{
  "title": "Does Globalization Lower Wages and Export Jobs?",
  "publication": "Economic Issues, September 29, 1997",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/economic-issues/issues/2016/12/30/does-globalization-lower-wages-and-export-jobs-2346",
  "canonical": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/economic-issues/issues/2016/12/30/does-globalization-lower-wages-and-export-jobs-2346",
  "overlayPath": "/en/publications/economic-issues/issues/2016/12/30/does-globalization-lower-wages-and-export-jobs-2346/index.md",
  "summary": "Increased globalization - the international integration of markets for goods, technology, labor, and capital - has coincided in the past 20 years with a shift in demand from less-skilled workers to those with more skills.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Authors and publication",
      "content": "- By Matthew J. Slaughter, Phillip L Swagel\n- September 29, 1997"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Central question and context",
      "content": "- Increased globalization — the international integration of markets for goods, technology, labor, and capital — has coincided in the past 20 years with a shift in demand from less-skilled workers to those with more skills.\n- The paper asks: Have imports from developing countries been responsible for the lowered wages of the unskilled, increased unemployment, and widened income inequality in the more advanced countries?"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key findings",
      "content": "- A more important influence on labor markets during these years has been a technology-driven shift in labor demand.\n- The timing: the observed shift in labor demand occurred over the past 20 years mentioned in the study."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Subject classifications and keywords",
      "content": "- Subject: Imports, Income inequality, International trade, Labor, Labor markets, National accounts, Wages\n- Keywords: earnings of male, EI, Global, growth effect, Imports, Income inequality, Labor markets, nature of wage, unskilled wage, wage convergence, wage inequality, Wages\n\nInternational Monetary Fund — Does Globalization Lower Wages and Export Jobs? (Matthew J. Slaughter; Phillip L Swagel), September 29, 1997.\n\n---\n\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/economic-issues/issues/2016/12/30/does-globalization-lower-wages-and-export-jobs-2346"
    }
  ],
  "bullets": [
    "[Markdown version](/en/publications/economic-issues/issues/2016/12/30/does-globalization-lower-wages-and-export-jobs-2346/index.md)",
    "[Structured JSON version](/en/publications/economic-issues/issues/2016/12/30/does-globalization-lower-wages-and-export-jobs-2346/index.json)",
    "[Bundle manifest](/en/publications/economic-issues/issues/2016/12/30/does-globalization-lower-wages-and-export-jobs-2346/bundle-manifest.json)",
    "Authors: Matthew J. Slaughter, Phillip L Swagel",
    "Published: September 29, 1997",
    "Series: Economic Issues",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781557756794.051",
    "By Matthew J. Slaughter, Phillip L Swagel",
    "September 29, 1997",
    "Increased globalization — the international integration of markets for goods, technology, labor, and capital — has coincided in the past 20 years with a shift in demand from less-skilled workers to those with more skills.",
    "The paper asks: Have imports from developing countries been responsible for the lowered wages of the unskilled, increased unemployment, and widened income inequality in the more advanced countries?",
    "A more important influence on labor markets during these years has been a technology-driven shift in labor demand.",
    "The timing: the observed shift in labor demand occurred over the past 20 years mentioned in the study.",
    "Subject: Imports, Income inequality, International trade, Labor, Labor markets, National accounts, Wages",
    "Keywords: earnings of male, EI, Global, growth effect, Imports, Income inequality, Labor markets, nature of wage, unskilled wage, wage convergence, wage inequality, Wages"
  ],
  "alternates": {
    "markdown": "/en/publications/economic-issues/issues/2016/12/30/does-globalization-lower-wages-and-export-jobs-2346/index.md",
    "json": "/en/publications/economic-issues/issues/2016/12/30/does-globalization-lower-wages-and-export-jobs-2346/index.json",
    "bundleManifest": "/en/publications/economic-issues/issues/2016/12/30/does-globalization-lower-wages-and-export-jobs-2346/bundle-manifest.json"
  },
  "generatedAtUtc": "2026-09-21T18:19:21.182Z"
}