## _cr0990

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### Executive summary — background and methodology
- Implementation context: consolidation of security gains, political normalization after democratic elections, gradual resumption of donor partnerships.
- Participatory PRSP appraisal in three stages:
  - Sector/topic groups with administration, donors, civil society.
  - Commune- and province-level consultations informing CCDLP strengthening.
  - Indicator matrix prepared for availability, measurability, and reliability.
- New data inputs:
  - MICS-2005 and CWIQ-2006 surveys updated poverty profile: national poverty incidence CWIQ-2006 = 66.9 percent.

### Axis 1 — Improved governance, security, and DDR
- Government priority: restore security and peace as prerequisite for recovery and poverty reduction.
- Demobilization status (as of 12/31/2007 / end-December 2007):
  - Total manpower target: 55,000 (PNDRR).
  - Persons demobilized: 20,330 (end-December 2007); total demobilized table figures: Demobilization Plan 55.000; Actual 24.504 (aggregate in Table 4).
  - Demobilized adults and children: program demobilized 3,041 children associated with armed forces and movements.
  - Manpower counts (December 2007): FDN 27,570; PNB 17,693; total 45,263. Remaining to demobilize to reach envisaged levels: total 5,263 (FDN 2,570; PNB 2,693).
- Weapons recovered: 7,299 (number returned or seized); estimated illegal civilian-held weapons: various estimates, some 100,000 households.
- Mine action: three high-risk provinces completely cleared of mines; mine-risk education and sensitization carried out.
- Reintegration outcomes: reintegration and reinsertion programs for demobilized adults and children below expectations; support for ex-combatants through 13 projects.
- PNDRR/partner inputs:
  - ILO: professional/entrepreneurial capacity building for 1,200 demobilized individuals; support SE/CNDRR.
  - FAO: 25,000 agricultural kits for ex-combatants; technical assistance to reinsertion.

### Rule of law, justice, land tenure, and transitional justice
- Access to justice actions:
  - Construction/rehabilitation/outfitting of multiple Resident Courts (33, plus plans for 20 and rehabilitation of 26).
  - Surveys on perception of justice; judicial ethics awareness campaigns; continuing judge training.
  - Re-publication and translation into Kirundi of legislative and regulatory texts.
- Draft laws and legal reform:
  - Preliminary drafts: Independent Human Rights Commission; revision of criminal procedures code (age of criminal liability to 15); draft criminal code calls for abolition of the death penalty.
  - Framework agreement signed for establishment of transitional justice; tripartite committee launched November 2, 2007.
- Land tenure and social cohesion:
  - CNTB established with outreach units in every commune.
  - December 2007 survey land figures: 16,429 hectares unused; 30,896 hectares unlawfully allocated; 110,961 hectares sequestered.
  - Land tenure problems accounted for approximately 94.4 percent of cases in justice PETS-2008 traceability survey.
  - Draft law on successions, matrimonial ownership, and gifts under preparation; women and orphans face access shortfalls.

### Axis 2 — Agriculture, livestock, fisheries, environment, and diversification
- Food crop production:
  - Total food crop production: 2006 = 3,641 (thousands of metric tons); 2007 = 3,756; 2008 (Proj.) = 3,873; Change 2008/2007 = 3.1.
  - Per capita food availability (1,000*(1)/(2)): 2006 = 0.45; 2007 = 0.47; 2008 (Proj.) = 0.47; Change 2008/88-93 = -26.6.
  - Aggregate production change 2006–2007: increase of 3.0 percent.
  - Growth rates: 2007 growth 3.2 percent; population growth estimated at 2.9 percent per annum.
- Crop-specific trends (selected):
  - Legumes: Change 2008/88-93 = -37.1; sharp decline (leguminous plants -37 percent in 2007).
  - Roots and tubers: 2007 = 1,518 (thousands mt); 2008 (Proj.) = 1,573; Change 2008/2007 = 3.6.
  - Bananas and plantains: 2007 = 1,709; 2008 (Proj.) = 1,779.
- Export crops and reform:
  - Coffee: 2006 = 30,000 metric tons; 2007 = 8,000 metric tons; crop year 2007/2008 commercial coffee = 8,000 metric tons; optimistic estimate crop year 2008/2009 = 30,000 metric tons. Berry price increased from FBu 150 (2005/2006) to FBu 300 (2007/2008).
  - Tea: 2007 production = 6,858 metric tons (94 percent of target 7,300); producer price FBu 100/kg green leaf since 2003.
  - Cotton: 2007 production = 2,870 metric tons (6 percent lower than 2006 = 3,037 mt); 2008 forecast = 3,500 mt.
  - Palm oil: 2007 production = 12,773 metric tons (7 percent reduction vs 2006 = 13,771 mt).
  - Export structure: coffee accounted for more than 68 percent of total exports at end-2007; 2007 total exports value reported as 60,359.6 (millions of FBu) in table.
- Livestock:
  - 2007 growth rates: cattle +20 percent; goats +30 percent; pigs +50 percent.
  - FAO distributed animals and veterinary inputs to over 5,925 vulnerable households in 2007.
  - Government allocated FBu100 million from I-HIPC funds to restart Gitega poultry project.
- Fisheries and fish-farming:
  - 2007 fish production = 11,500 metric tons; forecast 14,407 metric tons; performance down 18 percent vs 2006.
  - Industrial fishing share = 17 percent.
  - Port infrastructure: two fishing ports opened at Nyanza-Lake and Kajaga to streamline activity on Lake Tanganyika.
- Environment:
  - 2007 achievements: catchment basins managed 9,703 hectares; marshes managed 2,787 hectares and 230 hectares rehabilitated; reforestation 3,423 hectares.
  - % households using solid fuels (wood/charcoal) = 98.6.
  - Annual decrease in forest cover = 0.13 percent.
  - Wildfire control 2007: 127.5 km fire breaks added, 662 hectares controlled burns.

### Axis 3 — Human capital: education, health, living conditions, social reinsertion
- Education — outcomes and policies:
  - Free primary education led to unprecedented rise in gross enrollment and reduced gender/regional inequalities.
  - Net primary enrollment 2006 = 71.03; gross primary enrollment 2006 = 113.68; net secondary enrollment 2006 = 10.26; gross secondary enrollment 2006 = 15.73.
  - Net enrollment rate for primary (boys/girls): Boys 73.24; Girls 73.58 (2006).
  - Student-teacher ratio rose to 86.3 in 2006 (from 67.2 in 2000).
  - Teacher qualification rate: 88.7 (2006) → 89.5 (2007 target listed).
  - External financing for education in 2007: total = 49,747 (millions of FBu); primary education share = 72 percent.
  - Priority actions: MTEF, Sectoral Plan, Common Education Fund; build classrooms (500 new primary classrooms with HIPC), hire teachers, provide materials.
- Literacy (2006):
  - Overall literacy in Kirundi = 52.32; in other languages = 27.32.
  - Boys Kirundi = 57.69; Girls Kirundi = 50.18.
  - Urban Kirundi = 75.43; Rural Kirundi = 50.91.
- Health — outcomes and priorities:
  - 2007 vaccine coverage exceeded 80 percent; specific vaccines 2007: BCG 97 percent; OPV3 93 percent; DTDHib/HepB 94.3 percent; Measles 93.7 percent.
  - Deliveries in healthcare facilities rose from 22 percent in 2005 to 41.3 percent in 2007.
  - Maternal mortality ratio (MICS 2005) = 615 per 100,000 live births.
  - Under-5 mortality = 176 per 1,000 (MICS 2005).
  - National underweight rate for under-five: 2005 = 39.2 percent; 2007 = 35.2 percent. Stunting (slow growth) 2005 = 52.5 percent; 2007 = 46 percent.
  - Malaria: 2,265,970 cases recorded in health centers in 2006; nets distributed ~1,102,800 in 2006; net usage 2007 = 29.42 percent.
  - Health financing: average program cost = 50 million dollars per year; 2007 government committed five million dollars for regular budget and 7.4 million dollars for special investment budget.
  - Government health expenditure per capita ~ slightly less than two dollars in 2006; foreign aid to health = 11.2 dollars per inhabitant in 2006.
- Water, sanitation, and housing:
  - Access to improved drinking water (2005 MICS) = 64.3 percent; upgraded sanitary facilities = 31.7 percent.
  - REGIDESO produced 39 million m3 water in 2007 (31 million m3 for Bujumbura); losses about 46 percent in 2007; target reduce to 20 percent by 2013.
  - Housing appropriations in 2007: over FBu 13.5 billion appropriated; HIPC-funded 2007 appropriations reported as FBu 25.5 billion used mainly for health, education, agriculture, and water.

### Axis 4 — Combating HIV/AIDS: prevention, care, impact reduction, institutions
- Knowledge and awareness (MICS/CWIQ findings):
  - CWIQ-2006 indicated insufficient public understanding; MICS-2005 shows gaps and misconceptions (e.g., 14 percent believed sorcery can transmit HIV).
- Prevention and service scale-up:
  - Community animators: two per census district, total 6,550.
  - Voluntary screenings provided to over 147,000 persons (2006 figure); table notes 150,000 target.
  - Screening centers increased from 89 (2002) to 151 (2006).
  - MTCTP sites: 2005 = 18; 2006 = 27; 2007 = 34; country has 51 MTCTP sites where 1,102 HIV+ women and 796 newborns treated.
- Treatment and care:
  - ARV recipients: 2002 = 600; 2006 = 8,048; 2007 = 10,865 (projected 11,616; achievement = 93.5 percent).
  - ARV treatment sites: increased from 5 (2002) to 39 (2007).
  - Psychosocial care: 209 providers trained; nearly 34,239 PLWHA treated; 12,769 PLWHA received nutritional support.
  - Sub-projects financed for PLWHA: 75 projects; 8,915 PLWHA beneficiaries in 2007.
- OVC support:
  - School materials to 492,401 OVCs (UNICEF); 14,869 OVCs medical assistance; 26,382 OVCs psychosocial assistance; 10,319 OVCs nutritional services.
- Institutional strengthening:
  - New 2007–2011 action plan launched; AIDS Info database rolled out at treatment sites.

### Macroeconomic performance, public finances, and projections
- Recent macro indicators:
  - Real GDP growth: 2005 = 0.9 percent; 2006 = 5.1 percent; 2007 = 3.2 percent (decline from 5.1 to 3.2).
  - Inflation (CPI): 2006 = 9.6 percent; 2007 = 14.4 percent; reached 27 percent at end-April 2008 (trend continued).
  - Current balance: –US$117.5 million in 2007 vs –US$133.5 million in 2006.
  - Volume of credit to economy growth: 10.4 percent between 2006 and 2007.
  - National currency depreciation contributed to inflation; exchange rate: 1,026.07 FBu per USD (Dec 2006) → 1,137.91 FBu per USD (Dec 2007).
- Public revenue and spending:
  - Public revenue: FBu 178.8 billion (2006) → FBu 197.8 billion (2007); tax pressure ≈ 18.7–18.9 percent.
  - Expenditure rose ≈ 13 percent between 2006 and 2007; net expenditures and loans: 361.0 (2006 actual) → 408.3 (2007 actual) (billions of FBu).
  - Public investment outlays: change 15.4 percent between 2006 and 2007; external resources financed most of the expansion (2006 external resources 81.5 billion FBu → 2007 external 105.9 billion FBu).
  - Pro-poor spending share: PRSP target ≈ 65 percent; budget laws called for 52.2 percent (2006) and 57.0 percent (2007); execution rates: 47.1 percent (2006) and 52.5 percent (2007).
  - Debt relief (HIPC) resources used for pro-poor spending: FBu 14.4 billion (2006) and FBu 25.5 billion (2007).
- Budget tracking and deficit financing:
  - Commitment-basis deficit (excluding grants): 2006 = 182.2 billion FBu; 2007 = 210.4 billion FBu.
  - Financing composition 2007: foreign grants 221.4; foreign loans -9.3; domestic debt 20.1 (billions of FBu) as per Table 27.
  - Disbursed funds were 31.3 billion FBu less than projected in 2007.
- Macroeconomic projections (Table 35, selected series preserved exactly):
  - Real growth (%) series: 2007 = 3.6; 2008 = 4.5; 2009 = 5.0; 2010 = 5.0; 2011 = 5.0.
  - Inflation (%) series: 2007 = 8.3; 2008 = 19.1; 2009 = 9.4; 2010 = 8.2; 2011 = 6.8.
  - Government revenues (billions of FBu): 2007 = 197.6; 2008 = 249.8; 2009 = 288.6; 2010 = 330.3; 2011 = 371.5.
  - Net expenditures and loans (billions of FBu): 2007 = 407.9; 2008 = 551.1; 2009 = 619.2; 2010 = 703.0; 2011 = 752.4.
  - Overall balance (commitment basis) (billions of FBu): 2007 = -210.4; 2008 = -301.3; 2009 = -330.6; 2010 = -372.7; 2011 = -380.9.
  - Trade/current account pressures: trade balance (millions US$) 2007 = -206.1; 2008 = -277.1; 2009 = -295.2; 2010 = -333.9; 2011 = -293.5.

### Poverty profile, regional distribution, and reduction scenarios
- Poverty incidence (CWIQ-2006):
  - Rural = 69 percent; Urban = 34 percent; National = 66.9 percent.
- Geographic poverty (selected entries from Table 3):
  - National poverty gap (PG) = 0.234; national Gini coefficient = 0.385.
  - Provincial extremes: Kirundo poverty incidence = 82.3; Kayanza = 75.5; Bujumbura Mairie = 28.7.
- Sectoral poverty (Table 2, CWIQ-2006):
  - Food crops: population 3,166,170; share 39.58; poverty percent 72.50.
  - Export crops: population 638,826; 7.86; poverty percent 68.18.
  - Skilled public sector wage earners: population 149,349; 1.52; poverty percent 11.34.
  - Total population: 8,010,431; poverty percent 66.86.
- Poverty-reduction growth scenarios (Chart 2 inputs):
  - Starting poverty ~67 percent.
  - Maintaining per capita GDP growth at 5 percent annually is required to halve poverty by 2016 (about 8 years from baseline).
  - Growth at 1 percent or 2 percent unlikely to achieve halving by 2016.
  - Policy implication: economic growth must be complemented by population-growth control; household size negatively correlated with per capita consumption.

### Public expenditure composition, HIPC use, and targeting
- HIPC resources:
  - Total HIPC commitments: 2006 = 14.4 billion FBu; 2007 = 25.5 billion FBu.
  - 2006 HIPC allocation: Education 7.6 (52.5%); Health 2.2 (15.6%); Economic affairs 2.5 (17.2%); Social protection 1.5 (10.7%).
  - 2007 HIPC allocation: Education 9.7 (38.1%); Health 8.5 (33.3%); Economic affairs 4.5 (17.5%); Agricultural R&D 2.3 (9.1%).
- Budget marking and execution:
  - Poverty-reducing expenditures as share of enacted budget: 2006 = 52.21 percent (Finance Law); 2007 = 57.0 percent (Finance Law).
  - Execution rates in practice: 2006 execution of poverty-reducing spending = 47.1 percent of total executed spending; 2007 = 52.5 percent.
  - Health sector poverty-reducing expenditure breakdown (billions FBu):
    - 2006 total health = 19.9; 2007 total = 23.8.
    - 071 Medical products: 10.7 (2006) → 8.5 (2007).
    - 073 Hospital services: 2.4 (2006) → 7.7 (2007).
    - 074 Public health services: 5.8 (2006) → 7.0 (2007).
- Education budget (selected):
  - 2006 education total = 65.2 (FBu); pre-elementary and primary = 35.0 (2006).
  - 2007 education total = 74.0; pre-elementary and primary = 39.9; investment in school infrastructure = 10 (FBu).

### Monitoring, statistics, participatory processes, and institutional revitalization
- Donor roundtable May 2007: permanent consultation framework; donors reaffirmed willingness to mobilize new resources estimated at US$680 million over three years.
- ISTEEBU and statistics system:
  - Burundi joined AFRISTAT late-2006; Statistics Act enacted September 2007.
  - Publications regularized: CPI for Bujumbura, monthly price bulletin, statistical yearbook, monthly bulletin on economic developments.
  - Ad hoc surveys: 1-2-3 survey, MICS-2005, CWIQ-2006, national nutrition surveillance (2007), General Census of Coffee Growers.
  - Objective: strengthen PRSP monitoring-evaluation with reliable indicators and metadata; aim to join IMF’s GDDS.
- Participatory process issues:
  - Dysfunctional aspects identified: insufficient civil society inclusion; poor NGO coordination; inadequate decentralization measures; inconsistency in CCDLP establishment modalities.
  - Revitalization priorities: reconstitute sectoral/topic-based committees, validate membership lists, ensure CCDLPs operational at commune/provincial level.
  - Recommendation: prepare operations guide to legitimize community development committees and merge overlapping committees; restructure central sectoral/thematic committees.
- Partner Coordinating Group (PCG):
  - Three-level architecture: sectoral groups; Strategic Forum; Policy Forum (senior government/policy authorities and chiefs of mission).
  - May 2007 roundtable commitments: donors pledged financing mix with 71.4 percent for development assistance and 18.6 percent for budget support; as of end-2007, ~30 percent of pledged funds disbursed.

### Performance indicators, diagnostics, and priority actions
- Performance indicator matrix highlights (selected):
  - Demobilized adults cumulative: 19,891; 20,330 (target 55,000).
  - Number of weapons returned/seized: 7,299 (target 100,000).
  - Food crop output (thousands mt): 282; 290 (selected years).
  - Electricity generation (KWH): 152,056; 142,824.
  - Number of electricity subscribers: 35,200; 41,074; target 46,310.
  - Access to improved water: 64.3 percent.
  - National poverty index: 66.9; rural poverty index 68.9; urban poverty index 34.0.
  - Unemployment rate (ILO): 13.5; 13.9.
- Key diagnostics and recommendations across sectors (synthesized from findings):
  - Continue demobilization, reintegration, and professionalization of security forces; accelerate reintegration economic programs.
  - Finalize and adopt land tenure policy and legal reforms; scale up CNTB capacity and local dispute-resolution mechanisms.
  - Implement cohesive water-control and irrigation policy; ensure timely access to quality inputs; intensify soil fertilization and agricultural research.
  - Sustain free primary education while addressing teacher recruitment, quality, and infrastructure to reduce repetition and dropout rates.
  - Consolidate health financing to sustain maternal/child subsidies, expand trained staff, and strengthen drug distribution and statistics systems.
  - Use HIPC and grant resources to target pro-poor investment and maintain conservative borrowing; introduce VAT and broaden tax base for fiscal sustainability.
  - Strengthen PRSP ownership by revitalizing sectoral, provincial, and communal committees and ensuring wide distribution of PRSP documentation.

Italic: Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/websites/imf/imported-full-text-pdf/external/pubs/ft/scr/2009/_cr0990.pdf

### EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................

### EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

### BACKGROUND
- The first year of implementation under the PRSP framework occurred in an environment characterized by:
  - consolidation of security gains,
  - political normalization following establishment of institutions after democratic elections,
  - gradual resumption of partnerships with donors.
- The PRSP appraisal used a participatory methodology, the same approach used during preparation of the strategy paper; consensus was reached during the three stages of the appraisal process and consolidated through feedback sessions.
- Three appraisal stages:
  - First stage: discussions with sectoral and topic-based groups including representatives of the administration, donors, and civil society; highlighted the urgency of revitalizing working parties and restoring the participatory approach.
  - Second stage: participatory consultations in every commune and province, allowing people to express views on field performance, obstacles, and suggestions; this stage informed strengthening of commune-level development and poverty reduction committees.
  - Third stage: preparation of a matrix of indicators selected for availability, measurability, and reliability to assess progress and gaps.
- New data inputs:
  - Use of MICS-2005 and CWIQ-2006 surveys (with World Bank support) updated the poverty profile.
  - The new estimate indicates that the proportion of the population of Burundi living below the poverty line is on the order of 66.9 percent.

### APPRAISAL FINDINGS — AXIS 1: IMPROVED GOVERNANCE AND SECURITY
- Government priority: restoration of security and peace as a prerequisite for economic recovery and poverty reduction.
- Demobilization program focus and progress:
  - Initial focus: FABs, PMPAs, police officers, and militant combatants; subsequent focus on soldiers from the FDN.
  - As of end-December 2007, some 20,330 persons had been demobilized out of total manpower of 55,000.
- Reintegration and reinsertion:
  - Results of reintegration and reinsertion programs for demobilized adults and children were below expectations.
- Disarmament and mine action:
  - Broad-scale disarmament of the civilian population has yet to be carried out.
  - Mine clearing and mine-risk education results are encouraging:
    - Three provinces regarded as high-risk have been completely cleared of mines.
    - The population of the at-risk provinces has been sensitized.

*Executive Summary (content unit: _cr0990 - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY).*

### 8. Consolidation  of  the  rule  of  law  is  another  of  the  primary  concerns  of  the

### _cr0990 - 8. Consolidation  of  the  rule  of  law  is  another  of  the  primary  concerns  of  the

### Rule of law, justice, and human rights
- Court construction, rehabilitation, and outfitting efforts have been initiated to improve access to justice.
- Surveys conducted on the perception of justice.
- A campaign organized to heighten awareness about the ethics of judges; judges benefited from continuing training.
- Broad distribution of legislative and regulatory texts, additional codes and laws facilitated by their translation into Kirundi.
- Two preliminary draft laws produced: on establishing the Independent Human Rights Commission and revising the criminal procedures code (changing the age of criminal liability to 15).
- A draft law revising the criminal code calls for abolition of the death penalty.
- A framework agreement has been signed for the establishment of transitional justice.

### Land tenure and social cohesion
- Land tenure to be addressed in the context of social cohesion to impart sustainable solutions.
- CNTB established to address land tenure disputes at the decentralized level; currently has outreach units in every commune.
- Identification of available lands carried out to facilitate location of the landless.
- Government endeavoring to draw up a preliminary draft law on successions, matrimonial ownership arrangements, and gifts.

### Political governance and public administration
- Training sessions for local elected officials and members of parliament to enhance management capacities.
- A national decentralization and development policy letter adopted; the law organizing the Administration has been revised in anticipation of the States General on decentralization.
- ENA created to strengthen public administration; National Employment and Training Observatory established.
- Deconcentrated agencies strengthened in human resources and equipment.

### Axis 2: Promotion of sustainable and equitable growth — agriculture and environment
- Livestock production did not significantly increase between 2006 and 2007; nutritional situation deteriorated.
- Rate of growth of per capita food availability virtually stagnated and remains well below the level of 1988-1993.
- Steps taken: redefinition of a development strategy for the agricultural sector; strengthening monitoring and evaluation; making inputs available; hiring agronomists in every commune; beginnings of an irrigation program; continued marsh management.
- Short-term priorities: make quality inputs available on time; initiate a program targeting more intensive water usage.
- Export crops: major reforms to deregulate coffee, tea, and cotton subsectors initiated; production of these crops (except tea) has been in overall decline; reforms aimed at improving farmers' incomes. Small steps toward diversification (sugar, rice, palm oil, flowering and fruit-bearing plants).
- Animal production program results for 2007: growth rates of 20 percent for cattle, 30 percent for goats, and 50 percent for pigs. Key actions: promotion of short-cycle stock rearing, artificial insemination, increase in improved breeds, support for livestock farmer groups. Recommendation: encourage extension of fish farming and fish processing.
- Environment achievements in 2007: 9,000 hectares of catchment basins managed; 2,500 hectares of marsh managed; reforestation measures covered 3,400 hectares. Priority: finalize implementing provisions of the environmental code and continue sustainable resource management programs.

