{
  "title": "Growth Gains from Trade and Education",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, March 1, 1999",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/30/growth-gains-from-trade-and-education-2894",
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  "summary": "This paper presents a multisector growth model where education enhances general human capital, which is essential for increasing or maintaining the mobility of workers across industries.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Model and mechanism",
      "content": "- Presents a multisector growth model where education enhances general human capital.\n- General human capital is essential for increasing or maintaining the mobility of workers across industries.\n- Education combined with international trade raises workers’ ability to adapt and move to industries with the greatest productivity in each period."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key findings and scenarios",
      "content": "- Education and trade can affect long-run growth positively by increasing worker adaptability and mobility.\n- Depending on the initial ratio of general-to-specific human capital stock, multiple equilibrium growth paths can exist, including a poverty trap.\n- If the ratio of general-to-specific human capital stock is not substantially low, trade liberalization can allow an economy in a poverty trap to transform into one with continuous education and higher output growth."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Policy implications and recommendations",
      "content": "- Foster general education to enhance workforce mobility across sectors.\n- Pursue trade liberalization as a complement to education policies, particularly where general human capital is sufficient to enable sectoral mobility.\n- Monitor the ratio of general-to-specific human capital stock as a key indicator of whether trade liberalization will yield sustained growth or leave an economy in a poverty trap.\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Growth Gains from Trade and  Education -WP/99/23\n  - Growth Gains from Trade and  Education -WP/99/23 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Growth Gains from Trade and  Education -WP/99/23 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/30/growth-gains-from-trade-and-education-2894"
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    "Authors: Yong-jin Kim, Se-Jik Kim",
    "Published: March 1, 1999",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451844023.001",
    "Presents a multisector growth model where education enhances general human capital.",
    "General human capital is essential for increasing or maintaining the mobility of workers across industries.",
    "Education combined with international trade raises workers’ ability to adapt and move to industries with the greatest productivity in each period.",
    "Education and trade can affect long-run growth positively by increasing worker adaptability and mobility.",
    "Depending on the initial ratio of general-to-specific human capital stock, multiple equilibrium growth paths can exist, including a poverty trap.",
    "If the ratio of general-to-specific human capital stock is not substantially low, trade liberalization can allow an economy in a poverty trap to transform into one with continuous education and higher output growth.",
    "Foster general education to enhance workforce mobility across sectors.",
    "Pursue trade liberalization as a complement to education policies, particularly where general human capital is sufficient to enable sectoral mobility.",
    "Monitor the ratio of general-to-specific human capital stock as a key indicator of whether trade liberalization will yield sustained growth or leave an economy in a poverty trap.",
    "**Growth Gains from Trade and  Education -WP/99/23**"
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