{
  "title": "IMF World Economic Outlook (WEO), Asset Prices and the Business Cycle, May 2000 — Contents",
  "publication": "World Economic Outlook, May 12, 2000",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2016/12/31/asset-prices-and-the-business-cycle",
  "canonical": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2016/12/31/asset-prices-and-the-business-cycle",
  "overlayPath": "/en/publications/weo/issues/2016/12/31/asset-prices-and-the-business-cycle/index.md",
  "summary": "The May 2000 World Economic Outlook (WEO) Table of Contents with links to the full text in PDF format",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Overview",
      "content": "- The May 2000 World Economic Outlook (WEO) Table of Contents with links to the full text in PDF format.\n- The World Economic Outlook presents the IMF staff’s analysis and projections of economic developments at the global level, in major country groups (classified by region, stage of development, etc.), and in many individual countries. It focuses on major economic policy issues as well as on the analysis of economic developments and prospects. It is usually prepared twice a year, as documentation for meetings of the International Monetary and Financial Committee, and forms the main instrument of the IMF’s global surveillance activities.\n- Use the free Adobe Acrobat Reader to view PDF files. Tips for using PDF files are noted."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Contents — Preface, Assumptions, Annexes, and Statistical Appendix",
      "content": "- Assumptions and Conventions\n- Preface\n- Annex. 164k pdf file\n  - Summing Up by the Acting Chairman\n  - Statistical Appendix\n  - Assumptions\n  - Data and Conventions\n  - Classification of Countries\n- 412k pdf file — List of Appendix Tables"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Chapter I — Prospects and Policy Challenges (348k pdf file)",
      "content": "- Major country- and region-specific topics:\n  - How Much Longer Will the Expansion in North America Continue?\n  - Reenergizing the Japanese Recovery\n  - Recovery and Divergence in Europe\n  - Recovery in Latin America: Emerging But Still Vulnerable\n  - Recovery in Asia-Pacific: The Momentum Increases\n  - Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS): Growth, But Uncertain Prospects for Sustained Recovery\n  - Countries on the European Union Accession Track\n  - Middle East and Africa: Stronger But Narrowly-Based Growth\n  - Poverty and Globalization"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Chapter II — The Ongoing Recovery in Emerging Market Economies (368k pdf file)",
      "content": "- Thematic sections:\n  - Financial Conditions Facing Emerging Market Economies\n  - Commodity Market Developments\n  - Policy Responses and Vulnerabilities in Latin America\n  - Improved Outlook in East Asia, But Policy Challenges Remain"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Chapter III — Asset Prices and the Business Cycle (340k pdf file)",
      "content": "- Core analytical topics:\n  - What Drives Stock Prices?\n  - Property Prices\n  - Transmission Channels from Asset Prices to Economic Activity\n  - Asset Prices and Financial Fragility\n  - Policy Issues\n  - Current Challenges in the Euro Area and in the United States"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Chapter IV — How Can the Poorest Countries Catch Up? (308k pdf file)",
      "content": "- Key sections:\n  - Income Growth and Poverty Reduction: The Recent History\n  - Obstacles to Growth\n  - Debt Burden and Debt Relief\n  - The Enhanced HIPC Initiative: The Road to Sustainability?\n  - The New Approach to Poverty Reduction"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Chapter V — The World Economy in the Twentieth Century: Striking Developments And Policy Lessons (268k pdf file)",
      "content": "- Coverage:\n  - Global Economic Growth and Income Distribution\n  - The Role and Development of the International Monetary System\n  - The Changing Role of the Public Sector\n  - Some Global Challenges Ahead"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Boxes (selected)",
      "content": "- 1.1 An Alternative Scenario\n- 1.2 Revisions in National Accounts Methodologies\n- 1.3 Economic Policy Assumptions Underlying the Projections for Selected Advanced Countries\n- 1.4 The Pros and Cons of Dollarization\n- 2.1 Turkey's IMF-Supported Disinflation Program\n- 2.2 Cycles in Nonfuel Commodity Prices\n- 2.3 Booms and Slumps in the World Oil Market\n- 3.1 Productivity and Stock Prices in the United States: Are Recent Trends Sustainable\n- 3.2 Global Liquidity and Asset Prices\n- 4.1 Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers\n- 4.2 India: Reinvigorating the Reform Process\n- 4.3 Social Spending, Poverty Reduction, and Debt Relief in Heavily Indebted Poor\n- 5.1 Trends in the Human Development Index\n- 5.2 The Monetary System and Growth During the Commercial Revolution\n- A.1 Revised Purchasing Power Parity Based Weights for the World Economic Outlook"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Tables — Key data series and indicators",
