{
  "title": "IMF World Economic Outlook (WEO)-- April 2003",
  "publication": "World Economic Outlook, April 9, 2003",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2016/12/31/growth-and-institutions",
  "canonical": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2016/12/31/growth-and-institutions",
  "overlayPath": "/en/publications/weo/issues/2016/12/31/growth-and-institutions/index.md",
  "summary": "The April 2003 World Economic Outlook (WEO) Table of Contents with links to the full text in PDF format",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Chapter I — Economic Prospects and Policy Issues",
      "content": "- File size: 497k pdf file\n- Major regional and thematic analyses listed:\n  - North America: How Long Will the \"Soft Spot\" in the United States Last?\n  - Western Europe: Weak Growth (Particularly in Germany) and Delayed Recovery\n  - Japan: Weak Economy Underlines Need to End Deflation\n  - Latin America: Spreads Declining But Significant Vulnerabilities Remain\n  - Asia-Pacific Region: Has Growth Become Less Reliant on Global Developments?\n  - European Union Candidates: Accession Underlines Fiscal Challenges That Lie Ahead\n  - Commonwealth of Independent States: Oil Strength Masking Non-oil Weaknesses\n  - Africa: Stability and Reforms Remain the Keys to Growth\n  - Middle East: Managing the Demographic Transition\n- Appendices and thematic boxes:\n  - Appendix 1.1. Commodity Markets\n  - Appendix 1.2. How Will the War in Iraq Affect the Global Economy?\n  - Boxes: 1.1 Could Deflation Become a Global Problem?; 1.2 Is the New Economy Dead?; 1.3 How Important Are Banking Weaknesses in Explaining Germany's Stagnation?\n- Selected tables and special analyses:\n  - Overview of the World Economic Outlook Projections\n  - Advanced Economies: Real GDP, Consumer Prices, and Unemployment\n  - Emerging Market Economies: Net Capital Flows\n  - 1.4 Selected Economies: Current Account Positions\n  - 1.5 Major Advanced Economies: General Government Fiscal Balances and Debt\n  - 1.12 Impact of a Permanent $5 a Barrel Increase in Oil Prices After One Year\n  - 1.13 Effects of Business Confidence on Economic Activity in Selected Industrial Countries\n  - 1.14 Stock Market Effects on Economic Activity in Selected Industrial Countries\n- Figures and topics covered by figures:\n  - Global Indicators; Current and Forward-Looking Indicators; Developments in Mature Financial Markets; Emerging Market Financial Conditions; Fiscal and Monetary Easing in the Major Advanced Countries; Global Outlook\n  - Country/region specific figures: United States: Business Cycle; Euro Area: Divergences in Cyclical Positions, Structural Fiscal Balances, and Real Interest Rates; Japan: Deflationary Expectations Worsening\n  - Specialized figures: 1.15 Middle East and North Africa: Managing the Demographic Transition; 1.16 Oil Prices and Production; 1.17 Nonfuel Commodity Markets\n  - Regional development figures: Selected Western Hemisphere Countries; Asia: External Demand and Growth; Russia: Oil Strength Masking Non-oil Weaknesses; Africa: Growth Is Highly Influenced by Country-Specific Shocks"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Chapter II — When Bubbles Burst",
      "content": "- File size: 352k pdf file\n- Focus: Real and financial effects of bursting asset price bubbles; corporate fragility and investment; what's different about the recent bubble?\n- Appendices and empirical material:\n  - Appendix 2.1. Identifying Asset Price Booms and Busts\n  - 2.1 A Historical Perspective on Booms, Busts, and Recessions\n  - 2.2 Corporate Financial Conditions and the Severity of U.S. Recessions\n  - 2.3 How Do Balance Sheet Vulnerabilities Affect Investment?\n- Tables and figures listed:\n  - Equity and Housing Price Bear Markets in Industrial Countries\n  - Relative Contributions to Output Growth Before and After Asset Price Busts\n  - Equity and Housing Price Declines; Comparing Cross-Border Synchronization\n  - 2.4 Equity and Housing Price Busts: Financial Associations\n  - 2.5 Equity and Housing Price Busts: Implications for Banks\n  - 2.6 The Recent Equity Price Bust in Perspective\n  - Corporate financial indicators and leverage tables: 2.7 through 2.13, including United States and Euro Area corporate indicators\n- Multimedia:\n  - Video Webcast: The Real and Financial Effects of Bursting Asset Price Bubbles — By Thomas Helbling and Marco Terrones (first essay in Chapter II) — Transcript available\n  - Video Webcast: Corporate Fragility and Investment: What's Different About the Recent Bubble? — By Luis Catão (second essay in Chapter II)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Chapter III — Growth and Institutions",
