## World Economic Outlook, April 2018: Cyclical Upswing, Structural Change

_World Economic Outlook, April 2018_

## Source details

**Canonical URL:** [World Economic Outlook, April 2018: Cyclical Upswing, Structural Change](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2018/03/20/world-economic-outlook-april-2018)

## Other formats

- [Markdown version](/en/publications/weo/issues/2018/03/20/world-economic-outlook-april-2018/index.md)
- [Structured JSON version](/en/publications/weo/issues/2018/03/20/world-economic-outlook-april-2018/index.json)
- [Bundle manifest](/en/publications/weo/issues/2018/03/20/world-economic-outlook-april-2018/bundle-manifest.json)

## Bibliographic details
- Published: April 9, 2018

---

### Global outlook and headline findings
- The global economic upswing that began around mid-2016 "has become broader and stronger."
- World growth strengthened in 2017 to 3.8 percent, with a notable rebound in global trade.
- Global growth is expected to tick up to 3.9 percent "this year and next."
- Drivers of the acceleration include:
  - "an investment recovery in advanced economies"
  - "continued strong growth in emerging Asia"
  - "a notable upswing in emerging Europe"
  - "signs of recovery in several commodity exporters"
- The report notes "the domestic and international repercussions of expansionary fiscal policy in the United States" as a supporting factor for near-term momentum.
- The partial recovery in commodity prices should allow conditions in commodity exporters to "gradually improve."
- For most countries, "current favorable growth rates will not last." Policymakers should seize this opportunity to:
  - bolster growth,
  - make it more durable,
  - equip their governments better to counter the next downturn.

### Chapter 1: Global Prospects, Risks, and Policy priorities (high-level)
- Projection summary:
  - Advanced economies as a group will "continue to expand above their potential growth rates this year and next before decelerating."
  - Growth in emerging market and developing economies will "rise before leveling off."
- Forecast-supporting factors listed: strong momentum, favorable market sentiment, accommodative financial conditions, and fiscal stimulus effects.
- Report sections addressing policy and risk include:
  - Recent Developments and Prospects
  - The Forecast
  - Risks
  - Policy Priorities
  - Scenario Box 1. Impact of Recommended Policies in the Group of Twenty Economies
- Special feature: Commodity Market Developments and Forecasts.

### Chapter 2: Labor Force Participation in Advanced Economies — key findings and implications
- Despite "the acceleration in population aging in almost all advanced economies over the past decade," aggregate labor force participation rates "show divergent trajectories."
- Group- and age-specific shifts:
  - Participation has increased among prime-age women and, more recently, older workers.
  - Participation has fallen among the young and among prime-age men.
- Drivers and explanations:
  - Aging and "the drag from the global financial crisis can explain a significant share of the decline in the participation of men during the past decade."
  - The rising participation of women "underscores the importance of other factors in shaping participation decisions."
  - Labor market policies and institutions, structural changes, and gains in educational attainment "account for the bulk of the dramatic increase in the labor force attachment of prime-age women and older workers in the past three decades."
  - "Technological advances such as automation, while beneficial for the economy as a whole, have weighed moderately on participation rates."
- Chapter structure emphasizes: Patterns of Labor Force Participation; Understanding Trends; Prospects; Conclusions and Policy Implications; several boxes and extensive annexes analyzing demographics, policy drivers, and projections.

### Key statistics and exact numeric projections
- "mid-2016" — start of the global upswing.
- World growth in 2017: 3.8 percent.
- World growth expected: 3.9 percent "this year and next."