### Industry, services, infrastructure, and regional integration
- Development of industrial, commercial, and artisanal units progressed with donor support; several production units assisted.
- Regional project on coverage against political risks expected to restore investor confidence.
- Emergence of several microenterprises in mining, processing of agricultural products and hides, sewing, and finish carpentry.
- Progress from improved microfinance intervention mechanisms, use of highly labor-intensive techniques, and CDF initiatives in favor of women.
- Transport infrastructure: rehabilitation and modernization of urban and inter-province roads; feasibility studies for an intercity bus station in Bujumbura, linking Burundi to the Tanzanian railroad, modernization of transport on Lake Tanganyika, and paving of the Kirundo-Gesenyi section.
- Telecommunications: establishment of a digital exchange in Gitega; digitization of the RTNB studios; training for journalists; network extension and broadened Internet access.
- Power sector actions in 2007: rehabilitation of hydroelectric plants; extension of distribution grid in peri-urban neighborhoods; rural electrification (business centers, health centers, and commune-level secondary schools); progress on new and renewable energy sources including solar power for health centers and promotion of improved hearths.
- Regional integration: Burundi joined the East African Community and is actively participating in the revitalization of CEPGL and the ECCAS.

### Axis 3: Promotion of human capital — education, health, living conditions, and social reinsertion
- Free primary education resulted in an unprecedented rise in gross enrollment ratios and a decrease in gender and regional inequalities.
- Partnership framework (government, donors, development agencies, United Nations) facilitated: (i) preparation of a sectoral education and training plan and corresponding action plan; (ii) preparation of a medium-term expenditure framework; and (iii) creation of a common fund for education.
- Capacity increases to address surge in pupils: building new schools, rehabilitating existing ones, training and upgrading instructional staff, and providing suitable instructional materials.
- Health sector 2007 outcomes: decision to subsidize maternal care, care of children under age 5, and care of PLWHAs enabled extension of immunization coverage to exceed 80 percent and increased rate of childbirths in healthcare facilities from 22 percent in 2005 to 41.3 percent in 2007.
- Malaria programs conducted and treated mosquito nets distributed; care facilities rehabilitated and equipped to address malaria and diarrheic diseases.
- Access to safe drinking water improved to greater than 88 percent, attributed to water supply systems and increased water points.
- Housing needs remain largely unmet despite appropriations of over FBu 13.5 billion in 2007 and land parceling work to increase supply of new lots.
- Integration and reinsertion of war victims and management of returning refugees: construction of shelters; assistance to the indigent and vulnerable (orphans and children at risk); increase in capacities of basic social infrastructures (schools and health facilities); operation to identify new sites initiated to locate the landless.
- Enhancing role of women: training of paralegals in women’s rights; improved access to credit; CDF interventions; broad dissemination of provisions on protection of women. The Constitution guarantees women’s responsibilities in decision-making bodies; free primary education and healthcare measures had a significant impact on gender issues.

### Axis 4: Combating HIV/AIDS — prevention, care, impact reduction, and institutions
- CWIQ survey in 2006 revealed insufficient public understanding of HIV/AIDS challenges.
- Government actions based on: (i) prevention of HIV/AIDS transmission; (ii) provision of care to patients infected by HIV/AIDS; (iii) reduction of impact on persons affected by HIV; and (iv) institutional capacity building.
- Prevention accomplishments: each census district now has two community-level animators, totaling 6,550. Voluntary screenings provided to over 147,000 persons. Screening centers increased from 89 in 2002 to 151 in 2006. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission addressed in 84 sites as compared to 18 in 2005.
- Care provision: training sessions for caregivers and psychosocial care providers organized for doctors and nurses. Antiretroviral treatment recipients increased from 600 in 2002 to 10,800 in 2007.
- Impact reduction: about 75 projects for PLWHAs, including educational materials for OVCs and distribution of agricultural inputs to host families. Passage of the law on international solidarity on airplane tickets to strengthen provision of care.
- Institutional strengthening: mapping of parties involved; launch of a new national action plan in favor of OVCs for 2007-2011; development of databases at care sites.

### Macroeconomic performance and public finances
- Real GDP growth declined from 5.1 percent in 2006 to 3.2 percent in 2007.
- Price index increased by 14.4 percent from December 2006 to December 2007; trend continued, reaching 27 percent at end-April 2008.
- Current balance: –US$117.5 million in 2007 compared to –US$133.5 million in 2006.
- Volume of credit to the economy grew by 10.4 percent between 2006 and 2007.
- National currency depreciated, contributing to higher inflation.
- Revenue improved due to increases in some fees and in the income tax; reforms streamlining collection had a very positive impact.
- Overall, revenue overshot the amount initially projected by FBu 5 billion.
- Expenditure rose by about 13 percent between 2006 and 2007 because of social measures in education and health.
- Public investment outlays changed by 15.4 percent between 2006 and 2007, expanding significantly, in particular thanks to external resources.
- PRSP target: budget share on the order of 65 percent for pro-poor spending. Budget laws for 2006 and 2007 called for 52.2 percent and 57.0 percent, respectively.
- Execution rates of pro-poor expenditure: 47.1 percent (2006) and 52.5 percent (2007).
- Debt relief resources used to finance pro-poor expenditure: FBu 14.4 billion in 2006 and FBu 25.5 billion in 2007, used mainly for health, education, agriculture, and water sectors.

### Monitoring, evaluation, and statistics
- Donor roundtable in May 2007 established a permanent consultation framework; donors reaffirmed willingness to mobilize new resources estimated at US$680 million over a three-year period.
- Burundi joined AFRISTAT to strengthen the statistical apparatus.
- 2007 publications regularized: consumer price index for Bujumbura, monthly price bulletin, statistical yearbook, monthly bulletin on economic developments; targeted publications included national accounts, the 1-2-3 survey, and the MICS-2005 survey (with UNICEF support).
- A new statistics law expected to facilitate institutional and technical coordination and impart dynamism to statistics production.
- Performance indicator data gathered from PRSP priority sectors in a participatory manner enabled assessment of general trends after one year of implementation.
- Recommendation: revitalize and strengthen the structures participating in the PRSP assessment process so they can assume genuine ownership.

_Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/websites/imf/imported-full-text-pdf/external/pubs/ft/scr/2009/_cr0990.pdf_

### 41. The  development  partners  as  a  whole  have  been  supportive  of  the  PRSP  process

### _cr0990 - 41. The  development  partners  as  a  whole  have  been  supportive  of  the  PRSP  process

### Development partner support and debt relief
- Upon adoption of the Interim PRSP in 2003:
  - Paris Club member countries granted forgiveness of their claims on Burundi until 2005.
  - Multilateral creditors granted annual debt relief equivalent to about US$36 million.
- With publication of the first review of the PRSP, Burundi will have fulfilled one of the conditionalities agreed for reaching the completion point, the immediate effect of which will be forgiveness of about 92 percent of its external public debt.

### Purpose, consultations, and report structure
- Purpose:
  - Comply with the government’s undertaking to report to the people on results of its poverty reduction policy.
  - Present a progress report on actions taken and reforms implemented one year after PRSP adoption; subject of feedback sessions with all stakeholders.
- Report structure (chapters listed in source):
  - Chapter 1: Recent sociopolitical and economic developments
  - Chapter 2: Improved governance and security
  - Chapter 3: Promotion of sustainable and equitable growth
  - Chapter 4: Development of human capital
  - Chapter 5: Combating HIV/AIDS
  - Chapter 6: Macroeconomic performance
  - Chapter 7: Monitoring and evaluation mechanisms

### Recent sociopolitical and economic developments (summary)
- Report contents adopted by the government in September 2006 in an environment marked by:
  - Stabilization of security
  - Political normalization
  - Multifaceted efforts aimed at economic recovery and improving living conditions
- Government objectives emphasized consolidation of peace, improving access to basic social services, and strengthening partnership with development partners.

### Political and security developments
- Political:
  - Free and transparent elections allowed establishment of democratic institutions at central and decentralized levels.
  - Resumption of discussions with the FNL/PALIPEHUTU and establishment of a National Unity Government in November 2007.
  - Parliament experienced organizational difficulties throughout 2007 that delayed passage of draft laws.
- Security:
  - Situation described as calm throughout almost the entire national territory; all provinces accessible.
  - Government efforts included establishment of a political directorate to strengthen mediation with the FNL.
  - Delegates of the last political movement still under arms resumed work within the JVMM.

### Social and economic developments — key statistics and findings
- GDP growth:
  - Rose from 0.9 percent in 2005 to 5.1 percent in 2006.
  - Slipped to 3.2 percent at end-2007 (owing in particular to coffee production drop).
- Coffee production:
  - 30,000 metric tons in 2006.
  - 8,000 metric tons in 2007.
- Inflation (consumer price index):
  - 9.6 percent for 2006.
  - 14.4 percent in 2007.
- Public revenue and public finances:
  - Public revenue increased from FBu 178.8 billion in 2006 to FBu 197.8 billion in 2007.
  - Revenue level about 18.7 percent of average annual GDP for the past two years.
  - Expenditure remained at a very high level: 24.7 percent of GDP in 2007.
- External debt and debt relief:
  - Outstanding external debt at end-2006: US$1,516.1 million, or 165 percent of GDP.
  - Burundi benefited from external debt relief vis-à-vis Paris Club member countries; reached the decision point in 2005.
- Domestic arrears:
  - State cash flow difficulties resulted in sizable domestic arrears to the private sector.
  - With World Bank support, an exhaustive inventory of creditors and a plan for clearing arrears adopted starting in fiscal 2006; strategy combined cash payment and issuance of Treasury bonds with BRB assistance.
- Monetary and exchange developments:
  - Money supply growth in 2007: M2 growth 10.1 percent; M3 growth 15.8 percent.
  - Nominal GDP growth about 10 percent.
  - Strengthening of the auction system and substantial exchange rate liberalization reduced gap between official and parallel market rates.
- Foreign trade and current account:
  - Coffee accounted for over 60 percent of export receipts.
  - Petroleum products accounted for 22.7 percent of total c.i.f. value of imports.
  - Trade deficit expanded from 16.6 percent of GDP in 2005 to 21.2 percent of GDP in 2007.
  - Current account posted a negative balance of –US$133.5 million in 2006, that is, -14.5 percent of GDP.
- Human development:
  - HDI improved from 0.368 in 2000 to 0.413 in 2005.
  - Burundi ranked 167th out of 177 countries.
  - Table 1 (selected HDI points from source):
    - Burundi HDI: 1975 = 0.290; 1980 = 0,318; 1985 = 0,352; 1990 = 0,366; 1995 = 0.347; 2000 = 0,368; 2005 = 0,413.

### PRSP monitoring and evaluation mechanisms
- Objectives of the PRSP monitoring and evaluation system:
  - (i) Verify effectiveness of actions taken and make necessary readjustments.
  - (ii) Measure results attained.
  - (iii) Target appropriate measures to address obstacles to sectoral performance.
- Indicator selection:
  - Inspired by the Reference Framework and Common Minimum Methodological Guidelines (CRESMIC) for AFRISTAT Member States.
  - A simplified matrix gathers information by PRSP objective and strategic axis and, where possible, includes targets set for 2010.
  - Emphasis on indicator capacity to measure short-term progress and on the capacity of the national statistical system to provide data.
  - An initial list of sufficiently reliable, measurable, and available indicators was drawn up participatorily; includes key indicators with available information and supplementary indicators requiring in-depth research in future reviews (most supplementary indicators related to governance and security axis).
  - Realistic targets set with reference to MDG aims and emphasis on indicators likely to be well documented by the national statistical system.

### Participatory process and institutional revitalization
- Revitalization priorities for annual evaluation:
  - Revitalization of structures and institutions that participated in initial PRSP preparation.
- Sectoral and topic-based committees:
  - Intensive consultations within ministries to update membership lists; compositions validated at department level.
  - Subcommittees include representatives of: (i) central administration, (ii) donors, (iii) international NGOs, and (iv) civil society.
  - Sectoral appraisal reports drafted and validated by concerned parties.
- Provincial and commune-level CCDLPs:
  - Community assessments preceded by identification of CCDLP members in collaboration with communal councils.
  - Delegates chosen to ensure broad representativeness; evaluation work identified omissions undermining participatory dynamics and measures to revitalize dialogue.
- Major dysfunctional aspects identified:
  - (i) Insufficient taking into account of civil society
  - (ii) Poor coordination of the contributions of NGOs
  - (iii) A lack of measures accommodating the decentralization policy
  - (iv) Inconsistency between the approaches taken by commune-level law and the modalities espoused for the establishment of the CCDLPs
- Results achieved upon conclusion of discussions:
  - (i) Broad dissemination of the contents, stakes, and challenges of the PRSP
  - (ii) Enhanced media outreach through production of a documentary film, reinvigoration of the PRSP Internet site, and distribution of a national language pamphlet summarizing the key stages of the PRSP
  - (iii) Ownership of the PRSP process PRSP by all the active and concerned structures, and enhanced awareness of the need to conduct annual reviews

### Poverty profile and context
- Conflict and demographic impact:
  - Civil war from 1993 cost the lives of over 300,000 people and forced another 1.2 million (16 percent of the population) to flee their homes.
  - Per capita GDP fell by 33 percent during the period of conflict.
- Poverty incidence and drivers:
  - Nearly 67 percent of the population lives below the level of consumption that ensures the minimum vital to the individual.
  - Factors contributing to price inflation and poverty pressure include:
    - (i) Drop of 28 percent between 1993 and 2006 in annual per capita agricultural production.
    - (ii) Price increases for fuels (gasoline and gas-oil) driving up transport costs.
    - (iii) Depreciation of the Burundi franc (FBu) vis-à-vis the U.S. dollar, increasing import prices.
- Poverty line methodology and values (1998-99 Priority Survey, ISTEEBU):
  - Food poverty line based on basket delivering 2,400 kilocalories daily per adult and price estimation of the basket.
  - Nonfood poverty line estimated from average nonfood expenditure of households near the food poverty line.
  - Poverty lines used for 1998-99:
    - Rural areas: FBu 103,730 a year.
    - Urban areas: FBu 182,725 a year.

*Source: _cr0990 - 41. The  development  partners  as  a  whole  have  been  supportive  of  the  PRSP  process*

### 69. With  the  recent  completion  of  the  MICS  2005  and  CWIQ  2006  surveys,  the

### _cr0990 - 69. With  the  recent  completion  of  the  MICS  2005  and  CWIQ  2006  surveys,  the

### Poverty estimates and comparability
- CWIQ 2006 poverty estimates use food and nonfood poverty lines of:
  - FBu 627 per day and per adult equivalent for urban areas.
  - FBu 525 per day and per adult equivalent for rural areas.
- CWIQ 2006 poverty incidence:
  - Rural areas: 69 percent.
  - Urban areas: 34 percent.
  - Nationally: 66.9 percent.
- 1998-99 survey (not readily comparable) reported:
  - Outside the capital (“rural” areas): 83.7 percent.
  - Bujumbura Mairie: 41.4 percent.
  - Nationally: 81.1 percent.
- Assessment cautions:
  - Do not conclude definitively that poverty declined between 1998-99 and 2006.
  - Per capita GDP remained stable at best between the two periods.
  - Simulations with the 1998-99 figure suggest poverty changed very little between 1998-99 and 2006.
  - A 2004 perceptions survey indicated over 70 percent of respondents thought poverty had increased between 1999 and 2004 (50 percent: increased a great deal; 20 percent: increased somewhat).
  - Comparability problems: surveys conducted in different periods, with different consumption/GDP ratios, and different urban and rural food baskets.

### Characteristics of the poor (sectoral and household correlates)
- Poverty affects households across almost every sector of activity.
- Table 2: Poverty rate by occupation (population, percent of total population, poverty percent)
  - Food crops: 3,166,170; 39.58; 72.50
  - Export crops: 638,826; 7.86; 68.18
  - Livestock and other agriculture: 1,686,876; 20.53; 68.37
  - Informal private sector wage earners: 139,935; 1.47; 22.66
  - Unskilled informal private sector wage earners: 650,352; 7.62; 57.06
  - Informal sector—services: 251,839; 2.94; 56.88
  - Other informal sector: 264,634; 3.03; 64.43
  - Skilled public sector wage earners: 149,349; 1.52; 11.34
  - Unskilled public sector wage earners: 116,010; 1.25; 52.33
  - Not actively employed: 946,440; 14.19; 71.54
  - Total: 8,010,431; 100.00; 66.86
  - Source: CWIQ-2006.
- Notable sectoral observations:
  - Skilled wage earners in the informal private sector: 23 percent poor.
  - Skilled public sector wage earners: 11 percent poor.
  - Food crop sector: 73 percent of households live below the poverty line.
- Household correlates of poverty:
  - Higher education of the head of household → greater per capita consumption.
  - Household size, disabilities, unemployment, and refugee status → negative correlation with per capita consumption and aggravate poverty.
- Targeting implication:
  - Rapid and sustainable emergence from poverty requires precise targeting of population groups most affected.

### Geographic poverty and inequality (Table 3)
- Location-level indicators (Incidence of poverty; Poverty gap (PG); Square of poverty gap (SPG); Gini Coefficient; Ratio of consumption of the most well-off to that of the poorest)
  - Urban: 34.0; 0.103; 0.042; 0.485; 6.6
  - Rural: 68.9; 0.242; 0.105; 0.365; 4.3
  - Bubanza: 57.0; 0.167; 0.066; 0.429; 4.2
  - Bujumbura Mairie: 28.7; 0.084; 0.034; 0.471; 6.7
  - Bujumbura Rural: 64.3; 0.187; 0.073; 0.320; 4.3
  - Bururi: 56.7; 0.174; 0.067; 0.388; 4.8
  - Cankuzo: 67.7; 0.238; 0.105; 0.352; 4
  - Cibitoke: 59.5; 0.184; 0.072; 0.395; 4.2
  - Gitega: 68.2; 0.226; 0.093; 0.366; 4.7
  - Karuzi: 68.9; 0.244; 0.106; 0.333; 4.8
  - Kayanza: 75.5; 0.289; 0.128; 0.327; 3.6
  - Kirundo: 82.3; 0.322; 0.148; 0.257; 3.8
  - Makamba: 57.3; 0.180; 0.074; 0.414; 4.7
  - Muramvya: 70.0; 0.237; 0.101; 0.270; 3.9
  - Muyinga: 70.5; 0.268; 0.122; 0.381; 4.3
  - Mwaro: 61.5; 0.209; 0.087; 0.289; 4.1
  - Ngozi: 75.4; 0.302; 0.143; 0.339; 4.0
  - Rutana: 72.9; 0.260; 0.111; 0.318; 4.0
  - Ruyigi: 76.0; 0.282; 0.126; 0.292; 3.7
  - National: 66.9; 0.234; 0.101; 0.385; 4.8
  - Source: CWIQ 2006.
- Depth of poverty and inequality highlights:
  - Poverty gap nationally: 23.4 percent (0.234).
  - Gini coefficient nationally: 0.385.

### Poverty reduction scenarios and implications
- Chart 2 scenario inputs (per capita GDP growth maintained throughout simulation): growth rates of 1 percent, 2 percent, and 5 percent.
- Starting poverty level: roughly 67 percent.
- Projection findings:
  - To reduce poverty by half by 2016 (about 8 years from baseline), Burundi would need to maintain a GDP growth rate of 5 percent a year.
  - At lower GDP growth rates (1 percent or 2 percent), the goal of halving poverty by 2016 will probably never be met.
- Policy implication:
  - Economic growth must be accompanied by policies to control population growth; otherwise efforts at poverty reduction will likely be in vain.
  - Household size and composition are negatively correlated with per capita consumption, reinforcing the population control policy implication.

### Sectoral performance and PRSP priorities
- PRSP identified four axes for sustainable growth and poverty reduction:
  - (i) improving governance and security;
  - (ii) promoting sustainable and equitable growth;
  - (iii) promoting basic social services; and
  - (iv) combating HIV/AIDS.
- Since PRSP adoption in September 2006, programmed activities have started in sectoral ministries and institutions.
- The review focuses on execution status of priority programs and constraints, to refocus the outcomes matrix and refine policies and reforms.

### Improving governance and security — peace, reconciliation, and security programs
- Four security-focused programs envisaged:
  - (i) negotiation of the ceasefire;
  - (ii) demobilization, disarmament, and reintegration;
  - (iii) professionalization of the defense and security forces; and
  - (iv) disarmament of the civilian population.

Negotiation of the ceasefire
- On September 6, 2007, the government concluded a total ceasefire agreement with PALIPEHUTU/FNL, the only armed movement still active.
- Implementation of agreements was considerably delayed; banditry, murders, and road ambushes persisted.
- At end-2007, the Regional Initiative granted an additional 12 months to the Mediator to relaunch and complete inter-Burundian negotiations.
- A political directorate (United Nations, African Union, government of Burundi) was to assist mediation to speed negotiations.
- United Nations Security Council renewed the mandate of BINUB for one year.
- A special African Union force was tasked with ensuring application of the ceasefire agreement.

Demobilization, disarmament, and reintegration
- PNDRR objectives (as stated):
  - (i) demobilization, reinsertion, and reintegration of 55,.000 ex-combatants from FAB and PMPAs.
  - (ii) reinsertion of some 20,000 members of the police forces and 10,000 militant combatants from the PMPAs.
  - (iii) reallocation of military expenditure in favor of economic and social sectors.
- Demobilization status as at 12/31/2007:
  - Total persons demobilized: 20,330, including 506 women and 3,042 children.
  - Manpower counts (December 2007): FDN 27,570; PNB 17,693; total 45,263.
  - Remaining to be demobilized to reach envisaged final manpower levels (FDN 25,000; PNB 15,000): 2,570 FDN personnel and 2,693 PNB personnel, total 5,263.
- Program activities and results as of 12/31/2007:
  - Demobilization and socioeconomic reintegration of 3,041 children associated with armed forces and movements.
  - Support for ex-combatants through 13 projects.
  - Support for income-generating activities and vocational training in entrepreneurship.
- Table 4: Status of demobilization program execution (selected figures)
  - FAB & PMPAs plan/actual:
    - Demobilization Plan 14,000; Actual 20,330.
    - Reinsertion Plan 14,000; Actual 20,330.
    - Reintegration Plan 13,100; Actual 12,687.
  - Police forces and militant combatants:
    - Plan 30,000; Actual 28,383 (demobilization and reinsertion).
    - Reintegration Plan 3,000; Actual -.
  - National Defense Force (FDN) Phase I/II:
    - Plan 41,000; Actual 4,174 (demobilization and reinsertion).
    - Reintegration Plan 36,900; Actual 363.
  - Total Armed Forces:
    - Demobilization Plan 55.000; Actual 24.504.
    - Reinsertion Plan 55.000; Actual 41.793.
    - Reintegration Plan 50.000; Actual 13.050.
  - Source: World Bank.
- Support from international agencies:
  - ILO plans:
    - Build professional, entrepreneurial, and managerial capacities of 1,200 demobilized individuals.
    - Help initiate or recast micro- and small sole proprietorships or collective enterprises.
    - Enhance capacity of SE/CNDRR to support and monitor NGOs promoting nonagricultural AGRs.
  - FAO intends:
    - Provide ex-combatants with 25,000 agricultural kits adapted to agro-ecological conditions for the first crop season of 2008.
    - Provide technical assistance to the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, to the SE/CNDRR, and to partners in reinsertion and reintegration of ex-combatants.

*Source: CWIQ-2006; MICS 2005; World Bank; PNDRR; ILO; FAO.*

### 85. The  Executive  Secretariat  of  the  PNDRR  has  also  signed  two  cooperation

### _cr0990 - 85. The  Executive  Secretariat  of  the  PNDRR  has  also  signed  two  cooperation

### Rehabilitation, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) activities
- The Executive Secretariat of the PNDRR signed two cooperation agreements to assist handicapped former combatants with physical and medical rehabilitation and to provide socioeconomic support.
- Financed the rehabilitation of 56 commune-level infrastructure projects in areas where ex-combatants are concentrated.
- Planned/future efforts:
  - Demobilization and reintegration of the children associated with the FNL.
  - Speeding up the economic reintegration of all demobilized former combatants.
  - Preparations for demobilization in the PNB and the FNL, and the resizing of the FDN.

