{
  "title": "International Labor Standards and International Trade",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, April 1, 1997",
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  "summary": "This paper reviews controversies regarding linkage of international trade and labor standards. Pressures for international harmonization of labor standards arise in the context of increased trade between countries with large disparities in wages, and also reflect the history of labor standards.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Overview and scope",
      "content": "- Paper reviews controversies regarding linkage of international trade and labor standards.\n- Pressures for international harmonization of labor standards arise in the context of increased trade between countries with large disparities in wages, and also reflect the history of labor standards.\n- Critical distinction made between standards related to fundamental human rights and those related to employment conditions."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Main findings",
      "content": "- Trade sanctions to enforce labor standards should not be an option.\n- International agreements on core labor standards, with voluntary compliance, may, apart from being worthwhile on ethical grounds, defuse calls for protection.\n- The paper emphasizes differentiation between:\n  - standards related to fundamental human rights, and\n  - standards related to employment conditions."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Policy implications and recommendations",
      "content": "- Do not use trade sanctions as an enforcement mechanism for labor standards.\n- Pursue international agreements on core labor standards that rely on voluntary compliance.\n- Voluntary international agreements can serve both ethical objectives and political economy goals by defusing protectionist pressures."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Metadata and classification (as provided)",
      "content": "- Author: Stephen S. Golub\n- Date: April 1, 1997\n- Series: Working Paper No. 1997/037\n- Issue: 037\n- Volume: 1997\n- Pages: 37\n- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451845532.001\n- Stock No: WPIEA0371997\n- ISBN: 9781451845532\n- ISSN: 1018-5941\n- Subject: Labor, Labor costs, Labor markets, Minimum wages, Wages\n- Keywords: a number of country, child labor, core labor standards, country standard, East Asia, growth prospect, import penetration, Labor costs, Labor markets, labor standard variable, labor standards, Minimum wages, North America, North-South trade, OECD list, productivity level, social clause, trade pattern, trade sanction, Wages, World Trade Organization, WP\n\nIMF Working Paper — Stephen S. Golub, \"International Labor Standards and International Trade\", Working Paper No. 1997/037.\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- International Labor Standards and International Trade - WP/97/37\n  - International Labor Standards and International Trade - WP/97/37 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - International Labor Standards and International Trade - WP/97/37 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/30/international-labor-standards-and-international-trade-2148"
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    "Authors: Stephen S. Golub",
    "Published: April 1, 1997",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451845532.001",
    "Paper reviews controversies regarding linkage of international trade and labor standards.",
    "Pressures for international harmonization of labor standards arise in the context of increased trade between countries with large disparities in wages, and also reflect the history of labor standards.",
    "Critical distinction made between standards related to fundamental human rights and those related to employment conditions.",
    "Trade sanctions to enforce labor standards should not be an option.",
    "International agreements on core labor standards, with voluntary compliance, may, apart from being worthwhile on ethical grounds, defuse calls for protection.",
    "The paper emphasizes differentiation between:",
    "Do not use trade sanctions as an enforcement mechanism for labor standards.",
    "Pursue international agreements on core labor standards that rely on voluntary compliance.",
    "Voluntary international agreements can serve both ethical objectives and political economy goals by defusing protectionist pressures.",
    "Author: Stephen S. Golub",
    "Date: April 1, 1997",
    "Series: Working Paper No. 1997/037",
    "Issue: 037",
    "Volume: 1997",
    "Pages: 37",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451845532.001",
    "Stock No: WPIEA0371997",
    "ISBN: 9781451845532",
    "ISSN: 1018-5941",
    "Subject: Labor, Labor costs, Labor markets, Minimum wages, Wages",
    "Keywords: a number of country, child labor, core labor standards, country standard, East Asia, growth prospect, import penetration, Labor costs, Labor markets, labor standard variable, labor standards, Minimum wages, North America, North-South trade, OECD list, productivity level, social clause, trade pattern, trade sanction, Wages, World Trade Organization, WP",
    "**International Labor Standards and International Trade - WP/97/37**"
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