      "content": "- Overview of the World Economic Outlook Projections\n- Selected Economies: Current Account Positions\n- Advanced Economies: Real GDP, Consumer Prices, and Unemployment\n- Major Industrial Countries: General Government Fiscal Balances and Debt\n- 1.5 Selected Developing Countries: Real GDP and Consumer Prices\n- 1.6 Countries in Transition: Real GDP and Consumer Prices\n- Gross Private Financing to Emerging Market Economies\n- Emerging Market Economies: Net Capital Flows\n- General Government Balance\n- 2.4 External Debt\n- 2.5 Indonesia, Korea, and Thailand: Sources of Changes in the Fiscal Balance\n- 2.6 Gross Public Debt in the East Asian Countries\n- Estimates of Potential Stock Market Overvaluation\n- Correlations between Deviations of Actual from Predicted Stock Prices for a Selected Group of Countries, 1985-1999\n- 3.3 Outstanding Residential Mortgage Debt as a Share of GDP in European Countries\n- 3.4 Asset Prices as a Leading Indicator of Real GDP and Output Gap\n- 3.5 Household Equity Holdings as a Percent of Net Wealth\n- 3.6 Bank Real Estate Lending in Selected Countries\n- 3.7 Change in Fiscal Balances and Output Growth in the Euro Area\n- Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Average Per Capita Income Growth, 1970-98\n- 4.4 Developing and Advanced Economies: Macroeconomic Stability\n- 4.5 Developing and Advanced Economies: Political Stability and Institutions\n- 4.6 Developing and Advanced Economies: Financial Maturity and Deepening\n- 4.7 Developing and Advanced Economies: Globalization and Trade Openness\n- 4.8 Developing Countries: Poverty and Poverty Reduction\n- 4.9 HIPCs: Selected Debt Indicators\n- 4.10 HIPCs: Economic Indicators\n- Changes in Nations' Relative Income Position: 1900-2000\n- Regional GDP per Capita as a Percent of Leading Nation\n- 5.3 Dispersion of Alternative Measures of Development\n- 5.4 Public Sector Expenditure Ratios: Total and Transfers"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Figures — Visual indicators and time series",
      "content": "- Global Indicators\n- Selected Countries: Net Financial Balances\n- Selected European Countries, Japan, and the United States: Indicators of Consumer and Business Confidence\n- Selected Latin American and Asian Economies: Real GDP Growth\n- Emerging Market Economies: Equity Price\n- Selected Emerging Market Economies: Bilateral U.S. Dollar Exchange Rates\n- Selected Emerging Market Economies: Short-Term Interest Rates\n- Selected Emerging Market Economies: Eurobond Yield Spreads and Brady Bond Spreads\n- Prices of Crude Petroleum and Nonfuel Commodities\n- Selected Emerging Market Economies: Quarterly Real GDP\n- 2.7 Selected Emerging Market Economies: Claims on Private Sector\n- 2.8 Selected Latin American and East Asian Economies: Balance of Trade\n- 2.9 Selected Emerging Market Economies: Real Effective Exchange Rates\n- 2.10 Selected East Asian and Latin American Economies: Current Account Balance\n- 2.11 Selected Emerging Market Economies: Total Reserves Excluding Gold\n- Industrial Countries: Output Gap, Real Property Price Change, and Real Equity Price Change\n- Industrial Countries: Real Stock Prices and Real GDP\n- Industrial Countries: Price-Earnings Ratios\n- Industrial Countries: Real Property Prices and Output Gap\n- Industrial Countries: Real Property Prices and Real Interest Rates\n- Industrial Countries: Real Property Prices and Real GDP\n- Industrial Countries: Bank Credit, Real Property Prices, and Net Private Savings\n- 3.8 Industrial Countries: Real Stock Prices, Real Property Prices, and Real Private Fixed Investment\n- 3.9 Industrial Countries: Private Investment\n- 3.10 Industrial Countries: Equity Prices\n- 3.11 United States: Economic Indicators\n- 3.12 United States: Interest Rates\n- Advanced and Developing Economies: Per Capita Income\n- Developing Countries: Grouped by Per Capita Income Growth, 1970-98\n- Developing Countries: Population Living Below $1 per Day\n- Developing Countries: Investment and Saving\n- Developing Countries: Per Capita GDP Growth and Incremental Output-Capital Ratio\n- Developing Countries: Economic Indicators\n- World GDP and Population Since 1750\n- Stylized Population Dynamics\n- Factors Underlying Population Growth\n- Differential Income Growth\n- 5.5 World Lorenz Curve, 1900 and 2000\n- 5.6 Contraction of World Trade, 1929-33\n- 5.7 Net Flow of Investment to Developing Countries\n- 5.8 Capital Account Restrictions, 1950-98\n- 5.9 Government Deficits, Inflation, and Unemployment in the Group of Seven Countries"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Technical and supplementary material",
