{
  "title": "Intra-Industry Trade of Arab Countries: An Indicator of Potential Competitiveness",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, April 1, 1997",
  "sourceUrl": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/30/intra-industry-trade-of-arab-countries-an-indicator-of-potential-competitiveness-2169",
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  "summary": "Recent and ongoing agreements to liberalize trade between the European Union (EU) and Arab countries raises the question as to how the latter will fare in a more competitive environment.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Summary and objective",
      "content": "- Recent and ongoing agreements to liberalize trade between the European Union (EU) and Arab countries raise the question of how Arab countries will fare in a more competitive environment.\n- The paper uses the Grubel-Lloyd intra-industry trade (IIT) index as an indicator of the degree of industrial specialization to study Arab countries’ ability to compete in a more open trade setting.\n- Conclusion stated: increased specialization has been achieved over the last decade in Arab countries, but IIT remains low not only in absolute terms, but even in a cross-country comparison, when normalized for the level of development."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Methodology",
      "content": "- Indicator used: Grubel-Lloyd intra-industry trade (IIT) index.\n- Comparative approach: cross-country comparison with normalization for the level of development.\n- Timeframe emphasized: changes observed “over the last decade” prior to publication."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key findings",
      "content": "- Increased industrial specialization occurred in Arab countries over the last decade.\n- Despite increased specialization, intra-industry trade (IIT) remains low in absolute terms.\n- IIT remains low even after normalization for the level of development in cross-country comparisons."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Thematic relevance and subjects",
      "content": "- Economic sectors\n- Exports\n- International trade\n- Manufacturing\n- National accounts\n- Personal income\n- Trade balance\n- Trade liberalization"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Keywords highlighted by the paper",
      "content": "- Exports\n- Global\n- IIT determinant\n- IIT index\n- IIT indices\n- IIT level\n- IIT regression\n- industry trade\n- Manufacturing\n- Personal income\n- Trade balance\n- Trade liberalization\n- Western Hemisphere\n- WP"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Publication and document specifics",
      "content": "- Pages: 26\n- Volume: 1997\n- Issue: 047\n- Series: Working Paper No. 1997/047\n- Stock No: WPIEA0471997\n- ISBN: 9781451973167\n- ISSN: 1018-5941\n- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451973167.001\n- Publication date: April 1, 1997\n- Authors: Peter J Kunzel, Oleh Havrylyshyn\n\nPeter J Kunzel and Oleh Havrylyshyn, \"Intra-Industry Trade of Arab Countries: An Indicator of Potential Competitiveness\", IMF Working Papers 1997, 047 (1997).\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- Intra-Industry Trade of Arab Countries: An Indicator of Potential Competitiveness - WP/97/47\n  - Intra-Industry Trade of Arab Countries: An Indicator of Potential Competitiveness - WP/97/47 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - Intra-Industry Trade of Arab Countries: An Indicator of Potential Competitiveness - WP/97/47 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/30/intra-industry-trade-of-arab-countries-an-indicator-of-potential-competitiveness-2169"
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    "Authors: Peter J Kunzel, Oleh Havrylyshyn",
    "Published: April 1, 1997",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451973167.001",
    "Recent and ongoing agreements to liberalize trade between the European Union (EU) and Arab countries raise the question of how Arab countries will fare in a more competitive environment.",
    "The paper uses the Grubel-Lloyd intra-industry trade (IIT) index as an indicator of the degree of industrial specialization to study Arab countries’ ability to compete in a more open trade setting.",
    "Conclusion stated: increased specialization has been achieved over the last decade in Arab countries, but IIT remains low not only in absolute terms, but even in a cross-country comparison, when normalized for the level of development.",
    "Indicator used: Grubel-Lloyd intra-industry trade (IIT) index.",
    "Comparative approach: cross-country comparison with normalization for the level of development.",
    "Timeframe emphasized: changes observed “over the last decade” prior to publication.",
    "Increased industrial specialization occurred in Arab countries over the last decade.",
    "Despite increased specialization, intra-industry trade (IIT) remains low in absolute terms.",
    "IIT remains low even after normalization for the level of development in cross-country comparisons.",
    "Economic sectors",
    "Exports",
    "International trade",
    "Manufacturing",
    "National accounts",
    "Personal income",
    "Trade balance",
    "Trade liberalization",
    "Exports",
    "Global",
    "IIT determinant",
    "IIT index",
    "IIT indices",
    "IIT level",
    "IIT regression",
    "industry trade",
    "Manufacturing",
    "Personal income",
    "Trade balance",
    "Trade liberalization",
    "Western Hemisphere",
    "WP",
    "Pages: 26",
    "Volume: 1997",
    "Issue: 047",
    "Series: Working Paper No. 1997/047",
    "Stock No: WPIEA0471997",
    "ISBN: 9781451973167",
    "ISSN: 1018-5941",
    "DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451973167.001",
    "Publication date: April 1, 1997",
    "Authors: Peter J Kunzel, Oleh Havrylyshyn",
    "**Intra-Industry Trade of Arab Countries: An Indicator of Potential Competitiveness - WP/97/47**"
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