service providers (2003-2005) — MEF, MCIA. Number of professionals. Status: Not completed. - Resume ATETIP activities (2003-2005) — MPDC. ATETIP activities resumed. Status: Not completed. - Rehabilitate technical training and apprenticeship centers (2003-2005) — MEN, MFPTME. Number of centers rehabilitated. Status: 3 rehabilitated and 10 being built. - Create an economic and technological documentation and information center (2004-2005) — MEF, MCIA. Center in operation. Status: Ongoing. - Disseminate educational programs to promote a culture of entrepreneurship (2003-2005) — MCIA, CCIAMA. Dissemination of educational program. Status: Completed. - Improve consensus-building and coordination of actions in support of Miss (2003) — MEF, MCIA. Cooperation and coordination improved. Status: Ongoing. - Social protection and legal reform: - Lead IEC campaigns on key risk-prevention measures (2003-2005) — MC, MASF. Number of campaigns conducted. Status: Not completed. - Revise family law and land law (2003-2005) — MASF, MJ. Laws revised. Status: Not completed. - Adapt the social security and pension systems (2003-2005) — MFPTM, MEF. Social security and pensions systems adapted. Status: Ongoing. - Support existing informal crisis-response systems (2003-2005). Status: Not completed. - Guarantee government assistance in case of major disasters (2003-2005) — MEF. Warning mechanisms available. Status: Warning mechanisms operational. ### Restore and safeguard ecosystems / Natural resource management - Regulatory and institutional measures (2003-05) — MEE: - Pass laws transferring certain choices for natural resource management to users. Legal and regulatory provisions adopted and entered in force. Status: Law 36/PR/94 Decree 107. - Establish local natural resource management committees. Number of committees, groups, and associations established. Status: 52 Cads established by the PSAOP. - Build capacity of institutions in charge of natural resource management. Number of supervisors and employees trained, resources allocated, number of groups and associations trained. Status: 300 forest rangers recruited and trained in 2005, 325 forest rangers recruited and trained in 2005. - Introduce an environmental information system (2003-05) — MEE. Environmental database available. Status: The following databases are available: Groundwater; Surface water; Climatology; Treaties; Projects; Gum arabic; Persistent Organic Pollutants; Monitor lizards [Varna’s]; Fishery resources. - Draft a national program to mobilize the population in support of the environment (2003-05) — MEE. Existence of national programs. Status: Program to combat desertification; Wildlife protection and conservation program; Fisheries promotion program; Water resources program; Climatology and meteorological program. - Sustainable energy and forest revenue: - Promote sustainable firewood production (2003-05) — MEE/MA. Land area devoted to firewood production. Status: 700,000 hectares in the 100 villages supervised. - Develop forest resources as a source of revenue for rural communities (2003-05) — MEE/MA. Proportion of revenue allocated to rural communities. Status: Law 36 allocates 50% of revenue to rural communities. - Increase involvement of rural populations in natural resource management (2003-05) — MEE/MA. Legal provisions on monitoring forested areas drafted for local land. Status: The provisions transferring the powers to the communities, the demarcation of village lands, the village development plans, the natural resources management agreements were drafted and are available. - Ensure that the tax system applicable to wood and wood byproducts has a regulatory role (2003-05) — MEE. Taxation of wood and wood byproducts. Status: Law 36 establishes taxation. ### Monitoring and periodic assessment of NPRS implementation - Monitoring and assessment role: - Conduct quantitative and qualitative surveys to assess the extent to which NPRS objectives are achieved (2003-2005) — INSEED, national statistical system, Steering Committee. Survey and assessment reports. Status: Ongoing (ECOSIT 2). - Update the NPRS (2005) — Steering Committee. NPRS updated. Status: Not completed. - Institutional monitoring and assessment framework: - Role of non-state organizations: Participate in NPRS implementation monitoring and assessment mechanisms (2003-2005) — Civil society. Number of poverty reduction activities approved by civil society. Status: Not completed. - Role of decentralization: Grant decentralized local governments financial autonomy and democratic election of their leaders (2003-2004) — MAT and Office of the Prime Minister. Number of decentralized territorial governments with autonomous budgets and democratically elected leaders. Status: Not completed. - Strengthen role of local assemblies for self-promotion of decentralized territorial governments and peoples — Office of the Prime Minister MAT. Local assemblies with decision-making authority. Status: Not completed. - Reintroduce specifications for municipal activities (infrastructure construction and public utility projects) (2003-2005) — Office of the Prime Minister MAT. Municipal specifications available. Status: Completed. - Permit decentralized cooperation between local municipalities and foreign municipalities (twin cities programs) (2003-2005) — Office of the Prime Minister MAT. Number of agreements signed for cooperation between local municipalities and foreign municipalities. Status: 5. - Protection of HIPC resources and oil revenues against corruption: Revise Law 001/PR on the management of oil revenues by incorporating HIPC resources; Control and monitor the use of HIPC resources and oil revenues (2003-2005) — MFE, CCSRP, Audit Chamber, Supreme Court, Parliament. Law revised; Audit missions and sessions carried out. Status: Completed. - Resource allocation mechanisms: Prepare resource allocation ceilings annually (2003-2005) — Office of the Prime Minister, MFE. Resource ceilings available annually. Status: Completed. - Dissemination of monitoring and assessment reports: - Disseminate monitoring and assessment reports using the media (2003-2005) — SC/NPRS MC Private sector press. Frequency of radio and television broadcasts; Number of articles published in the press. Status: Not completed. *Source: _cr07282 - Introduction of new plant and animal species* --- _Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/websites/imf/imported-full-text-pdf/external/pubs/ft/scr/2007/_cr07282.pdf_