### Enhancing the professionalism of the defense and security forces
- Government envisages reform to promote a professional, republican army emphasizing discipline, respect for human rights, and political neutrality.
- Training activities carried out to deepen understanding of military leadership and international law.
- Two military contingents for deployment in Somalia (African Union peace-keeping mission) received training to enhance effectiveness; supplemented by training in human rights and the rights of the child by BINUB, UNICEF, and UNIFEM.
- PNB transformation into a local police force with capacity to ensure security of persons and property while respecting republican principles and individual rights:
  - Many training sessions on protection of human rights and rights of the child conducted by BINUB, UNICEF, and UNIFEM.
  - PNB equipped with computer transmission capabilities and vehicular rolling stock.
  - Establishment of a computer network connecting central police offices to decentralized units to modernize management and enhance transparency.
  - Expected outcomes: enhanced mobility, improved coordination, and a concerted approach to fighting crime.
- Activities to rehabilitate 17 military camps in progress to quarter troops, attenuate impact of troop presence among the population, consolidate integration, and lay foundations for improved discipline and military professionalism.
  - Social reintegration planned for the 995 displaced families living in the barracks.
  - Training sessions organized for ex-combatants integrated into the FDN and the PNB.
- Regional/security cooperation benefit:
  - Burundi’s membership in the East African Community has a positive security impact, illustrated by FDN participation in Tripartite Plus and the ECCAS.
  - Notable date: tripartite committee officially launched on November 2, 2007 (see transitional justice section below).

### Disarmament of the civilian population
- Proliferation of light arms and small caliber weapons among civilians is a major aftereffect of the civil war.
  - Various estimates: some 100,000 households in possession of light arms and small caliber weapons.
- Institutional/legal response:
  - National Commission for Disarmament and Combating the Proliferation of Light Weaponry established.
  - Public awareness campaigns conducted by veterans’ associations.
- Results to date:
  - Approximately 7.5 percent of weapons being held illegally have been recovered.
  - Mine clearance and removal of unexploded devices ongoing in former battle areas.
  - Three high-risk provinces have been completely cleared of mines and all suspect zones cleaned.
  - Public sensitization on mine risks and protective behaviors conducted.
  - Excavations and searches in specific locations are part of the civilian disarmament program.
- Local security management:
  - Security committees established at commune and census-district levels.

### Promoting the rule of law, combating impunity, and promoting justice for all
- Main criticisms of legal institutions: low judicial independence, impunity, slowness of proceedings, misalignment with international standards, lack of enforcement of rulings, corruption, inadequate training, inappropriate laws, illegal/arbitrary/unduly prolonged detentions, lack of legal/judicial information and documentation, and shortage of human and material resources.
- PRSP three objectives related to legal reform:
  - (i) facilitating access to justice,
  - (ii) restoring the credibility of the legal system,
  - (iii) promoting and defending human rights.

Facilitating access to justice
- 2007 projects:
  - (i) Construction, rehabilitation, and outfitting of 33 Resident Courts in 8 provinces (Bubanza, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Makamba, Muramvya, Mwaro, Rutana et Ngozi).
  - (ii) Construction of 20 Resident Courts and rehabilitation of 26 others, as well as their outfitting, in eight provinces (Bujumbura rural, Bujumbura Mairie, Bururi, Gitega, Karuzi, Kayanza, Makamba, Ruyigi).
  - (iii) Capacity building for court mechanisms from the ground up.
  - (iv) Conduct of a survey of public views on acceptable manners for judges to enforce the law.
- Implementation constraints: slowness in public administration units and government procurement procedures.
  - Progress: assignment of 33 lots, preparation of technical specifications, and signing of contracts.
- Strengthening court mechanisms:
  - Study conducted on operation of resident courts.
  - Two surveys: one on acceptable manners to judge, and another on perception of justice near at hand.
  - Ministry of Justice meeting with chiefs of grassroots jurisdictions to enhance awareness of judicial ethics and best practices.

Restoring the credibility of the legal system
- Priority: return the court system to a normal pace of investigation and enforcement of judicial decisions to reduce resort to extrajudicial means.
- Ministry of Justice sectoral policy for 2006-2010 established guidelines and actions; priority options include:
  - (i) Human and material capacity building in courts and tribunals to guarantee rapid examination/enforcement of court decisions, especially regarding minors in conflict with the law;
  - (ii) On-site visits to inform beneficiaries of court decisions and overcome delays;
  - (iii) Establishment of specialized legal structures (minors in conflict with the law; combating violence against families, especially women and children; corruption);
  - (iv) Promotion of equity between men and women and of ethnic balance in the legal sector;
  - (v) Improved knowledge/application of the law through republication of codes and laws, harmonization of legislative and regulatory texts, and translation into Kirundi;
  - (vi) Reform of the justice sector;
  - (vii) Creation of a Training and Retraining Center for staff in the judicial sector, and improving working conditions and status of judges;
  - (viii) Strengthening fight against corruption and impunity, and improving working conditions in the judicial sector;
  - (ix) Enforcement of rulings on land tenure disputes;
  - (x) Strengthening mechanisms for arbitration and legal solutions close at hand;
  - (xi) Eliminating jail and prison overcrowding, and separating children from adults and women from men.
- Status: most activities did not truly get underway in 2007; preparatory work nearing completion with expectations to begin in 2008.

Promoting and defending human rights
- Continued concerns despite progress; measures undertaken:
  - Information and sensitization workshops on basic principles of human rights and the rights of the child for the public and police by the government, BINUB, and NGOs.
  - Ministry of Defense seminar for officers on humanitarian rights and the law of war.
- National Independent Human Rights Commission (CNIDH) in preparation phase to promote/protect human rights via education, observation, opinions, recommendations, and active participation in resolution of rights-violation cases.
- Noteworthy progress in consolidating rule of law:
  - (i) Framework agreement signed by government and United Nations on implementation of transitional justice mechanisms;
  - (ii) Establishment of a tripartite committee, officially launched on November 2, 2007, including representatives of government, United Nations, and civil society charged with organizing national consultations on transitional justice in Burundi;
  - (iii) Organization of regional information workshops on the CNIDH;
  - (iv) Approval by the United Nations of the project supporting national consultations within the transitional justice system.
- Remaining challenges:
  - Resurgence and spread of sexual violence;
  - Persistent slowness in processing human-rights-related cases;
  - Absence of special measures for protection of children within the justice system;
  - Difficulties in beginning public consultations;
  - Urgent need for implementation of transitional justice and in-depth reform of the justice sector.

### Resolving land tenure-related conflict risks / Sustainable land-tenure conflict management
- Land tenure issue acute and worsened by return of repatriated and displaced persons.
- PRSP recommends three programs:
  - (i) Taking land tenure dimension into account in conflict management;
  - (ii) Greatest possible equity in management of government land holdings;
  - (iii) Strengthening mechanisms for conflict resolution and prevention.

Taking land tenure into account in conflict management
- Land tenure problems account for approximately 94.4 percent of all cases per 2007 survey on traceability of public expenditure in justice, education, and health sectors.
- Table 5 figures (Land tenure problems in matters before the jurisdiction (percent)):
  - Appeals court/Administrative court: 71.4
  - Court of High Instance: 52.4
  - Labor/Commercial Tribunal: 33.3
  - Residential Tribunal: 59.5
  - Overall: 56.3
  - Source: ISTEEBU, PETS-2008 Survey.
- Land disputes often involve opposing families or neighboring populations and are hotbeds of tension and violent conflict.
- Prevention at the grassroots is the approach of choice; alternate dispute resolution mechanisms (civil society, commune-level elected officials, Bashingantahe, National Commission on Land and Other Assets) play an important role in social peace and easing court dockets.

Greater equity in management of land patrimony
- December 2007 survey findings:
  - 16,429 hectares of unused land,
  - 30,896 hectares of unlawfully allocated land,
  - 110,961 hectares of sequestered land.
- Verification of land award documents in progress.
- UNDP-financed international study mission (2007) recommendations:
  - (i) Clear affirmation of state political will and participatory process for drawing up land tenure policy;
  - (ii) Promotion of land tenure governance and modernization of land tenure administration;
  - (iii) Support for management/conflict resolution mechanisms to make land tenure secure;
  - (iv) Equity in land distribution.
- Land code of 1986 remains in force with sizable omissions and provisions subject to varying interpretations.
  - Establishment of Expanded Interministerial Technical Committee for drafting land tenure policy and revising land code planned.
  - Financing of land tenure security projects at provincial level within decentralization to adapt administrative procedures to illiteracy and poverty realities.

Access to land for vulnerable groups
- Draft law on successions, gifts, and matrimonial systems not yet adopted; women continue to have problems accessing land despite high numbers of female heads of household after crises.
- Orphaned children and heads of household lack access to a justice system guaranteeing enforcement of succession rights.

Strengthening conflict prevention and resolution mechanisms
- Alternative mechanisms (civil society, Bashingantahe, CNTB) support mediation and peaceful resolutions, easing court dockets by providing rapid, near-at-hand justice.
- Interministerial commission on agrarian reform could clarify conflicts related to ministerial jurisdictions.
- Central-level National Commission on Land and Other Assets (CNTB) has 23 members whose authority is limited to ratifying solutions proposed by parties, limiting capacity to close out matters fully.
- Judges, including those of the Court of High Instance, participating in provincial reconciliation commissions poses an impartiality handicap if plaintiffs institute legal proceedings.
- Settlements are slowed by lengthiness of court proceedings and absence of a simplified, specialized near-at-hand mechanism for land tenure disputes.

*Source: _cr0990 - 85. The  Executive  Secretariat  of  the  PNDRR  has  also  signed  two  cooperation (PDF).*

### 114. The  specific  objectives  pursued  in  the  political  governance  context  are  aimed  at

### _cr0990 - 114. The  specific  objectives  pursued  in  the  political  governance  context  are  aimed  at

### Political governance objectives
- Specific objectives aimed at:
  - (i) building the capacities of elected bodies;
  - (ii) promoting decentralization and enhancing citizen participation;
  - (iii) strengthening the reporting requirements of government officials and elected officials;
  - (iv) adapting the electoral systems to sociopolitical developments.

### Building the capacities of elected bodies
- Training activities:
  - Members of Parliament, local elected officials, and individuals received training on accounts management, good governance, human rights, transitional justice, and peaceful conflict resolution.
  - Most members of commune-level councils and commune-level administrators received training on governance and decentralization.
  - The Senate organized provincial visits to exchange with local elected officials on decentralization and on creating an association of local elected officials nationwide.
- Tools and logistics:
  - A manual on financial and administrative management and a national guide on commune-level planning were prepared after assessing commune needs.
  - 70 commune level offices were built in the course of 2007 (joint effort by the World Bank, the United Nations, and the European Union).
  - Financial support from IFC provided office furniture to the communes; the government provided transportation equipment.
  - Other training tools under development emphasize project coordination and administrative and financial management.

### Promoting decentralization and enhancing citizen participation
- Policy and planning:
  - A national policy letter on decentralization and community development was drafted and adopted by the Council of Ministers, establishing an institutional framework and the Burundian vision of community development.
  - A preparatory study for the states general on decentralization (to be held in 2008) identified four axes: (i) the legal framework; (ii) the institutional structure; (iii) financing mechanisms; and (iv) accountability and appointment modalities.
- Deliverables and timelines:
  - Anticipated deliverables from the states general: the National Decentralization Policy Paper (DCPND) and a Three-Year Action Plan (PAT).
    - DCPND: defines strategic directions for decentralization and long-term actions (8 to 10 years).
    - PAT: short-term implementation tool (3 years).
  - NGOs to be invited to focus interventions on priority actions in commune-level plans; geographical placement to be guided by equity across provinces.
- Capacity and funding constraints:
  - Technical capacities at the commune level are limited; decentralization will need to be accommodated by deconcentration to build local skills.
  - The national communal investment fund exists to support communes’ priority projects and "now needs to be allocated sufficient financial resources sufficient to fully carry out its missions."

### Strengthening the reporting requirements of government leaders and elected officials
- Legal provisions and practice:
  - The law on communes calls for two meetings a year to take stock of activities, open to local councils and associations working in the commune; communal authority reports on the political, social, and economic situation and participants can propose solutions.
  - The provision has not been strictly observed regarding meeting frequency and message content.
- Recommendation:
  - A sustained awareness campaign aimed at both elected officials and the general public is needed to ensure effective stakeholder consultation.

### Adapting electoral systems to sociopolitical developments
- Assessment:
  - The electoral system (blocked list) does not require that leaders be accountable to the voters.
- Reform direction:
  - Reforms should increase competition and introduce a system of sanctions to clearly lay out a line of accountability.

### Promoting efficient public administration — Overview
- Objectives based on:
  - (i) bolstering the organizational capacities of public administration;
  - (ii) bringing public services closer to users;
  - (iii) reducing labor conflicts within public administration.

### Bolstering the organizational capacities of public administration
- Institutions and initiatives:
  - Creation of the National School of Administration (ENA); initial phase focused on staffing and preparing training programs.
  - Establishment of the National Employment and Training Observatory (ONEF) to build capacities for labor and job market statistics, revitalize the Ministry of Civil Service, Labor, and Social Security statistics unit, provide staff training, and furnish work material.

### Bringing public services closer to users
- Decentralization of services:
  - National Decentralization Plan initiated to bring public services closer to users and facilitate user participation.
  - Delocalization and deconcentration ongoing; provincial offices of the Civil Service operational in Ngozi, Gitega, and Bururi Provinces.
  - Labor administration opened Gitega and Ngozi offices; INSS and Civil Service Mutual Association have remote offices in the majority of provinces.
  - INSS is providing pension services in the administrative seats of the communes.

### Reducing labor conflicts within public administration
- Social dialogue:
  - A permanent framework for dialogue between civil service trade unions and the government has been established.
  - The work program aims to build capacities of labor and management to revitalize social dialogue frameworks essential for underpinning peace.

### Promoting economic governance — Creating an institutional and legal environment conducive to good governance
- Legislative initiatives to combat corruption:
  - Revision of the code of the court organization and jurisdiction of March 17, 2005.
  - Promulgation of Law No. 1/12 of April 18, 2006 providing measures to prevent and combat corruption and related offenses.
  - Promulgation of Law No.1/27 of August 3, 2006, on the creation, organization, and operation of the Special Anti-Corruption Brigade.
  - Signing of Decree No.100/339 of November 13, 2006, creating regional offices of the Special Anti-Corruption Brigade.
  - Creation of the Anti-Corruption Brigade.
- Anti-Corruption Brigade performance:
  - Began activities in the second half of March 2007.
  - Received vehicles, computer hardware, and training in auditing, accounting, and procurement; experience exchanges organized in South Africa.
  - Planned establishment of eight police stations has not occurred due to shortage of financial and material resources.
  - Since March 2007, the Brigade investigated and forwarded 18 violation reports to the general prosecutor’s office with the Anti-Corruption Court and the prosecutor’s office of Gitega.
    - These 18 cases represented damages of FBu 375,930,441 to the Public Treasury.
    - Of this amount, FBu 119,554,189 has been recovered for the Treasury.

### Strengthening oversight institutions
- State Inspectorate General:
  - Early 2007: staffed by 17 inspectors.
  - June 2007: 53 new inspectors recruited, increasing staffing to 70.
  - In 2007, the State Inspectorate General produced 54 reports and 38 memoranda.
  - Follow-up and implementation of recommendations and administrative or penal sanctions remain slow.

### Rehabilitating the management of public finances and government procurement
- Revenue and tax reforms identified during PRSP preparation:
  - (i) extending taxation to activities outside the tax system to achieve an system of taxation at profitable tax rates;
  - (ii) reducing the tax and customs exemptions;
  - (iii) improving the effectiveness of tax and customs administration;
  - (iv) improving taxpayer identification by adopting a Single Identifier System;
  - (v) preparing and introducing a Value-Added Tax (VAT) system and creating a Revenue Office to enhance performance.
- Integration and customs actions:
  - Reforms support Burundi’s integration into regional bodies such as the East African Community (EAC).
  - Adoption of a new customs code, initial implementation of the action plan to strengthen the Customs Directorate, and impact studies on application of the Common External Tariff initiated.
- Legal and IT advances:
  - Preparation of the General Tax Code, the Code of Tax Procedures, and the Taxpayer Charter.
  - Budgetary and economic impact study on Burundi’s entry into the EAC.
  - Preparation of legal provisions on introduction of the VAT.
  - Application of information technology allowing securitized monitoring of collections.
- Fiscal measures in the 2008 budget law:
  - (i) introduction of the tax on cable television;
  - (ii) creation of a hotel and tourism tax;
  - (iii) elimination of the transaction tax on real property transfers;
  - (iv) reduction of the transfer taxes on the real property sales from 6 percent to 3 percent.
- Consolidation priorities:
  - (i) accelerate procedures for introducing the VAT, adopting the Common External Tariff, and creating the Revenue Office;
  - (ii) modernize customs and tax units, particularly via a suitably adapted information technology system, and ensure effective coordination between them;
  - (iii) take measures necessary to broaden the tax base.

### Public expenditure management and accountability
- Measures to strengthen fiscal discipline and transparency:
  - (i) limiting compensation through the demobilization program;
  - (ii) streamlining state personnel management, including launch of the physical census of civil servants and transfer of payroll management to the Ministry of Finance;
  - (iii) introducing an Integrated Financial Management Information System;
  - (iv) establishing a cash flow plan to improve cash management.
- Legal framework:
  - Revision of the organic law expected to strengthen public finance management effectiveness, supported by laws and regulations on government accounting, supervision, and auditing, and procedures for preparing and submitting draft budget laws.
  - Audits conducted on cross-debts between the government and oil companies and on use of HIPC Initiative resources; implementation of their action plans recommended.

### Improving the steering of economic policies
- Macroeconomic modeling:
  - Revision of the INPLABU model to better serve planning, forecasting, and economic and social impact analysis.
  - A macroeconomic modeling team was established and "should receive appropriate support in order to become genuinely operational."

### Streamlining the management of public enterprises
- SCEP program and privatization emphasis (2006-2007):
  - Emphasis on privatization of: Air Burundi, the Public Slaughterhouse of Bujumbura, COGERCO, COTEBU, OCIBU, ONATEL, ONAPHA, OPHAVET, OTB, REGIDESO, the Source du Nil hotel, SIP, SOSUMO, ALM, LNBTP, SOCABU, UCAR, and SBF.
  - For 2007:
    - Appraisals completed for UCAR, SOSUMO, SBF, and APB.
    - Invitations to tender launched for sale of the state’s shares in OCIBU and BCC.
    - Government searching for a strategic partner for COTEBU.
  - The privatization law was revised to allow for the state’s rational disengagement from the productive sectors.
- Historical note:
  - Reforms based on state divestment date back to 1986; results remain insufficient.

### Strengthening internal and external control in the fight against corruption
- Internal control systems introduced at the Ministry of Finance with directives to extend such arrangements to all ministries.
- The Audit Court completed auditing the 2007 accounts.
- Members of the Finance Committees of both chambers of Parliament attended training sessions on the budgeting process and on procurement procedures.

### Strengthening the role of civil society in economic governance
- Civil society contributions:
  - Consumers' associations, anti-corruption groups, and media criticism have denounced economic embezzlement and poor governance.
  - The government is working to strengthen a genuine partnership with society for a concerted and effective fight against financial embezzlement.

### III. PROMOTION OF SUSTAINABLE AND EQUITABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH — Revitalization of agriculture, livestock, fisheries, and fish farming
- Growth drivers identified:
  - (i) revitalization of food crop and export crop production;
  - (ii) development of livestock production;
  - (iii) development of bee-keeping and fisheries;
  - (iv) revival of fish farming.

### Revitalization of food crop and export crop production — Food crops
- Aggregate production change 2006–2007:
  - Total food crop production increased from 3,641 thousand to 3,756 thousand metric tons, an increase of 3.0 percent.
  - The growth rate is virtually the same as the population growth rate, estimated at 2.9 percent per annum.
- Contributing measures:
  - Public awareness campaigns, strengthening of extension services, dissemination of disease-resistant crop strains (manioc cuttings tolerant to severe mosaic virus).
  - Production of seeds (high quality rice and sorghum), marsh management (350 ha), construction of community storage infrastructures.
  - Assistance to vulnerable households: 80,000 fruit tree seedlings, more than 14 million sweet potato cuttings, 10 metric tons of groundnut seeds, and return to taro raising.
- Structural constraints limiting gains:
  - Weak intensification of production, scattered cultivable land layout, poor water management, post-harvest conservation and processing problems, poor farm access to credit, lack of competitiveness of many agricultural products, insufficient extension services and inadequate coordination of interventions.

### Table 6 — Trend of food crop production in Burundi (selected figures preserved)
- Total (1):
  - 1988-93: 3,663 (thousands of metric tons)
  - 2004 (Avg.): 3,771
  - 2005: 3,751
  - 2006: 3,641
  - 2007: 3,756
  - 2008 (Proj.): 3,873
  - Change 2008/2007: 3.1
  - Change 2008/88-93: 5.7
- Growth (percent):
  - 2004 (Avg.): 2.9
  - 2005: -0.5
  - 2006: -2.9
  - 2007: 3.2
  - 2008 (Proj.): 3.1
- Population (2):
  - 1988-93: 5,743,247
  - 2004 (Avg.): 7,565,782
  - 2005: 7,858,791
  - 2006: 8,173,070
  - 2007: 8,062,413
  - 2008 (Proj.): 8,275,166
  - Change 2008/88-93: 44.1
- 1,000*(1)/(2):
  - 1988-93: 0.64
  - 2004 (Avg.): 0.50
  - 2005: 0.48
  - 2006: 0.45
  - 2007: 0.47
  - 2008 (Proj.): 0.47
  - Change 2008/88-93: -26.6
- Selected crop categories (thousands of metric tons and percentage changes):
  - Cereals: 1988-93: 298; 2004: 280; 2005: 290; 2006: 282; 2007: 290; 2008 (Proj.): 289; Change 2008/2007: -0.3; Change 2008/88-93: -3.0
  - Legumes: 1988-93: 369; 2004: 252; 2005: 250; 2006: 238; 2007: 239; 2008 (Proj.): 232; Change 2008/2007: -2.9; Change 2008/88-93: -37.1
  - Roots and tubers: 1988-93: 1,433; 2004: 1,649; 2005: 1,575; 2006: 1,458; 2007: 1,518; 2008 (Proj.): 1,573; Change 2008/2007: 3.6; Change 2008/88-93: 9.8
  - Bananas and plantains: 1988-93: 1,563; 2004: 1,590; 2005: 1,636; 2006: 1,663; 2007: 1,709; 2008 (Proj.): 1,779; Change 2008/2007: 4.1; Change 2008/88-93: 13.8

*Source: IMF staff summary of the provided document.*

### 144. Specific  actions  were  launched  to  support  the  policy  of  revitalizing  food  crop

### _cr0990 - 144. Specific  actions  were  launched  to  support  the  policy  of  revitalizing  food  crop

### Revival of food crop production (2007)
- Initiatives launched to introduce a monitoring and evaluation system, leading to organization of the National Forum on the States General of Agriculture and Livestock for Sustainable Food Security in Burundi.
- Creation of a high-performance system for efficient monitoring and evaluation of the National Food Security and Rural Development Policy.
- Inventory of greenhouse gases conducted concurrently with upgrading of the Multimedia Center.
- Bolstering of agronomical research (CNTA) and training of supervisors and staff in key areas (software usage and the control of standards and quality) to modernize agricultural production.
- Extension services improved through recruitment of agricultural monitors for the provinces of Bubanza, Kayanza, Karusi, Muramvya, Mwaro, Ngozi, Gitega, and Cibitoke.
- Training provided in the provinces of Bubanza, Cibitoke, Karusi, Kayanza, Kirundo, Muyinga, Mwaro, and Ngozi.
- Agronomical monitors assigned in every commune and census district; effectiveness constrained by absence of specific activity programs, inadequate supervision, and lack of motivation.

