{
  "title": "Republic of Poland: Selected Issues",
  "publication": "IMF Staff Country Reports, July 17, 2017",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/cr/issues/2017/07/17/republic-of-poland-selected-issues-45092",
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  "summary": "This paper highlights the fact that to address the challenge of declining working age population, policies should not only aim to support fertility, but also to increase labor force participation rate, to improve labor allocation across sectors and to encourage net immigration.",
  "publishDate": "2017-07-17",
  "series": "IMF Staff Country Reports",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Key findings",
      "content": "- Poland faces profound demographic changes driven by a decline of fertility rate and growing life expectancy, mostly driven by longevity of older cohorts.\n- Demographics may soon pose a barrier for growth.\n- The historical expansion of working age population appears to have been only partly utilized to boost potential growth, with increased unemployment and declined labor force participation rates dampening potential gains.\n- Net migration was a drag on the labor supply in the past, but this has changed recently.\n- In addition to a steady outflow of permanent migrants, there was a sharp pickup in temporary migration after EU accession."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Policy implications and recommendations",
      "content": "- Policies should not only aim to support fertility, but also to:\n  - increase labor force participation rate,\n  - improve labor allocation across sectors,\n  - encourage net immigration.\n- Recent measures moving in the opposite direction risk undermining the effectiveness of mitigating policies and may prevent full offsetting of demographic headwinds."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Demographic drivers and risks",
      "content": "- Decline of fertility rate.\n- Growing life expectancy, concentrated in older cohorts.\n- Potential for demographic changes to become a barrier to growth if unaddressed."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Labor market dynamics",
      "content": "- Expanded working age population was not fully translated into higher potential growth due to:\n  - increased unemployment,\n  - declined labor force participation rates.\n- Improving labor allocation across sectors is highlighted as a necessary measure."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Migration patterns",
      "content": "- Past net migration reduced labor supply.\n- Recent developments indicate a change in that pattern.\n- Both a steady outflow of permanent migrants and a sharp pickup in temporary migration after EU accession are noted.\n\nInternational Monetary Fund. Republic of Poland: Selected Issues, July 17, 2017.\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Country Report\n  - Country Report (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Country Report (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/cr/issues/2017/07/17/republic-of-poland-selected-issues-45092"
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    "Published: July 17, 2017",
    "Series: IMF Staff Country Reports",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484310311.002",
    "Poland faces profound demographic changes driven by a decline of fertility rate and growing life expectancy, mostly driven by longevity of older cohorts.",
    "Demographics may soon pose a barrier for growth.",
    "The historical expansion of working age population appears to have been only partly utilized to boost potential growth, with increased unemployment and declined labor force participation rates dampening potential gains.",
    "Net migration was a drag on the labor supply in the past, but this has changed recently.",
    "In addition to a steady outflow of permanent migrants, there was a sharp pickup in temporary migration after EU accession.",
    "Policies should not only aim to support fertility, but also to:",
    "Recent measures moving in the opposite direction risk undermining the effectiveness of mitigating policies and may prevent full offsetting of demographic headwinds.",
    "Decline of fertility rate.",
    "Growing life expectancy, concentrated in older cohorts.",
    "Potential for demographic changes to become a barrier to growth if unaddressed.",
    "Expanded working age population was not fully translated into higher potential growth due to:",
    "Improving labor allocation across sectors is highlighted as a necessary measure.",
    "Past net migration reduced labor supply.",
    "Recent developments indicate a change in that pattern.",
    "Both a steady outflow of permanent migrants and a sharp pickup in temporary migration after EU accession are noted.",
    "**Country Report**"
  ],
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