*World Economic Outlook, April 2018: Cyclical Upswing, Structural Change*

---

## Content in this bundle

- **C1**
  - [C1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/c1.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [C1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/c1.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **c2**
  - [c2 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/c2.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [c2 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/c2.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **c3 — Introduction and Executive Summary**
  - [c3 — Introduction and Executive Summary (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/c3.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [c3 — Introduction and Executive Summary (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/c3.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **C4**
  - [C4 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/c4.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [C4 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/c4.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Dataset overview: Figure 1.1. Global Activity Indicators**
  - [Dataset overview: Figure 1.1. Global Activity Indicators (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/1-fig1-1/fig11csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_1**
  - [fig1_1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/1-fig1-1/fig11pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/1-fig1-1/fig11pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Dataset: fig110csv**
  - [Dataset: fig110csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/10-fig1-10/fig110csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_10**
  - [fig1_10 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/10-fig1-10/fig110pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_10 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/10-fig1-10/fig110pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.11. Emerging Market Economies: Capital Flows**
  - [Figure 1.11. Emerging Market Economies: Capital Flows (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/11-fig1-11/fig111csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_11**
  - [fig1_11 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/11-fig1-11/fig111pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_11 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/11-fig1-11/fig111pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.12. Terms-of-Trade Windfall Gains and Losses**
  - [Figure 1.12. Terms-of-Trade Windfall Gains and Losses (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/12-fig1-12/fig112csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_12**
  - [fig1_12 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/12-fig1-12/fig112pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_12 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/12-fig1-12/fig112pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.13.  GDP Growth, 1999�2023**
  - [Figure 1.13.  GDP Growth, 1999�2023 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/13-fig1-13/fig113csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_13**
  - [fig1_13 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/13-fig1-13/fig113pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_13 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/13-fig1-13/fig113pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.14.  Per Capita Real GDP Growth**
  - [Figure 1.14.  Per Capita Real GDP Growth (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/14-fig1-14/fig114csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_14**
  - [fig1_14 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/14-fig1-14/fig114pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_14 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/14-fig1-14/fig114pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.15.  Fiscal Indicators**
  - [Figure 1.15.  Fiscal Indicators (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/15-fig1-15/fig115csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_15**
  - [fig1_15 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/15-fig1-15/fig115pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_15 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/15-fig1-15/fig115pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.16.  Global Current Account Balance**
  - [Figure 1.16.  Global Current Account Balance (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/16-fig1-16/fig116csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_16**
  - [fig1_16 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/16-fig1-16/fig116pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_16 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/16-fig1-16/fig116pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.17.  Real Exchange Rates and Current Account Balances in Relation to Economic Fundamentals**
  - [Figure 1.17.  Real Exchange Rates and Current Account Balances in Relation to Economic Fundamentals (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/17-fig1-17/fig117csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_17**
  - [fig1_17 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/17-fig1-17/fig117pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_17 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/17-fig1-17/fig117pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.18.  Net International Investment Positions**
  - [Figure 1.18.  Net International Investment Positions (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/18-fig1-18/fig118csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_18**
  - [fig1_18 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/18-fig1-18/fig118pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_18 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/18-fig1-18/fig118pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.19.  Growth for Creditors and Debtors**
  - [Figure 1.19.  Growth for Creditors and Debtors (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/19-fig1-19/fig119csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_19**
  - [fig1_19 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/19-fig1-19/fig119pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_19 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/19-fig1-19/fig119pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.2.  Contributions to the Change in Real GDP Growth, 2016�17**
  - [Figure 1.2.  Contributions to the Change in Real GDP Growth, 2016�17 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/2-fig1-2/fig12csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_2**
  - [fig1_2 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/2-fig1-2/fig12pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_2 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/2-fig1-2/fig12pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.20. Geopolitical Risk Index**
  - [Figure 1.20. Geopolitical Risk Index (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/20-fig1-20/fig120csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_20**
  - [fig1_20 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/20-fig1-20/fig120pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_20 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/20-fig1-20/fig120pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.21. Risks to the Global Outlook**
  - [Figure 1.21. Risks to the Global Outlook (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/21-fig1-21/fig121csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_21**
  - [fig1_21 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/21-fig1-21/fig121pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_21 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/21-fig1-21/fig121pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.22.  Recession and Deflation Risks**
  - [Figure 1.22.  Recession and Deflation Risks (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/22-fig1-22/fig122csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_22**
  - [fig1_22 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/22-fig1-22/fig122pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_22 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/22-fig1-22/fig122pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Scenario Figure 1.  Inflation Surprise and Term Premium Shocks in the United States**
  - [Scenario Figure 1.  Inflation Surprise and Term Premium Shocks in the United States (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/23-fig1-s-1/fig1s1csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_s_1**
  - [fig1_s_1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/23-fig1-s-1/fig1s1pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_s_1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/23-fig1-s-1/fig1s1pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.1.1. Global Sales of Personal Computers and Smartphones**
  - [Figure 1.1.1. Global Sales of Personal Computers and Smartphones (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/24-fig1-1-1/fig111csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_1_1**
  - [fig1_1_1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/24-fig1-1-1/fig111pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_1_1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/24-fig1-1-1/fig111pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.1.2. Global iPhone Sales**
  - [Figure 1.1.2. Global iPhone Sales (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/25-fig1-1-2/fig112csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_1_2**
  - [fig1_1_2 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/25-fig1-1-2/fig112pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_1_2 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/25-fig1-1-2/fig112pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.1.3. China: Smartphone Export Cycle**
  - [Figure 1.1.3. China: Smartphone Export Cycle (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/26-fig1-1-3/fig113csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_1_3**
  - [fig1_1_3 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/26-fig1-1-3/fig113pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_1_3 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/26-fig1-1-3/fig113pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig121csv**
  - [Fig121csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/27-fig1-2-1/fig121csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_2_1**
  - [fig1_2_1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/27-fig1-2-1/fig121pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_2_1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/27-fig1-2-1/fig121pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig122csv**
  - [Fig122csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/28-fig1-2-2/fig122csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_2_2**
