{
  "title": "Fiscal Monitor: How to Mitigate Climate Change",
  "publication": "Fiscal Monitor, October 2019",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fm/issues/2019/09/12/fiscal-monitor-october-2019",
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  "summary": "This report emphasizes the environmental, fiscal, economic, and administrative case for using carbon taxes, or similar pricing schemes such as emission trading systems, to implement climate mitigation strategies.",
  "authors": [
    "Vitor Gaspar"
  ],
  "publishDate": "2019-10-16",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Core findings and purpose",
      "content": "- Emphasizes the environmental, fiscal, economic, and administrative case for using carbon taxes, or similar pricing schemes such as emission trading systems, to implement climate mitigation strategies.\n- Provides a quantitative framework for understanding the effects and trade-offs of carbon pricing with other instruments and applies it to the largest advanced and emerging economies.\n- Recognizes alternative approaches, like “feebates” to impose fees on high polluters and give rebates to cleaner energy users, as important when higher energy prices are difficult politically."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Policy instruments analyzed",
      "content": "- Carbon taxes and emission trading systems as primary instruments for climate mitigation.\n- “Feebates” as a complementary or alternative approach where direct energy price increases face political constraints.\n- Discussion of redistribution of carbon-pricing revenues and the consequences for inequality across households."
    },
    {
      "heading": "International arrangements and recommendations",
      "content": "- Calls for a carbon price floor arrangement among large emitters.\n- The proposed carbon price floor is to be designed flexibly to accommodate equity considerations and constraints on national policies."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Distributional and political considerations",
      "content": "- Estimates the consequences of carbon pricing and redistribution of its revenues for inequality across households.\n- Discusses strategies for enhancing the political acceptability of carbon pricing.\n- Recommends supporting measures to promote clean technology investments alongside pricing instruments."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Report contents (navigation to analytical material)",
      "content": "- Executive Summary\n- Full Text\n- Online Annexes\n- Statistical Appendix\n- Data\n- Press Conference Remarks Vitor Gaspar\n\nFiscal Monitor: How to Mitigate Climate Change — October 2019.\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Fiscal Monitor Database — October 2019\n  - Fiscal Monitor Database — October 2019 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fiscal Monitor Database — October 2019 (XLSX){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet\"}\n- Executive Summary\n  - Executive Summary (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Executive Summary (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Online Annexes. IMF Fiscal Monitor: How to Mitigate Climate Change, October 2019\n  - Online Annexes. IMF Fiscal Monitor: How to Mitigate Climate Change, October 2019 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Online Annexes. IMF Fiscal Monitor: How to Mitigate Climate Change, October 2019 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Methodological and Statistical Appendix, IMF Fiscal Monitor, October 2019\n  - Methodological and Statistical Appendix, IMF Fiscal Monitor, October 2019 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Methodological and Statistical Appendix, IMF Fiscal Monitor, October 2019 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Full Report\n  - Full Report (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Full Report (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\n References\n\n- Fiscal Policies to Curb Climate Change By Vitor Gaspar, Paolo Mauro, Ian Parry, and Catherine Pattillo\n- https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo\n- Global Economy in Crosscurrents of War and Technology\n- https://www.imf.org/en/publications/gfsr\n- Global Financial Markets Confront the War in the Middle East and Amplification Risks\n- https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fm\n- Fiscal Policy under Pressure: High Debt, Rising Risks\n- https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo\n- Asia and Pacific\n- Europe\n- Middle East and Central Asia\n- Sub-Saharan Africa\n- Western Hemisphere\n- https://www.imf.org/en/publications/areb\n- Getting to Growth in an Age of Uncertainty\n- https://www.imf.org/en/publications/finance-development\n- More Publications\n- Sign up to receive free e-mail notices when new series and/or country items are posted on the IMF website.\n- Modify your profile\n- Press Conference Remarks Vitor Gaspar\n- https://www.imf.org/en/home\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fm/issues/2019/09/12/fiscal-monitor-october-2019"