      "content": "- World Economic Outlook and Staff Studies for the World Economic Outlook, Selected Topics, 1992–2000\n- Notes on data and statistical conventions included in the Statistical Appendix and Appendix Tables\n\nIMF World Economic Outlook (WEO), Asset Prices and the Business Cycle, May 2000 — Contents\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Annex and Statistical Appendix\n  - World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Annex and Statistical Appendix (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Annex and Statistical Appendix (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Appendix Tables\n  - World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Appendix Tables (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Appendix Tables (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Chapter I: Prospects and Policy Challenges\n  - World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Chapter I: Prospects and Policy Challenges (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Chapter I: Prospects and Policy Challenges (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Chapter II: The Ongoing Recovery in Emerging Market Economies\n  - World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Chapter II: The Ongoing Recovery in Emerging Market Economies (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Chapter II: The Ongoing Recovery in Emerging Market Economies (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Chapter III: Asset Prices and the Business Cycle\n  - World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Chapter III: Asset Prices and the Business Cycle (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Chapter III: Asset Prices and the Business Cycle (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Chapter IV: How Can the Poorest Countries Catch Up?\n  - World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Chapter IV: How Can the Poorest Countries Catch Up? (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Chapter IV: How Can the Poorest Countries Catch Up? (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Chapter V: The World Economy in the Twentieth Century\n  - World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Chapter V: The World Economy in the Twentieth Century (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Chapter V: The World Economy in the Twentieth Century (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\n References\n\n- The WEO DatabaseApril 2000\n- Transcript\n- Ordering Information\n- Other issues of the World Economic Outlook\n- WEO Selected Topics, 1995 - present\n- Research at the IMF\n- Sign up to receive free e-mail notices when new series and/or country items are posted on the IMF website.\n- Modify your profile\n- https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo\n- Global Economy in Crosscurrents of War and Technology\n- https://www.imf.org/en/publications/gfsr\n- Global Financial Markets Confront the War in the Middle East and Amplification Risks\n- https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fm\n- Fiscal Policy under Pressure: High Debt, Rising Risks\n- https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo\n- Asia and Pacific\n- Europe\n- Middle East and Central Asia\n- Sub-Saharan Africa\n- Western Hemisphere\n- https://www.imf.org/en/publications/areb\n- Getting to Growth in an Age of Uncertainty\n- https://www.imf.org/en/publications/finance-development\n- More Publications\n- International Monetary Fund\n- Disclaimer\n- Adobe Acrobat Reader\n- Tips for using PDF files\n- https://www.imf.org/en/home\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2016/12/31/asset-prices-and-the-business-cycle"
    }
  ],
  "bullets": [
    "[Markdown version](/en/publications/weo/issues/2016/12/31/asset-prices-and-the-business-cycle/index.md)",
    "[Structured JSON version](/en/publications/weo/issues/2016/12/31/asset-prices-and-the-business-cycle/index.json)",
    "[Bundle manifest](/en/publications/weo/issues/2016/12/31/asset-prices-and-the-business-cycle/bundle-manifest.json)",
    "Published: May 12, 2000",
    "Series: World Economic Outlook",
    "The May 2000 World Economic Outlook (WEO) Table of Contents with links to the full text in PDF format.",
    "The World Economic Outlook presents the IMF staff’s analysis and projections of economic developments at the global level, in major country groups (classified by region, stage of development, etc.), and in many individual countries. It focuses on major economic policy issues as well as on the analysis of economic developments and prospects. It is usually prepared twice a year, as documentation for meetings of the International Monetary and Financial Committee, and forms the main instrument of the IMF’s global surveillance activities.",
    "Use the free Adobe Acrobat Reader to view PDF files. Tips for using PDF files are noted.",
    "Assumptions and Conventions",
    "Preface",
    "Annex. 164k pdf file",