  - [fig1_2_2 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/28-fig1-2-2/fig122pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_2_2 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/28-fig1-2-2/fig122pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig123csv**
  - [Fig123csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/29-fig1-2-3/fig123csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_2_3**
  - [fig1_2_3 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/29-fig1-2-3/fig123pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_2_3 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/29-fig1-2-3/fig123pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.3.  Global Investment and Trade**
  - [Figure 1.3.  Global Investment and Trade (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/3-fig1-3/fig13csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_3**
  - [fig1_3 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/3-fig1-3/fig13pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_3 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/3-fig1-3/fig13pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.2.4. Changes in Sectoral Inflation, 2011-17 versus 2002-08**
  - [Figure 1.2.4. Changes in Sectoral Inflation, 2011-17 versus 2002-08 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/30-fig1-2-4/fig124csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_2_4**
  - [fig1_2_4 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/30-fig1-2-4/fig124pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_2_4 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/30-fig1-2-4/fig124pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.3.1. Different Measures of Growth**
  - [Figure 1.3.1. Different Measures of Growth (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/31-fig1-3-1/fig131csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_3_1**
  - [fig1_3_1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/31-fig1-3-1/fig131pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_3_1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/31-fig1-3-1/fig131pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.3.2.  Production Function Decomposition: Selected Large Advanced Economies**
  - [Figure 1.3.2.  Production Function Decomposition: Selected Large Advanced Economies (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/32-fig1-3-2/fig132csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_3_2**
  - [fig1_3_2 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/32-fig1-3-2/fig132pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_3_2 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/32-fig1-3-2/fig132pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.3.3.  Investment in Selected Advanced Economies**
  - [Figure 1.3.3.  Investment in Selected Advanced Economies (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/33-fig1-3-3/fig133csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_3_3**
  - [fig1_3_3 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/33-fig1-3-3/fig133pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_3_3 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/33-fig1-3-3/fig133pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.3.4.  Total Factor Productivity Growth**
  - [Figure 1.3.4.  Total Factor Productivity Growth (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/34-fig1-3-4/fig134csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_3_4**
  - [fig1_3_4 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/34-fig1-3-4/fig134pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_3_4 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/34-fig1-3-4/fig134pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig141csv**
  - [Fig141csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/35-fig1-4-1/fig141csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_4_1**
  - [fig1_4_1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/35-fig1-4-1/fig141pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_4_1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/35-fig1-4-1/fig141pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig151csv**
  - [Fig151csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/36-fig1-5-1/fig151csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_5_1**
  - [fig1_5_1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/36-fig1-5-1/fig151pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_5_1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/36-fig1-5-1/fig151pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.6.1.  Selected Trade Policy Indicators: Example with Group of Twenty Member Countries**
  - [Figure 1.6.1.  Selected Trade Policy Indicators: Example with Group of Twenty Member Countries (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/37-fig1-6-1/fig161csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_6_1**
  - [fig1_6_1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/37-fig1-6-1/fig161pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_6_1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/37-fig1-6-1/fig161pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig162csv**
  - [Fig162csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/38-fig1-6-2/fig162csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_6_2**
  - [fig1_6_2 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/38-fig1-6-2/fig162pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_6_2 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/38-fig1-6-2/fig162pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.SF.1.  Commodity Market Developments**
  - [Figure 1.SF.1.  Commodity Market Developments (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/39-fig1-sf-1/fig1sf1csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_sf_1**
  - [fig1_sf_1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/39-fig1-sf-1/fig1sf1pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_sf_1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/39-fig1-sf-1/fig1sf1pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.4.  Contributions to Trade Growth**
  - [Figure 1.4.  Contributions to Trade Growth (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/4-fig1-4/fig14csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_4**
  - [fig1_4 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/4-fig1-4/fig14pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_4 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/4-fig1-4/fig14pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.SF.2. Detrended IMF Crude Oil Index and Economic and Market Conditions**
  - [Figure 1.SF.2. Detrended IMF Crude Oil Index and Economic and Market Conditions (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/40-fig1-sf-2/fig1sf2csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_sf_2**
  - [fig1_sf_2 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/40-fig1-sf-2/fig1sf2pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_sf_2 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/40-fig1-sf-2/fig1sf2pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.SF.1.1.  Hundred Years of Cobalt Mining**
  - [Figure 1.SF.1.1.  Hundred Years of Cobalt Mining (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/41-fig1-sf-1-1/fig1sf11csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_sf_1_1**
  - [fig1_sf_1_1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/41-fig1-sf-1-1/fig1sf11pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_sf_1_1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/41-fig1-sf-1-1/fig1sf11pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.5.  Commodity and Oil Prices**
  - [Figure 1.5.  Commodity and Oil Prices (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/5-fig1-5/fig15csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_5**
  - [fig1_5 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/5-fig1-5/fig15pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_5 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/5-fig1-5/fig15pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig16csv**
  - [Fig16csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/6-fig1-6/fig16csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_6**
  - [fig1_6 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/6-fig1-6/fig16pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_6 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/6-fig1-6/fig16pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.7 — Advanced Economies: Monetary and Financial Market Conditions**
  - [Figure 1.7 — Advanced Economies: Monetary and Financial Market Conditions (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/7-fig1-7/fig17csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_7**
  - [fig1_7 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/7-fig1-7/fig17pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_7 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/7-fig1-7/fig17pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 1.8.  Real Effective Exchange Rate Changes, August 2017�March 2018**
  - [Figure 1.8.  Real Effective Exchange Rate Changes, August 2017�March 2018 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/8-fig1-8/fig18csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_8**
  - [fig1_8 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/8-fig1-8/fig18pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_8 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/8-fig1-8/fig18pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **dataset overview**
  - [dataset overview (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/9-fig1-9/fig19csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **fig1_9**
  - [fig1_9 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/9-fig1-9/fig19pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [fig1_9 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c1/9-fig1-9/fig19pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.1.  Demographic Transition: Recent Trends and Projections**
  - [Figure 2.1.  Demographic Transition: Recent Trends and Projections (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/1_fig2_1/fig21csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.1**
  - [108930.Figure.2.1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/1_fig2_1/fig21pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/1_fig2_1/fig21pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.10.  Changes in Participation Rates, 2008�16**
  - [Figure 2.10.  Changes in Participation Rates, 2008�16 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/10_fig2_10/fig210csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.10**
  - [108930.Figure.2.10 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/10_fig2_10/fig210pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.10 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/10_fig2_10/fig210pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.11.  Drivers of Participation Rates: Policies**