    }
  ],
  "bullets": [
    "[Markdown version](/en/publications/fm/issues/2019/09/12/fiscal-monitor-october-2019/index.md)",
    "[Structured JSON version](/en/publications/fm/issues/2019/09/12/fiscal-monitor-october-2019/index.json)",
    "[Bundle manifest](/en/publications/fm/issues/2019/09/12/fiscal-monitor-october-2019/bundle-manifest.json)",
    "Authors: Vitor Gaspar",
    "Published: October 16, 2019",
    "Emphasizes the environmental, fiscal, economic, and administrative case for using carbon taxes, or similar pricing schemes such as emission trading systems, to implement climate mitigation strategies.",
    "Provides a quantitative framework for understanding the effects and trade-offs of carbon pricing with other instruments and applies it to the largest advanced and emerging economies.",
    "Recognizes alternative approaches, like “feebates” to impose fees on high polluters and give rebates to cleaner energy users, as important when higher energy prices are difficult politically.",
    "Carbon taxes and emission trading systems as primary instruments for climate mitigation.",
    "“Feebates” as a complementary or alternative approach where direct energy price increases face political constraints.",
    "Discussion of redistribution of carbon-pricing revenues and the consequences for inequality across households.",
    "Calls for a carbon price floor arrangement among large emitters.",
    "The proposed carbon price floor is to be designed flexibly to accommodate equity considerations and constraints on national policies.",
    "Estimates the consequences of carbon pricing and redistribution of its revenues for inequality across households.",
    "Discusses strategies for enhancing the political acceptability of carbon pricing.",
    "Recommends supporting measures to promote clean technology investments alongside pricing instruments.",
    "Executive Summary",
    "Full Text",
    "Online Annexes",
    "Statistical Appendix",
    "Data",
    "Press Conference Remarks Vitor Gaspar",
    "**Fiscal Monitor Database — October 2019**",
    "**Executive Summary**",
    "**Online Annexes. IMF Fiscal Monitor: How to Mitigate Climate Change, October 2019**",
    "**Methodological and Statistical Appendix, IMF Fiscal Monitor, October 2019**",
    "**Full Report**",
    "[Fiscal Policies to Curb Climate Change By Vitor Gaspar, Paolo Mauro, Ian Parry, and Catherine Pattillo](https://blogs.imf.org/2019/10/10/fiscal-policies-to-curb-climate-change)",
    "[https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo)",
    "[Global Economy in Crosscurrents of War and Technology](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2026/07/08/world-economic-outlook-update-july-2026)",
    "[https://www.imf.org/en/publications/gfsr](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/gfsr)",
    "[Global Financial Markets Confront the War in the Middle East and Amplification Risks](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/gfsr/issues/2026/04/14/global-financial-stability-report-april-2026)",
    "[https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fm](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fm)",
    "[Fiscal Policy under Pressure: High Debt, Rising Risks](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fm/issues/2026/04/15/fiscal-monitor-april-2026)",
    "[https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo)",
    "[Asia and Pacific](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo/apac)",
    "[Europe](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo/eu)",
    "[Middle East and Central Asia](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo/meca)",
    "[Sub-Saharan Africa](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo/ssa)",
    "[Western Hemisphere](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo/wh)",
    "[https://www.imf.org/en/publications/areb](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/areb)",
    "[Getting to Growth in an Age of Uncertainty](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/areb/issues/2025/09/24/annual-report-2025)",
    "[https://www.imf.org/en/publications/finance-development](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/finance-development)",
    "[More Publications](https://www.imf.org/en/publications)",
    "[Sign up to receive free e-mail notices when new series and/or country items are posted on the IMF website.](https://www.imf.org/en/email-subscription/index)",
    "[Modify your profile](https://www.imf.org/en/email-subscription/login)",
    "[Press Conference Remarks Vitor Gaspar](https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2019/10/16/10162019-vitor-gaspar-press-conference-remarks)",
    "[https://www.imf.org/en/home](https://www.imf.org/en/home)"
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