{
  "title": "Public Investment and Public-Private Partnerships",
  "publication": "Economic Issues, March 21, 2007",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/economic-issues/issues/2016/12/31/public-investment-and-public-private-partnerships-18456",
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  "summary": "Over the past three decades, public spending on infrastructure, as a share of GDP, has been on the decline worldwide. Although the link between infrastructure investment and economic growth is not yet fully understood, the quality of infrastructure clearly affects a country's productivity, competiti",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Overview and framing",
      "content": "- Over the past three decades, public spending on infrastructure, as a share of GDP, has been on the decline worldwide.\n- The link between infrastructure investment and economic growth is not yet fully understood.\n- The quality of infrastructure clearly affects a country's productivity, competitiveness in export markets, and ability to attract foreign investment.\n- This Economic Issues (EI) explores the following policy questions:\n  - Should countries increase public investment in infrastructure?\n  - If the answer is yes, how can they do so in a fiscally responsible manner?\n  - Are public-private partnerships a viable alternative?"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key findings and themes",
      "content": "- Declining trend: public infrastructure spending (share of GDP) has declined globally over the past three decades.\n- Evidence limitations: the causal relationship between infrastructure investment and economic growth remains incompletely understood.\n- High-impact channels: infrastructure quality influences productivity, export competitiveness, and foreign direct investment attraction.\n- Policy tension: the need to boost infrastructure is balanced against fiscal responsibility and public debt considerations.\n- Role of PPPs: the EI examines whether public-private partnerships are a viable alternative to traditional public investment."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Policy questions and analytical focus",
      "content": "- Should public investment in infrastructure be increased?\n  - The EI poses this fundamental question and evaluates trade-offs between growth benefits and fiscal constraints.\n- How to increase public investment in a fiscally responsible manner?\n  - The EI investigates mechanisms and fiscal frameworks to expand infrastructure spending without undermining fiscal sustainability.\n- Are public-private partnerships (PPPs) a viable alternative?\n  - The EI assesses PPPs as an alternative delivery and financing model, considering fiscal risks and management requirements.\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- الاستثمار العام و الشركة بين القطاعين العام و الخاص؛  قضايا اقتصادية رقم 40\n  - الاستثمار العام و الشركة بين القطاعين العام و الخاص؛  قضايا اقتصادية رقم 40 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - الاستثمار العام و الشركة بين القطاعين العام و الخاص؛  قضايا اقتصادية رقم 40 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- 经济问题 No. 40 - 公共投资与公共和私人 部门伙伴安排\n  - 经济问题 No. 40 - 公共投资与公共和私人 部门伙伴安排 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - 经济问题 No. 40 - 公共投资与公共和私人 部门伙伴安排 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Investissement public et partenariats public-privé; Dossiers Économiques du FMI no. 40; Août 2007.\n  - Investissement public et partenariats public-privé; Dossiers Économiques du FMI no. 40; Août 2007. (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Investissement public et partenariats public-privé; Dossiers Économiques du FMI no. 40; Août 2007. (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Государственные инвестиции и государственно-частные партнерства -- ВОПРОСЫ ЭКОНОМИКИ 40 -- 2007\n  - Государственные инвестиции и государственно-частные партнерства -- ВОПРОСЫ ЭКОНОМИКИ 40 -- 2007 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Государственные инвестиции и государственно-частные партнерства -- ВОПРОСЫ ЭКОНОМИКИ 40 -- 2007 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Inversión pública y asociaciones público-privadas; Temas de economía 40; 2007\n  - Inversión pública y asociaciones público-privadas; Temas de economía 40; 2007 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Inversión pública y asociaciones público-privadas; Temas de economía 40; 2007 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/economic-issues/issues/2016/12/31/public-investment-and-public-private-partnerships-18456"
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    "Authors: Bernardin Akitoby, Gerd Schwartz, Richard Hemming",
    "Published: March 21, 2007",
    "Series: Economic Issues",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781589064782.051",
    "Over the past three decades, public spending on infrastructure, as a share of GDP, has been on the decline worldwide.",
    "The link between infrastructure investment and economic growth is not yet fully understood.",
    "The quality of infrastructure clearly affects a country's productivity, competitiveness in export markets, and ability to attract foreign investment.",
    "This Economic Issues (EI) explores the following policy questions:",
    "Declining trend: public infrastructure spending (share of GDP) has declined globally over the past three decades.",
    "Evidence limitations: the causal relationship between infrastructure investment and economic growth remains incompletely understood.",
    "High-impact channels: infrastructure quality influences productivity, export competitiveness, and foreign direct investment attraction.",
    "Policy tension: the need to boost infrastructure is balanced against fiscal responsibility and public debt considerations.",
    "Role of PPPs: the EI examines whether public-private partnerships are a viable alternative to traditional public investment.",
    "Should public investment in infrastructure be increased?",
    "How to increase public investment in a fiscally responsible manner?",
    "Are public-private partnerships (PPPs) a viable alternative?",
    "**الاستثمار العام و الشركة بين القطاعين العام و الخاص؛  قضايا اقتصادية رقم 40**",
    "**经济问题 No. 40 - 公共投资与公共和私人 部门伙伴安排**",
    "**Investissement public et partenariats public-privé; Dossiers Économiques du FMI no. 40; Août 2007.**",
    "**Государственные инвестиции и государственно-частные партнерства -- ВОПРОСЫ ЭКОНОМИКИ 40 -- 2007**",
    "**Inversión pública y asociaciones público-privadas; Temas de economía 40; 2007**"
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