{
  "title": "Dynamic Gains From Trade: Evidence From South Africa",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, March 1, 2000",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/30/dynamic-gains-from-trade-evidence-from-south-africa-3485",
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  "summary": "This paper examines the empirical relationship between trade and total factor productivity (TFP) in South Africa. It uses (i) a time series approach where trade is defined in terms of aggregate outcomes, i.e.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Summary",
      "content": "- Paper examines the empirical relationship between trade and total factor productivity (TFP) in South Africa.\n- Uses two approaches:\n  - Time series approach: trade defined as the share of imports plus exports in GDP (aggregate outcomes).\n  - Cross sectional approach: trade defined in terms of trade policy, i.e., actual trade protection across different manufacturing sectors.\n- Main result: there is a significant positive relationship between trade and TFP growth both over time and across sectors."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Methods",
      "content": "- Time series analysis:\n  - Trade measured as the share of imports plus exports in GDP (aggregate outcomes).\n- Cross sectional analysis:\n  - Trade measured via trade policy—actual trade protection across different manufacturing sectors."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key findings and evidence",
      "content": "- Significant positive relationship between trade and TFP growth:\n  - Observed both over time (aggregate trade share and TFP series/time series) and across sectors (trade policy orientation and sectoral TFP growth).\n- Empirical focus areas and subject tags include: Imports, International trade, Production, Tariffs, Taxes, Total factor productivity, Trade liberalization, Trade policy."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Keywords and thematic tags",
      "content": "- Keywords provided in source: Africa; formula duty; growth; import tariff; Imports; Openness; tariff; tariff line; tariff reduction; tariff regime; Tariffs; TFP growth; TFP series; time series; total factor productivity; trade; trade liberalization; Trade policy; trade policy orientation; trade policy variable; WP"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Formats and access",
      "content": "- Available as an IMF Working Paper (IMF eLibrary).\n- Format metadata present: \"Download PDF\", \"More Formats on IMF eLibrary\", \"Order a Print Copy\", \"Create Citation\", \"Share\".\n- Example citation format provided: Chicago — Arvind Subramanian, and Gunnar Jonsson. \"Dynamic Gains From Trade: Evidence From South Africa\", IMF Working Papers 2000, 045 (2000), accessed 9/8/2026, https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451846461.001\n\nSource: IMF Working Paper \"Dynamic Gains From Trade: Evidence From South Africa\", Arvind Subramanian and Gunnar Jonsson, March 1, 2000 — https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/30/dynamic-gains-from-trade-evidence-from-south-africa-3485\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Dynamic Gains from Trade:  Evidence from South Africa - WP/00/45\n  - Dynamic Gains from Trade:  Evidence from South Africa - WP/00/45 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Dynamic Gains from Trade:  Evidence from South Africa - WP/00/45 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/30/dynamic-gains-from-trade-evidence-from-south-africa-3485"
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    "Authors: Arvind Subramanian, Gunnar Jonsson",
    "Published: March 1, 2000",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451846461.001",
    "Paper examines the empirical relationship between trade and total factor productivity (TFP) in South Africa.",
    "Uses two approaches:",
    "Main result: there is a significant positive relationship between trade and TFP growth both over time and across sectors.",
    "Time series analysis:",
    "Cross sectional analysis:",
    "Significant positive relationship between trade and TFP growth:",
    "Empirical focus areas and subject tags include: Imports, International trade, Production, Tariffs, Taxes, Total factor productivity, Trade liberalization, Trade policy.",
    "Keywords provided in source: Africa; formula duty; growth; import tariff; Imports; Openness; tariff; tariff line; tariff reduction; tariff regime; Tariffs; TFP growth; TFP series; time series; total factor productivity; trade; trade liberalization; Trade policy; trade policy orientation; trade policy variable; WP",
    "Available as an IMF Working Paper (IMF eLibrary).",
    "Format metadata present: \"Download PDF\", \"More Formats on IMF eLibrary\", \"Order a Print Copy\", \"Create Citation\", \"Share\".",
    "Example citation format provided: Chicago — Arvind Subramanian, and Gunnar Jonsson. \"Dynamic Gains From Trade: Evidence From South Africa\", IMF Working Papers 2000, 045 (2000), accessed 9/8/2026, https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451846461.001",
    "**Dynamic Gains from Trade:  Evidence from South Africa - WP/00/45**"
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