    "412k pdf file — List of Appendix Tables",
    "Major country- and region-specific topics:",
    "Thematic sections:",
    "Core analytical topics:",
    "Key sections:",
    "Coverage:",
    "1.1 An Alternative Scenario",
    "1.2 Revisions in National Accounts Methodologies",
    "1.3 Economic Policy Assumptions Underlying the Projections for Selected Advanced Countries",
    "1.4 The Pros and Cons of Dollarization",
    "2.1 Turkey's IMF-Supported Disinflation Program",
    "2.2 Cycles in Nonfuel Commodity Prices",
    "2.3 Booms and Slumps in the World Oil Market",
    "3.1 Productivity and Stock Prices in the United States: Are Recent Trends Sustainable",
    "3.2 Global Liquidity and Asset Prices",
    "4.1 Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers",
    "4.2 India: Reinvigorating the Reform Process",
    "4.3 Social Spending, Poverty Reduction, and Debt Relief in Heavily Indebted Poor",
    "5.1 Trends in the Human Development Index",
    "5.2 The Monetary System and Growth During the Commercial Revolution",
    "A.1 Revised Purchasing Power Parity Based Weights for the World Economic Outlook",
    "Overview of the World Economic Outlook Projections",
    "Selected Economies: Current Account Positions",
    "Advanced Economies: Real GDP, Consumer Prices, and Unemployment",
    "Major Industrial Countries: General Government Fiscal Balances and Debt",
    "1.5 Selected Developing Countries: Real GDP and Consumer Prices",
    "1.6 Countries in Transition: Real GDP and Consumer Prices",
    "Gross Private Financing to Emerging Market Economies",
    "Emerging Market Economies: Net Capital Flows",
    "General Government Balance",
    "2.4 External Debt",
    "2.5 Indonesia, Korea, and Thailand: Sources of Changes in the Fiscal Balance",
    "2.6 Gross Public Debt in the East Asian Countries",
    "Estimates of Potential Stock Market Overvaluation",
    "Correlations between Deviations of Actual from Predicted Stock Prices for a Selected Group of Countries, 1985-1999",
    "3.3 Outstanding Residential Mortgage Debt as a Share of GDP in European Countries",
    "3.4 Asset Prices as a Leading Indicator of Real GDP and Output Gap",
    "3.5 Household Equity Holdings as a Percent of Net Wealth",
    "3.6 Bank Real Estate Lending in Selected Countries",
    "3.7 Change in Fiscal Balances and Output Growth in the Euro Area",
    "Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Average Per Capita Income Growth, 1970-98",
    "4.4 Developing and Advanced Economies: Macroeconomic Stability",
    "4.5 Developing and Advanced Economies: Political Stability and Institutions",
    "4.6 Developing and Advanced Economies: Financial Maturity and Deepening",
    "4.7 Developing and Advanced Economies: Globalization and Trade Openness",
    "4.8 Developing Countries: Poverty and Poverty Reduction",
    "4.9 HIPCs: Selected Debt Indicators",
    "4.10 HIPCs: Economic Indicators",
    "Changes in Nations' Relative Income Position: 1900-2000",
    "Regional GDP per Capita as a Percent of Leading Nation",
    "5.3 Dispersion of Alternative Measures of Development",
    "5.4 Public Sector Expenditure Ratios: Total and Transfers",
    "Global Indicators",
    "Selected Countries: Net Financial Balances",
    "Selected European Countries, Japan, and the United States: Indicators of Consumer and Business Confidence",
    "Selected Latin American and Asian Economies: Real GDP Growth",
    "Emerging Market Economies: Equity Price",
    "Selected Emerging Market Economies: Bilateral U.S. Dollar Exchange Rates",
    "Selected Emerging Market Economies: Short-Term Interest Rates",
    "Selected Emerging Market Economies: Eurobond Yield Spreads and Brady Bond Spreads",
    "Prices of Crude Petroleum and Nonfuel Commodities",
    "Selected Emerging Market Economies: Quarterly Real GDP",
    "2.7 Selected Emerging Market Economies: Claims on Private Sector",
    "2.8 Selected Latin American and East Asian Economies: Balance of Trade",
    "2.9 Selected Emerging Market Economies: Real Effective Exchange Rates",
    "2.10 Selected East Asian and Latin American Economies: Current Account Balance",
    "2.11 Selected Emerging Market Economies: Total Reserves Excluding Gold",
    "Industrial Countries: Output Gap, Real Property Price Change, and Real Equity Price Change",
    "Industrial Countries: Real Stock Prices and Real GDP",
    "Industrial Countries: Price-Earnings Ratios",
    "Industrial Countries: Real Property Prices and Output Gap",
    "Industrial Countries: Real Property Prices and Real Interest Rates",
    "Industrial Countries: Real Property Prices and Real GDP",
    "Industrial Countries: Bank Credit, Real Property Prices, and Net Private Savings",
    "3.8 Industrial Countries: Real Stock Prices, Real Property Prices, and Real Private Fixed Investment",
    "3.9 Industrial Countries: Private Investment",
    "3.10 Industrial Countries: Equity Prices",
