{
  "title": "From Brazil to New Zealand, Local Solutions to Climate Change – IMF F&D | DECEMBER 2019",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fandd/issues/2019/12/local-activists-fighting-climate-change-ewing-chow",
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  "summary": "From Brazil to New Zealand, local activists show that small-scale initiatives can make a difference in the fight against climate change",
  "authors": [
    "ASHLIN MATHEW",
    "DAPHNE EWING CHOW",
    "ANNA JAQUIERY",
    "DENISE MARIN",
    "David Smith"
  ],
  "publishDate": "2019-12-01",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Waterman of India — Rajendra Singh (Tarun Bharat Sangh)",
      "content": "- Context and scale:\n  - India: 17 percent of the world’s population but just 4 percent of its freshwater resources.\n- Actions and approach:\n  - Quit civil service in 1983; built first johad in 1985 (15 feet deep and covers one acre).\n  - Enlisted villagers, overcoming caste divisions; used initial funds from selling belongings and donations (truckloads of grain) to pay workers.\n- Outcomes and impact:\n  - Built more than 11,800 johads.\n  - Helped make 1,200 villages water sufficient.\n  - Organization staffing: 62 full-time employees, 3,000 part-time employees, and more than 10,000 volunteers.\n  - Current project: adaptation to climate change through water management in 30 villages in a district of Rajasthan.\n- Key beliefs and lessons:\n  - Recharging underground water aquifers helps mitigate climate change by restoring tree growth in drought-stricken regions.\n  - Community-based water-harvesting projects are preferred to large infrastructure projects; “People should take ownership of their water bodies.”"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Saving the Kiokio — Anaa, French Polynesia (Pa‘umotu community, Island Initiative, Raphael Ravieno, Alex Filous)",
      "content": "- Context and scale:\n  - Anaa island population: plummeted from 2,000 to 500 after a hurricane in the 1980s.\n- Problems addressed:\n  - Warming climate encouraging pest populations that threaten copra (coconut) industry.\n  - Overfishing and indiscriminate fishing practices decimating fish stocks; unpredictable spawning seasons due to climate variability.\n- Actions and approach:\n  - Rejected major hotel development; opted for community-driven, sustainable development.\n  - Established a protected marine educational area.\n  - Retrained fishers for a catch-and-release fly-fishing tourism industry centered on bonefish (kiokio).\n  - Restored the rāhui (traditional ban on fishing during kiokio spawning season) and compensated fisherfolk for income lost during rāhui periods.\n  - Provided guaranteed income to local craftspeople and fly makers via package agreements with foreign tourism providers.\n  - Community outreach: recruited schoolchildren to persuade adults to adopt conservation measures.\n- Research and evidence:\n  - Fisheries biologist Alex Filous determined spawning stock produced too few viable offspring; female kiokio were being caught in large numbers during spawning season.\n- Outcomes and rationale:\n  - Approach aligns with Pa‘umotu traditions and brings ecotourism income.\n  - Belief that fly-fishing tourism can resuscitate the small-island economy: “This entire atoll is one giant bonefish paradise.”"
    },
    {
      "heading": "From Sheep to Trees — Marlene and Patrick Anderson (Shannon, New Zealand)",
      "content": "- Context and scale:\n  - Property size: 884 hectares.\n  - Location: about an hour and half’s drive northeast of Wellington.\n  - Patrick’s age cited as 80.\n- Timeline and policy context:\n  - Bought land in 1987; initially used for sheep farming.\n  - From 2001 leased land out for grazing to generate income.\n  - 2007: then–Prime Minister Helen Clark introduced an emission-trading system.\n  - 2008: forestry included in the emission-trading program, allowing landowners to generate revenue from carbon dioxide absorbed by trees planted since 1989.\n- Actions and approach:\n  - Transitioned from sheep farming to tree planting to regenerate native forest.\n  - Planted a wide range of native trees including kamahi, red beech, and tawa.\n  - Removed cattle from areas to protect stream habitat.\n- Environmental outcomes:\n  - Stream supports native fish species: banded and short-jawed kokopu (whitebait species), koaro, torrent fish, and red-finned bullies.\n- Social outcomes:\n  - Family involvement: children engaged in environmental projects; son Luke working on a documentary about rivers; Monique runs a microenterprise producing jams, chutneys, and pickles."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Fighter for Forests — Clelia Maria Rossi (Juquitiba, Brazil)",
      "content": "- Context and scale:\n  - Atlantic Forest historical extent: 1.3 million square kilometers five centuries ago.\n  - Current remaining: only 12 percent.\n  - Juquitiba distance: 80 kilometers to the south of São Paulo.\n  - Rossi bought six hectares of native forest.\n  - Biodiversity on the forested lands: 1,711 vertebrate species, 20,000 varieties of plants, and seven watersheds.\n- Actions and approach:\n  - Left São Paulo and teaching career five years ago to focus on conservation in Juquitiba.\n  - Fenced property using old fire hoses rather than barbed wire to avoid harming wildlife.\n  - Education and community outreach in rural communities and public schools: activities on garbage separation and treatment, cleaning river banks, planting native seedlings, and non-burning land preparation techniques.\n  - Participated in a citizens group that successfully stopped plans to divert the Juquiá River.\n- Outcomes and beliefs:\n  - Uses school programs and recreational competitions to instill environmental stewardship in children: “people who learn to love nature as children will grow up to be environmentally friendly adults.”"
