{
  "title": "Policies for African Development: From the 1980s to the 1990s",
  "publication": "Books, December 15, 1992",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/books/issues/2016/12/30/policies-for-african-development-from-the-1980s-to-the-1990s-33",
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  "summary": "Despite economic hardships during the past 20 years, Africa has recently enjoyed positive real economic growth, transformed its economic structures and systems, and improved living standards.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Summary findings and analytical themes",
      "content": "- Despite economic hardships during the past 20 years, Africa has recently enjoyed positive real economic growth, transformed its economic structures and systems, and improved living standards.\n- Much of this owes to the determined pursuit of growth-oriented adjustment efforts, with IMF support, by nearly 30 African countries.\n- The volume, edited by I.G. Patel, discusses:\n  - progress made by Africa in the 1980s, and\n  - prospects and needs for continued development in the 1990s."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Policy focus and recommendations (as described)",
      "content": "- Emphasis on growth-oriented adjustment efforts supported by the IMF as central to recent positive outcomes.\n- Continued development in the 1990s framed around:\n  - sustaining reforms initiated in the 1980s,\n  - addressing remaining structural and policy needs to consolidate gains in living standards and economic structure transformation."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Thematic subjects and keywords (as listed)",
      "content": "- Subject: Asset and liability management, Debt relief, Debt service, Exports, External debt, Imports, International trade\n- Keywords: Africa, BOOK, Caribbean, country, Debt relief, Debt service, debt-service obligation, debt-service ratio, Eastern Europe, economy, Exports, financing, fixed capital capital formation, Global, Imports, policy, policy reform, structural adjustment, structural adjustment program, Sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe\n\n---\n\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/books/issues/2016/12/30/policies-for-african-development-from-the-1980s-to-the-1990s-33"
    }
  ],
  "bullets": [
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    "Published: December 15, 1992",
    "Series: Books",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781557752321.071",
    "Despite economic hardships during the past 20 years, Africa has recently enjoyed positive real economic growth, transformed its economic structures and systems, and improved living standards.",
    "Much of this owes to the determined pursuit of growth-oriented adjustment efforts, with IMF support, by nearly 30 African countries.",
    "The volume, edited by I.G. Patel, discusses:",
    "Emphasis on growth-oriented adjustment efforts supported by the IMF as central to recent positive outcomes.",
    "Continued development in the 1990s framed around:",
    "Subject: Asset and liability management, Debt relief, Debt service, Exports, External debt, Imports, International trade",
    "Keywords: Africa, BOOK, Caribbean, country, Debt relief, Debt service, debt-service obligation, debt-service ratio, Eastern Europe, economy, Exports, financing, fixed capital capital formation, Global, Imports, policy, policy reform, structural adjustment, structural adjustment program, Sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe"
  ],
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}