{
  "title": "Russian Federation: Selected Issues",
  "publication": "IMF Staff Country Reports, September 12, 2018",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/cr/issues/2018/09/12/russian-federation-selected-issues-46227",
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  "summary": "This Selected Issues paper focuses on the Russian state’s footprint in the economy. Available cross-country employment data suggests that the Russian state's is relatively large, like that of Scandinavian countries.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Summary findings",
      "content": "- The paper focuses on the Russian state's footprint in the economy.\n- Available cross-country employment data suggests that the Russian state's is relatively large, like that of Scandinavian countries.\n- In sectors where the state's share is high, economic concentration is larger, but concentration is large even in sectors where the state's share is low.\n- IMF Staff estimates suggest that the state represented about one third of Russia’s value added (VA) in 2016.\n- The Russian state represents close to 40 percent of formal sector activity and 50 percent of formal sector employment.\n- SOEs are present in most sectors of activity.\n- The state’s share in VA was approximated by its share in sales for market activities, and by employment for nonmarket activities.\n- SOEs appear to underperform relative to non-state firms in a variety of economic activities."
    },
    {
      "heading": "State footprint metrics and measurement",
      "content": "- Estimated state share of value added (VA) in 2016: about one third.\n- State share approximations:\n  - For market activities: state share in sales used as proxy for VA.\n  - For nonmarket activities: employment used as proxy for VA.\n- Formal sector involvement:\n  - Formal sector activity share: close to 40 percent.\n  - Formal sector employment share: 50 percent."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Competition, concentration, and policy implications",
      "content": "- Cross-sector observations:\n  - Sectors with high state share exhibit larger economic concentration.\n  - High concentration is also observed in sectors with low state share.\n- Policy recommendation:\n  - Existing policies to protect and promote competition, including in state procurement, need to be strengthened."
    },
    {
      "heading": "State-owned enterprises (SOEs) performance",
      "content": "- SOEs are ubiquitous across most sectors.\n- Empirical observation:\n  - SOEs appear to underperform relative to non-state firms across a variety of economic activities.\n\nIMF Staff Country Report No. 2018/276; Russian Federation: Selected Issues; September 12, 2018; Pages: 34; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484376126.002\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Country Report\n  - Country Report (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Country Report (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}"
    }
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    "Published: September 12, 2018",
    "Series: IMF Staff Country Reports",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484376126.002",
    "The paper focuses on the Russian state's footprint in the economy.",
    "Available cross-country employment data suggests that the Russian state's is relatively large, like that of Scandinavian countries.",
    "In sectors where the state's share is high, economic concentration is larger, but concentration is large even in sectors where the state's share is low.",
    "IMF Staff estimates suggest that the state represented about one third of Russia’s value added (VA) in 2016.",
    "The Russian state represents close to 40 percent of formal sector activity and 50 percent of formal sector employment.",
    "SOEs are present in most sectors of activity.",
    "The state’s share in VA was approximated by its share in sales for market activities, and by employment for nonmarket activities.",
    "SOEs appear to underperform relative to non-state firms in a variety of economic activities.",
    "Estimated state share of value added (VA) in 2016: about one third.",
    "State share approximations:",
    "Formal sector involvement:",
    "Cross-sector observations:",
    "Policy recommendation:",
    "SOEs are ubiquitous across most sectors.",
    "Empirical observation:",
    "**Country Report**"
  ],
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