    },
    {
      "heading": "A Voice for Lake Chad — Moussa Ali Mouta (Radio Ndarason Internationale, RNI)",
      "content": "- Context and scale:\n  - Lake Chad region: environmentally distressed, conflict-ridden (Boko Haram), high illiteracy, high population growth, high unemployment, shrinking lake due to advancing Sahara, rising temperatures, and diminishing rainfall.\n  - RNI launch year: 2016.\n  - Mouta’s age cited as 29.\n  - RNI operations: began in Maiduguri (Nigeria) and N’Djamena (Chad).\n  - Staffing and reach: about 50 mainly Nigerian and Chadian staff and correspondents in Cameroon and Niger.\n- Problems addressed:\n  - Lack of a regional radio station targeting Lake Chad populations; reliance on foreign-language shortwave broadcasts prior to RNI.\n  - Need to reach local populations in their languages (example: Kanembu).\n- Actions and approach:\n  - Broadcast news and practical programming in Kanembu and other local languages.\n  - Engaged local audience via telephone, social media, and fieldwork; interviews with local fishers and farmers to share best practices.\n  - Brought agricultural specialists, veterinarians, and UN humanitarian experts into the studio.\n  - Works in partnership with the Lake Chad Basin Commission and with political support of the African Union.\n  - Transmitters located off the Atlantic coast to protect them from attack; shortwave radio remains key given weak infrastructure and instability.\n- Outcomes and rationale:\n  - RNI provides humanitarian partners an effective regional-radio channel in local languages.\n  - With buy-in from the region’s four national governments and support from the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and other donors, radio is being used to stimulate dialogue and promote grassroots solutions: “taking care of our environment is taking care of our future, including the future of our children.”\n\nFrom Brazil to New Zealand, local activists show that small-scale initiatives can make a difference in the fight against climate change — F&D Magazine, December 2019.\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- القاعدة الشعبية\n  - القاعدة الشعبية (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - القاعدة الشعبية (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- El poder de la comunidad ● Finanzas y Desarrollo ● Diciembre de 2019\n  - El poder de la comunidad ● Finanzas y Desarrollo ● Diciembre de 2019 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - El poder de la comunidad ● Finanzas y Desarrollo ● Diciembre de 2019 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Initiatives locales\n  - Initiatives locales (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Initiatives locales (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- From Brazil to New Zealand, Local Solutions to Climate Change – IMF F&D | DECEMBER 2019\n  - From Brazil to New Zealand, Local Solutions to Climate Change – IMF F&D | DECEMBER 2019 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - From Brazil to New Zealand, Local Solutions to Climate Change – IMF F&D | DECEMBER 2019 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- К истокам – Финансы и развитие – декабрь 2019 года\n  - К истокам – Финансы и развитие – декабрь 2019 года (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - К истокам – Финансы и развитие – декабрь 2019 года (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fandd/issues/2019/12/local-activists-fighting-climate-change-ewing-chow"
    }
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    "Authors: ASHLIN MATHEW, DAPHNE EWING CHOW, ANNA JAQUIERY, DENISE MARIN, David Smith",
    "Published: December 1, 2019",
    "Context and scale:",
    "Actions and approach:",
    "Outcomes and impact:",
    "Key beliefs and lessons:",
    "Context and scale:",
    "Problems addressed:",
    "Actions and approach:",
    "Research and evidence:",
    "Outcomes and rationale:",
    "Context and scale:",
    "Timeline and policy context:",
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    "**القاعدة الشعبية**",
    "**El poder de la comunidad ● Finanzas y Desarrollo ● Diciembre de 2019**",
    "**Initiatives locales**",
    "**From Brazil to New Zealand, Local Solutions to Climate Change – IMF F&D | DECEMBER 2019**",
    "**К истокам – Финансы и развитие – декабрь 2019 года**"
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