### Promotion of agricultural inputs
- Priority actions to increase access to inputs:
  - (i) the rehabilitation and upgrading of the Seed Centers in 15 DPAEs;
  - (ii) rapid multiplication and distribution of healthy manioc stock;
  - (iii) support for and revitalization of the seed sector in Burundi;
  - (iv) laboratory quality control of seed;
  - (v) the survey on the importation, consumption and/or sale of pesticides;
  - (vi) the introduction of rootstocks of citrus fruits and mango trees;
  - (vii) maintenance of the timber yard and the gathering of plant and agricultural material;
  - (viii) the production of improved seeds.

### Irrigation program and achievements
- Continuation of the irrigation program during the first year of PRSP implementation.
- Notable actions:
  - Granting of 280 pedal pumps facilitating irrigation of the Lacs du Nord marshes in Kirundo Province.
  - Irrigation of 158 hectares.
  - Rehabilitation of the Murambi channel and the Rugombo irrigation network.
  - Laying out of a new 3 km long channel in Kirundo.

### Food security outcomes and constraints (2007)
- Overall increase in production in 2007, but rural food security remained precarious.
- Sharp decline in production of leguminous plants: -37 percent, dominated by dry beans (major source of plant protein).
- Increasing dependence of households on the marketplace for food in 2007, confirming insufficiency of harvests to cover population food requirements and limits of an agricultural system focused primarily on food crops.
- Surge in food product prices more pronounced in 2007, complicating the nutritional situation for low-income households.
- Policy priorities to restore food equilibrium:
  - Rapid implementation of a cohesive policy on water control and management and identification of actions for its execution.
  - Increased farm yields via regular provision of quality inputs.
  - Preserve gains of existing development projects to avoid loss of accumulated skills upon project completion.
  - Continuation of research programs to improve yields.
  - More rapid soil fertilization efforts, improved climatological knowledge, and on-time availability of selected seeds.

### Export crops — goals, results, and reforms
- Reform goals: quality improvement, higher producer prices, opening to competition to promote competitiveness, and diversification of exportable products.
- Coffee:
  - 8,000 metric tons of commercial coffee produced in crop year 2007/2008.
  - Optimistic estimates for crop year 2008/2009: 30,000 metric tons (increase explained principally by cyclical phenomena).
  - Actions: improved extension services and intensified public awareness of plantation maintenance.
  - Price of berries increased from FBu 150 in crop year 2005/2006 to FBu 300 for crop year 2007/2008.
  - Privatization and opening of marketing to competition resumed; strategy for selling coffee washing stations launched.
  - Tasks carried out: (i) diagnostic study on competitiveness of the subsector; (ii) study on pilot stations for the production of specialty coffees; (iii) formulation of a communications strategy; (iv) study on prevention of risks of conflict; (v) audit of coffee crop years 2004/05 and 2005/06.
- Tea:
  - 2007 production: 6,858 metric tons of dry tea against forecasts of 7,300 metric tons (target 94 percent met).
  - 2007 production increased by 8 percent over the 2006 level.
  - Producer price stagnant at FBu 100/kg of green leaf since 2003.
  - Recovery program initiated: deregulation, opening to private sector, gradual divestment by the state.
  - Achievements: creation of tea subsector reform committee and adoption of an action plan.
  - Ongoing and completed studies: study on enhancing competitiveness (2007); final reports being finalized on accounting and financial audit and correction of OTB accounts (2005 and 2006); analysis of OTB’s internal control system; technical and financial audit and diagnostic study on prevention of conflict risks.
- Cotton:
  - 2007 production: 2,870 metric tons (6 percent lower than 2006 level of 3,037 metric tons).
  - Forecasts for 2008: 3,500 metric tons.
  - Measures by COGERCO in 2007: expansion of sown areas (4,500 hectares in 2008 compared to 3,905 hectares in 2007), raising producer prices (from FBu 200 to FBu 230 per kilogram), awarding bonuses, establishment of credit facility for fertilizers and plates.
- Palm oil:
  - 2007 production: 12,773 metric tons (7 percent reduction compared to 2006 level of 13,771 metric tons).
  - Actions: establishment of new nurseries supported by PRASAB; planting of a new 3,000 hectare palm plantation planned.
  - External support: European Union and IFAD active through STABEX project and PTRPC.
  - Producer price ranged between FBu 600 and FBu 880 per liter in 2006 and remained at the same level for 2007.
- Export diversification:
  - Policy central to increasing export volumes but has not yet produced desired impacts.
  - Progress in trade flows: fish, live animals, raw hides, and flower and fruit-bearing products.
  - Export structure inertia: traditional crops dominate; coffee alone accounted for more than 68 percent of total exports at end-2007.
  - Studies conducted in 2007 on competitiveness of the sugar subsector and of flower and fruit-bearing products.

### Export structure — key figures (in millions of Burundi francs)
- Primary commodities:
  - 2004: percent 86.8, value 45,751.6
  - 2005: percent 91.1, value 57,132.2
  - 2006: percent 95.8, value 57,846.6
  - 2007: percent 95, value 51,203.4
- Commercial coffee:
  - 2004: percent 61.4, value 32,341.6
  - 2005: percent 69.5, value 43,586.6
  - 2006: percent 67.7, value 40,838.2
  - 2007: percent 68.2, value 32,656.8
- Cotton:
  - 2004: - (no data)
  - 2005: percent 3.1, value 1,919.4
  - 2006: percent 2.0, value 1,211.2
  - 2007: percent 2,7, value 1,470.2
- Raw hides:
  - 2004: percent 0.5, value 284.8
  - 2005: percent 0.7, value 458.8
  - 2006: percent 2.6, value 1,574.3
  - 2007: percent 5,5, value 3,823.6
- Tea:
  - 2004: percent 21.3, value 11,245.8
  - 2005: percent 15.2, value 9,564.8
  - 2006: percent 17, value 10,238.4
  - 2007: percent 14,4, value 9,924.5
- Manufactured goods:
  - 2004: percent 13.2, value 6,937
  - 2005: percent 8.9, value 5,605.5
  - 2006: percent 4.2, value 2,513
  - 2007: percent 5, value 3,422.4
- Total values:
  - 2004 total: 100 (value not shown in table)
  - 2005 total: 100, value 52,688.6
  - 2006 total: 100, value 62,737.7
  - 2007 total: 100, value 60,359.6
  - Final total (row formatting): 54,625.8
- Source noted in table: BRB Annual Report, 2007.

### Development of livestock production
- Focus on promoting short-cycle livestock farming and increasing cattle raising to reconstitute food production capacities.
- Objectives: increase consumption of animal protein, improve incomes, involve new arrivals in agriculture, improve intergroup relations, integrate women into development, produce environmental benefits, and reduce poverty.
- Need to account for dwindling grazing possibilities; reorientation toward feedlot fattening emphasized.
- Specific actions for short-cycle livestock and cattle rearing:
  - (i) promotion of short-cycle livestock farming (benefiting groups of stockbreeders);
  - (ii) support for cattle breeding using artificial insemination;
  - (iii) cross-breeding with improved stock;
  - (iv) capacity building of stockbreeder groups through direct grants of animals.
- Projects and programs contributing: PRASAB, PTRPC, PRDMR, PRRSLP/UNDP, Bututsi Project, several NGOs.
- Government allocation: FBu100 million from I-HIPC funds to restart the Gitega poultry farming project.
- Program support: Project to Support the Rebuilding of the Livestock Sector (PARSE).
- For large cattle: importation of semen for artificial insemination yielding better results than importation of poorly adapted animals; breeding centers installed and turned over to community management.
- For small cattle:
  - FAO distributed goats and kits with veterinary products and equipment to over 5,925 vulnerable households in 2007.
  - Actions: relaunching of Gitega poultry farming center; prevention and control of avian flu; improved veterinary services.
  - Rapid rebuilding of cattle, goat, sheep, and pig populations reported.
  - Earlier dairy goat experimentation in Ngozi Province not sufficiently developed despite suitability for provinces with shrinking grazing areas.
  - Promotion of bee-keeping undertaken in Ngozi, Cibitoke and Karusi Provinces under PRASAB and PRDMR.
  - Herd management techniques (permanent stabling of large cattle, pigs, and poultry) supported to utilize harvest waste products.

### Fisheries and fish-farming revitalization
- National fish production showed no improvement in 2007.
- 2007 fish production: 11,500 metric (tons) — fell short of the forecast of 14,407 tons.
- Performance down by 18 percent compared to 2006.
- Causes cited:
  - (i) use of prohibited nets (“mosquito net”) for capture of fry;
  - (ii) excessive and anarchistic farming of wetlands along lakeshores;
  - (iii) hyacinth pollution destroying spawning areas.
- Table 8 summary: downward trend in fish production and low share of industrial fishing (industrial fishing accounts for only 17 percent).
- Source for fisheries data: Annual Report, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock.

*Source: _cr0990 - 144. Specific  actions  were  launched  to  support  the  policy  of  revitalizing  food  crop (PDF).*

### 162. The  construction  of  port  infrastructures  is  a  prerequisite  for  increasing  fish

### _cr0990 - 162. The  construction  of  port  infrastructures  is  a  prerequisite  for  increasing  fish

### Fisheries and port infrastructure
- Construction of port infrastructures is identified as a prerequisite for increasing fish production.
- Two fishing ports opened at Nyanza-Lake and Kajaga are expected to streamline fishing activity on Lake Tanganyika.
- Priority actions: use of conservation and processing techniques to raise the fisheries sector’s visibility and contribution to GDP.
- Expansion of fish farming is necessary to consolidate food security, particularly in rural areas.

### Environmental protection and improvement — objectives
- Three stated objectives:
  - (i) building the institutional and technical capacities of environmental agencies;
  - (ii) promoting the national policy on natural resource management;
  - (iii) promoting the use of the natural resources and environmental rehabilitation.

### Building institutional and technical capacities of environmental agencies — findings and activities
- Ongoing environmental degradation driven by: arson, repeated land clearings, farming of marginal land, abusive deforestation, anarchistic and illicit exploitation of mining products and quarries, and anarchistic exploitation of the land.
- Annual decrease in Burundi’s forest cover: 0.13 percent.
- Actions taken: adapting the legal framework, mobilizing and heightening awareness on natural resource management, promotion of sustainable resource use and environmental restoration.
- Legal harmonization: adoption of an environmental code and preparation of implementing provisions; a draft decree is being prepared in conformity with procedures for socio-environmental impact studies and reports to support revision of land, forestry, mining, and petroleum codes and evaluation of legal framework for public water resources.
- Environmental studies and certifications:
  - About 60 environmental conformity certifications issued for exploitation of mines and quarries.
  - Sectoral studies and a national action plan for adaptation to climate change supported by the Global Environment Fund.
  - Inventories of greenhouse gases in sectors: waste, land use/allocation, forestry, industrial practices, agriculture, and energy, to prepare the second national message on climate change.
  - Evaluation and action plan prepared to build environmental management capacities.
  - A national profile on rational management of chemicals prepared.
  - Baseline study on water quality control carried out in context of the Nile Basin Initiative.
- 2007 complementary actions: preparation of tools and procedural handbooks for management of greenhouse gas inventories (GGIs); implementation of an environmental information network.
- Public mobilization and awareness: environmental protection associations conducted public awareness, education, and information campaigns; regulations governing wood cutting updated to discourage premature harvesting and facilitate maintenance/expansion of timber tracts.
- Wildfire control performance:
  - Five-year action plan 2006-2010 contemplates control of wildfires by 2010.
  - 2007 results: 127.5 km of fire breaks added and controlled burns of 662 hectares — described as poor results requiring additional efforts to control wildfires by end-2010.
- Training and information progress in 2007:
  - Environmental education modules developed for elementary and secondary schools.
  - Training sessions organized on: (i) greenhouse gas inventory techniques and management; (ii) good practices and management of uncertainties; (iii) quality assurance and control; (iv) management of wetlands at Naiyvasha in Kenya; (v) biological monitoring of water quality at Mwanza in Tanzania; (VI) environmental education in Addis Ababa and in Ethiopia; (vii) training on laws governing protected areas.
  - Training and retraining on environmental safeguarding and soil protection for commune-level and provincial leaders.
  - Establishment of environmental police force and local monitoring committees to protect forests, parks, and public/private forest tracts.
  - 2007 training provided to 11 environmental police officers out of a total staff of 456.
  - Hunting ban on wild animals enacted as additional resource protection measure.
- Urban/peri-urban achievements: improvement of ravines, rehabilitation/maintenance/expansion of public gardens, and drainage systems for wastewater in Bujumbura Mairie and other secondary cities.

### Promotion of the national policy on natural resource management — findings and actions
- Threats to natural resources: high population density, irregular topography, and poverty accelerating degradation and reducing productivity via erosion and overexploitation.
- National territorial and land management policy formulation is fundamental; guided by existing national sustainable land usage strategy.
- Provincial territorial development plans: only two completed out of 17 provinces (Kirundo and Bubanza).
- Specific actions initiated:
  - (i) development and introduction of an anti-erosion mechanism;
  - (ii) development of a project for protection and rehabilitation of the Ruvubu National Park, together with an impact study;
  - (iii) rehabilitation of the Cankuzo-Muyinga road in Ruvubu National Park.

### Promotion of sustainable use of natural resources and environmental rehabilitation — progress and targets
- Catchment basin improvement:
  - 9,703 hectares of catchment basins improved in 2007 — characterized as insufficient relative to land loss.
- Marsh improvement and rehabilitation:
  - 2,787 hectares of marsh improved in 2007.
  - 230 hectares of marsh rehabilitated in 2007.
  - 2007 projections under the five-year action plan 2006-2010: improvement of 8,000 hectares and rehabilitation of 1,600 hectares.
- Reforestation and forest inventory:
  - 2007 reforestation performance: approximately 3,423 hectares planted versus projection of 4,000 hectares annually.
  - Inventory completed only for Gakara and Buhayira tracts: 262 hectares.
  - Remaining timber tracts not yet inventoried, creating a large gap in knowledge of forest patrimony.
- Other achievements promoting sustainable resource use:
  - Production and distribution of 4,450 improved hearths.
  - Establishment of two biogas projects in two secondary schools.
  - Rehabilitation of the INECN laboratory.
  - Maintenance of 137.5 km of firebreaks and 16.4 km of forest roads (maintenance relates only to forest stands of Gakara and Buhayira).
  - Creation of an effective monitoring system for protected areas to reduce biodiversity disappearance.

### Development of trade and industry — performance and support
- 2006–2007 performance:
  - Relative change in industrial production: 0.3 percent.
  - Growth of the commercial sector: 0.4 percent.
- External support:
  - Regional project to protect commercial activities against political risks allocated US$7.5 million to Burundi over a 5-year period.
  - Integrated Framework for LDCs granted US$1 million to support private sector (targeted at production of essential oils (RUGOFARM), expansion of flower cultivation (ATAB project), drying of fruits and vegetables (COTRIEX project), quality management by BBN, and technological upgrading of the pipe factory).
- Domestic trade promotion in 2007:
  - Construction of modern marketplaces and rehabilitation of business centers under the PTPCE project.
  - Merchants’ committees established to manage community infrastructures once works are completed.

### Rational exploitation of mines and quarries — performance and capacity
- Mining sector as opportunity to increase and diversify export receipts.
- 2007 mining royalties revenue into Public Treasury increased by 11 percent over preceding fiscal year.
- 2007 authorizations and licenses:
  - Approval of 61 local contact points.
  - Granting of three hydrocarbon prospecting permits.
  - Issuance of 599 mining licenses.
  - Approval of 1,829 authorizations to transport construction materials.
- Sector supports over 200,000 people (about 40,000 households) throughout the country.
- Supervision of construction material providers covers 13 provinces, or 76.4 percent of the national territory.
- Outfitting of the Control and Chemical Analysis Laboratory (LACED) improved quality of analyses.
- Long-term need: intensify mining research to permit rational exploitation of proven mineral deposits.

### Promotion of tourism and crafts
- Craft industry progress deemed insufficient relative to objectives; some artisanal units established (boilermaking shops, soap factories, bakeries, electric hullers, motor-driven pumps).
- Tourism relaunch programs included rehabilitation of information and sales office, repair of the pyramid at the source of the Nile, and development of a database on tourist sites.
- Continued efforts to identify new attractions and tourist products, diversify national potential, and strengthen links with regional tourism circuits.

### Increased job and income-earning opportunities for the poor — approaches and programs
- Five preferred approaches to increasing job opportunities (note: text lists five but enumerates four):
  - (i) improved access to credit;
  - (ii) promotion of highly labor-intensive public works;
  - (iii) promotion of income-generating activities and professional reinsertion;
  - (iv) promotion of culture, sports, and leisure.
- Microcredit expansion in rural areas:
  - Proliferation of microfinance institutions in recent years; many could not sustain activities, leading to cascading bankruptcies due largely to management omissions.
  - Two major danger areas: lack of probity of promoters and low repayment capacity of customers related to high interest rates.
  - Central Bank of Burundi (BRB) increased supervision of microfinance institutions and encouraged creation of a Network of Microfinance Institutions (RIM).
  - At end-2007, 26 microfinance institutions licensed by the BRB.
  - Financing of these institutions primarily from projects and NGOs.
- Microfinance sector metrics (2007):
  - Population served: 311,094 customers or members
  - Amount of loans granted: FBu 8,704,138,000 (or US$8,704,138)
  - Penetration rate: 10 percent
  - Number of beneficiaries: 63,051 customers
  - Average loan: FBu 138,050 (or US$138)
  - Saving gathered: FBu 3,109,743,000 (or US$3,109,743)
  - Loans outstanding: FBu 13,897,427,000 (or US$13,897,427)
- Banking sector measures:
  - Minimum bank capital now set at FBu 5 million.
  - Measures to facilitate recovery of banks in difficulty.
  - Plans to review bank licensing procedures, update banking law, and launch a comprehensive study to evaluate the financial sector.
- Highly labor-intensive public works and food-for-work:
  - WFP “Food for Work” (FFW) program provided food assistance in exchange for participation in construction of schools and health centers, road maintenance/rehabilitation, environmental safeguarding (contour tracing and reforestation).
  - Under FFW, 45,622 households participating (228,112 beneficiaries) received 16,649 metric tons of food.
  - UNDP community recovery programs also supported rehabilitation of socioeconomic infrastructures using highly labor-intensive approaches.
- Income-generating and professional insertion:
  - Day labor opportunities remained extremely limited in 2007.
  - Study by CERDA (April 2007) found level of satisfaction of demand for day labor at 10 to 20 percent.
  - Wages remain insufficient relative to rising food prices despite government efforts.

*Source: _cr0990 - 162. The  construction  of  port  infrastructures  is  a  prerequisite  for  increasing  fish*

### 190. Increasing  the  incomes  of  rural  families  depends  on  the  craft  industry  and  on

### _cr0990 - 190. Increasing  the  incomes  of  rural  families  depends  on  the  craft  industry  and  on

### Rural incomes, craft industry, and microprojects
- Increasing the incomes of rural families depends on the craft industry and on microprojects creating nonagricultural jobs (para. 190).
- Government support measures:
  - Training, supervision, and mobilization of suitable resources.
  - Organization and creation of groups and associations of persons engaged in crafts.
  - Granting of small loans for the rehabilitation of production units destroyed during the crisis.
- Support by associations and partners (para. 191):
  - Activities include milling by electric hullers, joinery, sewing, manufacture and baking of bricks and tiles using tunnel kilns.
  - National and international NGOs, with development partner financing, provided vocational training and assistance for vulnerable youths (such as street children) to create professional associations or individual income-generating projects.

### Vocational Training and Retraining Center (CFPP) (para. 192)
- Primary mission: build capacities of skilled workers for private enterprises, parastatals, and targeted local production organizations.
- Recent support:
  - Financing from SOS International to restructure programs, train the trainers, and renew instructional materials.
- Objective: adapt CFPP skill areas to modern needs of beneficiaries.

### Youth: policies, planned actions, and achievements (paras. 193–194)
- Context:
  - According to ISTEEBU estimates, youths account for 50 percent of the overall population and 55 percent of the working population.
- Planned 2007 actions to integrate youth into productive activities:
  - Apprenticeship in trades, training for entrepreneurship, education in peace and national reconciliation.
  - Creation of a fund for the economic insertion of youths.
  - Establishment of regional youth centers.
  - Awareness campaign on the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
- 2007 achievements:
  - Construction of offices for regional youth centers; redeployment of personnel; furnishing equipment; purchase of vehicles for regional and national coordinators.
  - BINUB support for strengthening youth participation in social cohesion efforts.
- Overall: achievements fell short of planned actions despite government and donor will.

### Sports: infrastructure and promotion (paras. 195–196)
- Current state:
  - Sports activities use infrastructures of extremely poor quality, primarily stadiums and fields in Bujumbura Mairie, Gitega, Ngozi, Bururi, and Makamba.
- Donor support:
  - UNDP, through PRRSLP, contributed to construction/rehabilitation of soccer pitches and shared basketball/volleyball facilities in Cankuzo, Karuzi, Makamba, Rutana, and Ruyigi.
- Policy and institutional efforts:
  - Development of a national sports policy enabled resumption of participation in international competitions.
  - Monitoring of national federations, organization of technical and administrative training sessions (administrative and technical supervisors, trainers).
  - Public awareness campaigns on the fight against AIDS conducted in conjunction with sports, leisure, and entertainment activities.

### Culture: activities and priorities (paras. 197–198)
- Major 2007 cultural activities:
  - Support for creation of theater, music, dance, reading, and cinema clubs for youth.
  - Organized leisure and entertainment activities for youths on vacation.
  - Organization of national entertainment and leisure competitions.
  - Support for participation in international competitions and festivals.
  - Identification and monitoring of film projection rooms, video libraries, and dance halls to protect morals.
  - Reconstitution, training, and outfitting of the National Ballet’s dance group.
  - Rehabilitation of the Palace of Arts and Culture.
  - Preparation of the biennial festival of youth around dances, traditional games, and physical and sports activities.
- Recommendation:
  - Continue efforts so culture cements social cohesion and benefits the greatest possible number of Burundians, including expanding capacities to handle visitors to leisure and entertainment infrastructures.

### Development of the private sector (paras. 199–201)
- Payment arrears program (para. 199):
  - Disbursements for payment of arrears owed to the private sector: FBu 11.9 billion in 2006 and FBu 21.5 billion in 2007.
  - Settlements mostly via issuance of Treasury bills and bonds.
  - At end-2007, the state no longer had any recorded arrears vis-à-vis national economic agents.
- Government and donor support (para. 200):
  - Subsidies to the Burundi Normalization Office (BBN).
  - Substantial resources to artisan training centers in Kamenge, Kayanza, and Gitega to increase handicraft production.
  - European Union Arcane project support: (i) help set up umbrella organization; (ii) study on reshaping CCIB and prepare practical guide for economic agents; (iii) provide an Internet site; (iv) advocacy participation.
- Targeted actions to consolidate reorganization and relaunch (para. 201):
  - Legal and regulatory reforms: dissemination of law on bankruptcy and competition; reactivation of private-public consultation framework; revision of the investment code; updating of the code on private and public companies (needed for adaptation after accession to the East African Community (EAC)).
  - Business climate improvements: preparation of an action plan to improve the investment climate; preparation of an industrial and commercial development strategy; updating of commercial and mining codes.
  - Continued policy to provide greater incentives for private sector investment growth.
  - Constraint: extension of banking and insurance network countrywide was not completed, though gains are perceptible in major cities.

### Infrastructures supporting production — overview (paras. 202–203)
- Infrastructure progress focuses on:
  - Transport infrastructures, telecommunications infrastructures, and increased energy supply capacities.
- Aim: increase and enhance competitiveness of Burundian enterprises.

