{
  "title": "Public Information Notice: IMF Concludes Article IV Consultation with Vietnam",
  "publication": "IMF News, June 8, 1999",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2015/09/28/04/53/pn9946",
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  "summary": "Public Information Notices (PINs) form part of the IMF's efforts to promote transparency of the IMF's views and analysis of economic developments and policies.",
  "publishDate": "1999-06-08",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Background",
      "content": "- Executive Board concluded the Article IV consultation with Vietnam on May 21, 1999.\n- Vietnam sustained rapid economic growth of 9 percent per year during 1992-97, but became increasingly vulnerable to economic shocks toward the end of this period.\n- Reforms of the late 1980s and early 1990s facilitated transition to a market oriented economy and attracted large foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, especially from Asia.\n- Reform effort slowed in the mid-1990s; FDI inflows were increasingly channeled to import-substituting and nontradable sectors via joint-ventures with state-owned enterprises (SOEs).\n- By 1997 FDI inflows plateaued and signs of stress in the banking, enterprise, and external sectors began to emerge."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Economic performance and projections (1997–1999)",
      "content": "- 1998 impact of Asian crisis and domestic weaknesses:\n  - Growth slowed sharply to around 3½ percent (1998, preliminary Fund staff estimates).\n  - FDI inflows fell by two-thirds to $0.8 billion (1998, preliminary Fund staff estimates).\n  - Inflation accelerated to 9 percent (end-1998) from 3½ percent (end-1997).\n  - External current account deficit reduced slightly to 4 percent of GDP in 1998.\n- 1999 Fund staff projections:\n  - Output growth for 1999 projected at 3½ percent.\n  - Inflation projected to be somewhat lower than in 1998.\n  - External current account deficit projected to increase slightly to 4½ percent of GDP in 1999.\n- External developments:\n  - Imports fell due to slowing domestic demand and foreign exchange shortages.\n  - Exports stagnated due to weaker regional demand and reduced competitiveness.\n- Exchange rate developments:\n  - Dong depreciated three times by a total of 19 percent over the 18 months to end-1998.\n  - Real effective exchange rate appreciated by 5 percent over the same period.\n  - February 1999: new system introduced allowing interbank market depreciation of up to 0.1 percent a day; official rate set as average interbank rate of previous day."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Policy responses and structural developments",
      "content": "- Fiscal and monetary stance:\n  - Authorities maintained a restrained budgetary stance and eased credit policy for SOEs.\n  - Overall budget deficit (excluding onlending of foreign aid) for 1998 held to target of 1 percent of GDP with no use of domestic bank financing.\n  - 1999 budget targets overall deficit at 1 percent of GDP (excluding fiscal costs of structural reforms).\n  - Broad money grew by 24 percent in 1998 with net international reserves virtually unchanged.\n- Credit and banking:\n  - Growth in bank credit to SOEs accelerated to 22 percent in 1998, from 16 percent in 1997.\n  - Credit to private enterprises barely increased in real terms in 1998.\n  - Banking sector weaknesses: rapid accumulation of nonperforming loans, large foreign exchange exposure, weak capital base, low profitability.\n  - May 1998: authorities began addressing joint-stock bank problems and developing restructuring strategy for large state-owned commercial banks.\n  - Efforts underway to strengthen bank legislation and enabling environment for comprehensive restructuring.\n- SOE reform and equitization:\n  - Official 1997 data suggest 60 percent of SOEs were running losses or only marginally profitable.\n  - Equitization program: 130 SOEs (mainly small and medium-size) equitized in the 15 months through March 1999, compared with 17 enterprises during 1992–97; four of the equitized enterprises were opened to foreign investors."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Executive Board assessment and recommendations",
