{ "title": "How Much Does the World Work?", "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fandd/issues/2026/06/how-much-does-the-world-work-amory-gethin", "canonical": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fandd/issues/2026/06/how-much-does-the-world-work-amory-gethin", "overlayPath": "/en/publications/fandd/issues/2026/06/how-much-does-the-world-work-amory-gethin/index.md", "summary": "Economic development doesn’t shorten the workweek, and social policies determine the organization of work", "sections": [ { "heading": "Main claim", "content": "- Economic development does not mechanically shorten the workweek for prime-age adults; instead, social policies determine the organization of work.\n- The organization of work reflects a complex interplay of cultural and social choices encoded in public policies, including labor law, taxation, education, and retirement benefits." }, { "heading": "Data and methods (global dataset)", "content": "- New global dataset covers nearly the entire world population and includes almost every labor force survey ever fielded in the world.\n- Main sources: household surveys fielded by statistical institutes and compiled by the International Labour Organization and the World Bank; supplemented with other international and country-specific surveys.\n- Coverage: 160 countries representing 97 percent of the world’s population.\n- Time series span more than 20 years in 86 countries.\n- Measurement convention: weekly hours worked in all jobs that contribute to economic production; includes unpaid agricultural work; excludes unpaid home services such as cleaning, cooking, and caring for children or elderly family members." }, { "heading": "Key global statistics and patterns", "content": "- 59 percent of adults ages 15 and older are employed.\n- Those with jobs work 43 hours a week on average.\n- Average adult worldwide—including those without employment—works about 25 hours each week.\n- Working hours follow a pronounced life-cycle pattern: lowest among teenagers, rise steeply during early adulthood, peak in prime working years, and fall sharply after age 60.\n- Men provide roughly two-thirds of total worldwide working hours; women account for just one-third.\n- Disparities in total hours arise primarily from differences in employment rates rather than differences in hours among those already employed." }, { "heading": "Development and working hours", "content": "- Hours worked per adult follow a mild bell-shaped relationship with income per capita: lowest in poor and rich countries and highest in middle-income economies.\n- Income levels explain only a small fraction of global variations in working hours.\n- Examples of variation: some of the lowest working times found in France, South Africa, and Afghanistan; some of the highest in Madagascar, Vietnam, and China.\n- The bell-shaped relationship is driven by hours per worker rather than employment rates.\n- In middle-income countries such as India and Pakistan, working time for those with jobs exceeds 45 hours a week.\n- Structural transformation: expansion of manufacturing and services in emerging market economies coincides with intense labor demand and long working hours; in high-income countries, stronger regulations, greater formalization, and shifting social norms gradually reduce weekly work time.\n- Major exceptions exist (e.g., long hours in the United States and Singapore); development expands capacity and productivity but does not mechanically dictate hours worked." }, { "heading": "Young and old", "content": "- Working time among young and elderly populations declines sharply as countries develop, driven primarily by institutional change rather than rising wealth alone.\n- For young people: expanding school attendance reduces work hours as adolescents shift from working to studying.\n- For older adults: development of public pension systems allows retirement without severe income loss, reducing working time.\n- Once schooling and pension coverage are accounted for, national income no longer predicts working hours for young and elderly groups." }, { "heading": "Gender reshuffling among prime-age adults (ages 20–59)", "content": "- Total prime-age working time has been remarkably stable across development levels and over long historical periods.\n- United States example: average prime-age hours, including those without jobs, were about 30 a week in 1900—virtually identical to today.\n- Stability observed across western Europe, Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, and many parts of Asia, with the Great Depression as a notable exception (sharp drop).\n- Underlying this stability is a reorganization by gender:\n - Male working hours decline with development (decline in hours on the job).\n - Female hours in paying jobs increase with development (rising employment rates as barriers fall).\n - In many regions, these forces offset each other, leaving total prime-age labor stable while reducing gender inequalities in working time." }, { "heading": "Taxes, regulations, and institutional drivers", "content": "- Many high-development countries show reduced working hours linked to the development of welfare states and labor market institutions.\n- Cross-country correlation: higher labor taxes correlate with fewer working hours; low-tax countries such as India tend to record longer hours, high-tax countries such as France work considerably less.\n- Conditional analysis: after accounting for labor regulations and expansion of formal employment, the direct effect of taxes on working hours disappears.\n- Stronger regulation of working time and broader coverage of formal labor contracts appear to be the primary drivers of reduced hours at high levels of development.\n- Policy levers shaping hours worked include limits on maximum working hours, overtime rules, paid leave, and retirement systems." }, { "heading": "Policy implications and interpretation", "content": "- Reduced hours reflect policy choices about how work should be organized, not simply individual responses to incentives.\n- The balance between work and leisure is a collective negotiation embedded in institutions, labor laws, and social expectations.\n- Policymakers should view working-time patterns as outcomes of public policy decisions (education, pensions, labor regulation, taxation, formalization), not as automatic consequences of rising income.\n\nAMORY GETHIN and EMMANUEL SAEZ, F&D Magazine, June 2026.\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- How Much Does the World Work?