### Improvement of transport infrastructure — Domestic transport (paras. 203–206)
- Maintenance funding gap threatens paving efforts and economic/social initiatives; highway network is relatively dense.
- Recent works:
  - Routine periodic maintenance on national highway network generally and in Bujumbura in particular.
  - Rehabilitation completed on Bujumbura-Gatumba highway and protection of Rusizi embankments.
  - Rehabilitation in progress for Rugombo-Kayanza highway.
- Accessibility deficiencies (CWIQ-2006 survey) (para. 204):
  - Average time to reach nearest functional road: about 46 minutes in rural areas vs. 6 minutes in urban areas.
  - Public transport accessibility: less than 15 minutes from home in urban areas vs. 83 minutes in rural areas.
- Road safety and organizational shortcomings (para. 205):
  - Principal constraints:
    - Absence of fixed and improved bus stops, bus stations, improved parking facilities, and road signage (horizontal and vertical).
    - Lack of rigor in technical inspections and granting of driver’s licenses.
    - Problems evaluating and controlling transport capacity for goods and merchandise (lack of reliable data on flows and regulatory omissions).
    - Inadequate training of inspection personnel.
- Organizational improvements in passenger transport to interior (para. 206):
  - Tariffs remain not very remunerative for OTRACO and private operators.
  - Administrative transport issues: ancient and non-uniform automobile fleet.
  - 2007 measures and plans:
    - Government prepared a framework law on road transport and plans to establish a new administrative transport policy requiring overall financing of FBu 30 million.
    - Measure to halt imports of left-hand drive public transport vehicles with effect from January 2, 2008 to enhance road safety.
    - Feasibility study commissioned on an intercity bus station in Bujumbura Mairie at a cost of FBu 20 million.
    - Urgent study on urban transport in Bujumbura Mairie financed by Japanese financing of FBu 3.3 billion.

### International trade and transport corridors (paras. 207–209)
- Policy to diversify access routes and end isolation emphasizes rail connection to subregional network.
- 2007 and planned programs (para. 207):
  - Conduct feasibility study on ISAKA-NYAKARUHUKA-GITEGA-MUSONGATI rail link.
  - Construction of the KIRUNDI-GASENYI road on the Rwanda border.
  - Preliminary study piloted by COMESA on stabilization of the water level of Lake Tanganyika.
  - Rehabilitation of beacon lamps and lake signal buoys.
  - Launch of public tender for dredging of the main basin of Bujumbura port.
- Institutional milestones (para. 208):
  - Ratification of Agreement establishing the Central Corridor Transport and Transit Facilitation Agency.
  - Drafting of navigation code governing lake transport.
- Persistent problems hampering international transport development (para. 208):
  - Outdated road infrastructures, air fleet, and port infrastructures and equipment.
  - Tariff and nontariff barriers.
  - Limited axle loads.
  - Alluvial deposits compounding effects of lower water level in Lake Tanganyika ports.
  - Lack of legislation adapted to lake transport.
  - Lack of rail link to the subregion.
  - Personnel shortages in international transport.
- Government planned responses (para. 209):
  - Negotiate creation of warehouses meeting standards in transshipment ports (Dar Es Salaam, Kigoma, Mpulungu).
  - Procure modern equipment to ensure quality transportation over corridors.
  - Participate in defining a common strategy for development of infrastructures in central and southern corridors (ports, railroads, roads, etc).

### Improvement of communications infrastructure and promotion of new information technologies (paras. 210–212)
- Objectives:
  - Improve communications and information management to enhance public awareness.
  - Organize communicators to provide professional communications consistent with journalistic ethics.
  - Coordinate stakeholders to harmonize messages.
  - Modernize and professionalize media enterprises.
  - Implement national strategy on the development of NICTs.
- Achievements (para. 211):
  - Digital Development Support Center (ADEN) created in Gitega.
  - Digital upgrading of RTNB radio and TV studios; training of technicians in digital techniques.
  - Internet establishment work undertaken in Kiremba in Bururi Province as part of spreading Internet nationwide.
  - Journalist training activities included:
    - Training seminar on defense of the rights of children (UNICEF support).
    - Seminar on role of journalist in Truth and Reconciliation Commission process.
    - Workshop on legal and regulatory framework of media in Burundi.
    - Training on investigative journalism.
    - CIEP staff training on digital editing.
    - Five training sessions for journalists on ethics, compliance with law, and media accountability.
    - Participation of public and private radio journalists in international seminars on communications and NICTs in China, Belgium, France, Italy, and the Republic of South Africa.
- Telecommunications sector (para. 212):
  - Mobile telephony spread significantly: AFRICEL, ECONET, ONAMOB, and Ü-COM extended networks to most major cities.
  - Multiplicity of telephony providers facilitates communications.
  - Constraint: current cost level of communication constitutes a brake on broader telephone usage, especially in rural areas.

### Increased energy supply capacities (para. 213)
- Electricity production in 2007:
  - Significant growth in electricity production in 2007, facilitated by frequent rains in that year.
  - Ministry of Water, Energy, and Mining, responsible for electrification through REGIDESO and DGHER, increased electricity production by 24.2 percent.
  - Increase explained by favorable rains and the 2007 launch of maintenance and rehabilitation works on hydroelectric plants and associated networks.

*Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/websites/imf/imported-full-text-pdf/external/pubs/ft/scr/2009/_cr0990.pdf*

### 214. For  the  short  term,  the  government  opted  to  invest  on  a  priority  basis  in  the

### _cr0990 - 214. For  the  short  term,  the  government  opted  to  invest  on  a  priority  basis  in  

### Energy sector rehabilitation and grid stabilization
- Priority investments targeted rehabilitation of existing power plants and extension of service grids.
- Hydroelectric plant capacity increases:
  - Ruvyironza (Gitega): from 1.275 MW to 1.5 MW.
  - Gikonge (Muramvya): from 0.85 MW to 1 MW.
- Hydroelectric plants in the north (Rwegura, Kayenzi, and Maramvya) were interconnected to guarantee the security of electricity supply and stabilize the grid.

### Rural electrification and off-grid solar deployment
- DGHER electrified 19 additional rural centers by installing new lines, distributed as:
  - three in Kabarore commune, two in Bugendana commune, three in Rumonge commune, one in Makamba commune, one in Bururi commune, two in Burambi commune, one in Kiganda, one in Gitega commune, two in Butaganzwa commune, one in Muhanga commune, and two in Mugina commune.
- Nine additional health centers were electrified.
- Directorate-General of Water and Energy completing electrification of:
  - 35 health centers and 17 commune-level secondary schools in rural areas using photovoltaic solar systems.
- Expansion and electrification of peripheral areas of urban centers are ongoing to increase electricity access.

### Electricity production, losses, and performance targets
- Electricity production reported:
  - 152,056.5 MWh in 2006.
  - 142.824 MWh in 2007.
- REGIDESO technical and commercial losses:
  - Declined from 26 percent in 2006 to 24.4 percent in 2007.
- Performance targets (set with the World Bank):
  - 24 percent in 2009.
  - 23 percent in 2010.
  - 21 percent in 2011.
  - 19 percent in 2012.
  - 18 percent in 2013.

### Demand, subscribers, and segmentation
- Number of electricity sector subscribers:
  - Increased by 6.7 percent, from 35,200 in 2006 to 41,074 in 2007.
- By customer category:
  - Low tension (LT) customers: from 35,200 in 2006 to 37,660 in 2007.
  - Medium tension (MT) customers: dropped from 129 in 2006 to 115 in 2007 (no overall increase).
- Table 10 — Change in electricity subscribers (selected figures):
  - Bujumbura: 19,466 (2002), 20,754 (2003), 21,025 (2004), 20,256 (2005), 21,510 (2006), 22,974 (2007); Rate of growth (in percent) 4.5.
  - South: 2,061 (2002) ... 2,754 (2006) ... 3,827 (2007); Rate of growth 10.4.
  - North: 3,351 (2002) ... 4,409 (2006) ... 3,225 (2007); Rate of growth 9.1.
  - West: 2,183 (2002) ... 2,905 (2006) ... 2,923 (2007); Rate of growth 16.5.
  - East: 2,168 (2002) ... 3,558 (2006) ... 4,711 (2007); Rate of growth 9.2.
  - Major domestic consumer: 64 (2002), 64 (2003) ... - .
  - Total: 29,674 (2002), 31,915 (2003), 32,889 (2004), 32,986 (2005), 35,200 (2006), 41,074 (2007); Rate of growth 6.7.
- Source of subscriber figures: Ministry of Energy and Mines.

### Other energy resources and cleaner cooking
- Biomass and renewable energy use: assessment difficult due to lack of reliable data.
- Peat production:
  - 9,762 metric tons in 2006.
  - 7,450 metric tons in 2007.
  - Decline described as "approximately 30 percent" with causes attributed to outdated production equipment and lack of spare parts.
  - Peat mainly consumed by military camps and detention facilities.
- Improved hearths introduced to limit environmental pollution through deforestation; environmental impact expected to be perceptible over about a decade if combined with intensified reforestation.
- Note: introduction of a coalification unit suggested to reduce pressure on plant cover and forest resources.

### Regional integration: EAC accession and multilateral engagement
- Burundi acceded to the East African Community on June 18, 2007.
- Participation aims to further overall integration toward a customs union, a common market, a monetary union, and eventual political federation.
- Areas of participation in community cooperation include:
  - (i) Foreign policy coordination;
  - (ii) Cooperation in defense and security;
  - (iii) Legal and judicial cooperation;
  - (iv) Interparliamentary cooperation;
  - (v) Political federation;
  - (vi) Cooperation in trade, finance, and investment;
  - (vii) Cooperation in productive sectors;
  - (viii) Cooperation in infrastructure and services;
  - (ix) Contribution to the Community budget;
  - (x) Facilitation of movement of nationals.
- Implementation requirements:
  - Burundi has twelve months from signature of the Treaty to apply Community legislation and make it enforceable.
  - Reforms required to harmonize policies and introduce measures to create suitable institutional and regulatory frameworks.
- Continued membership in other regional bodies: CEPGL, ECCAS, COMESA, NBI, NEPAD; participation in the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (hosts its secretariat).
- Regional project involvement examples: Road Network Project, tripartite agreement on road transport, master plan for railroads, civil aviation, air navigation, postal projects, master plan for energy including interconnection of power grids and exploration of oil resources.
- Burundi participated in two impact studies on EAC entry with World Bank and GTZ support; conclusions expected during 2008.

### Education sector development, objectives, and financing
- RESEN (Status Report on the National Education System, December 2006) underpins sector strategy.
- Five objectives identified in an educational policy letter adopted in end-2006:
  - (i) achieving universal completion of the primary cycle in 2015;
  - (ii) managing in a controlled manner the flow of students beyond public education;
  - (iii) improving the quality and relevance of primary education;
  - (iv) ensuring a fair educational system;
  - (v) ensuring greater efficiency in the use of resources.
- Partnership and coordination:
  - Ministry of National Education and Scientific Research, with donor and UNICEF support, developed a coordination framework, prepared a Sectoral Plan for Development of Education and Training, an action plan through 2010, launched a Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF), and implemented a donor-supported Common Education Fund.
- Government financing and HIPC:
  - Since 2006, HIPC Initiative resources mainly financed infrastructure: used to build 500 new classrooms in primary schools and to renovate others.
- Teacher training, language policy:
  - Teacher training and retraining ongoing to improve effectiveness and quality.
  - English and Kiswahili introduced into education programs beginning with basic education to facilitate sub-regional participation.

### External financing for education (Table 11, 2007, millions of FBu)
- By level (selected rows):
  - Preschool total: 320; %: 1.
  - Primary total: 35,803; %: 72.
  - Secondary general total: 2,029; %: 4.
  - Technical secondary total: 2,924; %: 6.
  - Higher total: 593; %: 1.
  - Other levels total: 3,314; %: 7.
  - Assistance not allocated to a level total: 4,745; %: 10.
- Total external financing for education (2007): 49,747 millions of FBu; %: 100.
- Priority allocation of external financing:
  - Primary education: 72 percent.
  - Staff training: 5 percent.
  - Everyday operations: 3 percent.
  - Investment and equipment: 7 percent.
  - Miscellaneous student aid: 18 percent.
  - Other financing: 4 percent.
- Observed imbalance: preschool level receives minimal priority in financing despite recognized importance; recommended correction.

*Source: IMF staff report content unit _cr0990.*

### 231. The  most  recent  estimates  indicate  that  the  overall  literacy  rate  in  the  country  is

### _cr0990 - 231. The  most  recent  estimates  indicate  that  the  overall  literacy  rate  in  the  country  is

### Literacy levels (2006)
- Overall literacy in Kirundi: 52.32
- Overall literacy in other (foreign) languages: 27.32
- Gender breakdown (ability to read and/or write):
  - Boys — Kirundi: 57.69; Others: 31.41
  - Girls — Kirundi: 50.18; Others: 25.36
- Urban versus rural literacy (Kirundi; Others):
  - Urban — Kirundi: 75.43; Others: 58.91
  - Rural — Kirundi: 50.91; Others: 25.41
- Regional examples (Kirundi; Others):
  - Bujumbura Mairie — Kirundi: 76.29; Others: 60.29
  - Bujumbura Rural — Kirundi: 57.70; Others: 34.75
  - Selected provinces (Kirundi; Others): Gitega 63.48;32.06 — Karuzi 63.85;33.57 — Kirundo 39.51;13.52 — Muyinga 42.18;18.45
- Quintile pattern (Kirundi; Others):
  - Quintile 1: 44.15;20.41
  - Quintile 2: 48.71;22.30
  - Quintile 3: 51.29;25.99
  - Quintile 4: 54.94;28.40
  - Quintile 5: 62.59;39.59
- Text note: Bujumbura Mairie in particular (79.3 and 60.3 in Kirundi and other languages respectively) shows much better results.

### School registrations and gender / poverty disparities (2006)
- Breakdown of current-year school registrations (percent by level = columns are Kindergarten, Primary, Secondary, University; table reports percentages by subgroup and totals equal 100 for levels):
  - Total column totals: Kindergarten 100; Primary 100; Secondary 100; University 100
- Gender distribution of registrations (percent of registrations by level):
  - Boys: Kindergarten 54.52; Primary 52.19; Secondary 56.53; University 64.22
  - Girls: Kindergarten 45.48; Primary 47.81; Secondary 43.47; University 35.78
- Quintile skew in registrations (percent by level):
  - Quintile 1: Kindergarten 15.03; Primary 22.22; Secondary 11.62; University 1.94
  - Quintile 5: Kindergarten 45.71; Primary 14.58; Secondary 32.90; University 73.44
- Observations from the text:
  - The number of girls is always lower than boys at kindergarten, primary, secondary, and university, with the largest disparity at university.
  - Poverty status strongly affects registrations, especially for kindergarten, secondary, and higher education; gaps between rich and poor are particularly dramatic for these levels.
  - Primary education registration is more balanced across consumption quintiles.

### Enrollment performance indicators (2006)
- Net enrollment rates (Total):
  - Kindergarten: 1.67
  - Primary: 71.03
  - Secondary: 10.26
  - University: 0.99
- Gross enrollment rates (Total):
  - Kindergarten: 2.24
  - Primary: 113.68
  - Secondary: 15.73
  - University: 1.33
- Gender net enrollment (Boys; Girls):
  - Net primary — Boys: 73.24; Girls: 73.58
  - Net secondary — Boys: 12.71; Girls: 9.89
  - Gross primary — Boys: 120.26; Girls: 116.63
  - Gross secondary — Boys: 20.53; Girls: 14.30
- Urban vs Rural enrollment (Net; Gross):
  - Net kindergarten — Urban: 10.90; Rural: 1.19
  - Net primary — Urban: 90.07; Rural: 70.01
  - Gross primary — Urban: 140.15; Rural: 112.27
- Regional examples (net; gross primary):
  - Bujumbura Mairie — Net primary: 91.38; Gross primary: 143.54
  - Bujumbura Rural — Net primary: 82.64; Gross primary: 145.39
- Text analyses and exact figures:
  - "The net enrollment rates for primary and secondary schools are high, at 71 percent and 10.3 percent respectively in 2006."
  - "The national average of primary and secondary enrollment rates stood at around 113.7 percent and 15.7 percent in 2006 respectively."
  - The gap in net rates between poor children and rich children is roughly 18 percentage points for primary schools and 17 percentage points for secondary school.
  - Rural areas perform much worse; Bujumbura Mairie alone has a net rate that exceeds 91 percent.

### Educational system challenges and implications
- Low literacy rates and low enrollment at higher levels reflect systemic difficulties in carrying out the educational system's fundamental missions in 2006.
- Low secondary net enrollment points to student dropouts related to insufficient infrastructure at the secondary level.
- High gross enrollment rates indicate substantial lags in registrations and grade repetition at the primary level.
- Poverty, gender, and place of residence are decisive determinants of literacy and school registration outcomes.

### Impact of free primary tuition (World Bank study findings)
- Policy: Government decree of free tuition in September 2005.
- Key study results reported for 2006:
  - If primary school were not free, "just over 41 percent of poor households stated that some of their children who registered for primary school in 2006 would have stayed home."
  - For wealthy households, the comparable proportion was "just 13 percent."
  - Before the 2006 school year, "about 32 percent of poor households stated that at least one of their children was unable to attend school due to a lack of money to pay tuition."
  - "Around 38 percent of poor households with children who stayed at home in 2005 because of tuition were able to register some of these children in school in 2006."
- Remaining barriers for poor families: the cost of school materials, clothing (uniforms), and particularly opportunity cost remain very high.

*Source: Estimates based on the 2006 QUIBB.*

### 238. The  various  methods  that  the  government  and  donors  use  produced  appreciable

### _cr0990 - 238. The  various  methods  that  the  government  and  donors  use  produced  appreciable

### Education outcomes and recent trends
- The methods used by the government and donors "produced appreciable outcomes" and "facilitated implementing new strategic policies for the education sector and accelerated the institutional reforms."
- Recent and swift growth in the number of students in primary education and, to a lesser extent, in secondary education is attributed to "renewed peace and the elimination of tuition in primary school."
- Table 14 shows an "impressive trend in primary school enrollment rates."

### Measures that drove enrollment improvements (synergy of government and partners)
- Eliminating tuition for primary education.
- Building school cafeterias and adding incentives to keep girls in primary schools; WFP distributed 5,972 metric tons to 248,256 recipients in 2007 for school cafeterias.
- Building, renovating and outfitting schools (including separate lavatories for girls and boys and water points).
- Providing manuals and other school materials.
- Hiring teachers.

### Enrollment, capacity constraints, and quality risks
- Student-teacher ratio rose from 67.2 in 2000 to 86.3 in 2006.
- Burundi is characterized by a "very high student-teacher ratio."
- The mechanical increase in class sizes "may significantly jeopardize the general quality of the teaching provided in primary schools."
- Despite improvements in enrollment rates, "considerable efforts must still be made to achieve universal primary education in the coming years."

### System effectiveness and progression rates
- Of 100 students registered in the first year of primary school:
  - 37 will go on to secondary school.
  - 8 will move on to the second cycle of secondary education.
  - 4 will move on to the last year of secondary school.
- University enrollment rate is estimated at 2.6 percent.

### Primary school gross enrollment rates by province (Table 14)
- Bubanza: 2003–2004 = 70.5; 2004–2005 = 71.2; 2005–2006 = 86.6; 2006–2007 = 95.2.
- Bujumbura-Mairie: 2003–2004 = 101.8; 2004–2005 = 124.3; 2005–2006 = 141.9; 2006–2007 = 119.8.
- Bujumbura-Rural: 2003–2004 = 92.3; 2004–2005 = 86.9; 2005–2006 = 95.6; 2006–2007 = 116.6.
- Bururi: 2003–2004 = 112.5; 2004–2005 = 108.3; 2005–2006 = 122.2; 2006–2007 = 140.9.
- Cankuzo: 2003–2004 = 75.8; 2004–2005 = 74.9; 2005–2006 = 97.5; 2006–2007 = 79.8.
- Cibitoke: 2003–2004 = 77.2; 2004–2005 = 74.6; 2005–2006 = 91.9; 2006–2007 = 101.7.
- Gitega: 2003–2004 = 93.8; 2004–2005 = 88.9; 2005–2006 = 106.6; 2006–2007 = 112.0.
- Karusi: 2003–2004 = 78.9; 2004–2005 = 83.2; 2005–2006 = 100.1; 2006–2007 = 104.5.
- Kayanza: 2003–2004 = 68.7; 2004–2005 = 75.2; 2005–2006 = 102.8; 2006–2007 = 97.2.
- Kirundo: 2003–2004 = 70.3; 2004–2005 = 63.9; 2005–2006 = 88.8; 2006–2007 = 86.7.
- Makamba: 2003–2004 = 78.7; 2004–2005 = 82.6; 2005–2006 = 101.2; 2006–2007 = 114.3.
- Muramvya: 2003–2004 = 96.2; 2004–2005 = 96.3; 2005–2006 = 115.4; 2006–2007 = 125.3.
- Muyinga: 2003–2004 = 57.8; 2004–2005 = 56.4; 2005–2006 = 74.7; 2006–2007 = 85.7.
- Mwaro: 2003–2004 = 111.1; 2004–2005 = 106.8; 2005–2006 = 122.0; 2006–2007 = 128.7.
- Ngozi: 2003–2004 = 58.3; 2004–2005 = 57.1; 2005–2006 = 86.4; 2006–2007 = 91.5.
- Rutana: 2003–2004 = 85.3; 2004–2005 = 90.9; 2005–2006 = 117.8; 2006–2007 = 96.3.
- Ruyigi: 2003–2004 = 63.5; 2004–2005 = 80.1; 2005–2006 = 105.8; 2006–2007 = 101.4.
- Total: 2003–2004 = 81.0; 2004–2005 = 81.6; 2005–2006 = 101.3; 2006–2007 = 105.2.
- Source: Ministry of National Education.

### Outlook for achieving universal primary education
- Ambitious goal: "educating all children from 7 to 12 years old in primary schools by 2015."
- Current completion: "just four in ten children that start the first year complete their primary schooling."
- Indicators of quality in 2005–2006:
  - Percentage of repeaters = 30.3 percent.
  - Percentage of dropouts = 7.2 percent.
- To achieve universal education by the beginning of the 2015–2016 school year:
  - "All children should be registered in the first year of school at the beginning of the 2010–2011 school year."
  - Raise the primary school completion rate to 100 percent by the beginning of the 2015–2016 school year, versus a current rate of 37 percent.
  - "Consequently, there should be around two million school-age students."
  - Estimates for 2007 show an increase of up to 95 percent.
- Priority actions:
  - Produce sufficient teaching materials.
  - Expand opportunities for accommodating students at the secondary level and increase the number of vocational schools.
  - Hire teachers, which will raise recurring costs and require reflection on sustainable financing in the medium term.
  - Accelerate implementation of the Sectoral Plan for the Development of Education and Training.
  - Maintain overall policy strengthening provision of education (secondary and university levels) to fight poverty; gains are substantial for heads of households with secondary and higher education.
- Footnotes in the source:
  - "14 Building new primary school classrooms."
  - "15 This assessment is based on the GPI (parity index) and the gross enrollment rate."

### Girls, equity, and gender parity
- Ratio of girls to boys in primary school rose from 80 percent in 2000 to 91 percent in 2005.
- "The results show that the girls were still less likely than boys to have access to education in 2006."

### Health system objectives (overview)
- Four general objectives for the health system:
  - (i) reducing maternal and neonatal mortality rates;
  - (ii) reducing infant and child mortality rates;
  - (iii) reducing the prevalence of transmissible and non-transmissible diseases;
  - (iv) improving the performance of the national health system.

### Morbidity and mortality status and priorities
- Maternal mortality ratio = 615 per one hundred thousand live births (MICS 2005 Survey).
- Perinatal mortality rate = 34 per thousand in health facilities (2007 PNSR Activity Report).
- Mortality rate for children under five = 176 per thousand (2005 MICS Survey).
- Principal diseases responsible: malaria, diarrheal diseases, acute respiratory infections, malnutrition and AIDS.
- Priority groups: children under five and pregnant women; focus on malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.