      "content": "- Directors’ diagnosis:\n  - Performance deteriorated in 1998 due to Asian crisis and domestic structural weaknesses.\n  - Recognition of continued progress in macroeconomic management and containment of inflation.\n- Reform strategy urged:\n  - Need for a bolder and more comprehensive approach to reform to achieve lasting reduction in inflation and higher sustainable growth.\n  - Some Directors favored a more gradual approach to preserve social and political stability.\n- Priorities for reform (directors emphasized):\n  - Reform of state-owned commercial banks, large SOEs, and the trade system—these must be accelerated considerably.\n  - Hardening SOE budget constraints early in reform process.\n  - Promote the private sector in parallel with SOE reform; level playing field vis-à-vis nonstate sector and foreign joint ventures; reduce barriers to entry and regulatory burden.\n  - Greater transparency and openness in domestic regulation and data to foster private sector development and recovery in FDI.\n- Banking sector recommendations:\n  - Action plans for each state-owned commercial bank to improve governance, management, operational efficiency, and to restructure nonperforming loan portfolios.\n  - Phase out policy lending by state-owned commercial banks.\n  - Allow domestic and foreign private investment in state-owned banks.\n  - Improve prudential regulation and bank supervision.\n  - Concern noted about significant share of foreign currency loans in total credit to SOEs.\n- SOE sector recommendations:\n  - Use all policy options: restructuring, full or partial divestiture (including greater flexibility for joint ventures), and closures.\n  - Promote domestic and foreign private sector role to absorb unemployment from SOE reform.\n- Trade reform recommendations:\n  - Remove nontariff barriers over a relatively short time frame, using transitional tariffs if necessary.\n  - Phase down tariffs and reduce the number of tariff rates to reduce protection.\n- Macro policy mix for recovery:\n  - Some adaptation appropriate: ease budgetary stance and tighten and redirect credit policy.\n  - Given low domestic debt burden and prospective donor support, allow budget deficit to widen to accommodate temporary costs of well-designed social safety nets for retrenched workers.\n  - Slow growth in credit to SOEs; confine credit to viable SOEs with enhanced monitoring of SOE performance; provide more room to support private sector activity.\n- External sector and debt policy:\n  - Adopt a more market-based exchange and trade system to improve business climate and foreign exchange availability for private sector.\n  - Adopt a cautious external debt policy and closely monitor external borrowing, including loans contracted as part of FDI.\n- Data transparency:\n  - Welcome commitment to publish a country page in International Financial Statistics.\n  - Much more needs to be done to improve data quality and dissemination toward international standards.\n  - Coverage of recently published budget information needs to be substantially broadened.\n  - Publication of financial sector data recommended to increase banking system transparency.\n- Fund support and cooperation:\n  - Strong commitment to the recommended policies essential for Fund support under an ESAF arrangement.\n  - Directors welcomed enhanced Bank-Fund collaboration in supporting Vietnam’s reform efforts.\n- Timing:\n  - Next Article IV consultation expected to be held on the standard 12-month cycle."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Selected economic indicators, 1995–99 (key figures as presented)",
