{
  "title": "The Impact of Science and Technology on Global Economic Growth",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fandd/issues/2018/06/impact-of-science-and-technology-on-global-economic-growth-mokyr",
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  "summary": "Throughout history, scientific breakthroughs and revolutionary technologies have reinforced each other to advance societies, economies and the world in unimaginable and unpredictable ways.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Overview",
      "content": "- Author: JOEL MOKYR, Robert H. Strotz Professor of Economics at Northwestern University.\n- Publication: F&D Magazine, June 2018.\n- Central thesis: Scientific breakthroughs and revolutionary technologies reinforce each other, enabling continued technological progress and potential for transformative economic growth."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Historical and conceptual framing",
      "content": "- Technological progress both directly affects productivity and amplifies scientific capability by providing better measurement, observation, and computation tools.\n- Historical examples:\n  - Galileo’s telescope and Hooke’s microscope as enablers of the 17th century scientific revolution.\n  - Improved microscopy and lab techniques enabling the discovery of the germ theory.\n  - X-ray crystallography contributing to discovery of DNA structure and instrumental in 29 other Nobel-Prize-winning projects."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Powerful contemporary tools and their economic implications",
      "content": "- Fast computing and data techniques:\n  - Emergence of a new era of data science where machine-learning algorithms detect complex regularities beyond human intuition.\n  - Computers enable large-scale simulation to approximate solutions to complex equations, spawning computational research fields complementary to large-data processing.\n  - Quantum computing could increase computational power “by a substantial factor.”\n  - Artificial intelligence could become “the world’s most effective research assistant,” though concerns exist about replacing knowledge workers.\n- Laser technology:\n  - Applications include cooling micro samples, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for atomic-level chemical analysis without sample preparation, lidar for detailed 3D imaging, laser ablation for sample analysis without size or preparation constraints, and laser interferometers used to detect gravitational waves.\n  - Lidar contributed to revising estimates of pre-Columbian Maya civilization sophistication in Guatemala."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Century of biology: genomic and synthetic advances",
      "content": "- Rapid decline in genome sequencing cost:\n  - From $95 million per genome in 2001 to about $1,250 in 2015.\n- Prominent techniques:\n  - CRISPR Cas9 improvements enabling base-pair editing in genetic sequences.\n  - Synthetic biology and cell-free production of proteins—ideas present for about a decade, with public awareness of potential more recent, though realization remains years away.\n- Implication: 21st century characterized as “the century of biology” with revolutionary changes in manipulating living beings."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Materials science and nano‑technologies",
      "content": "- New materials potential:\n  - Advances allow design of synthetics with custom-ordered properties (hardness, resilience, elasticity).\n  - Development or perfection of new resins, advanced ceramics, new solids, and carbon nanotubes.\n- Historical constraint: Past technological ideas often limited by available materials; modern material science reduces that constraint."
    },
    {
      "heading": "General-purpose technologies (GPTs) and diffusion",
      "content": "- AI, lasers, and genetic engineering qualify as GPTs with wide applications across production and research.\n- GPTs typically require complementary innovations and investments and therefore take time to fully affect the economy.\n- Expected outcome: When fully diffused, these technologies promise transformative changes in many dimensions of the human condition."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key findings and observations",
      "content": "- Technology and science coevolve symbiotically: scientific researchers gain vastly more powerful tools, some incremental, some radical.\n- Several contemporary tools (high-powered computers, lasers, advanced microscopes/telescopes) are analogous in historical importance to instruments that enabled earlier scientific revolutions.\n- Predictive uncertainty: Some advances will be unforeseeable and others will disappoint; yet the coevolutionary mechanism supports the plausibility of continued rapid technological progress.\n\nSource: The Impact of Science and Technology on Global Economic Growth — IMF F&D Magazine, June 2018, JOEL MOKYR.\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- بناء سلم أعلى\n  - بناء سلم أعلى (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - بناء سلم أعلى (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Toujours plus haut\n  - Toujours plus haut (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Toujours plus haut (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- The Impact of Science and Technology on Global Economic Growth  - IMF F&D Magazine - June 2018\n  - The Impact of Science and Technology on Global Economic Growth  - IMF F&D Magazine - June 2018 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - The Impact of Science and Technology on Global Economic Growth  - IMF F&D Magazine - June 2018 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Поднимаясь на новые высоты– Финансы и развитие – июнь 2018 года\n  - Поднимаясь на новые высоты– Финансы и развитие – июнь 2018 года (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Поднимаясь на новые высоты– Финансы и развитие – июнь 2018 года (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- 搭建更高的梯子 - 金融与发展\n  - 搭建更高的梯子 - 金融与发展 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - 搭建更高的梯子 - 金融与发展 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fandd/issues/2018/06/impact-of-science-and-technology-on-global-economic-growth-mokyr"
    }
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    "Authors: JOEL MOKYR",
    "Published: June 1, 2018",
    "Volume: 55",
    "Author: JOEL MOKYR, Robert H. Strotz Professor of Economics at Northwestern University.",
    "Publication: F&D Magazine, June 2018.",
    "Central thesis: Scientific breakthroughs and revolutionary technologies reinforce each other, enabling continued technological progress and potential for transformative economic growth.",
    "Technological progress both directly affects productivity and amplifies scientific capability by providing better measurement, observation, and computation tools.",
    "Historical examples:",
    "Fast computing and data techniques:",
    "Laser technology:",
    "Rapid decline in genome sequencing cost:",
    "Prominent techniques:",
    "Implication: 21st century characterized as “the century of biology” with revolutionary changes in manipulating living beings.",
    "New materials potential:",
    "Historical constraint: Past technological ideas often limited by available materials; modern material science reduces that constraint.",
    "AI, lasers, and genetic engineering qualify as GPTs with wide applications across production and research.",
    "GPTs typically require complementary innovations and investments and therefore take time to fully affect the economy.",
    "Expected outcome: When fully diffused, these technologies promise transformative changes in many dimensions of the human condition.",
    "Technology and science coevolve symbiotically: scientific researchers gain vastly more powerful tools, some incremental, some radical.",
    "Several contemporary tools (high-powered computers, lasers, advanced microscopes/telescopes) are analogous in historical importance to instruments that enabled earlier scientific revolutions.",
    "Predictive uncertainty: Some advances will be unforeseeable and others will disappoint; yet the coevolutionary mechanism supports the plausibility of continued rapid technological progress.",
    "**بناء سلم أعلى**",
    "**Toujours plus haut**",
    "**The Impact of Science and Technology on Global Economic Growth  - IMF F&D Magazine - June 2018**",
    "**Поднимаясь на новые высоты– Финансы и развитие – июнь 2018 года**",
    "**搭建更高的梯子 - 金融与发展**"
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