{
  "title": "Corruption Around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, May 1, 1998",
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  "summary": "Corruption is attracting a lot of attention around the world. The paper surveys and discusses issues related to the causes, consequences, and scope of corruption and possible corrective actions. It emphasizes the costs of corruption in terms of economic growth.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Summary",
      "content": "- Corruption is attracting a lot of attention around the world.\n- The paper surveys and discusses issues related to the causes, consequences, and scope of corruption and possible corrective actions.\n- Emphasizes the costs of corruption in terms of economic growth.\n- Emphasizes that the fight against corruption may not be cheap and cannot be independent from the reform of the state.\n- Notes that if certain reforms are not made, corruption is likely to continue to be a problem regardless of actions directly aimed at curtailing it."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Causes of Corruption (as discussed)",
      "content": "- Linkages between structure of the state and corruption: the role of the state and state-citizen relationship.\n- Influence of public sector conditions: Civil service, Public sector wages, government-imposed rigidity, regulations.\n- Economic and institutional contexts: market economy transition issues, excess demand, taxes and Tax incentives.\n- Geographic and regional factors mentioned: East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, transition country contexts.\n- Other relevant factors: donor country interactions, government benefit structures, way government operates."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Consequences and Scope",
      "content": "- Primary emphasized consequence: costs of corruption in terms of economic growth.\n- Broader areas affected (subject keywords): Civil service, Corruption, Crime, Expenditure, Labor, Public sector wages, Tax incentives, Taxes.\n- Scope is framed as global and cross-regional, affecting diverse country types including transition countries."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Policy implications and corrective actions",
      "content": "- Anti-corruption efforts may be costly to implement.\n- Anti-corruption efforts cannot be independent from broader state reform.\n- Conditional statement: If certain reforms are not made, corruption is likely to continue despite actions directly aimed at curtailing it.\n- Implied policy focus areas: reform of the state apparatus, public sector wage and expenditure policy, regulatory reform, tax and incentive structure adjustments."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key publication identifiers and access (preserved)",
      "content": "- Author: Vito Tanzi\n- Date: May 1, 1998\n- Series: Working Paper No. 1998/063\n- Pages: 39\n- Issue: 063\n- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451848397.001\n\nSource: Corruption Around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures, Vito Tanzi, May 1, 1998.\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Corruption Around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scop, and Curres - WP/98/63\n  - Corruption Around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scop, and Curres - WP/98/63 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Corruption Around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scop, and Curres - WP/98/63 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/30/corruption-around-the-world-causes-consequences-scope-and-cures-2583"
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    "Authors: Vito Tanzi",
    "Published: May 1, 1998",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451848397.001",
    "Corruption is attracting a lot of attention around the world.",
    "The paper surveys and discusses issues related to the causes, consequences, and scope of corruption and possible corrective actions.",
    "Emphasizes the costs of corruption in terms of economic growth.",
    "Emphasizes that the fight against corruption may not be cheap and cannot be independent from the reform of the state.",
    "Notes that if certain reforms are not made, corruption is likely to continue to be a problem regardless of actions directly aimed at curtailing it.",
    "Linkages between structure of the state and corruption: the role of the state and state-citizen relationship.",
    "Influence of public sector conditions: Civil service, Public sector wages, government-imposed rigidity, regulations.",
    "Economic and institutional contexts: market economy transition issues, excess demand, taxes and Tax incentives.",
    "Geographic and regional factors mentioned: East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, transition country contexts.",
    "Other relevant factors: donor country interactions, government benefit structures, way government operates.",
    "Primary emphasized consequence: costs of corruption in terms of economic growth.",
    "Broader areas affected (subject keywords): Civil service, Corruption, Crime, Expenditure, Labor, Public sector wages, Tax incentives, Taxes.",
    "Scope is framed as global and cross-regional, affecting diverse country types including transition countries.",
    "Anti-corruption efforts may be costly to implement.",
    "Anti-corruption efforts cannot be independent from broader state reform.",
    "Conditional statement: If certain reforms are not made, corruption is likely to continue despite actions directly aimed at curtailing it.",
    "Implied policy focus areas: reform of the state apparatus, public sector wage and expenditure policy, regulatory reform, tax and incentive structure adjustments.",
    "Author: Vito Tanzi",
    "Date: May 1, 1998",
    "Series: Working Paper No. 1998/063",
    "Pages: 39",
    "Issue: 063",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451848397.001",
    "**Corruption Around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scop, and Curres - WP/98/63**"
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