### Malaria
- Over two million cases (2,265,970 cases) of malaria were recorded in the health centers (2006 Annual LMTC Program Report).
- Malaria accounts for 77 percent of morbidity cases treated in health centers among diseases included in the IDSR program.
- New artemisinin-based treatment protocol adopted in November 2003.
- No intermittent treatment for pregnant women; insecticide-treated nets are used for prevention.
- In 2006 about 1,102,800 nets were distributed.
- Usage rates for nets:
  - 16.2 percent for children under five (2006).
  - 29.42 percent overall usage rate for 2007.

### Tuberculosis
- Nearly 7,000 new cases of tuberculosis (all types combined) discovered each year (2006 Annual PNLT Report).
- Among new cases, more than 3,000 cases of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis, amounting to an annual incidence of 100/100,000 persons.
- Most affected age group: 15 to 44 years old.
- Groups most exposed: prisoners, refugees, malnourished individuals, and individuals who are HIV+.
- Early results from a PNLT survey: TB/HIV co-infection rate = 26 percent.
- "No surveys on the scope of the TB/HIV co-infection problem have been performed in Burundi" prior to the PNLT survey.

### Diarrheal diseases and sanitation
- Diarrheal diseases are the third leading cause of morbidity in children under five.
- Causes cited: lack of sanitation and hygiene, insufficiency of drinking water, and poor human waste disposal.
- Cholera and bacillary dysentery occur in endemic and epidemic form.

### Nutrition and child malnutrition indicators (Table 15)
- National underweight rate for children under five:
  - 2005 = 39.2 percent.
  - 2007 = 35.2 percent.
- Underweight by area (2007):
  - Rural = 40.8 percent.
  - Urban = 21.8 percent.
- Slow growth rate for children under five:
  - 2005 = 52.5 percent.
  - 2007 = 46 percent.
- Acute malnutrition rate since 2005: held below 10 percent (critical threshold); 2007 = 5.6.
- Nutritional status by province (Underweight Overall / Moderate / Severe and Slow growth Overall / Moderate / Severe):
  - Bubanza: 38.7 / 30.3 / 8.4 ; 43.2 / 22.6 / 20.6
  - Bujumbura Rural: 32.0 / 24.2 / 7.8 ; 40.6 / 24.6 / 16.0
  - Bururi: 31.7 / 29.7 / 2.1 ; 37.9 / 24.8 / 13.1
  - Cankuzo: 33.0 / 20.8 / 12.3 ; 39.6 / 23.6 / 16.0
  - Cibitoke: 32.5 / 27.0 / 5.5 ; 52.0 / 29.5 / 22.5
  - Gitega: 33.3 / 25.2 / 8.1 ; 50.2 / 31.1 / 19.1
  - Karusi: 40.0 / 33.3 / 6.7 ; 48.2 / 31.3 / 17.0
  - Kayanza: 38.8 / 30.4 / 8.4 ; 52.3 / 28.4 / 23.9
  - Kirundo: 34.8 / 25.9 / 8.9 ; 49.4 / 25.3 / 24.1
  - Makamba: 13.0 / 10.4 / 2.6 ; 30.8 / 24.4 / 6.4
  - Muramvya: 28.7 / 17.0 / 11.7 ; 37.2 / 20.2 / 17.0
  - Muyinga: 45.5 / 34.3 / 11.1 ; 56.2 / 29.0 / 27.6
  - Mwaro: 39.7 / 33.3 / 6.3 ; 42.9 / 27.0 / 15.9
  - Ngozi: 35.3 / 28.1 / 7.2 ; 46.3 / 30.0 / 16.3
  - Rutana: 42.3 / 29.8 / 12.5 ; 51.0 / 24.0 / 26.9
  - Ruyigi: 37.6 / 29.3 / 8.3 ; 47.1 / 27.4 / 19.7
  - Bujumbura Mairie: 21.1 / 16.1 / 5.0 ; 26.3 / 15.0 / 11.3
  - Total for the country: 35.2 / 27.3 / 7.9 ; 46.0 / 26.6 / 19.4
- Source: National Nutrition Survey performed by the ISTEEBU and UNICEF in 2007.

*Source: Ministry of National Education; MICS 2005 Survey; 2006 Annual LMTC Program Report; 2007 PNSR Activity Report; 2006 Annual PNLT Report; National Nutrition Survey performed by the ISTEEBU and UNICEF in 2007.*

### 252. The  government  faces  the  following  two  major  challenges  for  providing  quality

### _cr0990 - 252. The  government  faces  the  following  two  major  challenges  for  providing  quality

### Health sector — access and performance
- Two major challenges for providing quality care in sufficient quantity: (i) increasing access to care for the people; and (ii) improving the performance of the national health system.
- Government decision to fully subsidize maternal care and care for children under five, making reduction of maternal and infant mortality a public health priority.
- Free care increased use of health services; free care for Persons Living with HIV (PLWHA) and for tuberculosis patients, and high subsidies for anti-malaria medicines, have contributed to improved access.
- Deliveries in healthcare environments rose from 22.9 percent in 2005 to 41 percent in 2007 (2007 PNSR Activity Report).
- Limitations in maternity healthcare:
  - Only about 66.1 percent of health centers have a maternity ward.
  - Only 12 percent of staff receives practical training in basic obstetrical care.

### Disease control, immunization, maternal health, and nutrition
- Strengthened early monitoring and warning system for endemic diseases (polio, neonatal tetanus, measles) and potentially epidemic diseases (cholera, meningitis, tuberculosis).
- 2007 vaccine coverage:
  - BCG: 97 percent
  - OPV3: 93 percent
  - DTDHib/HepB: 94.3 percent
  - Measles: 93.7 percent
  - Vitamin A supplements in children less than one year old: 93.5 percent
- National total vaccine coverage remains above 80 percent.
- Immunization campaigns organized against cerebral-spinal meningitis; immunization required for contacts suspected of having rabies.
- Maternal health and malnutrition:
  - Contraceptive prevalence rate reached 4.7 percent.
  - Rate of use of iodized salt stood at 98 percent in 2006.
  - Micronutrient supplementation programs expanded; maternal breastfeeding and supplementary foods promoted.

### Financing for priority programs
- Average cost of the program: 50 million dollars per year.
- In 2007 Burundi committed:
  - five million dollars for the regular budget
  - 7.4 million dollars for the special investment budget
- With HIPC funding, the health budget more than doubled to two  2  percent of GDP and  6  percent of the government’s total budget.
- Burundi’s government health expenditure per capita: slightly less than two dollars per inhabitant in 2006 (lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa).
- Sources of health sector funding: national budget, foreign aid, health insurance, and direct payments by users.
- Foreign aid amounted to 11.2 dollars per inhabitant in 2006.
- One-quarter of donor funding to the sector was in the 2006 budget; three-quarters were not in the budget.

### Domestic financing through the government budget (Table 16)
- Health budget as a % of total government expenditures: 2004: 3  2005: 2  2006: 7  2007: 6
- Health budget as a % of GDP: 2004: 1  2005: 1  2006: 3  2007: 2
- Annual change in the health budget as a %: 2004: 19  2005: -11  2006: 277  2007: -23
- Health budget per inhabitant in US$: 2004: 1  2005: 1  2006: 2  2007: 2

### Water, sanitation, and hygiene — coverage and infrastructure
- 2005 MICS Survey findings:
  - 64.3 percent of households are using improved sources of drinking water.
  - 31.7 percent of households are using upgraded sanitary facilities.
- Urban supply (Bujumbura Mairie and 22 centers): 35,002 connections and 600 standpipes.
- REGIDESO capacity and distribution:
  - Drinking water production capacity in the capital: over 160 liters available per day and per inhabitant.
  - Distribution network length: 550 km, or 1.1 m per inhabitant.
  - REGIDESO expanded network length by 11,558 m.
  - REGIDESO produced 39 million m3 of water in 2007, 31 million m3 of which were for the city of Bujumbura (80 percent of this production).
  - Production was 16 percent higher than in 2006.
  - Losses are about 46 percent; causes cited: (i) problems with the meters (including production); (ii) illegal connections; (iii) dilapidated water mains and connections; (iv) excessive pressure in low-lying areas.
  - REGIDESO target: reduce losses from 46 percent to 20 percent between 2006 and 2013.
- Rural water supply remains tenuous; leading causes of child mortality and morbidity under five include lack of access to drinking water and decent sanitation systems and poor personal hygiene and environmental practices.
- 2007 water supply and sanitation systems built using HIPC funding: ten DWSS in the provinces of Bubanza, Cibitoke, Gitega, Bujumbura Rural, and Ngozi (listed by commune and system names in source).

### Drinking water production and subscribers (Tables 17 and 18)
- Drinking water production (m3) — Total by year:
  - 2003: 30,745,214
  - 2004: 33,389,814
  - 2005: 33,076,694
  - 2006: 32,645,875
  - 2007: 38,915,683
- Bujumbura production by year:
  - 2003: 25,313,828
  - 2004: 27,883,675
  - 2005: 28,166,589
  - 2006: 27,539,004
  - 2007: 31,256,807
- Change in drinking water subscribers — Total by year and growth rate:
  - Total subscribers: 2002: 25,150  2003: 26,474  2004: 28,274  2005: 30,545  2006: 33,902  2007: 35,002  Growth rate: 10.9%
- Regional subscriber growth rates:
  - Bujumbura growth rate: 11.5%
  - Région Est growth rate: 7.7%
  - Région Sud growth rate: 9.9%
  - Région Nord growth rate: 15.1%
  - Région Ouest growth rate: 6.5%

### Housing and urban development — status and policy
- About 93 percent of households own their homes (especially in rural areas); this percentage has held nearly steady for the last ten years.
- Only 57 percent of housing units have sheet metal or tile roofing.
- Urbanization rate:
  - 2007: 13 percent
  - 2006: 11 percent
- Government objectives by 2020:
  - Give Burundi a balanced urban framework structured as a set of socioeconomic development centers.
  - Give each Burundian access to adequate housing and quality basic services.
- Challenges in housing and urban development:
  - (i) lack of a space management policy taking space and population constraints into account;
  - (ii) little government land inside and outside urban perimeters and low household income relative to housing cost;
  - (iii) limited capacities in land development, urban planning and management, including insufficient skilled human resources and lack of technical and legal tools;
  - (iv) rural exodus of youth seeking security and jobs in urban centers;
  - (v) increasing cost of construction materials;
  - (vi) massive destruction of socioeconomic infrastructures during the 1993 crisis.
- Secondary centers characterized by few administrative, commercial and artisanal activities; proliferation of informal areas (quartiers spontanés); lack of sanitation infrastructure and basic services; poor maintenance and planning capacity at the commune level.

### Constraints and outlook for the health sector
- Constraints interfering with PRSP goals:
  - (i) insufficiency and poor distribution of human resources;
  - (ii) poor coverage in health infrastructure and equipment;
  - (iii) poor technical and institutional capacities;
  - (iv) lack of funding;
  - (v) cumbersome procedures for disbursing funds.
- Urgent reforms essential for achieving PRSP objectives:
  - (i) The health sectoral approach;
  - (ii) Preparing a human resources development plan;
  - (iii) Setting up the health districts;
  - (iv) Strengthening the drug distribution systems;
  - (v) Continuing to renovate and outfit the care facilities;
  - (vi) Strengthening the statistics system.

*Source: _cr0990 - 252. The  government  faces  the  following  two  major  challenges  for  providing  quality*

### 278.   Efforts  are  being  made  to  expand  in  the  cities,  both  in  Bujumbura  and  in  the

### _cr0990 - 278.   Efforts  are  being  made  to  expand  in  the  cities,  both  in  Bujumbura  and  in

### Urban development and land/site programs
- Developments of lots and parcels made available for construction in Bujumbura: Carama, Gasekebuye, Kanyosha.
- Parcels made available in certain urban centers in the hinterlands: Cibitoke, Gitega, Ngozi, Makamba, Mwaro, Ruyigi.
- Communal urban development commissions created for large urban metropolitan areas; supervising development and marking of selected sites.
- Rivers through Bujumbura are being developed to preserve housing units and infrastructures; further efforts needed especially in the Vugizo and Rubanza gullies.

### Support for repatriation, reintegration, and vulnerable groups
- Institutional arrangements and funding
  - Ad Hoc Integrated Commission for Repatriation and Reintegration created in June 2007; adopted an action plan in September 2007; supervised under MSNRDPHG.
  - UNHCR allocated US$17 million in 2007 for: distributing return packages, financial allocations and national identity cards, monitoring visits to repatriated households, mediation of land conflicts and legal aid, microcredit projects, building shelters, and reforestation.
- Repatriation volumes (Table 19: Trends in the number of repatriates)
  - 2002: 45,623
  - 2003: 90,191
  - 2004: 98,440
  - 2005: 72,056
  - 2006: 48,123
  - 2007: 41,718
  - Total: 396,151
  - Source: Ministry of National Solidarity
- Housing and shelter programs
  - Self-construction by repatriates is a key reintegration activity.
  - In 2007 Burundi took in 9,721 people expelled from Tanzania, totaling 15,609 since May 2006.
  - UNCHR habitat program and partners built 6,750 houses in 2007.
  - For homeless persons in repatriate hosting communities, programs built 8,000 houses, or 20 percent of the total.
  - Footnotes: UNDP contributed to building 1,900 houses since 2002; the 6,750 new houses supplement 51,153 houses built between 2003 and 2006; UNHCR plans in 2008 to build 14,300 houses (twice 2007).
- Other assistance and social programs
  - More than 7,600 indigents received assistance for healthcare and food/non-food supplies.
  - Burundi hosts 32,545 refugees and asylum applicants: 31,904 Congolese in camps (Gihinga (Mwaro), Gasorwe (Muyinga), Musasa (Ngozi)), 11,755 urban refugees, and 233 Rwandans in Giharo camp (Rutana).
  - Since May 2006, government in partnership with UNICEF assisted 21,296 Burundians expelled from Tanzania with reintegration support (housing and schooling).
  - UNDP Disaster Reintegration/Rehabilitation and Poverty Reduction Program (PRRSLP) since 2005 contributed to renovating/building schools and health centers and facilitating access to means of production for victims and vulnerable persons.
  - WFP assisted 7,022 vulnerable persons in 2007 through Social Institutions (SI).

### Gender advancement
- Education and participation
  - Less than 80 percent of all girls attended school in 2000 compared to boys, 91 percent of whom attended school in 2006-2007.
  - Progress in secondary and higher education for girls has been less rapid, affecting women's socioeconomic participation.
- Women in decision-making
  - Nearly 35 percent of ministerial positions are held by women.
  - Percentage of women with access to political and economic decision-making positions rose from 11.2 percent in 2003 to over 20 percent in 2007.
- Specific project areas and actions
  - (i) Education: documents prepared to better integrate the gender dimension; paralegal training manuals prepared to support paralegal knowledge of women’s rights.
  - (ii) Strengthening economic power: support to women’s groups for income-generating activities; microcredit provided to women’s associations; training on preparing/managing microprojects; UNIFEM established a fund of $800,000 to strengthen women’s access to credit.
  - (iii) Support for actors promoting gender equality: study on punishing the crime of rape performed by the Association of Women Lawyers.
  - (iv) Strengthening CDF capacities: training and hiring psychosocial workers; acquisition of educational materials.
  - (v) Translation/simplification/dissemination of legal texts to promote protection of women’s rights: about 156 works available; technical review report on harmonizing the Code of Persons and the Family and other instruments completed.

### The fight against HIV/AIDS — status of knowledge (2005 MICS)
- Awareness and perceptions (women 15–49 years old)
  - Nearly 57 percent of women aged 15 to 49 were convinced they were at serious risk of contracting HIV in 2005.
  - Education level, marital status, region, and place of residence show considerable differences in perceived risk; most striking differences related to level of education.
- Prevention behaviors and knowledge gaps
  - Preferred protection methods reported in 2005: abstinence 44 percent, fidelity 47 percent.
  - Condom use rates by education: 1 percent for women without formal education; 12.6 percent for women who attended university.
  - Misconceptions: about 14 percent of women believed HIV can be transmitted by sorcery; 28 percent perceived mosquitoes as a vector.
  - Only 61 percent of women were convinced that regular use of condoms provides significant protection.
  - Mother-to-child transmission perceptions: 79 percent believed virus could be transmitted during pregnancy; gaps exist by education level on transmission risks during pregnancy, delivery, and breastfeeding.
- Social attitudes
  - Data indicate confusion about appropriate ways to perceive and support an HIV+ person; full social role for HIV+ persons was far from being implemented or understood.

### The fight against HIV/AIDS — status of implementation of priority programs
- Prevention and outreach
  - Two community organizers assigned to each census hill; total of 6,550 organizers nationally.
  - Radio prevention education reached over two million persons (youths and adults).
  - 147,575 persons were voluntarily tested.
  - 31,790 cases of opportunistic infections were treated out of an expected 19,000 cases.
  - Condom distribution accelerated in communes via community organizers (trend shown in Chart 7).
  - Voluntary testing centers increased from 89 in 2002 to 151 in 2006.
  - MTCTP (mother-to-child transmission prevention) sites:
    - Increased from 1 in 2002 to 18 in 2005, 27 in 2006, and 34 in 2007.
    - Country now has 51 MTCTP sites at which 1,102 HIV+ women and 796 newborns have been treated.
  - Prevention in schools and universities via “Stop AIDS” clubs: 972 clubs; 129 “youth centers” operational in all communes.
- Services for victims of sexual violence
  - Centers provided medical, psychosocial, legal services, and protection; national protocol includes testing and post-exposure treatment within 48 hours after an attack.
- Care and treatment for PLWHA
  - National strategy prepared for access to ARVs and care for opportunistic infections.
  - Training for OI treatment: 175 physicians and 544 nurses trained.
  - 38,146 cases of opportunistic infections treated in 2007.
  - ARV treatment coverage:
    - 600 people on ARVs in 2002.
    - 8,048 people on ARVs in 2006.
    - 10,865 people on ARVs in 2007 out of a projected 11,616; 2,817 were new PLWHA.
    - Achievement: 93.5 percent of the initial goal.
  - ARV treatment sites increased from 5 in 2002 to 39 in 2007.
  - Home care provided to 42,252 PLWHA.

*Source: _cr0990 - 278.   Efforts  are  being  made  to  expand  in  the  cities,  both  in  Bujumbura  and  in  the — https://www.imf.org/-/media/websites/imf/imported-full-text-pdf/external/pubs/ft/scr/2009/_cr0990.pdf*

### 298. Regarding psychosocial care for persons living with HIV, a total of 209 providers

### _cr0990 - 298. Regarding psychosocial care for persons living with HIV, a total of 209 providers

### Psychosocial care and direct service delivery
- A total of 209 providers were trained in psychosocial services.
- Nearly 34,239 PLWHA were treated.
- 12,769 PLWHA received nutritional support.
- Ongoing gap identified: need to ensure children who are victims of the pandemic obtain pediatric care appropriate for them, as well as adequate medical and nutritional assistance to supplement ARV treatment.

### Reducing the impact on persons affected by HIV
- Government objectives: prevent expansion of HIV/AIDS through permanent social support and provide appropriate care for persons infected and affected.
- To improve living conditions of PLWHA:
  - A total of 75 sub-projects were financed for PLWHA (62 of which are new).
  - There are 8,915 PLWHA beneficiaries for 2007.
- Legislative and funding measures:
  - Parliament enacted the international air-ticket solidarity law to diversify funding sources for AIDS activities.
  - A law on the protection of PLWHA was enacted; implementing regulations are being finalized.

### Services for orphans and vulnerable children (OVCs)
- School materials support provided to 492,401 OVCs through UNICEF support.
- 14,869 OVCs received medical assistance.
- Psychosocial assistance provided to 26,382 OVCs.
- 10,319 OVCs received nutritional services.
- 32,281 host families received agricultural inputs.
- 2,865 OVCs were trained in various occupational fields.

### Strengthening institutional capacities and program coordination
- Priority: increase HIV testing and mobilize political, administrative, and religious leaders.
- Resource mobilization: innovative strategies for domestic and external resources; plan to include line items in the general government budget to fund AIDS control activities in sectoral units.
- Program coordination improvements:
  - A map of the players in fighting AIDS is being prepared.
  - All sectoral players must report activity to the Ministry in Charge of Fighting AIDS to establish an action partnership.
  - Management and coordination of the National Program to Combat AIDS improved, implementing recommendations of CNLS, CCM, GTO and the World Bank.
- Information systems:
  - Treatment sites now have the AIDS Info database and staff have been trained to use it.
- Strategic planning:
  - The 2002-2006 strategic plan accomplishments cited as undeniable.
  - A new 2007-2011 action plan launched with two goals: (i) to stop new infections and (ii) to efficiently provide care for persons infected and affected by HIV/AIDS.
- Implementation obstacles:
  - (a) Encouraging recent results create new challenges.
  - (b) Current institutional framework differs from that indicated in the 2007-2011 PSNLS and that adopted by the government and partners.
  - (c) The “multisectoral” nature implies actions must be carried out through all sectoral ministries; activities in these ministries are insufficiently coordinated.

### Selected macroeconomic context relevant to health financing and capacity (2006–2007)
- Real GDP growth:
  - Projection 2006: 6.1%; Actual 2006: 5.1%; Gap: -1.0.
  - Projection 2007: 6.6%; Actual 2007: 3.2%; Gap: -3.4.
- Sectoral shares (selected figures for 2007 actual):
  - Primary Sector: 143.5 Bn of FBu, 43.7 percent of GDP.
  - Secondary Sector: 51.5 Bn of FBu, 15.7 percent of GDP.
  - Tertiary Sector: 111.3 Bn of FBu, 33.9 percent of GDP.
- Inflation:
  - PRSP targets: 4.8 percent (2006) and 5 percent (2007).
  - Actual inflation rates: 9.6 percent (2006) and 14.4 percent (2007).
  - Fuel price: from 1,100 FBu in January 2006 to 1,620 FBu in December 2007.
- Trade and external sector (selected figures):
  - Exports (goods and services) Actual: 95.8 Bn FBu (2006); 90.6 Bn FBu (2007).
  - Imports Actual: 459.7 Bn FBu (2006); 470.3 Bn FBu (2007).
  - Trade balance Actual: -363.9 (2006); -379.7 (2007).
- Capital and financial accounts (selected figures):
  - Capital account Actual: 69.5 (2006); 127.4 (2007) (billions of FBu).
  - Financial operations account Actual: 88.7 (2006); 84.6 (2007) (billions of FBu).
- Monetary aggregates (selected figures):
  - Net foreign assets: 76.0 (2006); 110.9 (2007).
  - Domestic credit: 337.4 (2006); 374.0 (2007 projection) / 376.8 (2007 actual where shown in table).
  - M2: 299.9 (2006); 330.1 (2007 projection); 344.7 (2007 actual shown in table).
  - Growth in M2: 10.1 percent in 2007; nominal GDP increase around 8.4 percent.
- Exchange rate:
  - 1,026.07 FBu per USD in December 2006; 1,137.91 FBu per USD in December 2007.
  - Average annual exchange rates: 1,028.97 (2006) and 1,081.93 (2007).

*Source: _cr0990 - 298. Regarding psychosocial care for persons living with HIV, a total of 209 providers*

### 324. Budget  tracking  clarifies  the  factors  to  be  taken  into  consideration  in  terms  of

### _cr0990 - 324. Budget tracking clarifies the factors to be taken into consideration in terms of

### Budget tracking, objectives, and systems
- Budget tracking differentiates current expenditures and capital expenditures, emphasizing concentration areas in conjunction with HIPC resource allocations.
- The Automated Integrated Financial Management System (SIGEFI) provides an adjusted codification of budgetary headings starting in fiscal year 2006.
- Table 24 objectives (progress expected in poverty-reducing expenditures):
  - Ordinary expenditures: Non-poverty-reducing 37% (2006), 34% (2007), 30% (2008); Poverty-reducing 22% (2006), 29% (2007), 29% (2008). Subtotal 59% (2006), 60% (2007), 59% (2008).
  - Investment expenditures: Non-poverty-reducing 1% (2006, 2007, 2008); Poverty-reducing 40% (2006), 39% (2007), 40% (2008). Subtotal 41% (2006), 40% (2007), 41% (2008).
  - Grand Total 100% (2006), 100% (2007), 100% (2008).
- The tracking system aims to analyze reasons for observed trends beyond disbursed funds, based mainly on government expenditure tracking and beneficiary satisfaction surveys to strengthen financial flows for the poor.

