• IMF Live
International Monetary Fund International Monetary Fund
  • About

      • FACTSHEETS

      • RESOURCES

      • TOPICS

      • IMF at a Glance
      • Surveillance
      • Lending
      • Capacity Development
      • IMF Factsheets List
      • IMF Members
      • IMF Timeline
      • Senior Officials
      • Job Opportunities
      • Archives of the IMF
      • Climate Change
      • Fintech
      • Fiscal Policies
      • Income Inequality
      • All Topics
  • Research

      • Flagship Publications

      • Other Publications

      • World Economic Outlook
      • Global Financial Stability Report
      • Fiscal Monitor
      • External Sector Report
      • Staff Discussion Notes
      • Working Papers
      • IMF Research Perspectives
      • Economic Review
      • Global Housing Watch
      • Commodity Prices
      • Commodities Data Portal
      • IMF Researchers
      • Annual Research Conference
      • Other IMF Events
  • Countries

      • IMF reports and publications by country

      • Regional Offices

      • A
      • B
      • C
      • D
      • E
      • F
      • G
      • H
      • I
      • J
      • K
      • L
      • M
      • N
      • O
      • P
      • Q
      • R
      • S
      • T
      • U
      • V
      • Y
      • Z
      • IMF Resident Representative Offices
      • IMF Regional Reports
      • IMF and Europe
      • IMF Members' Quotas and Voting Power, and Board of Governors
      • IMF Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific
      • IMF Capacity Development Office in Thailand (CDOT)
      • IMF Regional Office in Central America, Panama, and the Dominican Republic
      • Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU)
      • IMF Europe Office in Paris and Brussels
      • IMF Office in the Pacific Islands
  • Capacity Development
      • About Us
      • What We Do
      • How We Work
      • IMF Training
      • Digital Training Catalog
      • Online Learning
      • Our Partners
      • Country Stories
      • Technical Assistance Country Reports
      • Strategy and Policies
  • News

      • All News

      • See Also

      • For Journalists

      • IMF Live
      • Country Focus
      • Chart of the Week
      • Communiqués
      • Mission Concluding Statements
      • Press Releases
      • Speeches
      • Statements at Donor Meetings
      • Transcripts
      • Views & Commentaries
      • IMFBlog
      • Article IV Consultations
      • Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP)
      • Seminars, Conferences, & Other Events
      • E-mail Notification
      • Press Center

        The IMF Press Center is a password-protected site for working journalists.

      • Login or Register
      • Information of interest
  • Videos
      • IMF Live
      • About the IMF
      • Conferences
      • Press briefings
      • Speeches
      • Special Features
      • Africa
      • Americas
      • Asia
      • Europe
      • Middle East and Central Asia
      • Economic Outlook
      • Annual and spring meetings
      • Capacity Development
      • Most Recent
      • Most Popular
  • Data
      • IMF Finances
      • Additional Data Sources
      • World Economic Outlook Databases
      • Climate Change Indicators Dashboard
      • IMF eLibrary-Data
      • International Financial Statistics
      • G20 Data Gaps Initiative
      • Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves
      • Financial Access Survey
      • Government Finance Statistics
  • Publications
      • IMF eLibrary
      • IMF Bookstore
      • IMF Annual Report
      • Finance & Development
      • World Economic Outlook
      • Global Financial Stability Report
      • Fiscal Monitor
      • External Sector Report
      • Regional Economic Reports
      • Policy Papers
      • Staff Discussion Notes
      • Departmental Papers
      • All Staff Notes Series
      • Global Financial Stability Notes
      • Spillover Notes
      • How-To Notes
      • Advanced search
  • COVID-19
      • Pandemic Plan
      • Financial Assistance
      • Special Series
      • COVID-19 Global Targets and Progress Tracker
      • IMF-WHO COVID-19 Vaccine Supply Tracker
      • IMF-WHO Subnational COVID-19 Vaccination Dashboard
      • IMF-WHO COVID-19 Vaccine Supply Forecast Dashboard

Finance & Development

Hero
author

ANTOINE BOUVERET

العربية español français 日本語 русский 中文

See Also

  • Magazine Archives
  • Country Focus
  • Blogs
Latest Issues
Energy Security -
December 2022
العربية español français 日本語 русский 中文
Reimagining Money in the Age of Crypto and Central Bank Digital Currency
September 2022
العربية español français 日本語 русский 中文
Peter Reynolds
June 2022
العربية español français 日本語 русский 中文
MARCH 2022: Rethinking Fiscal - PUBLIC FINANCE AND FAIRNESS IN A CHANGED WORLD
March 2022
العربية español français 日本語 русский 中文
More
About Us
  • About F&D Magazine
  • Contact Us
Social Media
  • F&D on Facebook
  • F&D on LinkedIn
F&D STAFF
  • Gita Bhatt, Editor-In-Chief
  • Maureen Burke, Managing Editor
  • Peter J. Walker, Deputy Managing Editor
  • Analisa R. Bala, Senior Editor
  • Nicholas Owen, Senior Editor
  • Marjorie Henriquez, Senior Editor
  • Andrew Stanley, Assistant Editor
  • Bruce Edwards, Multimedia Content
  • Noha Elbadawy, Multimedia content
  • Melinda Weir, Production Manager
  • Rekia Ennaboulssi, Web Manager
  • Rose Kouwenhoven, Digital Marketing
  • Kwabena Akuamoah-Boateng, Digital Editor
International Monetary Fund
  • About
  • Research
  • Countries
  • Capacity Development
  • News
  • Events
  • Videos
  • Data
  • Publications
  • Social Media Hub
  • Annual Report
  • Copyright and Usage
  • Privacy Policy
  • Contact Us
  • Careers
  • Glossary
  • Scam Alert
  • IMF Brand
  • عربي
  • 中文
  • Français
  • 日本語
  • Русский
  • Español

© 2023 International Monetary Fund. All rights reserved.

  • IMF Live