      "content": "- File size: 348k pdf file\n- Major themes:\n  - Some Background Considerations; Empirical Analysis and Assessment; Institutional Reform in Practice\n  - Institutional Development: The Influence of History and Geography (3.1)\n  - Have External Anchors Accelerated Institutional Reform in Practice? (3.2)\n  - Promoting Stronger Institutions and Growth: The New Partnership for Africa's Development (3.3)\n  - Institutional Development: The Role of the IMF (3.4)\n- Empirical appendices and regression analyses:\n  - Appendix 3.1. Do Institutions Drive Economic Performance?\n  - 3.5 GDP per Capita and Institutions: Regression Results\n  - 3.6 Growth, Institutions, and Policies: Regression Results\n  - 3.7 Volatility, Institutions, and Policies: Regression Results\n  - 3.8 Income per Capita and Policies\n  - 3.9 Growth, Institutions, and Policies\n  - 3.10 Changes in the Rule of Law\n- Figures and analytical topics:\n  - Economic Development; Correlation Between Institutions and Economic Performance; Effects of Institutions and Policy on Growth and Volatility; Selected Summary Statistics\n  - Growth and Policies in Selected Advanced and Developing Economies; Relationship Between Income and Institutions; Income per Capita and Selected Institutions; Economic Outcome Measures and Aggregate Governance\n  - Income per Capita and Improvements in Institutions; Growth and Improvements in Institutions and Policies; Growth Volatility and Improvements in Institutions and Policies\n- Multimedia:\n  - Video Webcast: Growth and Institutions — Prepared by Maitland MacFarlan, Hali Edison, and Nicola Spatafora (Chapter III)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Chapter IV — Unemployment and Labor Market Institutions: Why Reforms Pay Off?",
      "content": "- File size: 271k pdf file\n- Core questions addressed:\n  - Why Do We Need Labor Market Institutions?\n  - Is High Unemployment a Structural Problem?\n  - What Is the Effect of Labor Market Institutions on Unemployment?\n  - What Are the Quantitative Benefits of Reforms?\n- Empirical appendices and modeling:\n  - Appendix 4.1. An Empirical Model of Unemployment\n  - 4.1 Regional Disparities in Unemployment\n  - 4.2 Labor Market Reforms in the European Union\n  - 4.3 The Global Economy Model\n- Tables and quantitative estimates listed:\n  - Three Popular Measures and Their Estimated Effect on the Unemployment Rate\n  - Long-Run Effects of More Competition-Friendly Policies in the Euro Area\n  - Estimated Effects of Labor Market Institutions on Unemployment in a Panel of 20 OECD Countries, 1960–98\n  - Actual and Structural Unemployment Rates; Unemployment and Participation Rates; Unemployment and Vacancy Rates\n  - 4.4 Institution-Adjusted Unemployment Rates\n  - 4.5 Changes in Labor Market Institutions and Unemployment Rates\n  - 4.6 More Employment-Friendly Labor Market Institutions and Unemployment\n- Additional materials:\n  - 160k pdf file — Annex: Summing Up by the Chairman (file size indicated)\n  - 602k pdf file — Statistical Appendix (file size indicated)\n- Multimedia:\n  - Video Webcast: Unemployment and Labor Market Institutions: Why Reforms Pay off — by Xavier Debrun (Chapter IV)"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Data, Assumptions, and Technical Notes",
      "content": "- Statistical and technical sections included:\n  - Statistical Appendix (file size: 602k pdf file)\n  - Assumptions; What's New; Data and Conventions\n  - Classification of Countries; General Features and Compositions of Groups in the World Economic Outlook Classification\n  - Box A.1 Economic Policy Assumptions Underlying the Projections for Selected Advanced Economies"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Media, Webcasts, and Outreach",
      "content": "- Multiple video webcasts and transcripts tied to Chapter essays and presentations\n- Email notification sign-up: \"Sign up to receive free e-mail notices when new series and/or country items are posted on the IMF website.\"\n- \"Research at the IMF\" link present on the page\n\nIMF World Economic Outlook (WEO) — April 2003 (page overview content as provided)\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Box11.pdf\n  - Box11.pdf (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Box11.pdf (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Box12.pdf\n  - Box12.pdf (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Box12.pdf (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Box13.pdf\n  - Box13.pdf (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Box13.pdf (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Fig110.pdf\n  - Fig110.pdf (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig110.pdf (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Fig111.pdf\n  - Fig111.pdf (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig111.pdf (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Fig112.pdf\n  - Fig112.pdf (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig112.pdf (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Fig113.pdf\n  - Fig113.pdf (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig113.pdf (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Fig114.pdf\n  - Fig114.pdf (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig114.pdf (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Fig115.pdf\n  - Fig115.pdf (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig115.pdf (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Fig116.pdf\n  - Fig116.pdf (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig116.pdf (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Fig117.pdf\n  - Fig117.pdf (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig117.pdf (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Fig11.pdf\n  - Fig11.pdf (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig11.pdf (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Figure 1.2.  Current and Forward-Looking Indicators\n  - Figure 1.2.  Current and Forward-Looking Indicators (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Figure 1.2.  