{
  "title": "Corruption and Military Spending",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, January 1, 2000",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/30/corruption-and-military-spending-3425",
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  "summary": "Anecdotal evidence relates corruption with high levels of military spending. This paper tests empirically whether such a relationship exists. The empirical analysis is based on data from four different sources for up to 120 countries in the period 1985–98.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Summary and Research Question",
      "content": "- Anecdotal evidence relates corruption with high levels of military spending.\n- This paper tests empirically whether such a relationship exists."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Data and Methodology",
      "content": "- Empirical analysis is based on data from four different sources for up to 120 countries in the period 1985–98.\n- The association between military spending and corruption is ascertained by using panel regression techniques."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key Findings",
      "content": "- The results suggest that corruption is indeed associated with higher military spending as a share of both GDP and total government spending.\n- Corruption is also associated with higher arms procurement in relation to GDP and total government spending.\n- This evidence indicates that defense spending can be considered for constructing governance indicators."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Policy Implications and Interpretation",
      "content": "- Defense spending measures may be informative inputs when constructing governance and corruption indicators.\n- The empirical association implies that anti-corruption efforts and public expenditure oversight could be relevant to managing military spending efficiency and composition.\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Corruption and Military Spending - WP/00/23\n  - Corruption and Military Spending - WP/00/23 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Corruption and Military Spending - WP/00/23 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/30/corruption-and-military-spending-3425"
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    "Published: January 1, 2000",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451844030.001",
    "Anecdotal evidence relates corruption with high levels of military spending.",
    "This paper tests empirically whether such a relationship exists.",
    "Empirical analysis is based on data from four different sources for up to 120 countries in the period 1985–98.",
    "The association between military spending and corruption is ascertained by using panel regression techniques.",
    "The results suggest that corruption is indeed associated with higher military spending as a share of both GDP and total government spending.",
    "Corruption is also associated with higher arms procurement in relation to GDP and total government spending.",
    "This evidence indicates that defense spending can be considered for constructing governance indicators.",
    "Defense spending measures may be informative inputs when constructing governance and corruption indicators.",
    "The empirical association implies that anti-corruption efforts and public expenditure oversight could be relevant to managing military spending efficiency and composition.",
    "**Corruption and Military Spending - WP/00/23**"
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