\n - How Much Does the World Work? (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n - How Much Does the World Work? (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fandd/issues/2026/06/how-much-does-the-world-work-amory-gethin" } ], "bullets": [ "[Markdown version](/en/publications/fandd/issues/2026/06/how-much-does-the-world-work-amory-gethin/index.md)", "[Structured JSON version](/en/publications/fandd/issues/2026/06/how-much-does-the-world-work-amory-gethin/index.json)", "[Bundle manifest](/en/publications/fandd/issues/2026/06/how-much-does-the-world-work-amory-gethin/bundle-manifest.json)", "Authors: AMORY GETHIN, Emmanuel Saez", "Published: June 2, 2026", "Economic development does not mechanically shorten the workweek for prime-age adults; instead, social policies determine the organization of work.", "The organization of work reflects a complex interplay of cultural and social choices encoded in public policies, including labor law, taxation, education, and retirement benefits.", "New global dataset covers nearly the entire world population and includes almost every labor force survey ever fielded in the world.", "Main sources: household surveys fielded by statistical institutes and compiled by the International Labour Organization and the World Bank; supplemented with other international and country-specific surveys.", "Coverage: 160 countries representing 97 percent of the world’s population.", "Time series span more than 20 years in 86 countries.", "Measurement convention: weekly hours worked in all jobs that contribute to economic production; includes unpaid agricultural work; excludes unpaid home services such as cleaning, cooking, and caring for children or elderly family members.", "59 percent of adults ages 15 and older are employed.", "Those with jobs work 43 hours a week on average.", "Average adult worldwide—including those without employment—works about 25 hours each week.", "Working hours follow a pronounced life-cycle pattern: lowest among teenagers, rise steeply during early adulthood, peak in prime working years, and fall sharply after age 60.", "Men provide roughly two-thirds of total worldwide working hours; women account for just one-third.", "Disparities in total hours arise primarily from differences in employment rates rather than differences in hours among those already employed.", "Hours worked per adult follow a mild bell-shaped relationship with income per capita: lowest in poor and rich countries and highest in middle-income economies.", "Income levels explain only a small fraction of global variations in working hours.", "Examples of variation: some of the lowest working times found in France, South Africa, and Afghanistan; some of the highest in Madagascar, Vietnam, and China.", "The bell-shaped relationship is driven by hours per worker rather than employment rates.", "In middle-income countries such as India and Pakistan, working time for those with jobs exceeds 45 hours a week.", "Structural transformation: expansion of manufacturing and services in emerging market economies coincides with intense labor demand and long working hours; in high-income countries, stronger regulations, greater formalization, and shifting social norms gradually reduce weekly work time.", "Major exceptions exist (e.g., long hours in the United States and Singapore); development expands capacity and productivity but does not mechanically dictate hours worked.", "Working time among young and elderly populations declines sharply as countries develop, driven primarily by institutional change rather than rising wealth alone.", "For young people: expanding school attendance reduces work hours as adolescents shift from working to studying.", "For older adults: development of public pension systems allows retirement without severe income loss, reducing working time.", "Once schooling and pension coverage are accounted for, national income no longer predicts working hours for young and elderly groups.", "Total prime-age working time has been remarkably stable across development levels and over long historical periods.", "United States example: average prime-age hours, including those without jobs, were about 30 a week in 1900—virtually identical to today.", "Stability observed across western Europe, Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, and many parts of Asia, with the Great Depression as a notable exception (sharp drop).", "Underlying this stability is a reorganization by gender:", "Many high-development countries show reduced working hours linked to the development of welfare states and labor market institutions.", "Cross-country correlation: higher labor taxes correlate with fewer working hours; low-tax countries such as India tend to record longer hours, high-tax countries such as France work considerably less.", "Conditional analysis: after accounting for labor regulations and expansion of formal employment, the direct effect of taxes on working hours disappears.", "Stronger regulation of working time and broader coverage of formal labor contracts appear to be the primary drivers of reduced hours at high levels of development.", "Policy levers shaping hours worked include limits on maximum working hours, overtime rules, paid leave, and retirement systems.", "Reduced hours reflect policy choices about how work should be organized, not simply individual responses to incentives.", "The balance between work and leisure is a collective negotiation embedded in institutions, labor laws, and social expectations.", "Policymakers should view working-time patterns as outcomes of public policy decisions (education, pensions, labor regulation, taxation, formalization), not as automatic consequences of rising income.", "**How Much Does the World Work?**" ], "related": [ { "title": "How Much Does the World Work?", "role": "document", "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/fandd/article/2026/06/gethin.pdf", "summary": { "path": "/-/media/files/publications/fandd/article/2026/06/gethin.pdf.md", "mime": "text/markdown" }, "binary": { "path": "/-/media/files/publications/fandd/article/2026/06/gethin.pdf", "mime": "application/pdf" } } ], "alternates": { "markdown": "/en/publications/fandd/issues/2026/06/how-much-does-the-world-work-amory-gethin/index.md", "json": "/en/publications/fandd/issues/2026/06/how-much-does-the-world-work-amory-gethin/index.json", "bundleManifest": "/en/publications/fandd/issues/2026/06/how-much-does-the-world-work-amory-gethin/bundle-manifest.json" }, "generatedAtUtc": "2026-09-15T20:28:36.447Z" }