  - [Figure 2.11.  Drivers of Participation Rates: Policies (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/11_fig2_11/fig211csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.11**
  - [108930.Figure.2.11 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/11_fig2_11/fig211pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.11 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/11_fig2_11/fig211pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.12.  Drivers of Participation Rates: Additional Policies**
  - [Figure 2.12.  Drivers of Participation Rates: Additional Policies (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/12_fig2_12/fig212csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.12**
  - [108930.Figure.2.12 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/12_fig2_12/fig212pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.12 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/12_fig2_12/fig212pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.13. Changes in Participation Rates, Actual Versus Predicted, 1995–2011**
  - [Figure 2.13. Changes in Participation Rates, Actual Versus Predicted, 1995–2011 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/13_fig2_13/fig213csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.13**
  - [108930.Figure.2.13 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/13_fig2_13/fig213pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.13 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/13_fig2_13/fig213pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.14 — Average Contributions to Changes in Participation Rates, 1995–2011**
  - [Figure 2.14 — Average Contributions to Changes in Participation Rates, 1995–2011 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/14_fig2_14/fig214csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.14**
  - [108930.Figure.2.14 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/14_fig2_14/fig214pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.14 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/14_fig2_14/fig214pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.15.  Change in the Odds of Being Active**
  - [Figure 2.15.  Change in the Odds of Being Active (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/15_fig2_15/fig215csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.15**
  - [108930.Figure.2.15 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/15_fig2_15/fig215pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.15 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/15_fig2_15/fig215pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig216csv**
  - [Fig216csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/16_fig2_16/fig216csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **108930.Figure.2.16**
  - [108930.Figure.2.16 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/16_fig2_16/fig216pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.16 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/16_fig2_16/fig216pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig217csv**
  - [Fig217csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/17_fig2_17/fig217csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.17**
  - [108930.Figure.2.17 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/17_fig2_17/fig217pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.17 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/17_fig2_17/fig217pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.18.  Projected Changes in Participation Rates under Alternative Scenarios**
  - [Figure 2.18.  Projected Changes in Participation Rates under Alternative Scenarios (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/18_fig2_18/fig218csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.18**
  - [108930.Figure.2.18 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/18_fig2_18/fig218pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.18 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/18_fig2_18/fig218pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.1.1.  Labor Force Participation by Age Group**
  - [Figure 2.1.1.  Labor Force Participation by Age Group (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/19_fig2_1_1/fig211csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.1.1**
  - [108930.Figure.2.1.1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/19_fig2_1_1/fig211pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.1.1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/19_fig2_1_1/fig211pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.2.  Change in Labor Force Participation Rates, 2008–16**
  - [Figure 2.2.  Change in Labor Force Participation Rates, 2008–16 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/2_fig2_2/fig22csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.2**
  - [108930.Figure.2.2 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/2_fig2_2/fig22pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.2 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/2_fig2_2/fig22pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig212csv**
  - [Fig212csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/20_fig2_1_2/fig212csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.1.2**
  - [108930.Figure.2.1.2 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/20_fig2_1_2/fig212pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.1.2 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/20_fig2_1_2/fig212pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.1.3.  Youth Labor Force Participation by Gender**
  - [Figure 2.1.3.  Youth Labor Force Participation by Gender (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/21_fig2_1_3/fig213csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **108930.Figure.2.1.3**
  - [108930.Figure.2.1.3 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/21_fig2_1_3/fig213pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.1.3 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/21_fig2_1_3/fig213pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.1.4.  Implied 10-Year Improvement in Country Gender Gaps for Youth**
  - [Figure 2.1.4.  Implied 10-Year Improvement in Country Gender Gaps for Youth (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/22_fig2_1_4/fig214csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.1.4**
  - [108930.Figure.2.1.4 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/22_fig2_1_4/fig214pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.1.4 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/22_fig2_1_4/fig214pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.4.3.  Labor Force Participation Rates of Prime-Age Natives and Migrants, 2000–16**
  - [Figure 2.4.3.  Labor Force Participation Rates of Prime-Age Natives and Migrants, 2000–16 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/23_fig2_2_1/fig221csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **108930.Figure.2.2.1**
  - [108930.Figure.2.2.1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/23_fig2_2_1/fig221pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.2.1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/23_fig2_2_1/fig221pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.2.2.  Change in Labor Force Participation Rate by Metropolitan Area**
  - [Figure 2.2.2.  Change in Labor Force Participation Rate by Metropolitan Area (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/24_fig2_2_2/fig222csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.2.2**
  - [108930.Figure.2.2.2 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/24_fig2_2_2/fig222pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.2.2 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/24_fig2_2_2/fig222pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig223csv**
  - [Fig223csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/25_fig2_2_3/fig223csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.2.3**
  - [108930.Figure.2.2.3 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/25_fig2_2_3/fig223pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.2.3 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/25_fig2_2_3/fig223pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Dataset overview: fig224csv**
  - [Dataset overview: fig224csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/26_fig2_2_4/fig224csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.2.4**
  - [108930.Figure.2.2.4 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/26_fig2_2_4/fig224pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.2.4 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/26_fig2_2_4/fig224pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.3.1.  Change in Labor Force Participation by Region, 2000�16**
  - [Figure 2.3.1.  Change in Labor Force Participation by Region, 2000�16 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/27_fig2_3_1/fig231csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.3.1**
  - [108930.Figure.2.3.1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/27_fig2_3_1/fig231pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.3.1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/27_fig2_3_1/fig231pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig232csv**
  - [Fig232csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/28_fig2_3_2/fig232csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.3.2**
  - [108930.Figure.2.3.2 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/28_fig2_3_2/fig232pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.3.2 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/28_fig2_3_2/fig232pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.3.3.  Decomposition of Labor Market Changes**
  - [Figure 2.3.3.  Decomposition of Labor Market Changes (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/29_fig2_3_3/fig233csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.3.3**
  - [108930.Figure.2.3.3 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/29_fig2_3_3/fig233pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.3.3 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/29_fig2_3_3/fig233pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.3.  Labor Force Participation Rates by Gender and Age**
  - [Figure 2.3.  Labor Force Participation Rates by Gender and Age (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/3_fig2_3/fig23csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **108930.Figure.2.3**
  - [108930.Figure.2.3 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/3_fig2_3/fig23pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.3 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/3_fig2_3/fig23pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.3.4. Initial Routine Exposure by Region, 2000**
  - [Figure 2.3.4. Initial Routine Exposure by Region, 2000 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/30_fig2_3_4/fig234csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.3.4**
