## Fiscal Monitor: How to Mitigate Climate Change

_Fiscal Monitor, October 2019_

## Source details

**Canonical URL:** [Fiscal Monitor: How to Mitigate Climate Change](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fm/issues/2019/09/12/fiscal-monitor-october-2019)

## Other formats

- [Markdown version](/en/publications/fm/issues/2019/09/12/fiscal-monitor-october-2019/index.md)
- [Structured JSON version](/en/publications/fm/issues/2019/09/12/fiscal-monitor-october-2019/index.json)
- [Bundle manifest](/en/publications/fm/issues/2019/09/12/fiscal-monitor-october-2019/bundle-manifest.json)

## Bibliographic details
- Authors: Vitor Gaspar
- Published: October 16, 2019

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### Core findings and purpose
- Emphasizes the environmental, fiscal, economic, and administrative case for using carbon taxes, or similar pricing schemes such as emission trading systems, to implement climate mitigation strategies.
- Provides a quantitative framework for understanding the effects and trade-offs of carbon pricing with other instruments and applies it to the largest advanced and emerging economies.
- Recognizes alternative approaches, like “feebates” to impose fees on high polluters and give rebates to cleaner energy users, as important when higher energy prices are difficult politically.

### Policy instruments analyzed
- Carbon taxes and emission trading systems as primary instruments for climate mitigation.
- “Feebates” as a complementary or alternative approach where direct energy price increases face political constraints.
- Discussion of redistribution of carbon-pricing revenues and the consequences for inequality across households.

### International arrangements and recommendations
- Calls for a carbon price floor arrangement among large emitters.
- The proposed carbon price floor is to be designed flexibly to accommodate equity considerations and constraints on national policies.

### Distributional and political considerations
- Estimates the consequences of carbon pricing and redistribution of its revenues for inequality across households.
- Discusses strategies for enhancing the political acceptability of carbon pricing.
- Recommends supporting measures to promote clean technology investments alongside pricing instruments.

### Report contents (navigation to analytical material)
- Executive Summary
- Full Text
- Online Annexes
- Statistical Appendix
- Data
- Press Conference Remarks Vitor Gaspar

*Fiscal Monitor: How to Mitigate Climate Change — October 2019.*

---

## Content in this bundle

- **Fiscal Monitor Database — October 2019**
  - [Fiscal Monitor Database — October 2019 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/fiscal-monitor/2019/october/data/fiscalmonitordatabase-october2019.xlsx.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [Fiscal Monitor Database — October 2019 (XLSX)](/-/media/files/publications/fiscal-monitor/2019/october/data/fiscalmonitordatabase-october2019.xlsx){rel="external" type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet"}
- **Executive Summary**
  - [Executive Summary (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/fiscal-monitor/2019/october/english/execsum.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [Executive Summary (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/fiscal-monitor/2019/october/english/execsum.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Online Annexes. IMF Fiscal Monitor: How to Mitigate Climate Change, October 2019**
  - [Online Annexes. IMF Fiscal Monitor: How to Mitigate Climate Change, October 2019 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/fiscal-monitor/2019/october/english/onlineannexes.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [Online Annexes. IMF Fiscal Monitor: How to Mitigate Climate Change, October 2019 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/fiscal-monitor/2019/october/english/onlineannexes.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Methodological and Statistical Appendix, IMF Fiscal Monitor, October 2019**
  - [Methodological and Statistical Appendix, IMF Fiscal Monitor, October 2019 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/fiscal-monitor/2019/october/english/statapp.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [Methodological and Statistical Appendix, IMF Fiscal Monitor, October 2019 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/fiscal-monitor/2019/october/english/statapp.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Full Report**
  - [Full Report (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/fiscal-monitor/2019/october/english/text.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [Full Report (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/fiscal-monitor/2019/october/english/text.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}

---

## References

- [Fiscal Policies to Curb Climate Change By Vitor Gaspar, Paolo Mauro, Ian Parry, and Catherine Pattillo](https://blogs.imf.org/2019/10/10/fiscal-policies-to-curb-climate-change)
- [https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo)
- [Global Economy in Crosscurrents of War and Technology](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2026/07/08/world-economic-outlook-update-july-2026)
- [https://www.imf.org/en/publications/gfsr](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/gfsr)
- [Global Financial Markets Confront the War in the Middle East and Amplification Risks](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/gfsr/issues/2026/04/14/global-financial-stability-report-april-2026)
- [https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fm](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fm)
- [Fiscal Policy under Pressure: High Debt, Rising Risks](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fm/issues/2026/04/15/fiscal-monitor-april-2026)
- [https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo)
- [Asia and Pacific](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo/apac)
- [Europe](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo/eu)
- [Middle East and Central Asia](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo/meca)
- [Sub-Saharan Africa](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo/ssa)
- [Western Hemisphere](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo/wh)
- [https://www.imf.org/en/publications/areb](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/areb)
- [Getting to Growth in an Age of Uncertainty](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/areb/issues/2025/09/24/annual-report-2025)
- [https://www.imf.org/en/publications/finance-development](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/finance-development)
- [More Publications](https://www.imf.org/en/publications)
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- [Press Conference Remarks Vitor Gaspar](https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2019/10/16/10162019-vitor-gaspar-press-conference-remarks)
- [https://www.imf.org/en/home](https://www.imf.org/en/home)

_Source: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fm/issues/2019/09/12/fiscal-monitor-october-2019_