### Revenue and expenditures structure
- Government budgetary policy aims to control and rationalize allocations and increase government revenue to absorb a chronic budget deficit; references include PRSP initial projections and PRGF quantitative objectives.
- First year of PRSP implementation characterized by fiscal consolidation: high level of revenue recovery and conservative expenditure management; execution level deemed satisfactory overall.

Domestic revenues
- Revenue increased over 2006 due to tax policy decisions:
  - Increase in taxes on oil products (previously lowered in 2006).
  - Increase in tax on goods and services, with an annual decrease of 6.9 percent.
  - Income tax raised, producing a 19.0 percent growth rate.
- Non-tax revenues: 15 billion FBu actual versus 12.1 billion projected.
- Total revenue levels were about 5 billion over PRGF projections.
- Table 25 (Project/Actual revenues; Tax pressure):
  - 2006: PRSP Projection 181.60; PRGF Projection - ; Actual 178.8; Tax pressure 18.9%
  - 2007: PRSP Projection 210.20; PRGF Projection 192.9; Actual 197.6; Tax pressure 18.7%

### Net expenditures and loans — general trends and components
- Net budgetary expenditures rose from 361 billion (2006) to 408.3 billion (2007), a 13 percent increase.
- Net expenditures and loans represented 38.2 percent (2006) and 38.5 percent (2007) of GDP respectively.
- Demobilization expenditures were below projections: 12.2 billion versus 33 billion FBu projected, lowering total expenditures relative to PRGF projection.
- Other budget lines increased to finance social policy, notably education and health.

Table 26: Change in government expenditures (billions of FBu)
- Net expenditures and loans: Actual 2006 361.0; PRGF 421.3; Actual 2007 408.3; Gap -13.0
- Current expenditures: Actual 2006 221.5; PRGF 253.0; Actual 2007 261.2; Gap 8.2
  - Salaries: 93.9 (2006 actual); PRGF 112.2; Actual 2007 114.0; Gap 1.8
  - Goods and services: 63.8 (2006 actual); PRGF 66.8; Actual 2007 70.7; Gap 3.9
  - Transfers and grants: 39.5 (2006 actual); PRGF 44; Actual 2007 46.7; Gap 2.7
  - Interest owed: 24.3 (2006 actual); PRGF 30; Actual 2007 29.9; Gap -0.1
- Demobilization: 23.5 (2006 actual); PRGF 33; Actual 2007 12.2; Gap -20.8
- Project expenditures: 116.8 (2006 actual); PRGF 137.3; Actual 2007 134.8; Gap -2.5

Current expenditures (detail)
- Remuneration in 2007: 114.0 billion FBu, a 21.4 percent increase over 2006.
- Goods and services up about 10.8 percent in the same period.

Special investment budget expenditures
- Capital goods expenditures rose from 116.8 billion FBu (2006) to 134.8 billion FBu (2007), a 15.4 percent growth rate.
- Financing composition:
  - 2006: external resources 81.5 billion FBu; domestic resources 35.3 billion FBu.
  - 2007: external resources 105.9 billion FBu; domestic resources 28.9 billion FBu.
- Trend: investment expenditures using external resources up 29.9 percent; investments using domestic resources down 18.0 percent.
- Low special investment budget execution attributed to weaknesses in design and implementation capacity for development projects; calls for improved project management in technical departments.

### Financing requirements and deficit financing
- Commitment-basis deficit (excluding grants): 210.4 billion FBu in 2007 versus 182.2 billion in 2006, explained by larger increase in expenditures than revenue.
- Persistent deficits absorbed mainly through foreign support; gap of FBu 17.9 billion between actual figures and projections primarily due to decreased expenditures for demobilization and projects.

Table 27: Financing of the budget deficits (billions of FBu)
- Balance on a commitment basis: Actual 2006 -182.2; PRGF -228.4; Actual 2007 -210.5; Gap 17.9
  - After grants: -17.1 (2006 actual); 22.4 (PRGF); 10.8 (2007 actual); Gap -11.6
  - Primary balance: -53.7 (2006 actual); -61.5 (PRGF); -62.5 (2007 actual); Gap -1.0
- Financing totals: 199.7 (2006); 263.6 (PRGF); 232.3 (2007 actual); Gap -31.3
  - Foreign grants: 168.9 (2006); 250.8 (PRGF); 221.4 (2007); Gap -29.4
    - Budget grants: 67.5 (2006); 96.0 (PRGF); 87.4 (2007); Gap -8.6
    - HIPC: 36.7 (2006); 40.7 (PRGF); 40.0 (2007); Gap 0.0
    - MDRI: 0.0 (2006); 0.0 (PRGF); 0.0 (2007); Gap 0.0
    - Project grants: 41.2 (2006); 81.1 (PRGF); 81.1 (2007); Gap 0.0
    - Special programs: 23.5 (2006); 33.0 (PRGF); 12.2 (2007); Gap -20.8
  - Foreign loans: 6.4 (2006); -8.8 (PRGF); -9.3 (2007); Gap -0.5
  - Domestic debt: 21.3 (2006); 21.6 (PRGF); 20.1 (2007); Gap -1.5
    - Banking sector: 20.1 (2006); 7.8 (PRGF); 16.2 (2007); Gap 8.4
    - Nonbanking sector: 1.2 (2006); 13.8 (PRGF); 3.9 (2007); Gap -9.9
  - Product of privatization: 3.1 (2006); 0.1 (2007); 0.1
  - Errors and omissions: -3.8 (2006); 0.0 (PRGF); -0.1 (2007); Gap -0.1

- External resources increased overall and consisted mainly of grants. Deficit including grants declined in 2006 and became positive in 2007.
- Disbursed funds were 31.3 billion FBu less than projected.
- Debt to banking sector decreased from 20.1 billion FBu (2006) to 16.2 billion FBu (2007).

### Coding and breakdown of poverty-reducing expenditures
- A specific coding system (special marking/code) for poverty-fighting expenses was introduced into the data processing system to identify poverty-reducing expenditures.

Table 28: 2006 revised budgetary expenditures (millions of FBu)
- Selected lines (poverty-reducing / % ; non-poverty-reducing / % ; total / %):
  - 01 General services: 32,345.7 6.87 ; 144,204.5 30.65 ; 176,550.2 37.52
  - 02 Defense: 24,583.9 5.23 ; 48,274.2 10.26 ; 72,858.1 15.49
  - 03 Public security: 3,047.1 0.65 ; 29,392.5 6.25 ; 32,439.7 6.89
  - 04 Economic affairs: 56,602.2 23.04 ; 1,158.4 0.25 ; 57,760.6 12.28
  - 07 Health: 22,599.2 4.80 ; 14.0 0.00 ; 22,613.2 4.81
  - 09 Education: 37,573.8 7.99 ; 735.2 0.33 ; 38,309.0 8.14
- Total 245,634.9 52.21 ; 224,854.2 47.79 ; 47,0489.1 100.00
- Source: MEFCD, 2006 Finance Law

- 2006 budgetary projections show poverty-reducing expenditures rising to 52.21 percent versus 43.2 percent the previous year.
- 2007 Finance Law: share of expenditures to reduce poverty was 57.0 percent (2007 enacted budgetary expenditures).

Table 29: 2007 enacted budgetary expenditures (selected lines)
- 01 General services: 47,147.8 9.7 ; 118,647.4 24.4 ; 165,795.2 34.1
- 02 Defense: 40,385.1 8.3 ; 52,779.2 10.9 ; 93,164.2 19.2
- 04 Economic affairs: 73,140.4 15.1 ; 1,332.4 0.3 ; 74,472.8 15.3
- 07 Health: 18,163.1 3.7 ; 60.0 0.0 ; 18,223.2 3.8
- 09 Education: 80,094.2 16.5 ; 802.6 0.2 ; 80,869.8 16.7
- Total 277,074.5 57.0 ; 208,642.0 43.0 ; 485,716.5 100.0
- Source: MEFCD, 2007 Finance Law

### Budget execution and actual poverty-reducing expenditures
- 2006 execution rate planned at 78.2 percent; non-disbursement of budgetary support forced the government to lower poverty-reducing expenditures to prioritize wages for civil servants and security.
- Allocation of 47.1 percent of scarce resources to poverty-reducing programs in 2006 considered a major effort.

Table 30: Execution of budgetary expenditures, year 2006 (percent of total)
- Total execution: Poverty-reducing 173.4 47.1 ; Non-poverty-reducing 194.6 52.9 ; Total 368.0 100.0
- Source: MEFCD, Monthly commitment-based expenditure reports.

- 2007: poverty-reducing expenditures accounted for over 52 percent of total spending, attributed to better control over security.
- Despite low mobilization of official development assistance, government commitment to the poor remained clear in budget execution.

Table 31: Execution of budget expenditures in 2007 (percent of total)
- Total execution: Poverty-reducing 227.0 52.5 ; Non-poverty-reducing 205.7 47.5 ; Total 432.7 100.0
- Source: MEFCD, Monthly commitment-based expenditure reports

### Targeting the poor — government health expenditures
- Policy of free care for young children and free delivery for mothers significantly impacted the budget beginning in 2006.
- Medical products, devices and equipment accounted for 10.7 billion FBu, or 54 percent of the Ministry of Public Health and HIV/AIDS Control budget.
- Public health services: 5.8 billion FBu (second-largest share); hospital services: 2.4 billion FBu (12 percent).
- Investments to improve accommodation capacities: of a total budget of 19.9 billion, 10.7 billion were spent on improving these capacities.

Table 32: Breakdown of poverty-reducing expenditures in the health sector (billions of FBu)
- 07 Health total: 19.9 (2006) ; 23.8 (2007)
  - 071 Medical products, devices and equipment: 10.7 (2006) ; 8.5 (2007)
  - 072 Outpatient services: 0.8 (2006) ; 0.5 (2007)
  - 073 Hospital services: 2.4 (2006) ; 7.7 (2007)
  - 0740 Public health services: 5.8 (2006) ; 7.0 (2007)
  - 0750 R&D in the area of health: 0.0 (2006) ; 0.0 (2007)
  - 0760 Health, n.i.e.: 0.2 (2006) ; 0.1 (2007)
- Source: MEFCD, Monthly expenditure reports based on commitment.

*Source: Extract from the provided IMF content unit.*

### 338. The  allocations  are  divided  differently  in  2007.  About  8.5  billion  FBu,  or  36

### _cr0990 - 338. The  allocations  are  divided  differently  in  2007.  About  8.5  billion  FBu,  or  36

### Health sector spending (2006–2007)
- 2007 allocations:
  - Medical products, devices and equipment: 8.5 billion FBu, or 36 percent of the budget.
  - Hospital services: 7.7 billion FBu, or 32 percent of total spending.
  - Public health services: increased in absolute value from 5.8 billion (2006) to 7.0 billion (2007) but not in relative value.
  - Outpatient services: fell from 0.8 billion (2006) to 0.5 billion (2007); share for reducing poverty was 2 percent (2007) versus 4 percent (2006).
  - Investment expenditures: down from 10.7 billion FBu to 10.2 billion FBu.

### Education sector spending (2006–2007)
- 2006 budget (total 65.2 billion FBu):
  - Pre-elementary and primary education: 35.0 billion FBu (54 percent of education budget).
  - Secondary education: 15.1 billion FBu (23 percent).
  - Auxiliary services / services related to education: 11.4 billion FBu (17 percent).
  - Higher education: 2.0 billion FBu.
  - Investment out of total budget: 8.1 billion FBu.
- 2007 budget (total 74.0 billion FBu):
  - Pre-elementary and primary education: 39.9 billion FBu (unchanged share described as "unchanged in 2007, at 39.9 billion FBu").
  - Secondary education: 17.2 billion FBu.
  - Services related to education: 13.4 billion FBu (accounts for 17 percent of the poverty-reducing education budget).
  - Investment in school infrastructure: 10 billion FBu (14 percent of 74 billion).
- Table 33 (selected figures):
  - Education total: Year 2006 = 65.2; Year 2007 = 74.0.
  - Pre-elementary and primary education: 35.0 (2006); 39.9 (2007).
  - Secondary education: 15.1 (2006); 17.2 (2007).
  - Services related to education: 11.4 (2006); 13.4 (2007).

### HIPC expenditures: distribution, composition, and execution (2006–2007)
- Overall HIPC totals:
  - Total HIPC commitments: Year 2006 = 14.4 (100.0%); Year 2007 = 25.5 (100.0%).
- Sectoral shares and amounts (selected):
  - Education: 7.6 (52.5%) in 2006; 9.7 (38.1%) in 2007.
    - Pre-elementary and primary education: 7.4 (51.4%) in 2006; 9.4 (37.0%) in 2007.
    - Secondary education: 0.2 (1.0%) in 2006; 0.3 (1.1%) in 2007.
  - Health: 2.2 (15.6%) in 2006; 8.5 (33.3%) in 2007.
    - Medical products, devices and equipment: 0.1 (0.6%) in 2006; 1.1 (4.5%) in 2007.
    - Outpatient services: 0.8 (5.8%) in 2006; 0.5 (1.8%) in 2007.
    - Hospital services: 0.5 (3.8%) in 2006; 5.6 (22.0%) in 2007.
    - Public health services: 0.6 (4.4%) in 2006; 1.2 (4.6%) in 2007.
  - Economic affairs: 2.5 (17.2%) in 2006; 4.5 (17.5%) in 2007.
    - Transport (road transport): 1.6 (11.0%) in 2006; 1.0 (3.9%) in 2007.
    - R&D for economic affairs (R&D for agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting): 0.1 (0.4%) in 2006; 2.3 (9.1%) in 2007.
  - Social protection: 1.5 (10.7%) in 2006; 1.1 (4.2%) in 2007.
- Notable changes and observations:
  - Education remained the largest HIPC recipient but its share fell from 52.5 percent (2006) to 38.1 percent (2007), with primary education at 37.0 percent in 2007.
  - Health rose to 33.3 percent of HIPC spending in 2007, primarily for hospital services.
  - Agricultural research accounted for 9.1 percent of 2007 HIPC expenditures (R&D).
  - Transport allocation declined to 3.9 percent of HIPC expenditures in 2007.
  - HIPC funding amounts were higher in 2007 than in 2006 despite changes in percentage shares.
- Composition of HIPC expenditures:
  - 2006: Of total HIPC available budget 14.4 billion, operating expenditures = 4 billion (28 percent); investment expenditures = 10.4 billion (72 percent).
  - 2007: Share of investment in HIPC expenditures fell to 68 percent; investments amounted to 17.4 billion FBu, of which 15.6 billion went to fixed assets.

### Box: HIPC conditions and implementation actions
- HIPC resources origin: debt relief obtained at the decision point in 2005; Burundi expects to reach the completion point around late 2008.
- Conditions and implementation actions listed include:
  - (i) PRSP: complete PRSP drawn up participatorily and implemented satisfactorily for at least one year, confirmed by an annual progress report analyzed in a joint consultative memorandum by IMF and IDA staff.
  - (ii) Macroeconomic stability: shown by satisfactory implementation of the program supported by the PRGF.
  - (iii) Use of budget savings from HIPC during the interim period: in compliance with decision point priorities and PRSP; described and analyzed every six months by a national independent surveillance committee.
  - (iv) Fiscal management: implement an integrated computerized spending system for poverty reduction and prepare at least two quarterly reports on budget execution using the new unified budget classification system.
  - (v) Governance and service provision measures in education, health and justice: track government expenditures (budget tracking) for services for the poor; have users evaluate service quality; have suppliers evaluate barriers to service provision; prepare action plans to address problems found.
  - (vi) Demobilization: carry out the national disarmament, demobilization and reintegration program according to schedule and objectives in the demobilization policy letter to the World Bank, dated February 19, 2004.
  - (vii) Structural measures: launch bids for selling the government’s stake in most coffee washing facilities; trigger reformulated to adopt an action plan determined in a study on government disengagement from the coffee industry.
  - (viii) Social sectors targets:
    - (a) Education: raise gross national enrollment rate from 74 percent in 2003/2004 to 77 percent in 2006/2007 for primary level; from 16 to 18 percent for secondary level; provinces below the 2004 average should have higher increases than the national average.
    - (b) Health: increase national immunization rate for children less than one year old from 75 percent in 2004 to 85 percent in 2006; provinces below the 2004 average should have higher increases than the national average.
  - (ix) Debt management: produce external monthly debt reports including projections for the next three months and at least the six months before the completion point.

### Macroeconomic projections (2008–2011)
- Projections rationale: growth driven by (i) elimination of economic distortions (notably in coffee), (ii) substantial increase in investment financed by international assistance (infrastructure renovation), (iii) trade liberalization via CAE membership.
- Table 35: 2008–2011 projections (selected series; numbers preserved exactly)
  - Real growth (%): 2007 = 3.6; 2008 = 4.5; 2009 = 5.0; 2010 = 5.0; 2011 = 5.0.
  - Inflation (%): 2007 = 8.3; 2008 = 19.1; 2009 = 9.4; 2010 = 8.2; 2011 = 6.8.
  - Exports (% GDP): 2007 = 5.2; 2008 = 6.1; 2009 = 5.0; 2010 = 5.0; 2011 = 4.8.
  - Exports (millions of US$): 2007 = 50.2; 2008 = 69.6; 2009 = 68.3; 2010 = 75.3; 2011 = 78.1.
  - Imports (% GDP): 2007 = 5.2; 2008 = 6.1; 2009 = 5.0; 2010 = 5.0; 2011 = 4.8. (Note: imports figures also reported as millions of US$: 2007 = 256.4; 2008 = 346.7; 2009 = 363.4; 2010 = 409.3; 2011 = 371.6.)
  - Trade balance (millions of US$): 2007 = -206.1; 2008 = -277.1; 2009 = -295.2; 2010 = -333.9; 2011 = -293.5.
  - Trade balance (% GDP): 2007 = -21.2; 2008 = -24.3; 2009 = -21.8; 2010 = -22.1; 2011 = -18.2.
  - Current account (excluding official transfers) (% GDP): 2007 = -21.2; 2008 = -24.3; 2009 = -21.8; 2010 = -22.1; 2011 = -18.2. (Also reported in millions of US$: 2007 = -328.5; 2008 = -394.3; 2009 = -446.9; 2010 = -478.8; 2011 = -451.7.)
  - Capital account (millions of US$): 2007 = 127.4; 2008 = 145.0; 2009 = 1196.5; 2010 = 143.3; 2011 = 150.3.
  - Financial account (millions of US$): 2007 = 84.6; 2008 = 79.4; 2009 = -948.0; 2010 = 99.1; 2011 = 87.8.
  - Government revenues (billions of FBu): 2007 = 197.6; 2008 = 249.8; 2009 = 288.6; 2010 = 330.3; 2011 = 371.5.
  - Net expenditures and loans (billions of FBu): 2007 = 407.9; 2008 = 551.1; 2009 = 619.2; 2010 = 703.0; 2011 = 752.4.
  - Overall balance (commitment basis) (billions of FBu): 2007 = -210.4; 2008 = -301.3; 2009 = -330.6; 2010 = -372.7; 2011 = -380.9.
- Key narrative points:
  - Projected growth of roughly 5 percent per year in the coming years.
  - Inflation peak in 2008 at 19.1 percent, falling to 6.8 percent by 2011.
  - Weak export performance in the short term due to agricultural productivity constraints; reconstruction and basic needs financing will require major imports, worsening the trade balance and current account (excluding transfers).
  - Burundi likely to remain heavily indebted even after HIPC and MDRI assistance; recommendation to maintain conservative budget policy and use grants and highly concessional loans to avoid unsustainable indebtedness.
  - Official investment assistance and debt forgiveness generate positive capital and financial accounts throughout projections; completion point in end-2008 will create major financial repercussions for capital and financial accounts.
  - Government policy focus: mobilize sufficient domestic revenue to make the budget viable and increase poverty-reducing spending; revenue should increase due to streamlined tax levies and introduction of a value-added tax; partner support expected to finance about 50 percent of government spending.
  - Public sector wage bill: 10.8 percent of GDP in 2007 (below Sub-Saharan Africa average of 12.1 percent); government will aim to maintain a viable wage bill.

### PRSP monitoring-evaluation systems and institutional issues
- Strategy elements:
  - Strengthen existing monitoring and evaluation systems.
  - Update monitoring indicators in priority sectors.
  - Perform annual reviews to prepare the next PRSP.
  - Ensure ongoing donor involvement to coordinate assistance.
- Ownership and implementation challenges:
  - Ownership requires knowledge of the PRSP by all players and full stakeholder involvement in monitoring and evaluation preparation.
  - Weak capacities in ministries undermined coherent linkage between sectoral policies and the overall poverty reduction strategy.
  - Private sector did not fully assume its role for implementing axis No. 2 (Promoting sustainable and equitable growth).
  - Civil society, being poorly organized, did not effectively devise proposals.
  - Distribution and use of PRSP documentation was inadequate: some government officials and deconcentrated entities lacked PRSP documents; consultation reports were not forwarded to users.
  - Advisory bodies (Provincial Development and Poverty Reduction Committees; Communal Development and Poverty Reduction Communities) were not operational; institutional anchoring unclear and diluted into other community entities.
  - Example: out of 129 communes, just two organized Communal Development and Poverty Reduction Committee meetings after the 2004–2005 preparatory PRSP consultations; other communes largely ignored the strategic framework, citing insufficient dissemination efforts.

*Source: Based on the provided IMF staff report content from the supplied PDF excerpt.*

### 354. To  give  legitimacy  to  these  committees,  an  operations  guide  should  be  prepared

### 354. To give legitimacy to these committees, an operations guide should be prepared

### Community committees: legitimacy, structure, and relations
- Prepare an operations guide to give legitimacy to community development committees and clarify their relations with the government, technical entities, and other community organizations.
- Propose merging all existing development committees into one committee to serve as leader and catalyst for all development programs, to avoid overlap among community organizations.
- Restructure sectoral and thematic committees that operate in the central government to better coordinate strategies that are priority areas of the PRSP.

### Development partners’ forum (May 2007 roundtable)
- The May 2007 roundtable allowed the government to present PRSP priorities and expected international support.
- The forum confirmed general consensus around the PRSP and established it as a framework of reference for economic and financial cooperation.
- Donors encouraged creation of a partner coordination group (PCG) to support government institutions in implementing the Strategic Growth and Poverty Reduction Framework and promised substantial technical and financial support.

### PCG architecture
- The PCG is a three-level joint evaluation body:
  - Level (i): Sectoral groups — prepare and monitor sectoral strategies, lead technical discussions on coordinating program implementation. A PRSP monitoring-evaluation group will provide overall monitoring; it will consist of:
    - the Permanent Secretariat for Monitoring Economic and Social Reforms (REFES),
    - the Permanent Secretariat of the National Assistance Coordinating Committee,
    - the Vice-Ministry in Charge of Planning.
  - Level (ii): Strategic Forum of the Partner Coordinating Group — addresses key issues emerging from sectoral groups in accordance with the PCG mission.
  - Level (iii): PCG Policy Forum — includes senior policy authorities of the government, chiefs of mission from partner countries, and representatives of international organizations.

