{
  "title": "Social Protection in Transition Countries: Emerging Issues",
  "publication": "IMF Policy Discussion Papers, May 1, 1996",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/imf-policy-discussion-papers/issues/2016/12/30/social-protection-in-transition-countries-emerging-issues-2013",
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  "summary": "The paper discusses the social protection implications of the weakening financial and administrative capacity of countries undergoing economic transition. The formal sector is shrinking, and unemployment and underemployment are rising rapidly.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Overview and Purpose",
      "content": "- Authors: Sanjeev Gupta, Ke-young Chu\n- Date: May 1, 1996\n- Series: Policy Discussion Paper No. 1996/005\n- Issue: 005\n- Volume: 1996\n- Pages: 29\n- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451972535.003\n- ISBN: 9781451972535\n- ISSN: 1564-5193\n- Type: Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key Findings on Social Protection Challenges",
      "content": "- The formal sector is shrinking, and unemployment and underemployment are rising rapidly.\n- These labor market changes are affecting both:\n  - the revenue base of social protection programs, and\n  - the ability of transition countries to target social benefits.\n- Financial and administrative capacity of countries undergoing economic transition is weakening."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Analysis and Implications",
      "content": "- Weakening revenue bases undermine sustainability of existing social protection programs.\n- Deteriorating administrative capacity reduces effectiveness of targeting mechanisms for benefits.\n- Rising unemployment and underemployment increase demand for social protection while shrinking payroll-tax-funded resources."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Policy Recommendations",
      "content": "- Restructure social benefits to adapt to altered labor market and fiscal conditions.\n- Rely more on self-targeting mechanisms to deliver benefits.\n- Take immediate steps to improve payroll tax compliance."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Subjects and Keywords (as provided)",
      "content": "- Subjects: Aging, Expenditure, Income, Labor, National accounts, Payroll tax, Pension spending, Pensions, Population and demographics, Taxes, Wages\n- Keywords: Aging, Baltics, country, earnings history, Eastern Europe, government, government cash benefit, Income, Payroll tax, PDP, Pension spending, retirement age, sector wage, transition country, wage, wage bill, wage fund, Wages\n\nSource: IMF Policy Discussion Papers — Social Protection in Transition Countries: Emerging Issues, Sanjeev Gupta and Ke-young Chu, May 1, 1996 (Policy Discussion Paper No. 1996/005).\n\n---\n\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/imf-policy-discussion-papers/issues/2016/12/30/social-protection-in-transition-countries-emerging-issues-2013"
    }
  ],
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    "Authors: Sanjeev Gupta, Ke-young Chu",
    "Published: May 1, 1996",
    "Series: IMF Policy Discussion Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451972535.003",
    "Authors: Sanjeev Gupta, Ke-young Chu",
    "Date: May 1, 1996",
    "Series: Policy Discussion Paper No. 1996/005",
    "Issue: 005",
    "Volume: 1996",
    "Pages: 29",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451972535.003",
    "ISBN: 9781451972535",
    "ISSN: 1564-5193",
    "Type: Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment",
    "The formal sector is shrinking, and unemployment and underemployment are rising rapidly.",
    "These labor market changes are affecting both:",
    "Financial and administrative capacity of countries undergoing economic transition is weakening.",
    "Weakening revenue bases undermine sustainability of existing social protection programs.",
    "Deteriorating administrative capacity reduces effectiveness of targeting mechanisms for benefits.",
    "Rising unemployment and underemployment increase demand for social protection while shrinking payroll-tax-funded resources.",
    "Restructure social benefits to adapt to altered labor market and fiscal conditions.",
    "Rely more on self-targeting mechanisms to deliver benefits.",
    "Take immediate steps to improve payroll tax compliance.",
    "Subjects: Aging, Expenditure, Income, Labor, National accounts, Payroll tax, Pension spending, Pensions, Population and demographics, Taxes, Wages",
    "Keywords: Aging, Baltics, country, earnings history, Eastern Europe, government, government cash benefit, Income, Payroll tax, PDP, Pension spending, retirement age, sector wage, transition country, wage, wage bill, wage fund, Wages"
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