{
  "title": "Human Capital Convergence: International Evidence",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, March 1, 2001",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/30/human-capital-convergence-international-evidence-4017",
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  "summary": "In the growth literature, evidence on income convergence is mixed. In the development literature, health and education indicators are also often used.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Summary",
      "content": "- Study examines whether health and education levels are converging across countries and calculates their convergence speed.\n- Data coverage: 100 countries during 1970–96.\n- Estimation approach: a 3SLS procedure is used in a joint analysis of human capital convergence.\n- Main high-level result: investments in education and health are closely linked."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Methods and scope",
      "content": "- Sample: 100 countries.\n- Period: 1970–96.\n- Econometric method: 3SLS procedure in a joint analysis of human capital convergence.\n- Indicators analyzed include life expectancy, infant survival, enrollment rates (average and by gender), and class size."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key findings",
      "content": "- Unconditional convergence observed for:\n  - life expectancy\n  - infant survival\n  - enrollment rates, on average and by gender\n- Conditional convergence observed for:\n  - all human capital indicators, including class size\n- Confirmed linkage:\n  - investments in education and health are closely linked\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Human Capital Convergence: International Evidence - WP/01/32\n  - Human Capital Convergence: International Evidence - WP/01/32 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Human Capital Convergence: International Evidence - WP/01/32 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/30/human-capital-convergence-international-evidence-4017"
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    "Authors: Randa Sab, Stephen C. Smith",
    "Published: March 1, 2001",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451845112.001",
    "Study examines whether health and education levels are converging across countries and calculates their convergence speed.",
    "Data coverage: 100 countries during 1970–96.",
    "Estimation approach: a 3SLS procedure is used in a joint analysis of human capital convergence.",
    "Main high-level result: investments in education and health are closely linked.",
    "Sample: 100 countries.",
    "Period: 1970–96.",
    "Econometric method: 3SLS procedure in a joint analysis of human capital convergence.",
    "Indicators analyzed include life expectancy, infant survival, enrollment rates (average and by gender), and class size.",
    "Unconditional convergence observed for:",
    "Conditional convergence observed for:",
    "Confirmed linkage:",
    "**Human Capital Convergence: International Evidence - WP/01/32**"
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