• IMF Live
International Monetary Fund International Monetary Fund
  • English
    • عربي
    • 中文
    • Français
    • 日本語
    • Русский
    • Español
  • About

      • FACTSHEETS

      • RESOURCES

      • TOPICS

      • IMF at a Glance
      • Surveillance
      • Lending
      • Capacity Development
      • IMF Factsheets List
      • IMF Members
      • IMF Timeline
      • Senior Officials
      • Job Opportunities
      • Archives of the IMF
      • Climate Change
      • Fintech
      • Fiscal Policies
      • Income Inequality
      • All Topics
  • Research

      • Flagship Publications

      • Other Publications

      • World Economic Outlook
      • Global Financial Stability Report
      • Fiscal Monitor
      • External Sector Report
      • Staff Discussion Notes
      • Working Papers
      • IMF Research Perspectives
      • Economic Review
      • Global Housing Watch
      • Commodity Prices
      • Commodities Data Portal
      • IMF Researchers
      • Annual Research Conference
      • Other IMF Events
  • Countries

      • IMF reports and publications by country

      • Regional Offices

      • A
      • B
      • C
      • D
      • E
      • F
      • G
      • H
      • I
      • J
      • K
      • L
      • M
      • N
      • O
      • P
      • Q
      • R
      • S
      • T
      • U
      • V
      • Y
      • Z
      • IMF Resident Representative Offices
      • IMF Regional Reports
      • IMF and Europe
      • IMF Members' Quotas and Voting Power, and Board of Governors
      • IMF Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific
      • IMF Capacity Development Office in Thailand (CDOT)
      • IMF Regional Office in Central America, Panama, and the Dominican Republic
      • Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU)
      • IMF Europe Office in Paris and Brussels
      • IMF Office in the Pacific Islands
  • Capacity Development
      • About Us
      • What We Do
      • How We Work
      • IMF Training
      • Digital Training Catalog
      • Online Learning
      • Our Partners
      • Country Stories
      • Technical Assistance Country Reports
      • High-Level Summary Technical Assistance Reports
      • Strategy and Policies
  • News

      • All News

      • See Also

      • For Journalists

      • IMF Live
      • Country Focus
      • Chart of the Week
      • Communiqués
      • Mission Concluding Statements
      • Press Releases
      • Speeches
      • Statements at Donor Meetings
      • Transcripts
      • Views & Commentaries
      • IMFBlog
      • Article IV Consultations
      • Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP)
      • Seminars, Conferences, & Other Events
      • E-mail Notification
      • Press Center

        The IMF Press Center is a password-protected site for working journalists.

      • Login or Register
      • Information of interest
  • Videos
      • IMF Live
      • About the IMF
      • Conferences
      • Press briefings
      • Speeches
      • Special Features
      • Africa
      • Americas
      • Asia
      • Europe
      • Middle East and Central Asia
      • Economic Outlook
      • Annual and spring meetings
      • Capacity Development
      • Most Recent
      • Most Popular
  • Data
      • IMF Finances
      • Additional Data Sources
      • World Economic Outlook Databases
      • Climate Change Indicators Dashboard
      • IMF eLibrary-Data
      • International Financial Statistics
      • G20 Data Gaps Initiative
      • Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves
      • Financial Access Survey
      • Government Finance Statistics
  • Publications
      • IMF eLibrary
      • IMF Bookstore
      • IMF Annual Report
      • Finance & Development
      • World Economic Outlook
      • Global Financial Stability Report
      • Fiscal Monitor
      • External Sector Report
      • Regional Economic Reports
      • Policy Papers
      • Staff Discussion Notes
      • Departmental Papers
      • All Staff Notes Series
      • Global Financial Stability Notes
      • Spillover Notes
      • How-To Notes
      • Advanced search
  • COVID-19
      • Pandemic Plan
      • Financial Assistance
      • Special Series
      • COVID-19 Global Targets and Progress Tracker
      • IMF-WHO COVID-19 Vaccine Supply Tracker
      • IMF-WHO Subnational COVID-19 Vaccination Dashboard
      • IMF-WHO COVID-19 Vaccine Supply Forecast Dashboard

Publications By Subject

Other Publications

  • Recent Titles

Working Papers in full text

2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1988 1987 1986 All

Country Reports in full text

2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 All

Staff Discussion Notes in full text

2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 All

Technical Notes and Manuals in full text

2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 All

IMF Publications by Subject

Browse by Author

Digital financial services:

2022

Title: Fintech: Financial Inclusion or Exclusion?

Author: Tok, Yoke Wang ; Heng, Dyna

Series: Working Paper No. 2022/080

Date: May 6, 2022

Subject: Digital financial services Financial inclusion Financial markets Fintech Gender Gender inequality Mobile banking Technology

International Monetary Fund
  • About
  • Research
  • Countries
  • Capacity Development
  • News
  • Events
  • Videos
  • Data
  • Publications
  • Social Media Hub
  • Annual Report
  • Copyright and Usage
  • Privacy Policy
  • Contact Us
  • Careers
  • Glossary
  • Scam Alert
  • IMF Brand
  • عربي
  • 中文
  • Français
  • 日本語
  • Русский
  • Español

© 2022 International Monetary Fund. All rights reserved.

  • IMF Live