    "3.11 United States: Economic Indicators",
    "3.12 United States: Interest Rates",
    "Advanced and Developing Economies: Per Capita Income",
    "Developing Countries: Grouped by Per Capita Income Growth, 1970-98",
    "Developing Countries: Population Living Below $1 per Day",
    "Developing Countries: Investment and Saving",
    "Developing Countries: Per Capita GDP Growth and Incremental Output-Capital Ratio",
    "Developing Countries: Economic Indicators",
    "World GDP and Population Since 1750",
    "Stylized Population Dynamics",
    "Factors Underlying Population Growth",
    "Differential Income Growth",
    "5.5 World Lorenz Curve, 1900 and 2000",
    "5.6 Contraction of World Trade, 1929-33",
    "5.7 Net Flow of Investment to Developing Countries",
    "5.8 Capital Account Restrictions, 1950-98",
    "5.9 Government Deficits, Inflation, and Unemployment in the Group of Seven Countries",
    "World Economic Outlook and Staff Studies for the World Economic Outlook, Selected Topics, 1992–2000",
    "Notes on data and statistical conventions included in the Statistical Appendix and Appendix Tables",
    "**World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Annex and Statistical Appendix**",
    "**World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Appendix Tables**",
    "**World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Chapter I: Prospects and Policy Challenges**",
    "**World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Chapter II: The Ongoing Recovery in Emerging Market Economies**",
    "**World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Chapter III: Asset Prices and the Business Cycle**",
    "**World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Chapter IV: How Can the Poorest Countries Catch Up?**",
    "**World Economic Outlook, May 2000--Chapter V: The World Economy in the Twentieth Century**",
    "[The WEO DatabaseApril 2000](https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2000/01/data/index.htm)",
    "[Transcript](https://www.imf.org/external/np/tr/2000/TR000412.HTM)",
    "[Ordering Information](https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/cat/longres.cfm?sk=3623.0)",
    "[Other issues of the World Economic Outlook](https://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=29)",
    "[WEO Selected Topics, 1995 - present](https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/topics/weoindex.asp)",
    "[Research at the IMF](https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/res/index.htm)",
    "[Sign up to receive free e-mail notices when new series and/or country items are posted on the IMF website.](https://www.imf.org/en/email-subscription/index)",
    "[Modify your profile](https://www.imf.org/en/email-subscription/login)",
    "[https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo)",
    "[Global Economy in Crosscurrents of War and Technology](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2026/07/08/world-economic-outlook-update-july-2026)",
    "[https://www.imf.org/en/publications/gfsr](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/gfsr)",
    "[Global Financial Markets Confront the War in the Middle East and Amplification Risks](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/gfsr/issues/2026/04/14/global-financial-stability-report-april-2026)",
    "[https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fm](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fm)",
    "[Fiscal Policy under Pressure: High Debt, Rising Risks](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fm/issues/2026/04/15/fiscal-monitor-april-2026)",
    "[https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo)",
    "[Asia and Pacific](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo/apac)",
    "[Europe](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo/eu)",
    "[Middle East and Central Asia](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo/meca)",
    "[Sub-Saharan Africa](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo/ssa)",
    "[Western Hemisphere](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo/wh)",
    "[https://www.imf.org/en/publications/areb](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/areb)",
    "[Getting to Growth in an Age of Uncertainty](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/areb/issues/2025/09/24/annual-report-2025)",
    "[https://www.imf.org/en/publications/finance-development](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/finance-development)",
    "[More Publications](https://www.imf.org/en/publications)",
    "[International Monetary Fund](https://www.imf.org/external/index.htm)",
    "[Disclaimer](https://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm)",
    "[Adobe Acrobat Reader](https://www.imf.org/adobe)",
    "[Tips for using PDF files](https://www.imf.org/external/adobetip.htm)"
  ],
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