      "content": "- Output and prices (Annual percentage change)\n  - Real GDP: 1995: 9.5; 1996: 9.3; 1997: 8.2; 1998: 3.5; 1999 (Est./Proj.): (1999 column header indicated \"Est. Proj.\" but table entries proceed as shown)\n  - Consumer prices, period average: 1995: 17.0; 1996: 5.8; 1997: 3.2; 1998: 7.7; 1999: 7.8\n  - Consumer prices, end period: 1995: 13.1; 1996: 4.4; 1997: 3.6; 1998: 9.2; 1999: 7.0\n- Budgetary operations (As percent of GDP)\n  - Total revenue (including grants): 1995: 23.1; 1996: 24.1; 1997: 22.4; 1998: 20.7; 1999: 18.6\n  - Total expenditure (excluding onlending): 1995: 23.6; 1996: 24.3; 1997: 23.3; 1998: 21.2; 1999: 19.7\n  - Current expenditure: 1995: 18.4; 1996: 18.3; 1997: 17.2; 1998: 15.5; 1999: 13.4\n  - Capital expenditure: 1995: 5.2; 1996: 6.0; 1997: 6.1; 1998: 5.7; 1999: 6.3\n  - Overall balance (incl. grants, excl. onlending): 1995: -0.5; 1996: -0.2; 1997: -0.9; 1998: -1.1\n- Money and credit, end of year\n  - Broad money: 1995: 22.6; 1996: 22.7; 1997: 26.1; 1998: 24.0\n  - Credit to state enterprises: 1995: 17.7; 1996: 11.3; 1997: 15.6; 1998: 21.7; 1999: 16.0\n  - Credit to nonstate sectors: 1995: 41.4; 1996: 31.7; 1997: 30.5; 1998: 11.2; 1999: 17.1\n- External sector\n  - Exports of goods, U.S. dollar terms (percent change): 1995: 28.2; 1996: 41.2; 1997: 24.6; 1998: 2.4; 1999: 3.0\n  - Imports of goods, U.S. dollar terms (percent change): 1995: 41.1; 1996: 25.5; 1997: 3.1\n  - Current account (in millions of U.S. dollars): 1995: -2,648; 1996: -2,431; 1997: -1,664; 1998: -1,067; 1999: -1,142\n  - Current account (In percent of GDP): 1995: -13.1; 1996: -10.4; 1997: -6.5; 1998: -4.2; 1999: -4.5\n  - Gross official reserves: 1995: 1,376; 1996: 1,797; 1997: 2,085; 1998: 2,098\n  - Gross official reserves (In weeks of merchandise imports): 1995: 8.6; 1996: 10.4; 1997: 10.6; 1998: 10.2\n- Medium- and long-term external debt (Percent of GDP)\n  - Convertible currency: 1995: 31.3; 1996: 33.0; 1997: 35.9; 1998: 36.6; 1999: 46.7\n  - Nonconvertible currency: 1995: 52.5; 1996: 43.6; 1997: 43.1; 1998: 43.4; 1999: ...\n- Exchange rate\n  - Dong per US$ (end-period): 1995: 11,015; 1996: 11,150; 1997: 12,292; 1998: 13,896\n  - Real effective exchange rate (percent change, end-period; (-) depreciation): 1995: 8.8; 1996: 3.9; 1997: 12.7\n\nPublic Information Notice: IMF Concludes Article IV Consultation with Vietnam — June 8, 1999. IMF EXTERNAL RELATIONS DEPARTMENT, Public Affairs, Media Relations.\n\n---\n\n\n References\n\n- Vietnam and the IMF\n- Public Information Notices\n- Article IV\n- https://www.imf.org/en/home\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2015/09/28/04/53/pn9946"
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    "Published: June 8, 1999",
    "Executive Board concluded the Article IV consultation with Vietnam on May 21, 1999.",
    "Vietnam sustained rapid economic growth of 9 percent per year during 1992-97, but became increasingly vulnerable to economic shocks toward the end of this period.",
    "Reforms of the late 1980s and early 1990s facilitated transition to a market oriented economy and attracted large foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, especially from Asia.",
    "Reform effort slowed in the mid-1990s; FDI inflows were increasingly channeled to import-substituting and nontradable sectors via joint-ventures with state-owned enterprises (SOEs).",
    "By 1997 FDI inflows plateaued and signs of stress in the banking, enterprise, and external sectors began to emerge.",
    "1998 impact of Asian crisis and domestic weaknesses:",
    "1999 Fund staff projections:",
    "External developments:",
    "Exchange rate developments:",
    "Fiscal and monetary stance:",
    "Credit and banking:",
    "SOE reform and equitization:",
    "Directors’ diagnosis:",
    "Reform strategy urged:",
    "Priorities for reform (directors emphasized):",
    "Banking sector recommendations:",
    "SOE sector recommendations:",
    "Trade reform recommendations:",
    "Macro policy mix for recovery:",
    "External sector and debt policy:",
    "Data transparency:",
    "Fund support and cooperation:",
    "Timing:",
    "Output and prices (Annual percentage change)",
    "Budgetary operations (As percent of GDP)",
    "Money and credit, end of year",
    "External sector",
    "Medium- and long-term external debt (Percent of GDP)",
    "Exchange rate",
    "[Vietnam and the IMF](http://www.imf.org/external/country/VNM/index.htm)",
    "[Public Information Notices](https://www.imf.org/en/news/searchnews)",
    "[Article IV](https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/aa/aa04.htm)",
    "[https://www.imf.org/en/home](https://www.imf.org/en/home)"
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