  - [108930.Figure.2.3.4 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/30_fig2_3_4/fig234pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.3.4 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/30_fig2_3_4/fig234pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.3.5.  Initial Offshoring Exposure by Region, 2000**
  - [Figure 2.3.5.  Initial Offshoring Exposure by Region, 2000 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/31_fig2_3_5/fig235csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.3.5**
  - [108930.Figure.2.3.5 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/31_fig2_3_5/fig235pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.3.5 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/31_fig2_3_5/fig235pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig241csv**
  - [Fig241csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/32_fig2_4_1/fig241csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.4.1**
  - [108930.Figure.2.4.1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/32_fig2_4_1/fig241pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.4.1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/32_fig2_4_1/fig241pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.4.2.  Projected Evolution of Labor Force Participation Rates**
  - [Figure 2.4.2.  Projected Evolution of Labor Force Participation Rates (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/33_fig2_4_2/fig242csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.4.2**
  - [108930.Figure.2.4.2 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/33_fig2_4_2/fig242pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.4.2 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/33_fig2_4_2/fig242pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.4.3.  Labor Force Participation Rates of Prime-Age Natives and Migrants, 2000�16**
  - [Figure 2.4.3.  Labor Force Participation Rates of Prime-Age Natives and Migrants, 2000�16 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/34_fig2_4_3/fig243csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.4.3**
  - [108930.Figure.2.4.3 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/34_fig2_4_3/fig243pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.4.3 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/34_fig2_4_3/fig243pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.4.4.  Change in the Odds of Being Active**
  - [Figure 2.4.4.  Change in the Odds of Being Active (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/35_fig2_4_4/fig244csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.4.4**
  - [108930.Figure.2.4.4 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/35_fig2_4_4/fig244pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.4.4 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/35_fig2_4_4/fig244pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Annex Figure 2.2.1.  Changes in Labor Force Participation Rates, 1985–2016**
  - [Annex Figure 2.2.1.  Changes in Labor Force Participation Rates, 1985–2016 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/36_fig2_annex2_1/fig2annex21csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.AnnexFigure.2.2.1**
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.2.2.1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/36_fig2_annex2_1/fig2annex21pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.2.2.1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/36_fig2_annex2_1/fig2annex21pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Annex Figure 2.2.2. Share of Households by Employment Composition, 2000–16**
  - [Annex Figure 2.2.2. Share of Households by Employment Composition, 2000–16 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/37_fig2_annex2_2/fig2annex22csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.AnnexFigure.2.2.2**
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.2.2.2 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/37_fig2_annex2_2/fig2annex22pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.2.2.2 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/37_fig2_annex2_2/fig2annex22pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Annex Figure 2.2.3. Changes in Labor Force Participation Rates of Prime-Age Men and Women, 1985–2016**
  - [Annex Figure 2.2.3. Changes in Labor Force Participation Rates of Prime-Age Men and Women, 1985–2016 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/38_fig2_annex2_3/fig2annex23csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.AnnexFigure.2.2.3**
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.2.2.3 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/38_fig2_annex2_3/fig2annex23pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.2.2.3 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/38_fig2_annex2_3/fig2annex23pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Annex Figure 2.2.4.  Average Annual Changes in Labor Force Participation Rates**
  - [Annex Figure 2.2.4.  Average Annual Changes in Labor Force Participation Rates (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/39_fig2_annex2_4/fig2annex24csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.AnnexFigure.2.2.4**
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.2.2.4 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/39_fig2_annex2_4/fig2annex24pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.2.2.4 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/39_fig2_annex2_4/fig2annex24pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.4.  Labor Force Participation and School Enrollment of the Young**
  - [Figure 2.4.  Labor Force Participation and School Enrollment of the Young (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/4_fig2_4/fig24csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **108930.Figure.2.4**
  - [108930.Figure.2.4 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/4_fig2_4/fig24pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.4 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/4_fig2_4/fig24pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Dataset overview**
  - [Dataset overview (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/40_fig2_annex2_5/fig2annex25csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.AnnexFigure.2.2.5**
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.2.2.5 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/40_fig2_annex2_5/fig2annex25pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.2.2.5 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/40_fig2_annex2_5/fig2annex25pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig25csv**
  - [Fig25csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/5_fig2_5/fig25csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.5**
  - [108930.Figure.2.5 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/5_fig2_5/fig25pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.5 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/5_fig2_5/fig25pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.6.  Subgroups of the Inactive, 2000 and 2016**
  - [Figure 2.6.  Subgroups of the Inactive, 2000 and 2016 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/6_fig2_6/fig26csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.6**
  - [108930.Figure.2.6 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/6_fig2_6/fig26pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.6 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/6_fig2_6/fig26pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig27csv**
  - [Fig27csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/7_fig2_7/fig27csv.csv){rel="external" type="application/octet-stream"}
- **108930.Figure.2.7**
  - [108930.Figure.2.7 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/7_fig2_7/fig27pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.7 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/7_fig2_7/fig27pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.8.  Average Annual Changes in Labor Force Participation Rates**
  - [Figure 2.8.  Average Annual Changes in Labor Force Participation Rates (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/8_fig2_8/fig28csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.8**
  - [108930.Figure.2.8 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/8_fig2_8/fig28pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.8 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/8_fig2_8/fig28pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 2.9.  Decomposition of Labor Market Shifts**
  - [Figure 2.9.  Decomposition of Labor Market Shifts (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/9_fig2_9/fig29csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.2.9**
  - [108930.Figure.2.9 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/9_fig2_9/fig29pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.2.9 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c2/9_fig2_9/fig29pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.1.  Share of Manufacturing in Aggregate Employment**
  - [Figure 3.1.  Share of Manufacturing in Aggregate Employment (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/1_fig3_1/fig31csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.1**
  - [108930.Figure.3.1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/1_fig3_1/fig31pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/1_fig3_1/fig31pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.10.  Estimated Change in Manufacturing Shares and Relative Prices, 1960�2015**
  - [Figure 3.10.  Estimated Change in Manufacturing Shares and Relative Prices, 1960�2015 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/10_fig3_10/fig310csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.10**
  - [108930.Figure.3.10 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/10_fig3_10/fig310pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.10 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/10_fig3_10/fig310pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.11.  Manufacturing Gross Output and Final Expenditure on Manufacturing Goods, 1995–2011**
  - [Figure 3.11.  Manufacturing Gross Output and Final Expenditure on Manufacturing Goods, 1995–2011 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/11_fig3_11/fig311csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.11**
  - [108930.Figure.3.11 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/11_fig3_11/fig311pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.11 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/11_fig3_11/fig311pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.12. Change in Services Employment Share, 1970–2015**
  - [Figure 3.12. Change in Services Employment Share, 1970–2015 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/12_fig3_12/fig312csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.12**
