{
  "title": "North-South Trade: Is Africa Unusual?",
  "publication": "IMF Working Papers, June 1, 1998",
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  "summary": "We estimate a gravity model to address the question of whether Africa’s bilateral trade with industrial countries is “unusual” compared with other developing country regions.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "heading": "Research question and methodology",
      "content": "- Estimates a gravity model to assess whether Africa’s bilateral trade with industrial countries is “unusual” compared with other developing country regions.\n- Controls and covariates included in the analysis:\n  - Economic size\n  - Geographical distance\n  - Population\n  - Access to the sea\n  - Composition of exports\n  - Linguistic ties with industrial countries\n  - Trade policies"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Main findings",
      "content": "- The unusually low level of African trade with industrial countries is explained by:\n  - Economic size\n  - Geographical distance\n  - Population\n- After controlling for the factors listed above, Africa’s bilateral trade is not unusually low relative to other developing regions.\n- On average, the typical African country tends to “overtrade” compared with developing countries in other regions.\n- The degree to which Africa overtrades has steadily declined over the past two-and-one-half decades."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Robustness and interpretation",
      "content": "- The main result (that observable factors explain Africa’s low trade levels) holds after including controls for:\n  - Access to the sea\n  - Composition of exports\n  - Linguistic ties with industrial countries\n  - Trade policies"
    },
    {
      "heading": "Key statistics and publication metadata extracted from the source",
      "content": "- Pages: 27\n- Volume: 1998\n- Issue: 094\n- Series: Working Paper No. 1998/094\n- Stock No: WPIEA0941998\n- ISBN: 9781451851694\n- ISSN: 1018-5941\n- Date: June 1, 1998\n- Authors: David T. Coe, Willy A Hoffmaister\n\nSource: North-South Trade: Is Africa Unusual? — David T. Coe; Willy A Hoffmaister; June 1, 1998 (IMF Working Papers, Working Paper No. 1998/094)\n\n---\n\n Content in this bundle\n\n- North-South Trade: Is Africa Unusual? - WP/98/94\n  - North-South Trade: Is Africa Unusual? - WP/98/94 (Markdown version){rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/markdown\"}\n  - North-South Trade: Is Africa Unusual? - WP/98/94 (PDF){rel=\"external\" type=\"application/pdf\"}\n\n---\n\nSource: https://www.imf.org/en/publications/wp/issues/2016/12/30/north-south-trade-is-africa-unusual-2657"
    }
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    "Authors: David T. Coe, Willy A Hoffmaister",
    "Published: June 1, 1998",
    "Series: IMF Working Papers",
    "Estimates a gravity model to assess whether Africa’s bilateral trade with industrial countries is “unusual” compared with other developing country regions.",
    "Controls and covariates included in the analysis:",
    "The unusually low level of African trade with industrial countries is explained by:",
    "After controlling for the factors listed above, Africa’s bilateral trade is not unusually low relative to other developing regions.",
    "On average, the typical African country tends to “overtrade” compared with developing countries in other regions.",
    "The degree to which Africa overtrades has steadily declined over the past two-and-one-half decades.",
    "The main result (that observable factors explain Africa’s low trade levels) holds after including controls for:",
    "Pages: 27",
    "Volume: 1998",
    "Issue: 094",
    "Series: Working Paper No. 1998/094",
    "Stock No: WPIEA0941998",
    "ISBN: 9781451851694",
    "ISSN: 1018-5941",
    "Date: June 1, 1998",
    "Authors: David T. Coe, Willy A Hoffmaister",
    "**North-South Trade: Is Africa Unusual? - WP/98/94**"
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