Current and Forward-Looking Indicators (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Fig13.pdf\n  - Fig13.pdf (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig13.pdf (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Fig14.pdf\n  - Fig14.pdf (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig14.pdf (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Fig15.pdf\n  - Fig15.pdf (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig15.pdf (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Fig16.pdf\n  - Fig16.pdf (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig16.pdf (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Fig17.pdf\n  - Fig17.pdf (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig17.pdf (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Fig18.pdf\n  - Fig18.pdf (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig18.pdf (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Fig19.pdf\n  - Fig19.pdf (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig19.pdf (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- World Economic Outlook, April 2003--Annex\n  - World Economic Outlook, April 2003--Annex (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - World Economic Outlook, April 2003--Annex (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- World Economic Outlook, April 2003 -- Statistical Appendix\n  - World Economic Outlook, April 2003 -- Statistical Appendix (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - World Economic Outlook, April 2003 -- Statistical Appendix (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK\n, April 2003 -- Chapter 1: Economic Prospects and Policies\n  - WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK\n, April 2003 -- Chapter 1: Economic Prospects and Policies (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK\n, April 2003 -- Chapter 1: Economic Prospects and Policies (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK, \nApril 2003 -- Chapter 2: When Bubbles Burst\n  - WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK, \nApril 2003 -- Chapter 2: When Bubbles Burst (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK, \nApril 2003 -- Chapter 2: When Bubbles Burst (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- World Economic Outlook, April 2003 -- Chapter 3: Growth and Institutions\n  - World Economic Outlook, April 2003 -- Chapter 3: Growth and Institutions (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - World Economic Outlook, April 2003 -- Chapter 3: Growth and Institutions (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK, \nApril 2003 -- Chapter 4: Unemployment and Labor Market Institutions\n  - WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK, \nApril 2003 -- Chapter 4: Unemployment and Labor Market Institutions (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK, \nApril 2003 -- Chapter 4: Unemployment and Labor Market Institutions (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- World Economic Outlook, \nApril 2003\n  - World Economic Outlook, \nApril 2003 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - World Economic Outlook, \nApril 2003 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n- Box1-1\n  - Box1-1 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Box1-1 (CSV){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/octet-stream\"}\n- Box1-2\n  - Box1-2 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Box1-2 (CSV){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/octet-stream\"}\n- Box1-3\n  - Box1-3 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Box1-3 (CSV){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/octet-stream\"}\n- Fig1-1\n  - Fig1-1 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig1-1 (CSV){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/octet-stream\"}\n- Fig1-10\n  - Fig1-10 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig1-10 (CSV){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/octet-stream\"}\n- Fig1-11\n  - Fig1-11 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig1-11 (CSV){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/octet-stream\"}\n- Fig1-12\n  - Fig1-12 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig1-12 (CSV){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/octet-stream\"}\n- Fig1-13\n  - Fig1-13 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig1-13 (CSV){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/octet-stream\"}\n- Fig1-14\n  - Fig1-14 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig1-14 (CSV){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/octet-stream\"}\n- Fig1-15\n  - Fig1-15 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig1-15 (CSV){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/octet-stream\"}\n- Fig1-16\n  - Fig1-16 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig1-16 (CSV){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/octet-stream\"}\n- Fig1-17\n  - Fig1-17 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig1-17 (CSV){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/octet-stream\"}\n- Fig1-2\n  - Fig1-2 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig1-2 (CSV){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/octet-stream\"}\n- Fig1-3\n  - Fig1-3 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig1-3 (CSV){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/octet-stream\"}\n- Fig1-4\n  - Fig1-4 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig1-4 (CSV){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/octet-stream\"}\n- Fig1-5\n  - Fig1-5 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig1-5 (CSV){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/octet-stream\"}\n- Fig1-6 — Dataset overview\n  - Fig1-6 — Dataset overview (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig1-6 — Dataset overview (CSV){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/octet-stream\"}\n- Fig1-7 — Dataset overview\n  - Fig1-7 — Dataset overview (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig1-7 — Dataset overview (CSV){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/octet-stream\"}\n- Fig1-8\n  - Fig1-8 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig1-8 (CSV){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/octet-stream\"}\n- Fig1-9\n  - Fig1-9 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Fig1-9 (CSV){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/octet-stream\"}\n\n---\n\n References\n\n- Transcript\n- Transcript\n- The WEO Database April 2003\n- Other\nissues of the World Economic Outlook\n- Research\nat the IMF\n- Sign up to receive free e-mail notices when new series and/or country items are posted on the IMF website.\n- Modify your profile\n- International Monetary Fund\n- Ordering Information\n- Disclaimer\n- Adobe Acrobat Reader\n- Video Webcast\n- Transcript\n- Video Webcast\n- Video Webcast\n- https://www.imf.org/external/mmedia/view.asp?eventID=161\n- https://www.imf.org/en/home\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2016/12/31/growth-and-institutions"
    }
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  "bullets": [
    "[Markdown version](/en/publications/weo/issues/2016/12/31/growth-and-institutions/index.md)",
    "[Structured JSON version](/en/publications/weo/issues/2016/12/31/growth-and-institutions/index.json)",
    "[Bundle manifest](/en/publications/weo/issues/2016/12/31/growth-and-institutions/bundle-manifest.json)",
    "Published: April 9, 2003",
    "Series: World Economic Outlook",
    "File size: 497k pdf file",
    "Major regional and thematic analyses listed:",
    "Appendices and thematic boxes:",
    "Selected tables and special analyses:",
    "Figures and topics covered by figures:",
    "File size: 352k pdf file",
    "Focus: Real and financial effects of bursting asset price bubbles; corporate fragility and investment; what's different about the recent bubble?",
    "Appendices and empirical material:",
    "Tables and figures listed:",
    "Multimedia:",
    "File size: 348k pdf file",
    "Major themes:",
    "Empirical appendices and regression analyses:",
    "Figures and analytical topics:",
    "Multimedia:",
    "File size: 271k pdf file",
    "Core questions addressed:",
    "Empirical appendices and modeling:",
    "Tables and quantitative estimates listed:",
    "Additional materials:",
    "Multimedia:",
    "Statistical and technical sections included:",
    "Multiple video webcasts and transcripts tied to Chapter essays and presentations",
    "Email notification sign-up: \"Sign up to receive free e-mail notices when new series and/or country items are posted on the IMF website.\"",
    "\"Research at the IMF\" link present on the page",
    "**Box1_1.pdf**",
    "**Box1_2.pdf**",
    "**Box1_3.pdf**",
    "**Fig1_10.pdf**",
    "**Fig1_11.pdf**",
    "**Fig1_12.pdf**",
    "**Fig1_13.pdf**",
    "**Fig1_14.pdf**",
    "**Fig1_15.pdf**",
    "**Fig1_16.pdf**",
    "**Fig1_17.pdf**",
    "**Fig1_1.pdf**",
    "**Figure 1.2.  Current and Forward-Looking Indicators**",
    "**Fig1_3.pdf**",
    "**Fig1_4.pdf**",
    "**Fig1_5.pdf**",
    "**Fig1_6.pdf**",
    "**Fig1_7.pdf**",
    "**Fig1_8.pdf**",
    "**Fig1_9.pdf**",
    "**World Economic Outlook, April 2003--Annex**",
    "**World Economic Outlook, April 2003 -- Statistical Appendix**",
    "**WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK",
    "**WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK,",
    "**World Economic Outlook, April 2003 -- Chapter 3: Growth and Institutions**",
    "**WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK,",
    "**World Economic Outlook,",
    "**Box1-1**",
    "**Box1-2**",
    "**Box1-3**",
    "**Fig1-1**",
    "**Fig1-10**",
    "**Fig1-11**",
    "**Fig1-12**",
    "**Fig1-13**",
    "**Fig1-14**",
    "**Fig1-15**",
    "**Fig1-16**",
    "**Fig1-17**",
    "**Fig1-2**",
    "**Fig1-3**",
    "**Fig1-4**",
    "**Fig1-5**",
    "**Fig1-6 — Dataset overview**",
    "**Fig1-7 — Dataset overview**",
    "**Fig1-8**",
    "**Fig1-9**",
    "[Transcript](https://www.imf.org/external/np/tr/2003/tr030409.htm)",
    "[Transcript](https://www.imf.org/external/np/tr/2003/tr030403.htm)",
    "[The WEO Database April 2003](https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2003/01/data/index.htm)",
    "[Other",
    "[Research",
    "[Sign up to receive free e-mail notices when new series and/or country items are posted on the IMF website.](https://www.imf.org/en/email-subscription/index)",
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    "[Adobe Acrobat Reader](https://www.imf.org/adobe)",
    "[Video Webcast](https://www.imf.org/external/mmedia/view.asp?eventID=158)",
    "[Transcript](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2016/12/31/wc040303.htm)",
    "[Video Webcast](https://www.imf.org/external/mmedia/view.asp?eventID=159)",
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    "[https://www.imf.org/external/mmedia/view.asp?eventID=161](https://www.imf.org/external/mmedia/view.asp?eventID=161)"
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