  - [108930.Figure.3.12 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/12_fig3_12/fig312pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.12 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/12_fig3_12/fig312pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig313csv**
  - [Fig313csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/13_fig3_13/fig313csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.13**
  - [108930.Figure.3.13 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/13_fig3_13/fig313pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.13 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/13_fig3_13/fig313pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.14. Distribution of Labor Productivity Growth of Individual Industries**
  - [Figure 3.14. Distribution of Labor Productivity Growth of Individual Industries (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/14_fig3_14/fig314csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.14**
  - [108930.Figure.3.14 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/14_fig3_14/fig314pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.14 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/14_fig3_14/fig314pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.15.  Sectoral Labor Productivity, 2005**
  - [Figure 3.15.  Sectoral Labor Productivity, 2005 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/15_fig3_15/fig315csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.15**
  - [108930.Figure.3.15 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/15_fig3_15/fig315pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.15 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/15_fig3_15/fig315pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.16.  Structural Transformation and Aggregate Labor Productivity Growth, 2000–10**
  - [Figure 3.16.  Structural Transformation and Aggregate Labor Productivity Growth, 2000–10 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/16_fig3_16/fig316csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.16**
  - [108930.Figure.3.16 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/16_fig3_16/fig316pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.16 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/16_fig3_16/fig316pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.17.  Estimation Results, Beta-Convergence**
  - [Figure 3.17.  Estimation Results, Beta-Convergence (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/17_fig3_17/fig317csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.17**
  - [108930.Figure.3.17 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/17_fig3_17/fig317pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.17 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/17_fig3_17/fig317pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.18.  Sigma-Convergence**
  - [Figure 3.18.  Sigma-Convergence (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/18_fig3_18/fig318csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.18**
  - [108930.Figure.3.18 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/18_fig3_18/fig318pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.18 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/18_fig3_18/fig318pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.19.  Productivity Gap in 2005**
  - [Figure 3.19.  Productivity Gap in 2005 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/19_fig3_19/fig319csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.19**
  - [108930.Figure.3.19 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/19_fig3_19/fig319pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.19 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/19_fig3_19/fig319pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.2.  Sectoral Employment Shares**
  - [Figure 3.2.  Sectoral Employment Shares (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/2_fig3_2/fig32csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.2**
  - [108930.Figure.3.2 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/2_fig3_2/fig32pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.2 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/2_fig3_2/fig32pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.20.  Average Gross Wages in Industry and Services in the 2000s**
  - [Figure 3.20.  Average Gross Wages in Industry and Services in the 2000s (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/20_fig3_20/fig320csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.20**
  - [108930.Figure.3.20 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/20_fig3_20/fig320pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.20 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/20_fig3_20/fig320pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.21.  Labor Income Inequality in the 2000s**
  - [Figure 3.21.  Labor Income Inequality in the 2000s (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/21_fig3_21/fig321csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.21**
  - [108930.Figure.3.21 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/21_fig3_21/fig321pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.21 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/21_fig3_21/fig321pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.22.  Contribution to Change in Overall Labor Income Inequality between the 1980s and 2000s**
  - [Figure 3.22.  Contribution to Change in Overall Labor Income Inequality between the 1980s and 2000s (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/22_fig3_22/fig322csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.22**
  - [108930.Figure.3.22 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/22_fig3_22/fig322pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.22 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/22_fig3_22/fig322pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.1.1.  Nonmanufacturing Value-Added Content in Gross Manufacturing Output, 1995–2011**
  - [Figure 3.1.1.  Nonmanufacturing Value-Added Content in Gross Manufacturing Output, 1995–2011 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/23_fig3_1_1/fig311csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.1.1**
  - [108930.Figure.3.1.1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/23_fig3_1_1/fig311pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.1.1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/23_fig3_1_1/fig311pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.1.2.  Services Value-Added Content in Gross Manufacturing Output, 1995 and 2011**
  - [Figure 3.1.2.  Services Value-Added Content in Gross Manufacturing Output, 1995 and 2011 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/24_fig3_1_2/fig312csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.1.2**
  - [108930.Figure.3.1.2 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/24_fig3_1_2/fig312pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.1.2 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/24_fig3_1_2/fig312pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.1.3.  Change in Services Value-Added Content in Manufacturing Gross Output, 1995�2011**
  - [Figure 3.1.3.  Change in Services Value-Added Content in Manufacturing Gross Output, 1995�2011 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/25_fig3_1_3/fig313csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.1.3**
  - [108930.Figure.3.1.3 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/25_fig3_1_3/fig313pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.1.3 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/25_fig3_1_3/fig313pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig314csv**
  - [Fig314csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/25_fig3_1_4/fig314csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.1.4**
  - [108930.Figure.3.1.4 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/25_fig3_1_4/fig314pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.1.4 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/25_fig3_1_4/fig314pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.2.1.  Exports of Services**
  - [Figure 3.2.1.  Exports of Services (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/26_fig3_2_1/fig321csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.2.1**
  - [108930.Figure.3.2.1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/26_fig3_2_1/fig321pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.2.1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/26_fig3_2_1/fig321pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.2.2.  Increase in Service Trade, 1980–2014**
  - [Figure 3.2.2.  Increase in Service Trade, 1980–2014 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/27_fig3_2_2/fig322csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.2.2**
  - [108930.Figure.3.2.2 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/27_fig3_2_2/fig322pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.2.2 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/27_fig3_2_2/fig322pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.2.3.  Services Exports by Industry, 1990–2014**
  - [Figure 3.2.3.  Services Exports by Industry, 1990–2014 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/28_fig3_2_3/fig323csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.2.3**
  - [108930.Figure.3.2.3 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/28_fig3_2_3/fig323pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.2.3 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/28_fig3_2_3/fig323pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.3.1. Sectoral Employment Shares and Wage Inequality**
  - [Figure 3.3.1. Sectoral Employment Shares and Wage Inequality (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/29_fig3_3_1/fig331csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.3.1**
  - [108930.Figure.3.3.1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/29_fig3_3_1/fig331pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.3.1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/29_fig3_3_1/fig331pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.3.  Change in Manufacturing Employment Share and Inequality, 1980–2010**
  - [Figure 3.3.  Change in Manufacturing Employment Share and Inequality, 1980–2010 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/3_fig3_3/fig33csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.3**
  - [108930.Figure.3.3 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/3_fig3_3/fig33pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.3 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/3_fig3_3/fig33pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.3.2.  Wage Gap between Manufacturing and Services**
  - [Figure 3.3.2.  Wage Gap between Manufacturing and Services (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/30_fig3_3_2/fig332csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.3.2**