### Donor promises (roundtable commitments and composition)
- After the roundtable, donors announced that 71.4 percent is for development assistance for the projects the PAP is carrying out and 18.6 percent is for budget support.
- Table summary (as presented):
  - Total Financing 800.40 120.30 920.70 489.80 191.44 681.24 1601.94 100.00
- Select partner entries from the table (as presented):
  - WB: 176.00 55.00 231.00 145.00 110.00 255.00 486.00 30.34
  - European Union: 207.40 40.00 247.40 247.40 15.44
  - The Netherlands: 4.50 10.00 14.50 88.80 53.28 142.08 156.58 9.77
  - Belgium: 94.90 2.60 97.50 0.00 5.46 5.46 102.96 6.43
  - BADEA: 0.00 72.00 0.00 72.00 72.00 4.49
  - Russia: 14.70 14.70 66.00 0.00 66.00 80.70 5.04
  - Germany: 62.00 62.00 62.00 3.87
  - Norway: 10.00 10.00 30.00 20.00 50.00 60.00 3.75
  - AfDB/AfDF: 58.70 58.70 58.70 3.66
  - France: 49.80 2.70 52.50 1.90 2.70 4.60 57.10 3.56
  - USA: 7.60 7.60 38.50 0.00 38.50 46.10 2.88
  - PBF: 34.20 34.20 34.20 2.13
  - Global Fund: 31.00 31.00 31.00 1.94
  - Switzerland: 14.70 0.00 14.70 14.50 0.00 14.50 29.20 1.82
  - IFAD: 20.20 0.00 20.20 6.00 0.00 6.00 26.20 1.64
  - UNICEF: 12.40 12.40 12.40 0.77
  - China: 0.00 12.00 0.00 12.00 12.00 0.75
  - Sweden: 0.00 7.00 0.00 7.00 7.00 0.44
  - UNDP: 4.90 4.90 4.90 0.31
  - Japan: 4.00 4.00 4.00 0.25
  - Geneva Global: 0.00 3.50 0.00 3.50 3.50 0.22
  - GLIA: 0.00 3.00 0.00 3.00 3.00 0.19
  - UNFPA: 2.40 2.40 2.40 0.15
  - Luxembourg: 0.00 1.30 0.00 1.30 1.30 0.08
  - ACBF: 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.06
  - ECCAS: 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.20 0.20 0.012
  - Morocco: 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.006

### Disbursement status (end-2007)
- As of end-2007, about 30 percent of the funds promised had in fact been disbursed.
- Expectation: as the partnership becomes operational across priority PRSP sectors and associated committees are strengthened, performance in coordinating assistance and implementing programs will improve.

### 7.2 Statistics system: ISTEEBU and PRSP monitoring-evaluation
- ISTEEBU set up a PRSP monitoring-evaluation system to increase capacities of national and sectoral statistics systems and ensure timely production and access to relevant results indicators.
- System components:
  - Component 1: Programs to strengthen the ISTEEBU statistical production system to provide monitoring and evaluation indicators for PRSP development programs.
  - Component 2: Support for statistical production sectoral organizations outside ISTEEBU to improve the quality of statistics for which they are responsible.
- Objective: provide statistical information on effectiveness and impact of government policies, reforms, and programs in terms of jump-starting the economic sector, reducing poverty, and improving people’s living conditions.

### Strengthening the national statistics system (end-2007 status)
- ISTEEBU achievements as of end-2007 include:
  - Institution-building:
    - Burundi joined AFRISTAT in late-2006.
    - Statistics Act enacted in September 2007.
    - Ongoing preparation of a National Statistics Development Strategy, including a National Action Plan and realistic timeline for implementing adopted and budgeted programs.
    - Planned assessment of the entire statistics system to identify strengths and weaknesses.
    - Medium-term goal: join the IMF’s GDDS, in which 84 countries already participate, and disseminate current statistical practices (metadata) and development projects in the IMF dissemination standards display table.
  - Revitalizing statistical production:
    - Focus on providing reliable statistics to enable results-based management as proposed in The Paris Declaration on the Effectiveness of Development Assistance.
    - Improving data quality and reliability requires periodic publication of official documents to support expertise and debate on methods.

### Standard and ad hoc publications
- Standard publications produced without delays by ISTEEBU:
  - The Consumer Price Index for the households of Bujumbura
  - The Monthly Price Report, published at the end of each month
  - The 2006 Statistical Yearbook (published) and the 2007 book (being finalized)
- Planned monitoring-evaluation publications for end-2007:
  - 2006 Agricultural Yearbook
  - 2006 Foreign Trade Statistics Yearbook
- Ad hoc surveys implemented and published in 2007 with donor support:
  - The 1-2-3 Survey (employment sector, informal sector, consumer spending) in Bujumbura, Gitega, Makamba and Kirundo.
  - The MICS 3 Survey (finalized and confirmed by UNICEF Headquarters).
  - The General Census of Coffee Growers, with OCIBU funding.
  - The Market Profiles Survey with WFP funding.
  - The Socioeconomic Survey of Urban Transport in Bujumbura, with Japanese Development Cooperation funding; results used to prepare projects/programs to improve transport in Bujumbura.
  - The National Nutritional Surveillance Survey, with UNICEF and WFP financing.
  - The 2007 Priority-Panel Survey.
- Planned expansion before end-2008 to meet urgent needs for poverty monitoring, PRSP evaluation, and macroeconomic management.
- ISTEEBU remains a member of the Central Census Office and closely monitors preparations for the national census.

### 7.3 Performance indicators: early trends by strategic axis
- General: Indicator matrix shows results of the first year of PRSP implementation are encouraging overall; indicators identify sectors with significant progress and sectors where the situation is stagnant or deteriorating.
- First strategic axis — “Improving governance and security”:
  - Justice indicators indicate substantial remaining work:
    - Increase the percentage of judgments handed down relative to the number of cases on the docket.
    - Increase the percentage of judgments executed relative to the number of judgments handed down.
    - Increase the percentage of criminal cases closed relative to the number of criminal cases opened.
    - Accelerate construction of low-level courts to facilitate access to justice.
  - Demobilization and reintegration, and professionalization of the defense and security corps, show progress but require continuation.
- Second strategic axis — “Promoting sustainable and fair growth”:
  - Trend is mixed:
    - GDP growth was well below projections.
    - International economic conditions had a negative impact on development activities, mainly because of the surge in the price of petroleum products.
- Third strategic axis — “Developing human capital”:
  - Noteworthy progress:
    - Indicators for numbers of assisted vulnerable persons, appropriations for housing, completion rate for primary schools, assisted deliveries, and vaccine coverage rate evolved positively.
    - Adult literacy rate, health facility usage index, and enrollment rate for girls in primary schools improved as well.

*Source: Roundtable report, May 2007; content as provided from the PDF chapter/section.*

### 371. Finally,  the  fourth  strategic  axis,  “The  fight  against  HIV/AIDS,”  performed

### _cr0990 - 371. Finally,  the  fourth  strategic  axis,  “The  fight  against  HIV/AIDS,”  performed

### Fourth strategic axis — "The fight against HIV/AIDS"
- Performed well, especially in terms of the number of care providers trained in antiretroviral treatment and treatment for disadvantaged PLWHA and affected persons who received support through IGAs.

### Table 37 — Determinants of poverty in Burundi (selected results and key statistics)
- Regression frameworks reported: OLS and PROBIT (national, urban, rural).
- Place of residence:
  - Urban: Coef. 0.108*** (OLS, National)
  - PROBIT dF/dX: National -0.094**; National (alternate PROBIT) -0.087**
- Provinces (selected significant coefficients):
  - Cankuzo: OLS Coef. -0.240***; PROBIT dF/dX (National) 0.176***; PROBIT dF/dX (Rural) 0.198***
  - Karuzi: OLS Coef. -0.218***; PROBIT dF/dX (National) 0.190***; PROBIT dF/dX (Rural) -0.007
  - Kayanza: OLS Coef. -0.262***; PROBIT dF/dX (National) 0.204***; PROBIT dF/dX (Rural) -0.046
  - Kirundo: OLS Coef. -0.366***; PROBIT dF/dX (National) 0.296***; PROBIT dF/dX (Rural) 0.127***
  - Ngozi: PROBIT dF/dX (National) 0.269***; PROBIT dF/dX (Male) 0.319***; PROBIT dF/dX (Female) 0.253***; OLS entries show strong negative coefficients (e.g., -0.376***).
- Household composition (selected coefficients with significance):
  - Number of children (0 to 5 years): OLS -0.126*** (National); PROBIT dF/dX (National) 0.124***; PROBIT dF/dX (Rural) -0.031*
  - Number of teens (6 to 14 years): OLS -0.244*** (National); PROBIT dF/dX (National) 0.246***; PROBIT dF/dX (Rural) 0.010
  - Number of adults (15 to 59 years): OLS -0.212*** (National); PROBIT dF/dX (National) 0.195***; PROBIT dF/dX (Rural) -0.045***
  - Number of seniors (60 years and above): PROBIT dF/dX (Rural) -0.039*
- Head of household characteristics:
  - Age of the head of household: OLS 0.006*** (National); PROBIT dF/dX (Rural) -0.006**
  - Female Head of Household: OLS -0.054*** (National); PROBIT dF/dX (National) 0.039**; PROBIT dF/dX (Rural) 0.151***
  - Handicapped Head of household: OLS -0.101*** (National); PROBIT dF/dX (National) 0.072**; PROBIT dF/dX (Rural) 0.080***
  - (War-) Displaced Head of household: OLS -0.036*** (National); PROBIT dF/dX (National) 0.019; PROBIT dF/dX (Rural) 0.086***
- Education of Head of household:
  - Primary: OLS 0.100*** (National); PROBIT dF/dX (National) -0.106***; PROBIT dF/dX (Rural) -0.099***
  - Secondary: OLS 0.449*** (National); PROBIT dF/dX (National) -0.342***; PROBIT dF/dX (Rural) -0.264***
  - Superior: PROBIT dF/dX (National) 0.788***; PROBIT dF/dX (Male) 0.666***; PROBIT dF/dX (Female) 0.470**
- Socioeconomic group of Head of household:
  - Non permanent employee: OLS -0.277*** (National); PROBIT dF/dX (National) 0.259***; PROBIT dF/dX (Rural) 0.173***
  - Independent worker: OLS -0.078** (National); PROBIT dF/dX (National) 0.086*; PROBIT dF/dX (Male) 0.228**
- Access to infrastructure / services (selected entries):
  - Source of drinking water: OLS -0.989*** (National); PROBIT dF/dX (National) 1.230***; PROBIT dF/dX (Rural) 0.257
  - Road functioning in all seasons: OLS -0.306** (National); PROBIT dF/dX (Male) 1.625; PROBIT dF/dX (Rural) 0.578***
  - Primary school accessibility: OLS -0.647** (National); PROBIT dF/dX (Male) 2.106; PROBIT dF/dX (Rural) 0.326
  - Secondary school accessibility: OLS -0.290** (National); PROBIT dF/dX (National) 0.481**; PROBIT dF/dX (Rural) 0.185
  - Office of the head of the colline/neighborhood: OLS -0.504* (National); PROBIT dF/dX (Male) 1.691; PROBIT dF/dX (Rural) 1.490***
- Sample and fit:
  - Observations: 7020 (National), 802 (Urban), 6218 (Rural)
  - R-squared (OLS National): 0.47
- Source note in table: "Source : World Bank estimates based on 2006 CWIQ survey"
- Significance notation: Note. * significatif au seuil de 10%; ** significatif au seuil de 5%; *** significatif au seuil de 1%.

### Table 38 — Determinants for demand for education (selected results and key statistics)
- Model: PROBIT; Dependent: Equal 1 if poor and 0 otherwise (National, Male, Female dF/dX reported).
- Place of residence:
  - Urban: dF/dX National 0.059**; Male 0.053; Female 0.078*
- Provinces (selected):
  - Cibitoke: dF/dX National -0.083*; Female -0.195***
  - Muyinga: dF/dX National -0.151***; Female -0.215***
  - Ngozi: dF/dX National -0.127***; Female -0.205***
  - Kirundo: dF/dX National -0.106**; Female -0.161**
- Household composition (selected):
  - Number of adults (15 to 59 years): dF/dX National 0.025*; Male 0.045**; Female 0.009
  - Number of seniors (60 years and above): dF/dX Male 0.050**; Female -0.077***
  - Age of Head of household: dF/dX National 0.006**; Male 0.007*; Female 0.004
  - Female Head of household: dF/dX National 0.029**; Female 0.045**
- Education of Head of household:
  - Primary: dF/dX National 0.048***; Male 0.047***; Female 0.050***
  - Secondary/Superior: dF/dX National 0.054**; Female 0.068**
- Child-level factors:
  - Female child: dF/dX -0.020**
  - Child Age: dF/dX 0.302*** (National); Male 0.301***; Female 0.306***
  - Child Age squared: dF/dX -0.014*** (National); Male -0.014***; Female -0.015***
  - Son/daughter of Head of household: dF/dX 0.076*** (National); Male 0.075***; Female 0.073***
  - Handicapped child: dF/dX -0.190*** (National); Male -0.172***; Female -0.206***
  - Satisfied of education services: dF/dX 0.164*** (National, Male, Female)
- Mean schooling of children aged 7-14 years: dF/dX 0.357*** (National); Male 0.532***; Female 0.199*
- Reasons for non-schooling (selected marginal effects):
  - Very old: dF/dX -0.002* (National); Female -0.004**
  - Very expensive: dF/dX -0.004*** (National); Male -0.006***; Female -0.003
  - Failed exam: dF/dX 0.004 (National); Female 0.008**
  - Pregnancy: dF/dX 0.004 (National); Male 0.026; Female -0.016
- Welfare quintile effects (relative to Q1 Ref.):
  - Q2: dF/dX 0.047*** (National); Male 0.051***; Female 0.039**
  - Q3: dF/dX 0.072*** (National); Male 0.065***; Female 0.080***
  - Q4: dF/dX 0.085*** (National); Male 0.076***; Female 0.088***
  - Q5: dF/dX 0.057*** (National); Male 0.092***; Female 0.020
- Observations: 7049 (National), 3526 (Male), 3523 (Female)
- Source note in table: "Source : World Bank estimates based on 2006 CWIQ survey."
- Significance notation: Note : * significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%

### Table 39 — Performance indicators matrix (opening rows)
- Table header lists: Strategic AXIS, Indicator, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
- First axis listed: AXIS 1  IMPROVE GOVERNANCE AND SECURITY

*Source : World Bank estimates based on 2006 CWIQ survey*

### 1. Strengthen peace, national reconciliation and security  1.1.1 Negotiate the cease-fire

### 1. Strengthen peace, national reconciliation and security  1.1.1 Negotiate the cease-fire

### 1.1 Peace, demobilization, reintegration and security
- Cumulative number of demobilized adults: 19,891; 20,330
- Target/benchmark (implied): 55,000
- Number of weapons returned or seized: 7,299
- Target/benchmark (implied): 100,000

### 1.1.2 Demobilize, disarm and Reintegrate
- Number of demobilized persons taking part in support programs: 12,680
- Number of corps members trained: (no figure provided)

### 1.1.3 Professionalize the defense and security corps
- Cases of torture: 508; 429

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### 2. Promote the rule of law, action to combat impunity and justice for all

### 1.2 Access to justice and judicial credibility
- Average distance to the court (km): 26; 26; 13
- Percentage of criminal cases closed compared to the number of cases opened: 97.1; 99.7; 100
- Percentage of judgments executed compared to the number of cases tried: 61.8; 37.9; 100

### 1.2.3 Promote and defend the rights of the human person
- (No additional numeric entries beyond the percentages above)

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### 3. Reduce the risks of conflict due to land tenure / sustainable management of land tenure conflicts

### 1.3 Land conflict management and asset management
- Cumulative number of land conflicts settled by the CNTB: 278; 8,325
- Number of programs or awareness workshops in the communes: (no figure provided)

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### 4. Promote good governance

### Political governance
- Number of local elected officials that have been through at least one training session: 173; 3,200
- Number of communes that have a validated development plan: 34; 38; 129
- Number of awareness meetings held: (no figure provided)
- Number of participants in these meetings: (no figure provided)
- Number of new laws on this subject enacted by Parliament: (no figure provided)

### Administrative governance
- Number of studies validated on government operations: 112
- Number of provincial services offices opened: (no figure provided)
- Number of meetings held between the labor unions and the government: (no figure provided)

### Economic governance and fiscal management
- Percentage of poverty-reducing spending (% of expenditures): 47.1; 52.5
- Number of sanctions imposed on offenders (corruption, money laundering): (no figure provided)
- Number of government expenditure reviews: (no figure provided)
- Percentage of government contracts let for bidding (in value): (no figure provided)
- Number of lawsuits related to government procurement: (no figure provided)
- Staff trained in macroeconomic modeling: (no figure provided)
- Average sales figures for public enterprises: (no figure provided)
- Number of recommendations from the external audits that the public enterprises adopted: (no figure provided)
- Number of cases processed by the Audit Office: (no figure provided)
- Number of corruption cases tried by the Corruption Court: (no figure provided)
- Number of cases of misappropriation reported by civil society organizations that work in the area of good economic governance: (no figure provided)

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### AXE 2 PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AND EQUITABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH

### 2.1 Develop growth sectors — Agriculture, animal production, fishing and fish farming
- Total grain output (in thousands of metric tons): 282; 290
- Food crop output/inhabitant (in thousands of metric tons): 0.45; 0.47
- Coffee (exports in metric tons): 21,410; 18,560
- Cotton (exports in metric tons): 1,170; 1,100
- Tea (exports in metric tons): 5,950; 6,470
- Nontraditional crops (in metric tons): 250; 530
- Number of bovines (units): 433,800; 479,106; 1,087,352
- Number of caprines and ovines (units): 1,705,233; 1,899,633; 5,018,950
- Fish caught (metric tons): 14,144; 11,535; 18,000

### Environment and natural resources
- Number of environmental institutions created and supported: (no figure provided)
- Number of specialists and police officers trained and/or equipped: 11; 456
- Reforested area: 3,423; 16,000
- % of households that use solid fuels (wood and charcoal): 98.6
- Area of wetlands improved (ha): 2.787
- Increase exports (in thousands of FBu): 2,513; 3,422

### Industry, mining and tourism
- Industrial production index (base 100 in 1989): 95.2; 96.5
- Mining taxes and fees (in US$): 618,642; 661,848.5; 810,793
- Number of tourists: 192,186
- Revenue from tourists (FBu): 1,348,000; 1,430,800
- Number of artisans trained: (no figure provided)

### 2.2 Increase opportunities for jobs and income for the poor
- Volume of credit given to the industrial sector (in millions of FBu): 2,564.5; 4,262.3
- Volume of credit given to the agricultural sector (in millions of FBu): 2,037.0; 1,832.0
- Number of microcredit beneficiaries: (no figure provided)
- Laborers hired in the EEIP projects: 195,100.0; 109,470.0; 145,200.0
- Number of production group cooperatives created: (no figure provided)
- Number of beneficiaries trained by the training and occupational training centers: (no figure provided)
- Number of youth centers built and/or supported: (no figure provided)

### 2.3 Private sector development
- Number of markets built and/or renovated: (no figure provided)
- Number of laws and/or regulations enacted: (no figure provided)
- Direct foreign investment (thousands of $): 32.5; 503.3

### 2.4 Develop infrastructures to support production
- Number of km of national roads maintained: 746; 887; 1,361.5
- Telephone coverage rate (in %): 60; 70; 100
- Number of Internet subscribers: 2,000; 10,000
- Electricity generation (in thousands de KWH): 152,056; 142,824
- Number of electricity subscribers: 35,200; 41,074; 46,310
- Technical and commercial losses (%): 26; 24.4; 21

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### AXIS 3 DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CAPITAL

### 3.1 Improve accessibility to and the quality of basic social services — Education
- Equip with books (FBu): (no figure provided)
- Number of nursery schools: (no figure provided)
- Net admission rate for the first year of primary school: 44; 51; 100
- Net primary enrollment rate: 71; 77.9; 100
- Teacher qualification rate: 88.7; 89.5; 95
- Schoolchildren per teacher: 55; 54; 50
- Schoolchildren per class: 86; 85; 50
- Admission rate for the first year of secondary school: 29.5
- Net enrollment rate for boys in primary school — Boys: 73.2; 80.1; Girls: 73.6; 78.8
- Number of theaters built: 12

### 3.1.6–3.1.9 Health and mortality
- Usage rate: 0.6; 0.7; 1
- Maternal mortality per 100,000 births: 615
- Number of assisted deliveries: 37; 41.3; 60
- Infant mortality per 1,000 births: 176
- Vaccine coverage rate for children under 5 years old: (no figure provided)
- Number of associations that fight transmissible diseases and non-transmissible diseases that were supported and are operational: (no figure provided)
- Number of laboratories strengthened: (no figure provided)

### 3.2 Improve access to drinking water, hygiene, sanitation and decent housing
- Access rate to a source of improved water (%): 64.3
- Connection rate to the water network in urban areas: 38.4
- % with access to an upgraded sanitation facility: 31.7
- Appropriations for housing (in billions FBu): 14.8; 13.5
- Average interest rate on housing loans (medium term): 17.9; 17.9; 9.0
- Number of repatriated persons that took back their land: (no figure provided)
- Number of vulnerable persons that received medical assistance: 3,400; 7,607; 10,000
- Vulnerable households that received food assistance: 10,000; 15,000; 30,000
- Proportion of seats held by women in Parliament: 31.7; 31.7
- Net enrollment rate for girls in primary school: 73.6; 78.8; 100

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### AXE 4 THE FIGHT AGAINST HIV/AIDS

### 4.1–4.4 Prevention, treatment, support and institutional capacity
- Prevalence rate: 3.5; 3.5; 3.6
- Number of persons tested during the year: 150,000; 150,000
- Percentage of HIV+ pregnant women that obtain MTCTP services: 4.7; 50
- Number of MTCTP centers: 27; 34
- Number of condoms distributed (in thousands): 11,300; 12,210
- Percentage of PLWHA 12 months after ARV treatment began: 89.5; 80.4; 95
- Number of healthcare providers trained in antiretroviral treatment (nurses): 415; 544; 800
- Number of disadvantaged PLWHA and affected persons that received support through IGA: 4,660; 5,000; 8,000
- Number of people trained: (no figure provided)
- Number of facilities equipped: (no figure provided)

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### 5. STRENGTHEN THE NATIONAL STATISTICS SYSTEM

### Capacity-building and production
- Number of statisticians trained: (no figure provided)
- Revised laws and regulations implemented: (no figure provided)
- Number of statistical publications by the ISTEEBU: 15; 17

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### 6. MACROECONOMICS AND BUDGET
- Real GDP growth rate: 5.1; 3.2; 5.0
- Average annual inflation rate: 2.7; 8.3; 8.2
- Global balance on a commitment basis as a percentage of GDP: -19.3; -19.9; -21.6
- Budget deficit (in billions of FBu): 182.2; 210.4; 372.7
- Contribution of exports to GDP: 2.6; -14.3; 10.4
- Tax pressure rate (norm > or = a 17%): 18.9; 18.7
- Ratio of debt service to export revenue: 54.4; 60.6
- Outstanding foreign debt as a % of GDP: 141.8; 151.1 (p)

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### 7. POPULATION
- Population growth rate: 2.8; 2.9
- Average household size: 5.2; 5.7
- Urban population (%): 6.3
- Rural population (%): 93.7
- Urban poverty index: 34.0
- Rural poverty index: 68.9
- National poverty index: 66.9

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### 8. EMPLOYMENT
- Unemployment rate (ILO) (%): 13.5; 13.9
- Unemployment rate for men (%): 10.8; 12.8
- Unemployment rate for women (%): 17.8; 15.2
- Total underemployment rate (%): 63.8; 52.7
- Visible underemployment rate (%): 16.8; 14.9
- Invisible underemployment rate (%): 50.7; 41.6
- Percentage of jobs in the government: 10.1; 10.1
- Percentage of jobs in public enterprises: 5.4; 7.5
- Percentage of jobs in the formal private sector: 1.2; 2.5
- Percentage of jobs in informal private businesses: 78.8; 76.3
- Percentage of jobs in associative enterprises: 4.5; 3.7
- Average job seniority (years): 5.3; 7.2

*Source: _cr0990 - 1. Strengthen peace, national reconciliation and security  1.1.1 Negotiate the cease-fire (PDF).*

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_Source: https://www.imf.org/-/media/websites/imf/imported-full-text-pdf/external/pubs/ft/scr/2009/_cr0990.pdf_