  - [108930.Figure.3.3.2 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/30_fig3_3_2/fig332pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.3.2 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/30_fig3_3_2/fig332pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.3.3.  Wages of Workers Switching to Manufacturing Jobs**
  - [Figure 3.3.3.  Wages of Workers Switching to Manufacturing Jobs (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/31_fig3_3_3/fig333csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.3.3**
  - [108930.Figure.3.3.3 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/31_fig3_3_3/fig333pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.3.3 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/31_fig3_3_3/fig333pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.3.4.  Inequality in Manufacturing and Services**
  - [Figure 3.3.4.  Inequality in Manufacturing and Services (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/32_fig3_3_4/fig334csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.3.4**
  - [108930.Figure.3.3.4 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/32_fig3_3_4/fig334pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.3.4 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/32_fig3_3_4/fig334pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Annex Figure 3.3.1.  Distribution of Total Factor Productivity Growth of Individual Industries**
  - [Annex Figure 3.3.1.  Distribution of Total Factor Productivity Growth of Individual Industries (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/33_fig3_annex3_1/fig3annex31csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.AnnexFigure.3.3.1**
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.3.3.1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/33_fig3_annex3_1/fig3annex31pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.3.3.1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/33_fig3_annex3_1/fig3annex31pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Annex Figure 3.3.2.  Sectoral Labor Productivity Growth, 2000�10**
  - [Annex Figure 3.3.2.  Sectoral Labor Productivity Growth, 2000�10 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/34_fig3_annex3_2/fig3annex32csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.AnnexFigure.3.3.2**
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.3.3.2 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/34_fig3_annex3_2/fig3annex32pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.3.3.2 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/34_fig3_annex3_2/fig3annex32pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Annex Figure 3.3.3.  Skill Composition of Workers by Sector, 2000–07**
  - [Annex Figure 3.3.3.  Skill Composition of Workers by Sector, 2000–07 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/35_fig3_annex3_3/fig3annex33csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.AnnexFigure.3.3.3**
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.3.3.3 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/35_fig3_annex3_3/fig3annex33pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.3.3.3 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/35_fig3_annex3_3/fig3annex33pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Annex Figure 3.3.4.  Sectoral Labor Productivity, 2010**
  - [Annex Figure 3.3.4.  Sectoral Labor Productivity, 2010 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/36_fig3_annex3_4/fig3annex34csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.AnnexFigure.3.3.4**
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.3.3.4 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/36_fig3_annex3_4/fig3annex34pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.3.3.4 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/36_fig3_annex3_4/fig3annex34pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Annex Figure 3.3.5.  Sigma-Convergence**
  - [Annex Figure 3.3.5.  Sigma-Convergence (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/37_fig3_annex3_5/fig3annex35csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.AnnexFigure.3.3.5**
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.3.3.5 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/37_fig3_annex3_5/fig3annex35pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.3.3.5 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/37_fig3_annex3_5/fig3annex35pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.4.  Share of Manufacturing in Aggregate Employment and Output**
  - [Figure 3.4.  Share of Manufacturing in Aggregate Employment and Output (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/4_fig3_4/fig34csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.4**
  - [108930.Figure.3.4 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/4_fig3_4/fig34pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.4 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/4_fig3_4/fig34pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.5.  Estimated Trends in Manufacturing Employment and Output Shares, 1960�2015**
  - [Figure 3.5.  Estimated Trends in Manufacturing Employment and Output Shares, 1960�2015 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/5_fig3_5/fig35csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.5**
  - [108930.Figure.3.5 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/5_fig3_5/fig35pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.5 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/5_fig3_5/fig35pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.6.  Cross-Country Distribution of Estimated Trends in Manufacturing Shares, 1970–2015**
  - [Figure 3.6.  Cross-Country Distribution of Estimated Trends in Manufacturing Shares, 1970–2015 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/6_fig3_6/fig36csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.6**
  - [108930.Figure.3.6 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/6_fig3_6/fig36pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.6 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/6_fig3_6/fig36pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig37csv**
  - [Fig37csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/7_fig3_7/fig37csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.7**
  - [108930.Figure.3.7 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/7_fig3_7/fig37pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.7 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/7_fig3_7/fig37pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.8.  Share of Manufacturing in Final Consumption versus Income per Capita, 1980�2011**
  - [Figure 3.8.  Share of Manufacturing in Final Consumption versus Income per Capita, 1980�2011 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/8_fig3_8/fig38csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.8**
  - [108930.Figure.3.8 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/8_fig3_8/fig38pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.8 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/8_fig3_8/fig38pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 3.9.  Relative Price of Manufacturing, 1970–2015**
  - [Figure 3.9.  Relative Price of Manufacturing, 1970–2015 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/9_fig3_9/fig39csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.3.9**
  - [108930.Figure.3.9 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/9_fig3_9/fig39pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.3.9 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c3/9_fig3_9/fig39pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 4.1.  International Patent Families by Publication Year**
  - [Figure 4.1.  International Patent Families by Publication Year (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/1_fig4_1/fig41csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.4.1**
  - [108930.Figure.4.1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/1_fig4_1/fig41pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.4.1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/1_fig4_1/fig41pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig410csv**
  - [Fig410csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/10_fig4_10/fig410csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.4.10**
  - [108930.Figure.4.10 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/10_fig4_10/fig410pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.4.10 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/10_fig4_10/fig410pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 4.11. The Effects of Global Value Chain Participation and Policy Variables**
  - [Figure 4.11. The Effects of Global Value Chain Participation and Policy Variables (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/11_fig4_11/fig411csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.4.11**
  - [108930.Figure.4.11 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/11_fig4_11/fig411pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.4.11 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/11_fig4_11/fig411pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig412csv**
  - [Fig412csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/12_fig4_12/fig412csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.4.12**
  - [108930.Figure.4.12 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/12_fig4_12/fig412pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.4.12 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/12_fig4_12/fig412pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig413csv**
  - [Fig413csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/13_fig4_13/fig413csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.4.13**
  - [108930.Figure.4.13 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/13_fig4_13/fig413pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.4.13 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/13_fig4_13/fig413pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 4.2.1.  Innovation Intensity**
  - [Figure 4.2.1.  Innovation Intensity (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/14_fig4_2_1/fig421csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.4.2.1**
  - [108930.Figure.4.2.1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/14_fig4_2_1/fig421pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.4.2.1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/14_fig4_2_1/fig421pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 4.2.2. Foreign Patents by Source Country, 2013**
  - [Figure 4.2.2. Foreign Patents by Source Country, 2013 (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/15_fig4_2_2/fig422csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.4.2.2**
  - [108930.Figure.4.2.2 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/15_fig4_2_2/fig422pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.4.2.2 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/15_fig4_2_2/fig422pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 4.3.1.  Sub-Saharan Africa: Net Foreign Direct Investment and Aid Inflows**
  - [Figure 4.3.1.  Sub-Saharan Africa: Net Foreign Direct Investment and Aid Inflows (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/16_fig4_3_1/fig431csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.4.3.1**
  - [108930.Figure.4.3.1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/16_fig4_3_1/fig431pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.4.3.1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/16_fig4_3_1/fig431pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 4.3.2.  Official Development Assistance Commitment by Sector**
  - [Figure 4.3.2.  Official Development Assistance Commitment by Sector (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/17_fig4_3_2/fig432csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.4.3.2**
  - [108930.Figure.4.3.2 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/17_fig4_3_2/fig432pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.4.3.2 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/17_fig4_3_2/fig432pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig433csv**
  - [Fig433csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/18_fig4_3_3/fig433csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.4.3.3**
  - [108930.Figure.4.3.3 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/18_fig4_3_3/fig433pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.4.3.3 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/18_fig4_3_3/fig433pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Annex Figure 4.2.1.  Diffusion of Knowledge from G�5 with Expanded Emerging Market Economy Sample**
  - [Annex Figure 4.2.1.  Diffusion of Knowledge from G�5 with Expanded Emerging Market Economy Sample (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/19_fig4_annex2_1/fig4annex21csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.AnnexFigure.4.2.1**
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.4.2.1 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/19_fig4_annex2_1/fig4annex21pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.4.2.1 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/19_fig4_annex2_1/fig4annex21pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **108930.Figure.4.2**
  - [108930.Figure.4.2 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/2_fig4_2/fig42pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.4.2 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/2_fig4_2/fig42pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig4annex22csv**
  - [Fig4annex22csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/20_fig4_annex2_2/fig4annex22csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.AnnexFigure.4.2.2**
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.4.2.2 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/20_fig4_annex2_2/fig4annex22pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.4.2.2 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/20_fig4_annex2_2/fig4annex22pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Annex Figure 4.2.3.  Reduction of Knowledge Flow with Additional Barriers: Unrestricted Cited Sample**
  - [Annex Figure 4.2.3.  Reduction of Knowledge Flow with Additional Barriers: Unrestricted Cited Sample (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/21_fig4_annex2_3/fig4annex23csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.AnnexFigure.4.2.3**
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.4.2.3 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/21_fig4_annex2_3/fig4annex23pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.4.2.3 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/21_fig4_annex2_3/fig4annex23pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig4annex24csv**
  - [Fig4annex24csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/22_fig4_annex2_4/fig4annex24csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.AnnexFigure.4.2.4**
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.4.2.4 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/22_fig4_annex2_4/fig4annex24pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.AnnexFigure.4.2.4 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/22_fig4_annex2_4/fig4annex24pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 4.3.  Patenting and Research and Development at the Frontier**
  - [Figure 4.3.  Patenting and Research and Development at the Frontier (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/3_fig4_3/fig43csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.4.3**
  - [108930.Figure.4.3 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/3_fig4_3/fig43pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.4.3 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/3_fig4_3/fig43pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 4.4.  Countries at the Technology Frontier**
  - [Figure 4.4.  Countries at the Technology Frontier (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/4_fig4_4/fig44csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.4.4**
  - [108930.Figure.4.4 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/4_fig4_4/fig44pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.4.4 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/4_fig4_4/fig44pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 4.5.  Slowing Patenting and Productivity**
  - [Figure 4.5.  Slowing Patenting and Productivity (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/5_fig4_5/fig45csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.4.5**
  - [108930.Figure.4.5 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/5_fig4_5/fig45pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.4.5 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/5_fig4_5/fig45pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **108930.Figure.4.6**
  - [108930.Figure.4.6 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/6_fig4_6/fig46pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.4.6 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/6_fig4_6/fig46pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 4.7.  Knowledge Diffusion across Barriers over Time**
  - [Figure 4.7.  Knowledge Diffusion across Barriers over Time (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/7_fig4_7/fig47csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.4.7**
  - [108930.Figure.4.7 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/7_fig4_7/fig47pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.4.7 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/7_fig4_7/fig47pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Figure 4.8. Contribution of Foreign Knowledge to Labor Productivity Growth**
  - [Figure 4.8. Contribution of Foreign Knowledge to Labor Productivity Growth (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/8_fig4_8/fig48csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.4.8**
  - [108930.Figure.4.8 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/8_fig4_8/fig48pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.4.8 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/8_fig4_8/fig48pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Fig49csv**
  - [Fig49csv (CSV)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/9_fig4_9/fig49csv.csv){rel="external" type="text/csv"}
- **108930.Figure.4.9**
  - [108930.Figure.4.9 (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/9_fig4_9/fig49pdf.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [108930.Figure.4.9 (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/data-files/c4/9_fig4_9/fig49pdf.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Executive Summary**
  - [Executive Summary (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/exesum.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [Executive Summary (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/exesum.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Foreword**
  - [Foreword (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/foreword.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [Foreword (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/foreword.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **World Economic Outlook: Tensions from the Two-Speed Recovery**
  - [World Economic Outlook: Tensions from the Two-Speed Recovery (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/front.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [World Economic Outlook: Tensions from the Two-Speed Recovery (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/front.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Info**
  - [Info (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/info.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [Info (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/info.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Preface**
  - [Preface (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/preface.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [Preface (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/preface.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **statapp**
  - [statapp (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/statapp.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [statapp (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/statapp.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Table parta**
  - [Table parta (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/tableparta.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [Table parta (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/tableparta.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Table partb**
  - [Table partb (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/tablepartb.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [Table partb (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/tablepartb.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}
- **Full Report**
  - [Full Report (Markdown version)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/text.pdf.md){rel="alternate" type="text/markdown"}
  - [Full Report (PDF)](/-/media/files/publications/weo/2018/april/text.pdf){rel="external" type="application/pdf"}

---

## References

- [Global Economy: Good News for Now but Trade Tensions a Threat](https://blogs.imf.org/2018/04/17/global-economy-good-news-for-now-but-trade-tensions-a-threat/)
- [IMF Blog: Wanted: Policies to Encourage and Enable Work in Advanced Economies](https://blogs.imf.org/2018/04/09/wanted-policies-to-encourage-and-enable-work-in-advanced-economies/)
- [IMF Blog: The Decline in Manufacturing Jobs: Not Necessarily a Cause for Concern](https://blogs.imf.org/2018/04/09/the-decline-in-manufacturing-jobs-not-necessarily-a-cause-for-concern/)
- [IMF Blog: Globalization Helps Spread Knowledge and Technology Across Borders](https://blogs.imf.org/2018/04/09/globalization-helps-spread-knowledge-and-technology-across-borders/)
- [Blog](https://blogs.imf.org/)

_Source: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2018/03/20/world-economic-outlook-april-2018_